International Relations / Political Science (IRPS)
Academic year 2018 - 2019
Research Design in International Relations and Political Science
RI-SP017- Spring- 6 ECTS Course Description
Introduction to the design and execution of empirical research in international relations/political science, understood as rigorous common sense and applicable both to qualitative and to quantitative methods. How to ask a question, develop a conceptual framework and then a theory, define concepts, measure them (including coding documents), develop an inferential scheme, choose cases, analyze data to check on relationships, and write up one's results in a way potentially convincing to at least one audience.
PROFESSOR
David Sylvan
david.sylvan@graduateinstitute.ch
Office: MdP P2-637 Phone: +41 22 908 59 42
Office hours: Tues. 15.00-16.00 and by appointment
Office hours
ASSISTANT
Alessandra Romani
alessandra.romani@graduateinstitute.ch
Office: MdP P2-601 Office hours: XX
Syllabus
Research -- by which I mean looking carefully and systematically at the world to develop one’s ideas about how the world works -- is one of the key skills students learn as part of a graduate degree in the social sciences. Even if you do not plan on doing research after you get your degree, you will almost surely be evaluating the research of other persons, if only to decide that it should or should not be taken seriously (unfortunately, the latter occurs far more than the former, since the adverbs in the first sentence are fairly difficult to satisfy). In addition, on both Kantian and Benthamite arguments, being careful and systematic is a moral imperative for anyone claiming to be doing research. Hence this course, which is necessarily propaedeutic to your actual research, as well as to various of the techniques we teach.
The course covers two basic topics in the design and execution of research in international relations and political science: explanatory claims and theoretically relevant observations. Both of these topics are faced by researchers, no matter their ontological, epistemological, and political commitments (or at least what they imagine those commitments to be): they want to claim something about how the world works; and they want to connect those claims to observations of the world. To address these topics, you will read both textbook-style materials and examples from journals, edited collections, and monographs; but you will also carry out practical design (or re-design) work in teams: three times during the semester, you will work in teams (the composition of the teams will vary each time) to carry out practical design tasks (1. design a test of a hypothesis, 2. revise a sample, and 3. construct a data
series and evaluate its validity). In addition, there will be two individual assignments: a mid-term exam on recognizing inferential schemes, and a final exam on index construction and scaling. Each of these five assignments (team projects and exams) counts for 20% of the course grade. On top of this, there will be review/discussion sessions slightly over half the weeks in the semester, taught by the teaching assistant for the course, Alessandra Romani. These sessions, on selected Thursdays, from 16.15- 18.00, in P3-506, will cover practical issues with the software in the course, as well as some of the
“examples” readings in that and, perhaps, the preceding week; attendance will be taken and regular participation in the sessions will raise the course grade by up to 10%.
A course like this is intended to be both abstract and practical. It is not about philosophy of science or the sociology of knowledge, nor is it a survey of the supposed differences between qualitative and quantitative approaches to social science. The aim of the course rather is to figure out how to design a concrete research effort, from asking a question to coming up with a proposed answer to that question and then doing empirical work that sheds light on the proposed answer. It is one thing to learn how to accomplish these tasks in the abstract, but the only real way to grasp them is to try and carry them out in practice. This is the reason for the team assignments: by working through a specific issue, with another person, using research software so that the practical decisions made by each time are clear and explicit (I will ask that the teams submit not only their writeups in essay form but also the computer files underlying the writeups), one begins to get a concrete sense of the implications of otherwise abstruse design decisions). On the other hand, there is a big difference between designing research and doing it, and this course stays firmly on the design side of that divide: we will not be going over statistics, or ethnographic interviewing, or survey question writing, or for that matter the various methods used to model theories.
One last point about assignments. In the past, I asked students to write up a comprehensive design (in parts, with multiple drafts), with the assumption that such a task would help in designing either the master's thesis or (via the MPT) the doctoral dissertation. For various reasons, this type of
assignment was not a sterling success. I have therefore gotten rid of it, though I would be happy to talk with individual students about their intended, or at least their contemplated, thesis or dissertation research.
