Brazilian regional development distribution, evidences for socio-economic policy

FUNDAÇÃO

GETULIO VARGAS

Textos para Discussão

série

Economia de Empresas

n°

78

setembro1999

Brazilian Regional Development

Distribution: Evidences For

Socio-Economic Policy

Anita Kon

BRAZILIAN RE(;IOI\AL DEVELOPME:"iT DISTRIBlTION: EVI DEI\ CES FOR ｓ ｏ ｃ ｉ ｏ Ｍ ｅｃ ｏ ｾ ｏｍｬ ｃ＠ POLl CY

Ani

ta Kon*

A hstract

ａｾ＠ lu lllany other Lat in ameri can ｣ｯ ｵｮｴｲｩ ｣ｾ Ｎ＠ lhe impac t:-.

or

Lhe rcce nl cconorn1c

globa lization on rhc Brazilian cconomy ha vc rcveakd a di vcrs ified tendency in spatial deve lopmen t. whcn regional eco nomi c indicarors are ohse rved. T hi s is duc 10 thc

ｳｰ｣｣ ｩｊＧ ｊ ｣ｩｴ ｩ ｣ｾ＠

or

cach reg ion, as regard:-. thcir sec tor structure. th e avail ah ility of hum an resources and lhe degree ur 1ec hno logical innovati on undertaken by local ･ ｮｴ ･ ｲｰｲｩ ｾ･ｳＮ＠

From a sil uati on or regional inequali li es ohserved in lhe soc io-econo mi c leve is

or

develCJpment at thc bcg inning of the e ightics the dynamics or the Brazi lian regional evo lution has presenteei el ifl crc nt spccds and intcnsitics in the severa! spaccs. This papc r aims to evaluate the dynam ics of Brazilian regional dcve lopmcnt el uring the 19R5-95 peri od. and the im pacts ove r the working population an d regional ､ｩ ｳｰ ｡ｲｩｴｩ ･ｾＮ＠ in ordcr Lo

ollc r some cle ments to assist soc ial and cconomi c policy. For this purpose Di spersion Quotient s and Dispcrsion ln tcnsity CoelTicient:-; were calcul atecl baseei on two variables. lhe Reg ional ｇ ｲｯｳｾ＠ Domesti c Product anel the Work ing Population. T he results of the analys is confirm thc cxistence of considerabl e regional disparities and it was observed that thc scc tor an el reg ional redi stribution of Lhe GDP indicare that. in a gen eral way. no re markable changes occ urrecl in the regional development in the period. The results show that. although the cconomic policies did stimulate a global convergence process o f the pa copito procluct among regions. those policies did not attenuate economic

dynamism concen tration to the dcsired exte nt.

' T his papc r was prcscmcd at the Illlmernational Ec.:o nomics Meeting. hcld in Córdoha. Arge ntina o n

AuL?: ustl 0- 14. 1994.

BRAZILIAN REGIONAL DEVELOPI\1EI\T ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｾＺ＠ ｅｖｉｄｅｾｃｅｓ＠ FOR SOCIO-EC0\"0\IIC POLIC\'

Anita Kon

I. lntroduction

The impaCI'>

or

lhe rece nl eCOilOllllC globalization 011 Lhe Brazilian CCOfl()JllY havc rc,·ealcd a divcrsificd tcndcncy whcn lhe regional economic ｩｮｴｬ｣ ｸ｣ｾ＠ are ｮｨｾ･ｲｶ･､Ｚ＠

this ｩ ｾ＠ duc to thc ｳｲ｣｣ｩｦｩ｣ｩｴｩ｣ｾ＠ or cach rcgion. a' regarcJ..., their sector ｾｴｲｵ｣ｴｵｲ･Ｎ＠ thc availahilit y or hunwn rcsourccs and Lhe degrcc

or

tcchnological innovation undertaken hy local cnterpriscs. From a situation of regi onal incqualitic-, vcrificd in thc socio-cconomic leveis

or

development at Lhe beginning of the eightics the dynamics of the Brazilwn regional evolution has presented differcnt spccds and intcnsitics in thc severa] space:-..

