Time and management relevant to both consumption and supply The services are what are meaningful to people. Exclusivity - All benefits and costs incurred as a result of owning and using the resources must accrue to the owner, and the owner alone.
Exclusivity — All benefits and costs accrued as a result of owning and using the resources should accrue to the owner, and only to the owner,
Transferability — All property rights should be transferable from one owner to another in a voluntary exchange
Enforceability — Property rights should be secure from involuntary seizure or encroachment by others
Ø Public Goods Renewable resources such as fish, forests and farmland are often seen as common resources, while the Earth's atmosphere, biodiversity and oceans are commonly treated as public goods. Ø Raw materials are treated and allocated in markets as private goods, but are closely linked to public goods and infrastructures. Ø Multi-level governance Conflict of laws and powers between international A web of limitations: failures, shortcomings and multi-level.
Environmental problems get more and more complex, global and interdependent
Most environmental problems cannot be rooted in singular mis-behaviour
Environmental problems are increasingly based on assessments of subjective risks and the perception
Imagine: You´re a junior consultant at the OECD
How do I brief policy makers?
- Background reading Important is the use of
Reviewing
Distribution
Market based and market creating instruments for resource efficiency
Taxes
Participants reduce pollution/resource consumption as long as the cost of changing behavior is less than the cost of the tax. Harmful effects: High registration fee leading to more older, less efficient motor vehicles on the road, which are not replaced as quickly as possible to avoid Denmark's green vehicle tax.
Market based instruments – policy mixes
In reality, policy instruments cannot be assessed in such a partial analysis as if they were implemented in a vacuum. What kinds of policy mixes are likely to radically increase resource efficiency, optimize synergies and minimize trade-offs in between. Consistency refers to the state of a policy mix that is characterized in its weak form by the absence of contradictions and in its strong form by the existence of synergies within and between the elements of the policy mix, which enable the achievement of policy objectives. ".
In contrast to the consistency with a focus on content, the term coherence focuses on the process dimension. Two key tools for improving policy coherence, with particular relevance to resource efficiency, are policy integration and coordination: “The first can improve policy coherence by enabling more holistic thinking across policy sectors while involving more holistic processes. The credibility of a policy mix refers to the extent to which the policy mix is credible and reliable (Newell and Goldsmith, 2001).
Credibility can be influenced by a number of factors, such as commitment by political leadership, operationalization of objectives by a consistent mix of instruments, and delegation of powers to independent agencies.
Circular Economics
The European Commission recognizes that these goals will not be achieved with technical solutions alone, but will require a "systemic change". Shifting the focus of waste management resources from waste incineration to closing material loops will economically push the implementation of the circular economy." (European Commission 2015). Examination of current policy frameworks, institutions and results in the waste sectors at national level.
Technology, but especially information availability, personal preferences and an institutional framework that guarantees the quality of secondary materials, determine the circularity of the socio-industrial metabolism. There may be costs associated with price discovery, either due to a lack of transparency or other factors; There can be significant 'search costs' where buyers cannot identify potential sellers and sellers cannot identify potential buyers;.
There may be high administrative costs associated with the actual execution of the transaction (ie due to authorization requirements); and,. In other cases, there may be significant negotiation and negotiation before the transaction is actually completed.
Prevention Economics
Waste hierarchy in a circular economy
Annual reports indicate new and continued sub-programmes, describe the success of implementation and disseminate statistics on waste generation. It is decided which sub-programmes will be continued on the basis of the effects reported annually. The Irish WPP is the only program in the EU that systematically collects data on the effectiveness of specific waste prevention measures.
In addition to figures on actual or estimated monetary savings and investment, this can provide an interesting perspective on the profitability of waste prevention. Estimates showed that despite the suspension of all sub-programmes, the annual savings would still amount to around 10 million. In addition to institutional, regulatory and technological frameworks, the behavior of individuals who generate/prevent waste in the context of their social and cultural groups should also be included in policy measures.
The Irish EPA suggests supplementing information material with direct and repeated on-site support as being more effective. Research gap for the relationship between waste prevention and behavior Waste prevention through behavioral change.
Background waste prevention
- Questionnaire sent out to all OECD member states Questionnaire structure
- Analysis based on this feedback, on-going activities of the ETC WMGE, additional desktop and literature review
Consensus understanding of waste prevention reached by OECD countries (OECD-complete prevention of waste generation by virtually eliminating hazardous substances or by reducing material or energy intensity in production, consumption and distribution .. minimizing the use of toxic or harmful substances and/ or minimize material or energy consumption .. multiple use of a product in its original form, with or without reconditioning.
The policy framework for waste prevention
Responsible institutions include Ministries of Environment, as well as Central Governments, Agriculture, Health, Sustainable Development, Natural Resources, etc. Spain: Reducing the amount of waste generated by 2020 by 10 percent based on the weight of waste generated in 2010.
Waste prevention measures
Levy = $10 per tonne (excluding GST) on all waste sent to landfill, currently limited to those accepting household waste. Israel's Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR), required by the Environmental Protection Law. Knowledge about the use and content of hazardous substances in textiles has increased in the textile sector compared to 2014.
Support of "Call for Action" sent to the commission to push for stricter policy on chemicals in textiles in REACH. Economic instruments increasingly include market-making instruments aimed at reducing transaction costs, quality standards, etc. emphasizes. Regulatory approaches often focus on product regulations: In view of the complexity and dynamics of product innovations, this requires a very careful choice.
Information-oriented actions increasingly focus on chain approaches, often through voluntary agreements with defined objectives. Pointing out to those shopping practices that could reduce the amount of waste generated. Strengthening the productivity of companies, especially small companies, based on criteria of sustainable production and consumption.
Promotion of sustainable environmental and energy solutions (cleantech solutions) in public procurement in the most economically advantageous way. Reducing the generation of food waste and packaging in the distribution phase of the product life cycle. Forming a voluntary and binding cooperation between all actors of the value chain for plastic packaging.
Monitoring and evaluation
Increase in the amount of separately collected municipal waste in relation to the total amount produced. Evaluation of the progress of the national waste plan based on statistical data from the Ministry of the Environment and the Finnish Environment Institute. Amounts of waste in different industrial sectors in relation to the increase in production in that sector.
CIRIT = Total installed capacity in Mexico for the management and use of inorganic waste CIRMOt = Total installed capacity in Mexico for the management and use of organic waste CIRST = Total installed capacity in Mexico for the disposal of municipal waste - RME.
Conclusions
Conclusions and possible next steps
Ø 85% of all OECD countries listed food waste as a priority waste stream for waste prevention (OECD 2017). Ø Countries also emphasized the need to improve assessments of the effectiveness and efficiency of waste prevention measures. Which measures are the most effective in terms of the necessary public expenditures and savings opportunities.
How do we measure something that we managed to avoid becoming reality?
They are usually removed during the preparation and cooking processes: bones, banana or pineapple peels and eggshells. Benefits - Generation, treatment and disposal of food waste leads to added value; thus preventing food waste for one.
The United Against Waste initiative developed a tool aimed at helping companies assess the benefits of preventing specific food waste. Companies in the catering sector with 750 meals per day have shown potential savings of up to 34,000 Euros.
Often neglected: rebound effects of food waste prevention!
EXIOBASE – highly disaggregated IO model with 200 product groups and a global model of production technologies, imports/ exports and
Scenario: Households spend the money saved according to their standard preferences
Results don´t question the necessity of food waste prevention but highlight the relevance of rebound effects and the necessity of