The textbook for the course is William Trochim and James P. Donnelly, The Research Methods Knowledge Base, 3d edn., Mason, OH: Atomic Dog Publishing, 2007. This book is available via the library, in both paperback and online form; but pdf’s of each chapter are also available in the course moodle). We will also be using Robert DeVellis, Scale Development: Theory and Applications, 3d edn., Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2012; and Howard S. Becker, Tricks of the Trade: How to Think About Your Research While You're Doing It, Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1998, as well as chapters from Thad Dunning, Natural Experiments in the Social Science: A Design-Based Approach, Cambridge:
CUP 2012 and from William R. Shadish, Thomas D. Cook, and Donald T. Campbell, Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Inference, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin 2002. The research software we will be using is NVivo (QSR International); I will devote part of the first class to an introduction of the program, as well as how to obtain it; and the first two weeks of the discussion session will also go over the software. As mentioned above, the teaching assistant for the course is Alessandra Romani. Her desk is on level 6 of petal 2; her telephone number is 4529; and her office hours are XX, AA-BB.
[Note: this is not a final version of the syllabus (whatever that might mean); it will be updated as the occasion arises during the semester. Check regularly, and at the very minimum, wait until shortly before the first class meeting to print it out.]
Outline of topics by date
[Note that the readings for each week are divided into three parts: the first, which is fairly abstract and/or textbook-like; the second (below the asterisks) which consists of examples; and the third (below the dashed lines) which consists of additional readings, at the least of examples and perhaps more abstract as well. Students are required to read the first two parts by the start of the relevant class session; the part below the dashed line is optional.]
Feb. 19
Introduction to course and to NVivo
Andrew Gelman, “Ethics and Statistics: Honesty and Transparency are Not Enough,” CHANCE 30,1 (2017): 37-9.
[See the moodle for up-to-date discussion of NVivo, including information on versions, purchase, and where to consult tutorial videos.
[Links to walk-through tutorials, in both pdf and video form, can be found here:
[http://www.american.edu/ctrl/software.cfm
[(scroll down to Qualitative Research, then go to NVivo). The software company that commercializes NVivo, QSR International, also has a support page, with links to tutorials, etc., here:
[http://www.qsrinternational.com/support_getting-started.aspx]
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George Downs and Stephen John Stedman, “Evaluation Issues in Peace Implementation,” in
Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth M. Cousens, eds., Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements, Lynne Rienner 2002.
David A. Lake, “Theory is Dead, Long Live Theory: The End of the Great Debates and the Rise of Eclecticism in International Relations,” EJIR 19,3 (2013). 567-87.
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Philip A. Schrodt, “Seven Deadly Sins of Contemporary Quantitative Political Analysis,” JPR 51,2 (2014): 287-300.
William Roberts Clark and Matt Golder, “Big Data, Causal Inference, and Formal Theory:
Contradictory Trends in Political Science?” PS 48,1 (2015): 65-70.
Feb. 21
Review/discussion session
Feb. 26
Explanatory claims, 1: Types of explanation First team assignment online
Alan Garfinkel, Forms of Explanation: Rethinking the Questions in Social Theory, New Haven, CT:
Yale UP, 1981, ch. 1.
Renate Mayntz, “Mechanisms in the Analysis of Social Macro-Phenomena,” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 34,2 (2004): 237-59.
Daniel Steel, “Causality, Causal Models, and Social Mechanisms,” in Ian C. Jarvie and Jesús Zamora-Bonilla, eds., The Sage Handbook of the Philosophy of Social Sciences, London: Sage, 2011.
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Stephen Bell, “The Power of Ideas: The Ideational Shaping of the Structural Power of Business,” ISQ 56,4 (2012): 661-73.
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Albert S. Yee, “The Causal Effects of Ideas on Policies,” IO 50,1 (1996): 69-108.