Productive and occupational structure:-. in Bnuil are marked by significant regional differences. as stressed by many researchers involved in analysing -..patial aspect..; of economic dcvclopmcnt and incomc distribution ( IPEA. 1996 ). Some Brazilwn states. such as São Paulo. Rio de .Janeiro. Rio Grande do SuL Amazonas. Distrito Federal and Santa Catarina. prescnt a per copiw incomc superior to the national avcragc. while the ot hers presenteei incomes which \.vere lowcr than halr Lhe Brazilian averagc index. Nevertheless. ir should bc notcd that this situation inclicates an advancemenl in rclalion Lo thc prcvious pcriod. starting in the fifties, when thc income

diiTerences between the most advanccd and most backward statcs wcre even higher. In the 1950-85 period. some imponant transformations occurred in thc productivc and occupational structures or the various spaccs. in such a way that some regions approached the country average GNP, eithcr in thc positive sense (that is through a higher relativc growth rale) or negative (duc to an inferior relativc growth). Regional dynamics is impelled by a scqucnce of factors which act to accelcrate. retard or diminish the specific growth rates. On Lhe onc hand, there is t.he influcncc of structural aspects related to material anel human resources. and also to speci fie spatial, pol itic anel cultural condit ions (Kon. 1995). On thc other hand, thcrc is the inrtuencc o

r

conjuncturc situations which also havc repercussion-; in lhe various socio-economic realities. with

di llcr\·nt ｲ｣ＮＮＬｵｬｾＺＭＭ ;111d intcn ... itie .... Thc macro anel Jll JCI'llCC!lJHllllJc policies allllillg at

ecunomic '-'1:1biliz;1tiun nr aL '>L imuiaLing ..,pecil'ic sec Lors ha\'C dillcrcnLiaLcd cllccLs 111

cacll rcgion. accmd ing tu tilc \lructural an d nmju nctur-c· pos..,ihilit ic.., oi' arh wcring to Lilcsc '-linw li.

This papcr cval uatcs thc dynamic'>

or

Bra1.ilian regional dc vcl opmcnt duri ng Lhe 1985-95 pcriod anel Lhe impach over tile \Vnrking populaLi on and regi onal cl isparities. in order to oiTer -..ome elemenL s to assist social anel cconomic policy. Thc analysis airned to verify thc scctor anel regional dynam ics in a more dctailed cxarn. anel

ror

thi s purpose Dispersion QuoLients and Dispcrsion Tntcnsity Codficients were ca lculated based on Lwo variahlcs. Lhe Regional Gross Domestic ProducL anel lhe Wnrk.ing PopulaLion.

2. Methodological Considerations

Thc period an alysed ( 1985-95). was selccted wi th the aim of continuing anel complcmcnting thc prcvious analyscs about th c dynamics of Brazilian regional devel üpmenl. As to the empírica! evaluation. the anal ys is aimecl to verify. in grcater de L ai L the sector anel regional clynamics anel for that. Differentiation Quotients ( QDij ) and Regional Product per Workc r lndex (IPR) wcrc elaboratcd. These indexes. which are dd ined hclow. wcrc calcul aLcd bascd on two variabl es. the Gross Domestic Product and the Working Population. eslimatecl respecLively hy TPE A and IBGE1

•

Regional Differentiation Quotient of the per capita GDP (QDj)

QDj = Xr I X1m. where Xr = GDP/capita for rcgion

r:

XHR = GDP/cap ittl for Brazil

Sector and Regional Differentiation Quotient (QDij)

Xi = working persons (or GDP) in sector i in the country: X = work.ing persons (or

GDP) in the country: Xij = working pcrsons (or GDP) in region j and in scctor i; nnd Xj

= working persons (or GDP) in region j. Then. QDij=[Xij/Xj . l 00]/ [Xi/X. 100].

