Conclusão e Perspectivas Futuras - Trabalho experimental

Capítulo III Trabalho experimental

5. Conclusão e Perspectivas Futuras

A observação comportamental e consequente pontuação na escala de dor utilizada revelou alguma incoerência nos valores obtidos, não permitindo afirmar com segurança que o Tri-Solfen®_{foi eficaz no controlo da dor induzida pela descorna . Quanto aos testes}

sensoriais, através dos monofilamentos de Von Frey, não foi possível demonstrar relação entre a aplicação do medicamento e pontuações de dor inferiores. Contudo, apesar de ter sido inicialmente desenvolvido como estratégia analgésica para o mulesing em borregos, a anestesia tópica através de Tri-Solfen®_{poderá apresentar a capacidade de reduzir}

significativamente a dor aguda associada à descorna. Neste sentido, serão pertienentes estudos futuros sobre a eficácia da anestesia tópica no procedimento de descorna de cabritos, através do desafio aliciante que representa a avaliação de dor nesta espécie.

Bibliografia

Alvarez, L., De Luna, J. B., Gamboa, D., Reyes, M., Sánchez, A., Terrazas, A., Galindo, F. (2015). Cortisol and pain-related behavior in disbudded goat kids with and without cornual nerve block. Physiology & Behavior, 138, 58–61.

Alvarez, L., Gutiérrez, J. (2010). A first description of the physiological and behavioural responses to disbudding in goat kids. Animal Welfare, 19: 55-59.

Alvarez, L., Nava, R. A., Ramírez, A., Ramírez, E., & Gutiérrez, J. (2009). Physiological and behavioural alterations in disbudded goat kids with and without local anaesthesia. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 117(3-4), 190–196.

Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority - APVMA (2011). Public release summary on the registration of a product containing the new active constituent bupivacaine in the Product TRI-SOLFEN Topical Anaesthetic and Antiseptic Solution for Pain Relief in Lambs. PO Box 6182, KINGSTON ACT 2604, ISBN: 978-0-9871919-0-8, disponível em http://www.apvma.gov.au.

Brofeldt, B., T.; Cornwell, P.; Doherty, D.; Batra, K..; Gunther, R. A. (1989). Topical lidocaine in the treatment of partial-thickness burns. J Burn Care Rehabil;10:63–68. Cabezas, M., (2012). Papel de los AINEs frente al dolor. Ed. Novartis, Animal Health. Dubeuf, J.-P., Morand-Fehr, P. & Rubino, R. (2004). Situation, changes and future of goat industry around the world. Small Ruminant Research, 51, 165-173.

Espinoza, C., Lomax, S., & Windsor, P. (2013). The effect of a topical anesthetic on the sensitivity of calf dehorning wounds. Journal of Dairy Science, 96(5), 2894–902.

Fitzpatrick, J., Scott, M., Nolan, A. (2006), Assessment of pain and welfare in sheep, Small Ruminant Research 62, 55–61.

Grøndahl-Nielsen C, Simonsen HB, Damkjer Lund J and Hesselholt M (1999). Behavioral, endocrine and cardiac responses in young calves undergoing dehorning with or without the use of sedation and analgesia. Veterinary Journal, 158: 14–20.

Hellyer, P., Robertson, S., Fails, A., Lamont, L., Mathews, K., Skarda, R., Glowaski, M., Dunning, D., Lascelles, D., (2011). Pain physiology, pharmacology, and management. In. Grimm, K., Tranquili, W., Lamont, L., Essentials of Small Animal Anestesia and Analgesia (2nd ed.).(pp.193-315). Wiley-Blackwell.

Hellyer, P.W, Robertson, S.A & Fails, A.D (2007). Pain and its management. In W.J. Tranquilli, J.C. Thurmon, K. A. Grimn, Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, (4th ed). Iowa, USA: Blackwell Publishing.

IASP (2011). IASP Taxonomy. Acedido a 02.03.2015 e disponível em http://www.iasp- pain.org/Taxonomy

Klaumann, P.; Wouk, Sillas, T., (2008). Pathophysiology of pain. Archives of veterinary science; 13(1):1-12.

Lamont, L., Tranquilli, W., Grimm, K., (2000). Physiology of pain. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice; 30:703-728.

Lamont, L., Mathews, K. (2007). Opioids, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflamatories, Analgesic Adjuvants. In W. Tranquili, J. Thurmon, & K. Grimm, Lumb and Jone's Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia (4th ed.).(pp. 242-265). Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.

Lascelles, D., Gaynor, J., (2011). Chronic pain management. In. Essentials of Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia. Wiley-Blackwell, Second Edition, pp.327-47.

Lemke, K., (2004). Understanding the pathophysiology of perioperative pain. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 45:405–13.

Lemke, K., Creighton, C., (2010). Analgesia for Anesthetized Patients. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine; 25:70-81.

Lomax, S., Sheil, M., & Windsor, P. A. (2008). Impact of topical anaesthesia on pain alleviation and wound healing in lambs after mulesing. Australian Veterinary Journal, 86(5), 159–68.

Lomax, S., Dickson, H., Sheil, M., & Windsor, P. A. (2010).Topical anaesthesia alleviates short-term pain of castration and tail docking in lambs. Australian Veterinary Journal 88(3). Lomax, S., & Windsor, P. A. (2013). Topical anesthesia mitigates the pain of castration in beef calves. Journal of Animal Science, 91(10).