Danielle F. Jung and David A. Lake, “Markets, Hierarchies, and Networks: An Agent-Based Organizational Ecology,” AJPS 55,4 (2011): 971-89.
Feb. 28
Review/discussion session
Mar. 5
Explanatory claims, 2a: Experiments Trochim and Donnelly, chs. 7, 9.
Donald P. Green and Alan S. Gerber, "Reclaiming the Experimental Tradition in Political Science," in Ira Katznelson and Helen V. Milner, eds., Political Science: State of the Discipline, Norton 2002. [Note that the volume -- which in fact is the third edition, previous ones having been published in 1983 and 1993 -- is now available online through the APSA: http://www.apsanet.org/memberbookshelf/state-of- the-discipline-III ]
Armin Falk and James J. Heckman, "Lab Experiments are a Major Source of Knowledge in the Social Sciences," Science 326(5952) (2009): 535-8.
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Rose McDermott, "New Directions for Experimental Work in International Relations," ISQ 55,2 (2011):
503-20.
Susan D. Hyde, "The Observer Effect in International Politics: Evidence from a Natural Experiment,"
WP 60,1 (2007): 37-63.
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[Note: the following papers are not required readings, but try to work your way through some of them over the semester so that you can better distinguish between experiments and quasi-experiments.]
Gregory A. Huber, Seth J. Hill, and Gabriel S. Lenz, "Sources of Bias in Retrospective Decision Making: Experimental Evidence on Voters' Limitations in Controlling Incumbents," APSR 106,4 (2012): 742-61.
Robert M. Bond et al., "A 61-Million-Person Experiment in Social Influence and Political Mobilization,"
Nature 489 (13 Sep. 2012): 295-8.
Betsy Sinclair, Margaret McConnell, and Donald P. Green, "Detecting Spillover Effects: Design and Analysis of Multilevel Experiments," AJPS 56,4 (2012): 1055-69.
Edmund Malesky, Paul Schuler, and Anh Tran, "The Adverse Effects of Sunshine: A Field Experiment on Legislative Transparency in an Authoritarian Assembly," APSR 106,4 (2012): 762-86.
Peter John Loewen et al., "A Natural Experiment in Proposal Power and Electoral Success," AJPS 58,1 (2014): 189-96.
Elizabeth Carlson, "Social Desirability Bias and Reported Vote Preferences in African Surveys,"
Afrobarometer Working Paper 144 (2014).
Mar. 12
Explanatory claims, 2bi: Quasi-experiments: nonequivalent group designs First team assignment due
Trochim and Donnelly, ch. 10.
Dunning, ch. 2.
Jane Green, "Points of Intersection between Randomized Experiments and Quasi-Experiments,"
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 628 (2010): 97-111.
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Jason Lyall, "Does Indiscriminate Violence Incite Insurgent Attacks?" JCR 5,3 (2009): 331-62.
Gary W. Cox, Thad Kousser, and Matthew D. McCubbins, "Party Power or Preferences? Quasi- Experimental Evidence from American State Legislatures," JOP 72,3 (2010): 799-81.
Sune Welling Hansen, "Polity Size and Local Political Trust: A Quasi-Experiment Using Municipal Mergers in Denmark," Scandinavian Political Studies 36,1 (2013): 43-66.
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Peter M. Steiner et al., "Graphical Models for Quasi-Experimental Designs," SMR forthcoming:
http://smr.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/05/13/0049124115582272.full.pdf+html [Note: this piece builds on influential work on causality by Rubin and by Pearl. Those interested in the latter, in particular, might want to look at his monograph (now in a second edition).]
Luke Keele and Rocío Titiunik, "Natural Experiments Based on Geography," PSRM 4,1 (2016): 65-95.
