Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que ambas as formulações apresentaram efeito antinociceptivo em todos os modelos de dor avaliados.
Entretanto, a lidocaína complexada com HP-β-CD apresentou melhor efeito, em termos de duração e magnitude, na segunda fase da resposta à formalina e na hiperalgesia térmica induzida pela carragenina e associada à constrição do nervo infraorbital. Nossos dados sugerem que a lidocaína pode representar uma droga útil para tratamento da dor de origem orofacial, especialmente se modificações na sua molécula resultarem em um perfil farmacocinético mais favorável.
REFERÊNCIAS
ALMAHREZI A, et al. Intravenous Lidocaine for Refractory Chronic Orofacial Pain: Two case reports and a literature review. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. v. 8, n.2, p.205–
209, 2008.PMID: 21748060
ANIRUDHAN TS, et al. Fabrication of a bioadhesive transdermal device from chitosan andhyaluronic acid for the controlled release of lidocaine. Carbohydrate Polymers.
v.152, p.687–698, Nov 2016.PMID:27516320.
ARAYA EI et al. Role of peripheral and central TRPV1 receptors in facial heat hyperalgesia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Brain Res. v.1, n.1670, p.146-155, Set 2017. PMID: 28606782.
BECKER DE, REED KL. Local Anesthetics: Review of Pharmacological Considerations. AnesthProg. v.59, n.2, p.90-101, 2012.PMID:22822998.
BENOLIEL R. et al. Management of chronic orofacial pain: today and tomorrow.
CompendContinEduc Dent. v. 21, n. 12, p. 909-20, 922-4, 926-8, 2003. PMID:
14733159.
BERK, T etal.The Use and Method of Action of Intravenous Lidocaine and Its Metabolite in Headache Disorders. HeadacheCurrents, Mar 2018.
BIBBY DC, et al. Mechanisms by which cyclodextrins modify drug releas e from polymeric drug delivery systems. Int J Pharm. v.197, n.1-2, p.1-11, Mar 2000.
Disponível em: PMID:10704788.
BREDERSON JD, et al. Targeting TRP channels for pain relief. Eur J Pharmacol. v.716, n.1-3, p.61-76, Set 2013. PMID: 23500195.
BUNDSCHERER AC et al. Effects of lidocaine on HT-29 and SW480 colon cancer cells in vitro. Anticancer Res. v.37 n.4, p.1941-1945, Abr 2017.PMID: 28373464.
BUTTERWORTH JF 4th, Strichartz, GR. Molecular mechanisms of local anesthesia:
a review. Anesthesiology. v.72, n.4, p.711-734, Abr 1990.PMID:2157353.
Carvalho C. Análise funcional do bloqueio ciático em ratos com lidocaína associada à hialuronidase em Complexação com hidroxiprobil-β-ciclodextrina e citotoxicidade. 99 f. Dissertação (mestrado em odontologia) pela Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo. 2014
CASALE R, et al. Reduction of painful area as new possible therapeutic target in post-herpetic neuropathic pain treated with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster: a case series.
J Pain Res. v.7, p.353–357, Jun 2014.
CASSUTO J. et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics and their present and potential clinical implications. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. v.50, p.265–82, Mar 2006.
CATTERALL WA.From ionic currents to molecular mechanisms: the structure and function of voltage-gated sodium channels. Neuron, v.26, n.1, p.13-25, Abr 2000.PMID:10798388.
CERADAMS et al. Liposomal formulations of prilocaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine prolong analgesic duration. Can J Anesth. v.53, n.11, p.1092–1097. Nov 2006.
PMID: 17079635.
CHAUDHRY P, FRIEDMAN DI.Intravenouslidocaine treatment in classical trigeminal neuralgia with concomitant persistent facial pain.Headache. v.54, n.8, p.1376-9, Set 2014. ISSN 0017-8748
CHICHORRO, J, Neuralgia de trigêmeo: estudo de mecanismos e avaliação da participação das endotelinas em um modelo experimental 193 f. Tese (Doutorado em Farmacologia) Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis,2006.
CHICHORRO, J. G. et al. Endothelins as pronociceptive mediators of the rat trigeminal system: Role of ETA and ETB receptors. Brain Research, v. 1345, p. 73-83, Jul 2010.
ISSN 0006-8993.
CHICHORRO, J. G. et al. Mechanisms operated by endothelin ET(A) and ET(B) receptors in the trigeminal ganglion contribute to orofacial thermal hyperalgesia induced by infraorbital nerve constriction in rats. Neuropeptides, v. 43, n. 2, p. 133- 142, Apr 2009. ISSN 0143-4179.