Lomax, S., Sheil, M., & Windsor, P. A. (2013). Duration of action of a topical anaesthetic formulation for pain management of mulesing in sheep. Australian Veterinary Journal, 91(4).

Luna, S., Brondani, J., (2012). Escalas Unidimensionais. Acedido a 10.03.2015 e disponível em http://www.animalpain.com.br/pt-br/escalas-unidimensionais.php.

Martin P., Bateson, P. (2007). Measuring Behaviour: An Introductory Guide (3rd

ed).Cambridge University Press, p.31-41.

McMeekan, C. M., Stafford, K. J., Mellor, D. J., Bruce, R. A., Ward, R. N., Gregory, N. G. (1998). Effects of regional analgesia and/or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic on the acute cortisol response to dehorning in calves. Research in Veterinary Science , 64, 147-150.

M’hamdi, N., Darej, C., Bouraoui, R. (2013). Animal Welfare Issues Concerning Procedures Of Calves Dehorning. App. Sci. Report. 4 (3), 234-240.

Mintline, E. M., Stewart, M., Rogers, A., Cox, N., Verkerke, G., Stookey, J., Webster, J., Tucker, C. (2013). Play behavior as an indicator of animal welfare: Disbudding in dairy calves Applied Animal Behaviour Science 144, 22– 30.

Mitch, P., Hellyer, P. (2009). Objective, categoric methods for assessing pain and analgesia. In J. Gaynor, & W. Muir, Handbook of veterinary pain management (2nd_{ed.).(pp.78-109).Missouri: Mosby.}

Mogil, J.(1999). The genetic mediation of individual differences in sensitivity to pain and its inhibition, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 96, pp. 7744–7751.

Muir, W., W. III, (2008a). Pain and Stress. In. Gaynor, J., Muir WW III, (2nd_{ed). Handbook}

of veterinary pain management. Mosby: 42- 55.

Muir, W., W. III, (2008b). Physiology and patophysiology of pain. In. Gaynor, J., Muir WW III, (2nded). Handbook of veterinary pain management. Mosby: 13-39.

Muir III, W., Woolf, C. (2001). Mechanisms of pain and their therapeutic implications, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 219, 10, 1346-56.

Paull D., R., Lee C., Colditz I.G. (2007). The effect of topical anaesthetic formulation, systemic flunixin and carprofen, singly or in combination, on cortisol and behavioural responses of Merino lambs to mulesing. Aust Vet J;85:98–106.

Sinclair, M., (2003). A review of the physiological effects of α2-agonists related to the

clinical use of medetomidine in small animal practice. Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, The Canadian Veterinary Journal; 44(11): 885-897.

Skarda, T., R., Tranquilli, W., J. (2007). Local Anesthetics In W. Tranquili, J. Thurmon, & K. Grimm, Lumb and Jone's Veterinary anesthesia and analgesia (4th ed.).(p.395). Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell.

Smith, M. C., & Sherman, D. M. (2009). Dehorning and Descenting In. Mary C. Smith, David M. Sherman (2nd Edition) Wiley: Goat Medicine, Wiley-Blackwell (p. 723-731). Sousa, S.P.T. (2013). Utilização da escala multidimensional composta para avaliação de dor aguda pós-cirúrgica em gato para comparação de eficácia de três protocolos analgésicos no modelo cirúrgico de ovariohisterectomia eletiva felina. Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária – Universidade de Lisboa.

Stafford, K. J. & Mellor, D.J. (2005). Dehorning and Disbudding distress and its alleviation in calves. The Veterinary Journal, 169, 337-349.

Stafford, _{K., Mellor, D. (2011). Addressing the pain associated with disbudding and}

dehorning in cattle, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 135, 3, p. 226–231.

Stewart, M., Stafford, K.J., Dowling S.K., Schaefer, A.L., Webster, J.R. (2008). Eye temperature and heart rate variability of calves disbudded with or without local anaesthetic. Physiology & Behavior 93, 789–797.

Stilwell, G.T. (2009). Pain evaluation and control after routine interventions in cattle. Dissertação de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias. Lisboa: Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária - Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.

Stilwell, G., Lima M.S., Carvalho R.C., Broom, D.M. (2012). Effects of hot-iron disbudding, using regional anaesthesia with and without carprofen, on cortisol and behaviour of calves. Research in Veterinary Science, 92, 338–341.

Valverde, A., & Doherty, T. J. (2008). Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, Elsevier (pp. 385–411).

Vickers KJ, Niel L, Kiehlbauch LM and Weary DM (2005). Calf response to caustic paste and hot-iron dehorning using sedation with and without local anaesthetic. Journal Dairy Science, 88: 1454–1459.

Viñuela-Fernández, I. Jones, E, Welsh, E. M. & Fleetwood-Walker, S.M. (2007). Pain mechanisms and their implication for the management of pain in farm and companion animals, The Veterinary Journal, 174, 227-239.

ANEXOS

Tabela 14 - Diagramas de caixa relativos às pontuações de dor obtidas para cada grupo no momento T5min.

Legenda:

C - cabritos submetidos a descorna com ferro quente sem qualquer tipo de anestesia;

SD - grupo de descorna simulada; cabritos submetidos à uma manipulação semelhante à da descorna, mas utilizando um ferro à temperatura ambiente;