[For anyone who is thinking of using a nonequivalent group design for his/her research, I strongly recommend reading Shadish, Cook, and Campbell, chs. 4-5. Almost surely, one of the myriad designs they discuss will turn out to be a useful solution to any number of threats to internal validity. Note also that one of the key issues in nonequivalent group designs, namely the confounding of causal
relationships, is often dealt with by instrumental variables. A good introduction to the topic, focusing on design rather than statistical issues, is Dunning, ch. 4.]
Mar. 14
Review/discussion session
Mar. 19
Explanatory claims, 2bii: Quasi-experiments: interrupted time series, regression discontinuity, and matching designs
Trochim and Donnelly, ch. 11.
Dunning, ch. 3.
Gregory Robinson, John E. McNulty, and Jonathan S. Krasno, "Observing the Counterfactual? The Search for Political Experiments in Nature," PA 17,4 (2009): 341-57.
Richard A. Nielsen, "Case Selection via Matching," SMR forthcoming:
http://smr.sagepub.com/content/early/2014/10/24/0049124114547054.full.pdf+html
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Charles H. Anderton and John R. Carter, "The Impact of War on Trade: An Interrupted Times-Series Study," JPR 38,4 (2001): 445-57.
Jeremy Ferwerda and Nicholas L. Miller, "Political Devolution and Resistance to Foreign Rule: A Natural Experiment," APSR 108,3 (2014): 642-660.
Jason Lyall, "Are Coethnics More Effective Counterinsurgents? Evidence from the Second Chechen War," APSR 104,1 (2010): 1-20.
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James A. Caporaso and Alan L. Pelowski, "Economic and Political Integration in Europe: A Time- Series Quasi-Experimental Analysis," APSR 65,2 (1971): 418-33.
Barry S. Rundquist and David E. Griffith, "An Interrupted Time-Series Test of the Distributive Theory of Military Policy-Making," WPQ 29,4 (1976): 620-6.
David R. Morgan and John P. Pelissero, "Urban Policy: Does Political Structure Matter?" APSR 74,4 (1980): 999-1006.
[Note: those who have had intermediate statistics might find it useful to look at some of the literature on instrumental variables as another way of getting at causal inferences under conditions of reciprocal causation.]
Mar. 21
Mid-term exam (1 1/4 hours; distributed and written in the review/discussion session) Review/discussion session
Mar. 26 (note: I will be out of town this week, so the class will be rescheduled) Explanatory claims, 3: Units of analysis; cases
Second team assignment online
Charles C. Ragin and Howard S. Becker, eds., What is a Case? Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry, Cambridge: CUP, 1992, Introduction, chs. 1, 3, 9, 10.
Charles C. Ragin and John Sonnett, "Between Complexity and Parsimony: Limited Diversity, Counterfactual Cases, and Comparative Analysis," in Sabine Kropp and Michael Minkenberg, eds., Vergleichen in der Politikwissenschaft, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2004.
John Gerring, "Is there a (Viable) Crucial-Case Method?" CPS 40,3 (2007): 231-53.
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Erik Gartzke and Yonatan Lupu, "Trading on Preconceptions: Why World War I Was Not a Failure of Economic Interdependence," IS 36,4 (2012): 115-50.
Christian Lund, "Of What Is This a Case? Analytical Movements in Qualitative Social Science Research," Human Organization 73,3 (2014): 224-34.
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Christopher H. Achen and Duncan Snidal, "Rational Deterrence Theory and Comparative Case Studies," WP 41,2 (1989): 143-69.
Douglas Dion, "Evidence and Inference in the Comparative Case Study," CP 30,2 (1998): 127-45.
Thomas Plümper, Vera E. Troeger, and Eric Neumayer "Case Selection and Causal Inference in Qualitative Research," 2010 (available via SSRN).
Alberto Abadie, Alexis Diamond, and Jens Hainmueller, "Comparative Politics and the Synthetic Control Method," AJPS 59,2 (2014).
Derek Beach and Rasmus Brun Pedersen, "Selecting Appropriate Cases When Tracing Causal Mechanisms," SMR forthcoming:
http://smr.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/13/0049124115622510.full.pdf+html [Note: I will cover some of the arguments in this piece, though as it assumes knowledge of a broad literature, I have not made it a required reading.]