The QDij mcasures the spali al differcntiation represcntativity of sector i in rcgion j.

relaLive to the nutional average. The interpretation of the QDij is made according to the follov. ing considerations: a) QDij < l, sector i is less representative in rcgion j . when

1 _{I PEA-13 ra;i I ian lnslitute oi' Applied Economic Research: fBG E- 1:3ra;.i lian lnstitule o f Geography and}

co1npared to thL' national ｡｜ ﾷ ｣ｲ｡ｾ｣＠ ｲ ｣ｰｲ｣ｾ｣ ｮｴ ｡ ｴｩ｜ｩｴ ｹＺ＠ h l QDij > I. scLlm ｉｾ＠ lllOI'C' ｲｌＧｰｲ｣ｾ ｃ ｬｬｬｕｬￍ｜＠ l' in ｲ ･ｾｩｯｮ＠ j i

r

ｃｏｬｬｬｊｬｾｬｬｬ＠ lO lhe gJohaJ national .'-J1ilCC.

Regional Product per Worker lndex (IPR)

Thc GDP/worker rclation ｜ｎ｡ｾ＠ used ｾＧＢ＠ ｾ ｾ＠ em.n· variable to c\·<.duatc thc regional pruductivit y. in vie w

or

the lack

or

more appropriatc Slillistical infortnation. Thc IPR wa" calcul atecl rrom two dillerent approachcs:

a) IPR ilR · whcrc cac h scctor prod uct per worke r in cach region is compared to thc gl obal

indcx o r Lhe country. lha! is: IPRHR

=

Pij/PHf<, where Pij i" lhe product per worker or "ector i in region j anel P131{ is lhe gl obal product per workcr in Brazil:

b) IPRs. where each seclor product per worker in each regi on is compareci lo lhe global

sector producl per worker. I hat is TPRs

=

Pijl Ps:

3. B razilian regional inequalities

The regional incq ualiti cs indexes show a slow lrend lowards regiona l convergence between the years 198) and 1990. eontinuing in lhe direc li on revcalcd hy estimates made by Souz<1 ( 1993) for a historical series pre vi ou-. lo 1985. Howcver. ror 1992 ll) 199). a c hange towards a greatcr dive rge nce is observed in the trend. albeit in a not "ignifi cant degree. The estimatc o f Lhe regional dispersion intensities in rclation to the average. shows a trcncl of regi onal convergence in Lhe wholc pcriod. The positive di spersi ons. as relatcd to the average. are always higher than the negativc oncs. that is. the magnitude of thc dispcrsions in lhe regions wh icb present a per COfJÍW GDP

superÍLX to the average. is hi gher that in the regions wbich show a GDP inferior to the

ｮ｡ｴｩｯｮ ｾｬｩ＠ averagc. This tendency has been unfavorable lo the less developed ｲ･ｧｩｯｮｾ＠ in the lasl years. A more detailed analysis of the reg ional development cvolution as compareci lo the wholc nation is possiblc from the observalion of the Regional DifTerentiation Quotienls (QDj ) presenteei in Tablc 1 and Figure I. The regional differenccs in Lhe per capito GDP are considerable, as mueh in the magnitude or

dispersions as in the direclion of convcrgence or divergence in thc whole period. First. it can be verified thal lhe regions of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and the South prcsent a

.., .

development indicator which is constantly superior to Lhe national average-; the reg1ons

It sll(lÚIJ hc nutil:CU that thc data

ror

thc North reg:ion cannot hl! considcred wi rh acuit y. _-, incl: thc

5

ot' Mi na-., Gerai -.,-E-..p lril o S;mlo aml lhe Nnrthca-.,1 ｡ｬｷ ﾷ ＼ｾｹＭＮＬ＠ -., Jmw ｮ･ｾ｡ｬｩｶ･＠ di -.per-,iun-;. liwl i'. <I levei o( ､･ｮｾ ｬ ｯ ｰ ｭ｣ｮｬ＠ whi ch i-., al\v·ay" inkrim lo lhe aH' ragc i11 lhe period. whilc rhc Cc ntcr-Wc,l prc-.;cnl" ncgali\·e di-.;pe rsion-. be1wccn l lJt:5 aml Jl) Xl) and in