CLAVELOU P et al., Application of formalina test to study of orofacial pain in the rat.
NeurosciLett. v.103, n.3, p.349-353, Set 1989. PMID:2812522.
Courtney K, Strichartz G. Structural elements which determine local anesthetic activity.
In: Strichartz GR ed. Local Anesthetics: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol.
81. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; 1987. p. 53-94.
DACH F, et al. Nerve block for the treatment of headaches and cranial neuralgias - a practical approach. Headache. v.55, n.1, p.59-71, Fev 2015.PMID:25644836.
DALLEL R et al. Evidence for a peripheral origin of the tonic nociceptive response to subcutaneous formalin. Pain. v.61, p.11-16, Abr 1995.PMID:7644233.
de ARAÚJO DR, et al. Pharmacological and local toxicity studies of a liposomal formulation for the novel local anaestheticropivacaine. J PharmPpharmacology. v.60, n.11, p. 1449-57, Nov 2008.PMID:18957165.
DELGADO APN et al. Caracterização da dor orofacial. In: XIII Encontro latino americano de iniciação cientifica. 2009, Paraíba
de JESUS et al. Theorical and experimental study of a praziquantel and βcyclodextrin inclusion complex using molecular mechanic calculations and 1H-nuclear magineticresonance.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. v.41, n.
4, p. 1428-1432, Jun 2006.
de PAULA E, SHREIER S. Molecular and physico chemical aspects of local anesthetic-membrane interaction. Braz J MedBiol Res. v.29, n.7, p.877-894, Jul 1996.PMID:9070377.
de PAULA E, et al. Drug delivery systems for local anesthetics. Recent Pat Drug DelivFormul. v.4, n.1, p.23-34, Jan 2010.PMID:19807683.
de SIQUEIRA, J. T. T. As dores orofaciais na prática hospitalar – Experiencia brasileira. Rev. Prática Hospitalar. v. 8, n.48, p. 85-89, 2006.
DI STANI F, et al. Combination of pharmacotherapy and lidocaine analgesic block of the peripheral trigeminal branches for trigeminal neuralgia: a pilot study. Arq.Neuro-Psiquiatr. v.73, n.8, p.660-664, Ago 2015.ISSN 0004-282X.
DOLLO G, et al., Inclusion complexation of amide-typed local anesthetics with β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives. III. Biopharmaceutics of bupivacaine-SBE7-β-CD complex following percutaneous sciatic nerve administration in rabbits. Int J Pharm v.164, p.11-19, Abr 1998.
DOLLO G, et al. Biopharmaceutics of local anesthetic-cyclodextrin complexes following loco-regional administration. Ann Pharm Fr. v.58, p.425-432, Dez 2000.
DONG K, et al. Molecular Biology of insect sodium channels and pyrethroidresistance.
Insect Bio chem Mol Biol. v.50, p.1-17, Jul 2014.PMID:24704279.
FRACETO LF. et al. Anestésicos locais: Interação com membranas biológicas e com o canal de sódio voltagem-dependente. Quim Nova. v.31, n.7, p. 1775-1783, 2008.
Franz-Montan M et al. Liposomal lidocaine gel for topical use at the oral mucosa:
characterization, in vitro assays and in vivo anesthetic efficacy in humans. J Liposome Res. v.25, n.1, p.11-9, Mar 2015. PMID:24807821.
Ferreira LEN. Efeitos dos anestésicos locais associados a carreadores na modulação de mediadores inflamatórios, viabilidade celular e apoptose. 120 f.
Dissertação (doutorado em odontologia) pela Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 2014.
FERREIRA LEN, et al. Effects of lidocaine and the inclusion complex with 2-hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin on cell viability and proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. v.6, Abr 2018.
FLETCHER JM, et al. Cognitive correlates of long-term cannabis use in Costa Rican men. Arch Gen Psychiatry. v.53, n.11, p.1051-7, Nov 1996.PMID:8911228.
FRIED, K. et al. Nerve injury-induced pain in the trigeminal system.Neuroscientist, v.
7, n. 2, p. 155-165, Apr 2001. ISSN 1073-8584.
GAMBETA E et al. Evaluation of heat hyperalgesia and anxiety like-behaviors in a rat model of orofacial cancer. NeurosciLett. v.21, n.619, p.100-5, Abr 2016.PMID:26952973.
GRANT AS. The holy grail: long-acting local anesthetics and liposomes. Best PractResClinAnesthesiol. v.16, n.2, p.345-352, Jun2002. PMID: 12491562.