Apr. 2
Explanatory claims, 4: Samples and sampling Trochim and Donnelly, chs. 2, 12.
Becker, Tricks of the Trade, ch. 3.
Henry A. Walker and Bernard P. Cohen, "Scope Statements: Imperatives for Evaluating Theory," ASR 50,3 (1985): 288-301.
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Susan Welch, "Sampling by Referral in a Dispersed Population," POQ 39,2 (1975): 237-45.
.
Peverill Squire, "Why the 1936 Literary Digest Poll Failed," POQ 52,1 (1988): 125-33.
Barbara Geddes, "How the Cases You Choose Affect the Answers You Get: Selection Bias in Comparative Politics," PA 2,1 (1990): 131-50.
James D. Fearon, "Selection Effects and Deterrence," II 28,1 (2002): 5-29.
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David O. Sears, "College Sophomores in the Laboratory: Influences of a Narrow Data Base on Social Psychology's View of Human Nature," J of Personality and Social Psychology 51,3 (1986): 515-30
Jasjeet S. Sekhon, "Quality Meets Quantity: Case Studies, Conditional Probability, and Counterfactuals," POP 2,2 (2004): 281-93.
Adam J. Berinsky, Gregory A. Huber, and Gabriel S. Lenz, "Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk," PA 20,3 (2012): 351-68.
David Trouille and Iddo Tavory, "Shadowing: Warrants for Intersituational Variation in Ethnography,"
SMR forthcoming: http://smr.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/01/21/0049124115626171.full.pdf
Apr. 4
Review/discussion session
Apr. 9
Explanatory claims, 5: Statistical inference and hypothesis revision Second team paper due
Trochim and Donnelly, chs. 14, 16.
Becker, Tricks of the Trade, ch. 5.
Ragin and Becker, What is a Case?, ch. 8.
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Michael D. Ward, Brian D. Greenhill, and Kristin M. Bakke, "The Perils of Policy by p-value: Predicting Civil Conflicts," JPR 47,4 (2010): 363-75.
Kurt Weyland, "The Arab Spring: Why the Surprising Similarities with the Revolutionary Wave of 1848?" POP 10,4 (2012): 917-34.
Eric Gartzke and Alex Weisiger, "Permanent Friends? Dynamic Difference and the Democratic Peace," ISQ 57,1 (2013): 1-15.
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Nils Petter Gleditsch et al., "Symposium on Replication in International Studies Research," ISP 4,1 (2003): 72-107. [Also browse around this website: http://politicalsciencereplication.wordpress.com/ ]
Allan Dafoe, "Science Deserves Better: The Imperative to Share Complete Replication Files," PS 47,1 (2014): 60-66.
Christopher Winship, "Policy Analysis as Puzzle-Solving," in Michael Moran, Martin Rein, and Robert E. Goodin, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy, New York: OUP, 2006, ch. 5.
Luke Keele, "The Statistics of Causal Inference: A View from Political Methodology," PA forthcoming:
http://pan.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/04/22/pan.mpv007.full.pdf+html
Apr. 16
Theoretically relevant observations, 1: Definitions
Thomas S. Kuhn, "Rationality and Theory Choice," J. of Philosophy 80,10, pt. 1 (1983): 563-70.
Becker, Tricks of the Trade, ch. 4.
Ariel I. Ahram, "Concepts and Measurement in Multimethod Research," PRQ 66,2 (2011): 280-91.
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Maria Sperandei, "Bridging Deterrence and Compellence: An Alternative Approach to the Study of Coercive Diplomacy," ISR 8,2 (2006): 253-80.
David Collier, Jody LaPorte, and Jason Seawright, "Putting Typologies to Work: Concept Formation, Measurement, and Analytic Rigor," PRQ 65,1 (2012): 217-32.
