In the Global South, Waste Management Systems (WMS) are being transformed into Integrated Waste Management Systems (IWMS). For example, in the case of Bogotá, through the implementation of new solid waste management policies in 2012 that emphasize the role of It analyzes policy-making and solid waste management initiatives, as well as stakeholder participation in the city.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, the disposal of solid waste in rivers, open forests or household backyards as micro-landfills has been the common pattern of waste management in the city. This episode led to the entry into force of the constitutional sentence T which obliged municipal authorities to include waste pickers in the waste management process. In recent years, with the creation of the public company 'Aguas de Bogota' (Waters of Bogota), different associations of Waste Pickers have been included in a formal payroll, and institutionally recognized for their labor as a complementary link in the waste management chain.
However, from a practical point of view, the results of the implementation of the sentence were insufficient to implement comprehensive strategies for the real inclusion of Waste Values in the WMS. First, one of the most problematic social barriers in waste management has been the continued marginalization of waste collectors.
ONEAPP
ONECOMMUNITY
A WORD USED BY COLOMBIAN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES TO REFER TO
COLLECTIVE WORK TOWARDS A COMMON OBJECTIVE
CONTEXT
Regarding non-monetary incentives, several studies have found that personal, moral and social norms are the most important predictors regarding intentions as well as determining behavior in relation to waste sorting (Zhan et al., Berglund, 2006, Oliver 2013). In this scenario, the strengthening of the delivery of waste management services through e-solutions in Colombia is claimed to have an impact on the economic development of waste pickers (Goldsmith, 2007). Nevertheless, e-solutions require addressing two fundamental challenges of e-participation in the Global South: the lack of partnership and collaboration across public, private and non-profit sectors (Ndou, 2004); and lack of e-readiness needed to implement e-participation initiatives.
The next section provides alternative insights on how to improve waste management systems while promoting social inclusion and environmentally friendly behavior in Bogota. In doing so, the project primarily helps to strengthen the social inclusion of waste collectors in Bogota by building a bridge between recyclers and users. To do this, the model builds on the widespread use of technology in Global South cities through an app that brings together garbage collectors and city dwellers.
Secondly, the project seeks to influence the separation of solid waste at the household level by encouraging environmentally friendly behavior and the city's residents' awareness of this behavior. This model draws on personal, social and moral norms and acknowledges past progress in Bogota that has involved changes in citizens'. MINGA App multi-platform mobile application system created to provide services with information, communication and updated data on waste collection, waste separation procedures and improved recycling practices in Bogota.
The MINGA project aims to approach some of the challenges mentioned above in the Bogota case from a user or stakeholder (local and public authorities, private companies, Waste Picker Associations and any other actor related to IWMS) perspective, for to substantiate the potential benefits of articulating information and communication systems through mobile technologies. In the case of interactive communication, it is crucial to understand the necessity of articulating both stakeholders and users under common information sharing platforms. For m-administration, we expect this app to be a tool for waste picker associations to keep up-to-date data on geographic behavior for waste production, sorting and collection.
Based on Mavropoulos (2015) typology of the different uses and services that mobile applications can potentially have in waste.
MARKUS LANE
Collection times and points: MINGA will display up-to-date information about the times and locations where recyclers will check and collect potential recycling materials at previously established points throughout the city. The idea is to create a space where users can share good practices in the recycling process through photos, testimonials or frequently asked questions.
USER PERSPECTIVE
INFORMATIONAL/EDUCATIONAL INTERACTIVE/PARTICIPATORY
FUNCTIONAL
It is in MINGO's interest to create a platform where not only users but also service providers (in this case waste collectors) can stay connected to the collection process from any device. In this case, the application aims to provide up-to-date information on the collection records of the personnel involved in the process, the quantities of potentially recycled material. This is an opportunity for waste collection associations not only to register data about their activity, but also to evaluate their performance and develop strategies to improve services and/or interaction with users.
When thinking about IWMS, “mobile devices can provide an important access channel for waste management authorities and citizens, and create an interactive communication between these two entities.
STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE
ADMINISTRATION INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION
RECYCLING SQUARES?