19lJ5. and po-. iti \'C from Jl)l)() 10 ｬｬｊ ｬｊＮｾＮ＠

Sccondly. whcn lhe lre nds or ､｣ｮｾ ｬ ｯｰ ｭ ｣ ｮｬ＠ ;lrC Ob\C r\·cd. it can hc vcri J'i ed lhal fn1nl Ｑ ＹｾＵ＠ to 19lJO lhe indexe"

ror

Ri o de Janeiro ;mel S<lo Paulo show a dcn ca-.in g disper ion. approac hin g thc nati onal averagc. and l'ron1 that ycar un, another increase in thc positivc cl i-. pcr-. illll . whic h was nol very significanl in São Pau lo. In lhe ｣＼Ｎｾｳ･＠ of Ri o de Janeiro. spcci i"i call y. lhe lrend lowa rcls cl ive rge nce wa<, greaLe r anel it was lll orc rnarkecl in 1992. and it is IXlssi blc to infcr that rhc cvcn t of thc World Mccting EC0-92. w hich brought pa rt icipant s from ali ove r Lhe world. contributecl to inc reas ing thc dynamics or procluct ge nerat ion. In the South. the trencl incl icatecl posi ti ve diverge ncc a-. re lateci Lo the nati onal average. excepL in the years or 1988 and 1989.The Cente r-West region had a diffe ren t behavior in co mparison wiLh Lhe oLhers. hecause despite having al way" been closer to rhc national averag:e. from 1985 to 19X9 il presen teei negati ve divc rgcnces. thal i-.. ｩｮ､･ ｸ･ｾ＠ lowe r than the average (though tending to converg:ence ) ;.md from 1990 lo 1993, positi ve di vergences. T hc rcgion which enca mpasses the statcs of Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. elespite showing a considerable clynamism (markecl by some economic sector data). prcsc nts a developmenl inclicative constantly below the nationa l ave rage, in view of the high concentration or workers which exert informal or by own-accounl occ upali ons. with low procluctivity leveis. From 1986 lo 1989. the QDij in that space present a tremi towards incrcascel di vergence. wh ilc in th c following period. from 1990 to 1993, the indexes rcmained constanr with a di spcrsion levei not signifi cantl y inferior. As regards thc Northeast region, which presents the most marked negative di vergence-.. lhe dispersion magn itudes wcre almosl constanL in the perioel. with a sli ght trend towards approaching the national average.

ｴｴｬｬ＼ｴｬｾ ﾷ ＺＭｩＧＭ ur lhe \eClOI' I'Cf!ÍOllitl prodliCl di<;pcr:-ÍUil indicalÍ\e" and of l he \\orking

poplli<tlÍOll. \\ hich \\·jJ J hc CcliTÍL'd Ulll rurthcr Ull. perlllÍh il Il1C1l"C detai Jcd ObSCI"\'<t[Íllll U f

tilc dc tcrminanh o i' lhe dillercnce:-. in regional dc,clopmcnl ､ｾｮ＼ｵｮｩ｣ＺＭＮ Ｎ＠

Tahlc I

ｒ･ｾｩｯｮ ｡ ｬ＠ dif'fl'rences in the Rrazilian CDP/capla cvolution- 19S5-J995

Ycar:-- RJ SP Sul

MG-

NE

C-0 N

ES QDj

1985 1.1-+ 1 .6LJ 1.05 OX2 0.-+6 0.9-+ ＱＮＲｾ＠

1986 1.15 1.69 1.05 0.80 0.-+8 O.LJ I 1.30

1987 1.13 ＱＮＶｾ＠ 1.08 0.81 0.-+7 0.93 1.27

1988 1.12 1.66 1.07 OK2 0.-+7 O.LJX 1.32

1989 1.12 1.6-f 1.07 0.85 0.-+7 0.98 1.33

1990 I. I I 1.63 1.08 0.83 0.-+7 1.01 1.31

1992 1.21 1.6-+ 1.09 0.83 0.46 1.06 1.10

1993 1.17 1.6-+ 1.1-+ 0.83 0.-+5 1.05 1.07 1995 1.1 8 1.65 I . 1-+ 0.8-+ 0.45 1.05 1.07

Primary dala sou rcc:-.: lPEA: LBGE/PN ADs.