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David R. Dreyer, "Unifying Conceptualizations of Interstate Rivalry: A Min-Max Approach,"
Cooperation and Conflict 49,4 (20149: 501-18.
David Collier and Robert Adcock, "Democracy and Dichotomies: A Pragmatic Approach to Choices About Concepts," ARPS 2 (1999): 537-65.
David Collier and James E. Mahon, Jr., "Conceptual 'Stretching' Revisited: Adapting Categories in Comparative Analysis," APSR 87,4 (1993): 845-55.
David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Conceptual Hierarchies in Comparative Research," in David Collier and John Gerring, eds., Concepts and Methods in Social Science: The Tradition of Giovanni Sartori, London: Routledge, 2009, ch. 10.
Apr. 18
Review/discussion session
Apr. 30
Theoretically relevant observations, 2a: Indicators and validity Third team assignment online
Trochim and Donnelly, chs. 3-1, 4.
Gary Goertz, Social Science Concepts: A User's Guide, Princeton: PUP, 2006, ch. 4.
DeVellis, chs. 2, 4.
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George I. Balch, "Multiple Indicators in Survey Research: The Concept 'Sense of Political Efficacy,'"
PM 1,2 (1974): 1-43.
Michael E. Morrell, "Survey and Experimental Evidence for a Reliable and Valid Measure of Internal Political Efficacy," POQ 67,4 (2003): 589-602.
Barbara Geddes, Joseph Wright, and Erica Frantz, "Autocratic Regimes and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set," PP 12,2 (2014): 313-31. Look also at their code book:
http://sites.psu.edu/dictators/wp-content/uploads/sites/12570/2014/06/GWF-Codebook.pdf ---
Robert Adcock and David Collier, "Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research," APSR 95,3 (2001): 529-46.
Michael Coppedge and John Gerring, "Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach," POP 9,2 (2011): 247-67.
James L. Gibson and Richard D. Bingham, "On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Political Tolerance," APSR 76,3 (1982): 603-20.
M. Stephen Weatherford, "Measuring Political Legitimacy," APSR 86,1 (1992): 149-66.
Philip A. Schrodt and Deborah J. Gerner, "Validity Assessment of a Machine-Coded Event Data Set for the Middle East, 1982-92," AJPS 38,3 (1994): 825-54.
Ido Oren, "The Subjectivity of the 'Democratic' Peace: Changing U.S. Perceptions of Imperial Germany," IS 20,2 (1995): 147-84.
Jason H. Jones et al., "Inferring Tie Strength from Online Directed Behavior," PLOS ONE 8,1 (2013).
Amy Hagopian et al., "Mortality in Iraq Associated with the 2003-2011 War and Occuption: Findings from a National Cluster Sample Survey by the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study," PLOS Medicine 10,10 (2013).
May 7
Theoretically relevant observations, 2b: Reliability; multiple observations Trochim and Donnelly, ch. 3-2.
DeVellis, ch. 3.
Jonah Lehrer, "The Truth Wears Off," New Yorker, 13 December 2010.
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Duane F. Alwin and Jon A. Krosnick, "The Reliability of Survey Attitude Measurement: The Influence of Question and Respondent Attributes," SMR 20,1 (1991): 139-81.
Stephen A. Jessee, "'Don't Know' Responses, Personality, and the Measurement of Political Knowledge," PSRM forthcoming (online pre-publication version at
http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S2049847015000230).
Lucio Renno and Henrique Castro, "Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Interpersonal Trust Measures in Cross-National Surveys," Latin American Public Opinion Project, 2008.
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Steven B. Rothman, "Understanding Data Quality Through Reliability: A Comparison of Data Reliability Assessment in Three International Relations Datasets," ISR 9,3 (2''7): 437-56.
Andrea Ruggieri, Theodora-Ismene Gizelis, and Han Dorussen, "Events Data as Bismarck's Sausages? Intercoder Reliability, Coders' Selection, and Data Quality," II 37,3 (2011): 340-61.