RECYCLABLE Material
ORGANIC waste
FOUR MORE
KEY FUNCTIONALITIES OF MINGA My neighborhood
SquaresWaste Tricks
Schedule
Direct SMS to
Your Waste Picker
ORGANIC
MINGA THE SOLUTION
Furthermore, experts have argued that campaigns can be more effective when various means of communication are used, such as printed materials and formal and informal networks for information dissemination (Leonardi, Neely, Gerber, 2011), but the program must take into account previous behavioral campaigns. change carried out in Bogota, such as those related to 'Cultura Ciudadana' (Civil Culture). Indeed, it is important to recognize that it can be counterproductive to establish new educational behavioral campaigns without taking into account systems that already exist and patterns already incorporated in Bogota citizens. Last but not least, an important element must be introduced in the educational campaign which involves the possibility of making recyclers visible.
Once household solid waste is separated into organic and recycled materials, the separated waste material can be distributed in yellow and green boxes set up on the streets (See figures 3 and 4). The allocation of the separated waste to the yellow and green boxes set up on the streets can be done by any member of each household or by residential and commercial building security guards, as it has traditionally been done. Although this proposal does not fully elaborate the design of the educational campaign, it recognizes that pedagogical elements in stimulating the appropriation of the recyclable schedule and the use of the MINGA application and the yellow and green squares by the inhabitants of Bogota affect the proposal outcomes.
It should be clear to attract the target attention and the language used should be attractive. It should focus on what can be gained and what can be lost in carrying out the activity. In this case, the gain can be framed in individual terms, and the loss can also be carried out in the perspective of social and moral norms.
It should be accurate, interesting, fresh and delivered in multiple ways, taking into account different types of potential users, such as young people and adults.
MINGA THE SOLUTION
CAMPAIGNS
INFRAESTRUCTURE
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
APPS
Several obstacles exist or need to be considered and ultimately addressed to provide an optimal foundation for the project to be developed. First, we believe there is a lack of understanding of the potential benefits that mobile solutions can bring to waste management and recycling initiatives. This situation, explained by the growing but still limited market of opportunities for social innovations in Colombia, draws on the existing difficulties in acquiring financial resources for research and engineering of the necessary systems that produce real results in improving the waste management sector.
Elsewhere, Mavropoulos (2015) refers to the existing difficulties in implementing mobile solutions "in cases where smartphones are not used by a large part of the population or in cases where citizens and professionals may lack the resources, knowledge and other capacities to use and develop such technologies ” (Mavropoulos et al., 2015). However, after assessing the level of e-connectivity and offline connectivity in Bogotá (described earlier in this paper), we recognized the potential of implementing MINGA as a tool to promote behavioral transformation of users through modernization. On a global scale, we expect MINGA to be a viable solution as well, especially given current trends in connectivity and accessibility in megacities in developing countries.
Finally, the most exciting challenge of MIGA relates to the design of the intervention in a standardized language, not only in terms of data and information generated by waste collection processes in the app, but also in terms of the. In the second case, it is important to take into account the different learning levels of literacy of citizens. Both the mobile application and the pedagogical tools related to the schedules and the waste places must be intuitive and developed according to a simple system of words and symbols to guide users towards adequate waste separation and interaction with waste collectors.
The educational campaign as well as the motivation and social norms should be ready to be changed if the results are not as desired. In this respect, recent developments in mobile technology and the emergence of smartphones and "mobile applications" seem to be one of the most promising methods/tools for delivering behavior change interventions among. Consultations with main stakeholders (public and private WMS providers and waste pickers . associations) to refine the application initiative and assess: it is important for the success of the MINGA project to be understood as a holistic intervention that covers.
To institutionalize with the local authorities an educational campaign for the separation of waste and the use of the application by families.
CONCLUSION
Current and future environmental impact of domestic solid waste management scenarios for a region of Brazil: carbon dioxide and energy analysis. Role of the informal sector in solid waste management and enabling conditions for its integration: Experiences from GTZ. Waste Management and Research: The Journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA.
Mobile Technology Use for Social Development in Developing Countries: An Ethnographic Prospective Study. Information Systems Frontiers.
CHANGING
THE WORLD, STREET BY
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MADE IN LONDON
SOMOSMINGA
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