HAHNENKAMP K, et al., Local anaesthetics inhibit signalling of human NMDA receptors recombinantly expressed in Xenopuslaevis oocytes: role of protein kinase C.
Br J Anaesth. v.96, n.1, p.77-87, Jan 2006.
HILLE B. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes, 3rd Ed. In Sinauer Associates Inc., 2001.
HOLLMANN MW, DURIEUX ME. Local anesthetics and the inflammatory response: a new therapeutic indication? Anesthesiology. v.93, n.3, p.858-75, Set 2000. PMID:
10969322.
HOLLMANN MW, et al. Inhibition of m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by local anaesthetics. Br J Pharmacol.v.133, n.1, p.207–216, 2001.
HUANG J et al. Modulation of temperature-sensitive TRP channels. Semin Cell Dev Biol. v.17, n.6, p.638-45, Dez 2006. PMID: 17185012
HUMMIG, W.; KOPRUSZINSKI, C. M.; CHICHORRO, J. G. Pregabalin Reduces AcuteInflammatory and Persistent Pain Associated with Nerve Injury and Cancer in Rat Models of Orofacial Pain. Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache, v. 28, n.
4, p. 350-359, 2014.ISSN 2333-0384.
ISOM LL. Sodium channel beta subunits: anything but auxiliary. Neuroscientist. v.7, n.1, p.42-54, Fev 2001. PMID: 11486343.
JOO JD, et al. Lidocaine suppresses the increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase/cyclic AMP response element-binding protein pathway and pro-inflammatory cytokines in a neuropathic pain model of rats.Eur J Anaesthesiol. v.28, n.2, p.106-11, Fev 2011.PMID:21374892.
KANAI A, et al. Efficacy of a metered-dose 8% lidocaine pump spray for patients with post-herpetic neuralgia.Pain Med. v.10, n.5, p. 902-9, Jul 2009.PMID:19682274.
KERN KU, NOWACK W C. Treatment of Neuropathic Pain with the Capsaicin 8%
Patch: Is Pretreatment with Lidocaine Necessary?.PainPract.v.14, n.2, p.E42–E50, Fev 2014.
KHAWAJA N, etal.Case studies illustrating the management of trigeminal neuropathic pain using topical 5% lidocaine plasters. Br J Pain. v.7, n.2, p.107–113, Mai 2013.PMID:26516508.
KISSIN I et al. Effect of prolonged nerve block on inflammatory hyperalgesia in rats:
prevention of late hyperalgesia.Anesthesiology. v.88, n.1, p.224-32, Jan 1998.PMID: 9447876.
KLAUMANN, P. R. et al. Patofisiologia da Dor. ArchivesofVeterinary Science, Curitiba, v.13, n.1, p.1-12, 2008.
KOPRUSZINSKI, C. M. et al. Vitamin B complex attenuated heat hyperalgesia following infraorbital nerve constriction in rats and reduced capsaicin in vivo and in vitro effects.European Journal of Pharmacology, v. 762, p. 326-332, Sep 2015. ISSN:
0014-2999.
KUROIWA DN. et al. Desordens tempomandibularese dor orofacial: estudo da qualidade de vida medida pelo Medical OutcomesStudy 36- Item short formhealthsurvey. Rev. Dor, v. 12, n. 2, Abr/Jun 2011. ISSN: 1806-0013.
KURKOV SV, LOFTSSON T. Cyclodextrins. Int J Pharm. v.453, n.1, p.167-80, Ago 2013.PMID:22771733.
LANG A, et al., Lidocaine inhibits epithelial chemokine secretion via inhibition of nuclear factor κB activation. Immunobiology. v. 215, n.4, p.304-313, Abr2010. PMID:
19559500.
LAURETTI GR. Mechanisms of Analgesia of Intravenous Lidocaine.RevBrasAnestesiol. v.58, n.3, p.280-286, Mar 2008. PMID: 19378524.
LIMA RAF, et al., Improvement of tetracaineantinociceptive effect by inclusion in cyclodextrine. Journal of Drug Targeting. v. 20, p.85–96, Set 2012. PMID: 22047178
LOFTSSON T, MASSON M. Cyclodextrins in topical drug formulations: theory and practice. Int J Pharm. v.225, p.15-30, Ago 2001.PMID: 11489551.
LOFTSSON T, DUCHÊNE D. Cyclodextrins and their pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm. v.329, p.1-11, Fev 2007.PMID:17137734.
MCLUREHA, RUBIN AP. Review of local anesthetics agents. Minerva Anesthesiol.
v.71, n. 3, p.59-74, Mar 2005. PMID: 15714182.