Slava Mikhaylov, Michael Laver, and Kenneth R. Benoit, "Coder Reliability and Misclassification in the Human Coding of Party Manifestos," PA 20,1 (2012): 78-91.
Margaret E. Roberts et al., "Structural Topic Models for Open-Ended Survey Responses," AJPS 58,4 (2014): 1064-82.
David Armstrong et al., "The Place of Inter-Rater Reliability in Qualitative Research: An Empirical Study," Sociology 31,3 (1997): 597-606.
David R. Millen, "Rapid Ethnography: Time Deepening Strategies for HCI Field Research," DIS '00:
Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques. ACM (2000): 280-6.
May 9
Review/discussion session
May 14
Theoretically relevant observations, 3: Scales, scaling, and index construction Third team paper due
Trochim and Donnelly, chs. 3-3, 5.
DeVellis, chs. 5, 6.
Herbert F. Weisberg, "Dimensionland: An Excursion into Spaces," AJPS 18,4 (1974): 743-76.
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Joshua S. Goldstein, "A Conflict-Cooperation Scale for WEIS Events Data," JCR 36,2 (1992): 369-85.
Paul F. Diehl and Gary Goertz, War and Peace in International Rivalry, U of Michigan Press 2000, Appendix B (pp. 281-98).
Will Lowe, "Measurement Models for Event Data," MZES, U of Mannheim, 2013.
G. Dale Thomas, "Scaling CAMEO: Psychophysical Magnitude Scaling of Conflict and Cooperation,"
FPA 11,1 (2015): 69-84.
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Philip A. Schrodt, "Inductive Event Data Scaling Using Item Response Theory," Summer Meeting, Society for Political Methodology, 2007.
Romain Lachat, "Is Left-Right from Circleland? The Issue Basis of Citizens' Ideological Self-
Placement," Center for Comparative and International Studies (ETHZ and U of Zurich) Working Paper No. 51, 2009.
David L. Cingranelli and David L. Richards, "The Cingranelli and Richards (CIRI) Human Rights Data Project," Human Rights Quarterly 32,2 (2010): 401-24.
Philip A. Schrodt, "Precedents, Progress, and Prospects in Political Event Data," II 38,4 (2012): 546- 69.
May 21
Theoretically relevant observations, 4: Revision of measurement; grounded theory Becker, Tricks of the Trade, ch. 2.
Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss, The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, New York: Aldine, 1967, chs. 3, 5.
Stefan Timmermans and Iddo Tavory, "Theory Construction in Qualitative Research: From Grounded Theory to Abductive Analysis," Sociological Theory 30,3 (2012): 167-86.
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Henry Brady, "The Art of Political Science: Spatial Diagrams as Iconic and Revelatory," POP 9,2 (2011): 311-31.
Wolfgang Muno "Conceptualizing and Measuring Clientilism," GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies, 2010.
Davide Torsello, "Clientilism and Social Trust in Comparative Perspective: Particularism versus Universalism," International J of Humanities and Social Science, 2, 23 (2012): 71-8.
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Hayward R. Alker, Jr., James Bennett, and Dwain Mefford, "Generalized Precedent Logics for Resolving Insecurity Dilemmas," II 7,2 (1980): 165-206.
Brian J. Fogarty, Nathan J. Kelly, and H. Whitt Kilburn, "Issue Attitudes and Survey Continuity Across Interview Mode in the 2000 NES," PA 13,1 (2005): 95-108.
Greg Guest, Arwen Bunce, and Laura Johnson, "How Many Interviews are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability," Field Methods 18,1 (2006): 59-82.
Chong Ho Yu, Angel Jannasch-Pennell, and Samuel DiGangi, "Compatibility Between Text Mining and Qualitative Research in the Perspectives of Grounded Theory, Content Analysis, and Reliability,"
The Qualitative Report 16,3 (2011): 730-44.
May 23
Review/discussion session
May 28
Final examination (made available online May 27, 10.00; due May 29, 12.00)