Figure 1 · Regional differences in the Brazilian GDP/capita evolution -1985-1995

I 8

16 --+--Rio de Janeiro

1 .

- ··t'i·-· São Paulo

Sul

IJ,t{ Minas-ES

06

ｾ ｎ ｯ ｲ ､･ｳｴ･＠

0.4

02 -.-Centro-Oeste

ｌＭ ＹＭ ＸＵ ＭＭＭＬｾＭ Ｖ ＭＭＭ ＬＹ Ｍ ＸＷＭＭ Ｍ Ｌｍ Ｍ Ｘ ＭＭＭ Ｌｾ Ｍ Ｎ ＭＭＭＬ ｾ ＭＭＭＭｾ ｾ Ｍ Ｒ ＭＭＭ ｉｾＭＳＭＭＭＬｧＭｧ ￳ Ｍ -+- Norte

7

-L Regional dispersion oi' sector product and lahor

Prc' ｩｵｵｾ＠ analy-.i'> ( Knn . ll)95) ｾｨｮＢＢ＠ that regional producti,·e '>tructUI"l' '> ｰｮＺｾ｣ｮｴ＠

'>(1Cciftcitie-.. \\ hich result frolll lhe <l'>'>OCiat ion of ｨｩｾ ｴ ｯｲ ｩ ｣ Ｚｴ ｬ＠ and gcograpllical determinanr-... l1Jgerhcr w ith the human. natural and capital ｲ ･ｾ ｯ ｵｲ｣･ ＭＮＮ＠ hasc. an d al'>o w ith

the lllacru-.ocial ba-;c - compoundccl hy cu ltural. political. partici pation al and

econom icall y di ffercnriatecl systems - w hich defi ne di ve rse spati al ｾｰ･｣ ｩ ｡ ｬ ｩ［Ｚ ｡ ｴ ｩｯ ｮｳＮ＠

Thnsc cliflcrcnccs co nsliltti C :t m;t'\S nr l":tCinr-; 11 1<11 are cleterminant in lhe vari:llion -.. in thc leveis and speed o r regi onal evol ution

or

lhe ｰ ｾ ｲ＠ COfJi{(f GDP. Thc obscrvat ion

or

Lhe Regional Di!Tcrenti:uion quotien ts accord ing to the ｾ･｣ ｴ ｯ ｲｳＮ＠ ｾｨｯｷｮ＠ in ｔｵｨｬ ｣ｾ＠ 2a und

2h. rcveal s ｴｨ ｣ｾ･＠ considerahlc cliffcrences in lhe regi ons· ｳ ｰ･｣ｩ ｡ｬ ｩ ｺ｡ ｴ ｩｯｮｾ＠ as regional

i ncq ualil ies determinants. Thosc indicativcs show the degrce of special itat ion o r a

rcgion in a spcci fic ｾ･｣ ｴ ｯ ｲＮ＠ w hen compareci to the counLry as a w hole. On examining fi na

the rcsul ts of trcnds for rhe sector proclucl intcnsity o r dispersion f or thc rcgions as a

w ho lc. i t is infcrred that fro m 19S5 to J9l)."i. there was a trcnd Lowarcls ｩ ｮ｣ ｲ ･｡ｾ｣ ｣ｬ＠

incquality. that is. towards a highcr concc ntrati on in specific sectors. w hen comparcd lo

the n::ltional average. for lhe regions

or

Ri o de Janeiro. São Paulo. thc Sout h anel lhe

Northcast. anel a trend rowards a higher approx imation Lo the averagc in the regions of