MCGRATH C, BEDI R. Mensuring the impacto f oroal health on quality of life in britain using OHQOL-UK (W). J Public Health Dent. v.63, n.2, p.73-7, 2003. PMID:
12816136
MELO GM. Terapia farmacológica em disfunções temporomandibulares: uma breve revisão. Revista Densticaonline. v. 10, n. 21, Abr/Jun 2011. ISSN: 15118- 4889.
Moisés E.C.D. Estudo farmacocinético e análise da distribuição transplacentária da lidocaína e seu metabólito na assistência via peridural de gestantes diabéticas gestacionais. 158 f. Dissertação (doutorado em ciências biomédicas) pela Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade São Paulo.
Moraes C, et al. Characterization of lidocaine:hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry. v.57, n.4, p.313-316, Abr 2007.
MOTTA EM et al. Role of ETA and ETB endothelin receptors on endothelin-1-induced potentiation of nociceptive and thermal hyperalgesic responses evoked by capsaicin in rats. NeuroscienceLetters. v.457, n.3, p.146-150, Jul 2009.PMID: 19429182.
NAU C, WANG GK. Interactions of local anesthetics with voltage-gated Na+
channels.JMembr Biol. v.201, n.1, p.1-8, Set 2004. PMID: 15635807.
NASRI-HEIR C, et al. Burning mouth syndrome: Current concepts.J Indian Prosthodont Soc. v.15, n.4, p. 300–307, Out 2015.
NIKI Y, et al. Immediate analgesic effect of 8% lidocaine applied to the oral mucosa in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Pain Med. v.15, n.5, p.826-31, Mai 2014.
Nunes AC. et al. Dor orofacial.Revista Odontológica de Araçatuba. v.33, n.1, p.31-35, Jan 2012.
ORLANDO R et al. P450 1A2 is a major determinant of lidocaine metabolism in vivo:
effects of liver function. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. v.75, n.1, p.80-88, Jan 2004.
ORTIZ MP, et al. Effect of endovenouslidocaine on analgesia and serum cytokines:
double-blinded and randomized trial. J ClinAnesth. v.35, p.70-77, Dez 2016.PMID:
27871598.
OLIVEIRA CMB, et al. Lidocaína por Via Venosa Intraoperatória.
RevBrasAnestesiologia. v.60, n.3, p.325-333, Mai 2010. ISSN 0034-7094.
PEDERSEN PM, et al. Ipsilateral pushing in stroke: incidence, relation to neuropsychological symptoms, and impact on rehabilitation. The Copenhagen Stroke Study.ArchPhys Med Rehabil. v.77, n.1, p.25-8, Jan 1996.PMID: 8554469.
PELISSIER T, et al., The orofacial capsaicin test in rats: effects of diferente capsaicin concentrations and morphine. Pain v.96, n.1-2, p.81-87, Mar 2002.Disponívelem:
PMID: 11932064.
PINTO LM et al. Physico-chemical characterization of benzocaine-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.JPharmBiomed Anal. v.39, n.5, p.956-63, Out 2005.
RASHEED A, et al. Cyclodentris as drgcarriermolecule: a review. SciPharm. v.76, p.567-98, Nov 2008.
RUTSCH YA.et al. From Cocaine to Ropivacaine: The History of Local Anesthetic Drugs. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. v.1, n. 3, p.175-182, Ago 2001.PMID:11895133.
Sabatowski R et al. Treatment of postherpetic neuralgia with 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in elderly patients - subgroup analyses from three European clinical trials.
CurrMed Res Opin. v.33, n.3, p.595-603, Mar 2017.PMID: 1277990.
SAMBROOK PJ, GOSS AN. Severe adverse reactions to dental local anaesthetics:
prolonged mandibular and lingual nerve anaesthesia. AustDent J. v.56, n.2, p.154-9, Jun 2011.PMID:21623806.
Santos FC. Intoxicação anestésica: causa, efeito e tratamento. 27 f. Trabalho de conclusão de curso (graduação em odontologia) pela Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 2012.
SHEN J, BURGESS DJ. Accelerated in vitro release testing methods for extended release parenteral dosage forms.J PharmPharmacol. v.64, p. 986–996, Jul 2012.
PMID: 22686344.
SHIKANOV A, et al. Long acting local anesthetic-polymer formulation to prolong the effect of analgesia. Journal of Controlled Release. v.117, n.1, p. 97–103, Jan 2007.PMID:17137669.
SHIPTON EA. New formulations of local anaesthetics - part I. Anesthesiol Res Pract.
v.2012, n.11, p. 546409, 2011. PMID:22190922.