Minas Gerais and Espírito San to anel in rhe Center-West. H owever. the rcgions or Ri o

de Janeiro. the Center-West anel Lhe orLh prcscnt l he highest inrensities. Spccificall y in

Rio de Janeiro. lhe degrcc o f scctor inequalitics shows a significam increase from 1985

to 19St5. parti cul arl y cl uc to the growi ng parlicipatio n in the product gcneration of the

Public Ad ministration sector. as compareci to the other ｾ･｣ ｴ ｯ ｲ ｳ＠ and to thc re!-.t or the

country in 1995. Tn the Center-WesL, the trends towards positi ve distance l'rom the

national average parricipation occurred more si gniCicantly in the Constru ction sector and

less significantly in the sector classified as Other Industrial Acti vities ( wh ich encompass

Mineral ex traction and publi c uLility industrial service!-.); in Lhe othcr scctors. the trend

moveJ towards Lhe decrea!-.e or regional differences in panicipation. On tbe olher hand.

in the North the significanl increase in the positive concentration o f the gcncrated

producl occurred in the Primary sector. in otber industrial activities anel in rcnti ng

:-;

Tahk la

GDP Regional Dillercntiation Quoticnts (QDi.i) -Primar.'· and Se('oll<lary Sl'l'lo•·s. Brazil- IIJ85. ltJtJU. Jt)l)5

Scc tn1·-.

_RJ

SI' Sli L !\IC-ES NE C-0 ｾ＠

PIU!\1-\R\'

1985 0. 15 0.-+6 1.55 I . 7-J. I .-1-lJ I .-1-6 1.-1-6

19tJO 0. 16 O. ()-J. 1.-J.O 1.-1-5 I .-J.lJ 1.20 l. ólJ

19{)5 0. 16 0.57 Ｑ Ｎ Ｚ ｲ ｾ＠ 1.5.1 1.67 I . l l) I .6lJ

SECONDARY

Manu factudng

1985 (U\9 1.-1-0 0.9-+ ())\ C) 0.62 0.25 _0.75

11)()0 0.65 1.46 Ｑ Ｎ Ｐｾ＠ 1.m O.:'i-1- 0 .2 1 O. M\

11)1)5 0 . .'\7 1.5.1 0.97 1.02 0.-1-9 0.19 0 .6.'\ Construction

1985 UQ 0.2.1 0.59 0.57 2.-1-5 1.40 2.80

194.)() 1.58 0.25 0.58 0.76 2.:w 1.89 ') ___ _ ') ... ) 11)95 1.-J.I 0.20 1.2-J. 0.59 1.92 2.06 2. 14

Other

11)85 0.82 0.94 1.07 1.49 O.lJ9 0.5 8 0.99

1990 0.87 0. 85 1.20 1.59 0.9 7 0.57 1. 10

1995 0.67 0.83 1.46 1.51 0.89 0.6 1 1. 10 Total

1985 1.00 1.22 0.90 0.88 0.87 0.41 I.Ol

19()0 0.84 1.18 0.95 1.02 O.SJI 0.56 1.0 1

1995 O. 75 1. 16 1.08 1.00 0.83 0.6.1 1.0 I Primary data <,ource: IPEA.

Whe n each sector is ana lysed separate ly as to thc diffcrcnccs in relatio n to the

average participati o n. the regions of Rio de Jane iro a nd São Paul o . w hich prescnl the

highest levei of devcl opment, show - proport io nall y - the lowest product

re prescntati vit y in the Prima ry sector, in re lati on to Lhe average partic ipation o f thi s

seetor in Lhe othe r regions. The inte nsity of dispersion of these activities revcal s

dis panty degrees w hi ch are signific:.tntl y s uperi or to thc who le Sccondary and Tert iary

scc tors , and there is a convcrgcnt behav io r fro m 1985 to 1990. Howcvcr, in the ncxt pe riod a s li ght increase in the inequalities was noti ced, p articu larly due to the Northeast

and to the region that encompasscs Minas Gerais and Espírit.o Santo.