SILVA LFJS. Nova Associação de Digluconato de Clorexidina e Cloridrato de Lidocaína em Gel Urogenital. Desenvolvimento farmacotécnico, avaliação da qualidade e da estabilidade da formulação. 176 f. Monografia (mestrado em ciências farmacêuticas) pela Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
SILVA SRC. Dor orofacial e qualidade de vida. RevOdontolBras Central. v. 21, n. 56, p. 421-425, 2012. PMID: 1981-3708.
Souza, M. F. A ação analgésica da lidocaína intravenosa no tratamento da dor crônica: uma revisão de literatura. 32 f. Monografia (graduação em medicina) pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 2013.
Strichartz G, Ritchie J. The action of local anesthetics on ion channels of excitable tissues. In: Strichartz G ed. Local Anesthetics: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 81. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1987, p.21-53.
SUZUKI R, et al. Complex of branched cyclodextrin and lidocaine prolonged the duration of peripheral nerve block. J Anesth. v.23, n.2, p. 295-7, 2009.PMID:19444576.
TA LE, et al. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 is essential for cisplatin-induced heat hyperalgesia in mice. Mol Pain. v.5, n.6, p.15, Mar 2010.PMID:20205720.
TAMBURIN S et al. Cognition and emotional decision-making in chronic low back pain:
an ERPs study during Iowa gambling task. Front Psychol. v.5, p.1350, Nov2014.PMID: 25505440.
TENDER GC, et al. Vanilloid receptor 1-positive neurons mediate thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia. Spine J. v.8, n.2, p.351-8, Mar 2008.
TJØLSEN A, et al. The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain. v.51, p.5-17, Out 1992.PMID: 1454405.
UEKAMA K, et al., Cyclodextrin drug carrier systems. Chem Rev.v.98, p.2045–2076, Jul 1998.PMID:11848959.
VENTURINI et al. Propriedades e aplicações recentes da ciclodextrina.Quim.Nova.
v.31, n.2, p.360-368, 2008.ISSN 0100-4042.
VOS BP, et al., Behavioral evidence of trigeminal neuropathic pain following chronic constriction injury to the rat's infraorbital nerve. J. Neurosci. v.14, p.2708-2723, Mai 1994.PMID: 8182437.
WADA H, et al. Combined spinal and general anesthesia attenuates liver metastasis by preserving TH1/TH2 cytokine balance. Anesthesiology.v.106, n.3, p. 499–506, 2007. PMID: 17325508.
WAITE, P.; ASHWELL, K. Trigeminal Sensory System.The Human Nervous System.
p. 1093-124, USA: Elsevier, 2004
WANG SY, et al. Residues in Na(+) channel D3-S6 segment modulate both batrachotoxin and local anesthetic affinities. Biophys J. v.79, n.3, p.1379-87, Set 2000.
WANG CF, et al. Prolonged suppression of postincisional pain by a slow-release formulation of lidocaine.Anesthesiology. v.114, n.1, p.135–149, Jan 2011.PMID:
21169797.
WEI Y, et al. Masking the bitter taste of injectable lidocaineHCl formulation for dental procedures. AAPS PharmSciTech. v.16, n.2, p.455-65, Abr 2015.PMID:25361901.
WILLIAMS HD, et al. Strategies to Address Low Drug Solubility in Discovery and Development.Pharmacol Rev. v. 65, p.315–499, Jan 2013. PMID: 23383426.
WOOLF CJ, SALTER MW. Neuronal plasticity: increasing the gain in pain.Science. v.
288, n. 5472 p. 1765-1768, 2000. PMID:10846153.
WU Y, et al. Pain aversion and axiety-like behavior occur at different times during the course of chronic inflammatory pain in rats. J Pain Res. v.6, n.10: p.2585-2593, Nov 2017. PMID: 29158690.
YOU P, et al. Design and evaluation of lidocaine- and prilocaine-coloadednanoparticulate drug delivery systems for topical anesthetic analgesic therapy: a comparison between solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers. Drug Design, Development and Therapy. v.11, p.2743–2752, Set 2017.
PMID: 29075099.
ZAKRZEWSKA JM, et al. Safety and efficacy of a Nav1.7 selective sodium channel blocker in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised withdrawal phase 2a trial. Lancet Neurol. v.16, n.4, p.291-300, Abr 2017.PMID: 28216232.
ANEXOS
LINHA TEMPORAL DOS PROTOCOLOS EXPERIMENTAIS
Fonte: O autor, 2018
Fonte: O autor, 2018
Fonte: O autor, 2018
Fonte: O autor, 2018
Fonte: O autor, 2018