The Construction scctor presented the hi g hcst degree in dispersion inte nsity in

Tahlt·2h

(;J)p Regional DifTc rcntiation Quoticnts (QOij)- Tertiary Serlor.

B razil and rcgion.o.,- II)S5, 1990, 1995.:::

R.

I SP SUL \IG-ES !\E

TERTIARY Commen:e

Jt)S5 (U\7 0.90

1990 0.7(> ＨＩｾＨＩ＠

1995 O.H I 0.92

Transports

1985 0.96 0.%

l lJlJO 0.86 I O I

1995 (Un 1.11

Comm unicati ons

1985 1.17 1.10

1990 I .29 I .02

1995 1.32 1.05

Financc Activitics 11)85 0.98 1.00 11)90 1.70 1.06

1995 0. 78 1.28

Public Administration

1985 I .50 0.68

1990 I .29 O. 77

J9t)5 2.92 0.41

Re nts

I . I O

U I 1.22 1.30 1.39 1.30 0 .78 1.00 0.93 1.02

ｯＮｸＺｾ＠

0.87

0.80

O. 7ó

0.66

1985 1.64 0.94 0.7X

1 t)t)Q I . 19 1.0 I 0.80

1995 1.12 1.1 7 0.68 Othcr

1985 I .46 0.99 0.84

1990 1.31 0.99 0.9-+

11)95 U5 1.06 0.83 Total

1985 1.20 0.93 0.96

1990 1.28 0.95 0.96

1995 1.35 1.00 0.88

Pri mnry data source: lPEA.

I .00 o.% 0.96 1.32 1.32 UI 0.84 0.89 0.89 0.92 0.69 0.70 0.78 0.8-l 0.83 0.9 1 1.07 0.88 0.87 0.9-l 0.88 0.93 0.90 0.8 7 1.22 1.1 8 1.23 0.66 0.68 0.6 1 0.90 0 .88 0.86

ＨｕｾＹ＠

0.78 0.77 1.26 1.20 1.20 0.93 0.89 0.82 0.92 0.94 0.96 1.00 0.97 0.94 C-0 ()()7 0.9 1 ()))) 0.82 0.70 0.60 1.1 6 1.05 1.02

un

1.4t) 1.5 1 2.24 1.83 1.79 1.06 1.03 0.93 1.2 1 1.05 1.0 I 1.43 1.27 1.19 !\ 1. 16 O.tJS O.tJ3 0.60 0.60 0 .37 0 .88 0.66 0.77 0.44 0.21 0.30 U I 1.51 1.2." 1.08 1.24 1.52 0.82 0.79 0.80 0.86 0.86 0.83 lJ

period and o f the downfall of thc cconomic acti vity, ｾ ｭ ｣･＠ the partici pation of ｴｨ ｩ ｾ＠

!(I

tilc in tcn:--i ty ui· di-.;pc r:--iun \\CJ\' round in Publi c Ad nlini :--trat ion. wi th a global ucncl

towards a pos it i\ e di-.;t:mcc to thc nati onal an:: ragc. parti cul arly duc to Rio de Janeiro. a:-- alrcady :--ccn. A-.; a conscqucnce. lhe Cen ter-West reg ion. whic h is spcc iali zcd in til i'> sector- in vicw oi· lhe influcncc of thc Federal Distri ct - prc'>C lll cd a pmpurt iunal decrca-.,c in cuncc ntrati un. On the other han d. the g.reatcr approach to thc avc ragc and lowe r repre . ..,enl;Jii \ ity was veri i'ied in Siio Paul o.

In the sc rvicc acti vitic.-,. the Financiai Activitie.-. presented a higher levei

or

pos iti ve rcp resen tati vit y in the Cent er-Wcst rcgion. al so as a res ult of the governmental acti vit Jes. nevcn helcss rcveal in !:! ｾ＠ :1 tremi toward s co nvcrecncc to thc avc raQe. As to thc ｾ＠ ｾ＠ other more devc lopcd reg ions, the pole region o r São Paul o was placed around the avcragc in 1985 anc.l in 1990. Ncvertheless. in 1995. it already presenteei the hi ghest pos ili ve concent ration as a resu lt o r lhe great cr producl growth mi es in lhe lasl two ycars. In thc othcr rcgions. a trend toward s a consiclerahl e negati ve dive rge nce of the nati on<li ave rage. that is a lower relativc rcprescntati vity. is noti cecl.

Still in thc Tertiary scctor. other consiclerable di vcrgcnces were verifi ed in Ri o de Janeiro in the activities callecl '"Othcr··. which encompass personal. house hold an el othe r non specified services (compounded particularl y by own-account wo rk ers anel low producti vity). an d in lhe Communi cations sec tor. which show:-. a considcrably di stancc fro m lhe nati onal avcragc anel a positi vc di vc rgcncc in thi s period .

The ｡ｮ ｡ ｬ ｹｳ ｩ ｾ＠ or the QDij indexes baseei on thc working popul ati on, showed in Tablcs 3a anel 3b. reveal severaltrencl s o f labor di vision. when compareci to thc prod uct genermion. ln ali rcgions. from 1985 to 1990. a dynamic o f convergence and a [-"ollowing divergence d irecti on in 1995 is noticed. Sccondl y. a higher degree of intensity of clispersion for Ri o de Janei ro (onl y in 1985 ) anel São Paulo (in the whole pcri od ), when compareci to the Product Generati on indexes, showing that lhe dynami cs of worker concemration surpassed the product generation indexes. ln the Primary scctor. the total

inte nsi ty of dispersion o f workers· absorption is significantly lower than in thc case of thc generated product: nevertheless. while in the Northeast the dispersion quoticnts (QDij ) are hi gher for the product in thi s sec tor. in the South anel Minas Gerais-Espírito

ｓ ｡ ｮｴ ｯｾ＠ regions. its magnitude is lower. though it presenls a positive di spersion (above thc avc rage).

li

ｬｮ ､ｵｾｴｲｾＮ＠ antltilL' ､･ｾｮＺ｣＠

or

｜｜ｯｲｾ･ ｲ ＭＮＬﾷ＠ cunL·cnt rat i< >n in the tlH l-.l de,·elopcd rcg ion-.,

nt Silo

Pau lo (Í nthc \\'hok pcriod ) and l he Suuth !i n I<Jl))) is C\'Cll more ＺＭＮｩ ｧｮｩｦｩ｣ｾｴｮｬＮ＠ rc\ca l ing

that prnduct gro\\·th h:td a lower '-peed than l he \H)r l-:cr:-.· ab:-.orpt ion. \\'hich led to an

ini"eritlr growth in prod uctiYit y. a:-. wc \vil l ｾ･･＠ later on .. ｃ｜Ｇｃｲｴｨ｣ ｬ ｣ＺＭＮｾＮ＠ lhe tremi in lhe

whoic pcriod ｜ｖ｡ ｾ＠ O lll' oi" COil\'t'rg.encc [0 \\';tJ"dS thc ll<lti onal a\·crage i"or l hc-.,c lllOrC

Tablc

3"

PRIM I\. R\'

IY85 0. 17

o.:n

1.34 ＱＮＲｾ＠ 1.62 O.lJ..J. IYYO 0. 19 0.30 U-+ 1.:w 1.66 (). 9<.>

1995 0. 16 0.33 1.1 6 1.17 1.63 1. 10 SECONOARY

Manufacturing

Jl)85 I .09 I .X..J. o .<J..+ 0.69 0.57 0.-1.9 0))6 1990 1.0 1 1.77 O.lJ5 0.8 1 0.60 0.48 0.8-l 1995 1.cn 1.66 1.23 ＨｕｾＵ＠ 0.5-J. 0.57 O.<J6 Construction

ＱＹｾＵ＠ 1.31 1.08 0.79 1.07 0.86 1. 17 1.:?.3

J990 1.07 1.08 0.9 1 1. 10 0.88 1.07 1.09 J995 1.:n 1.1 2 0.90 1.16 0.78 1.0:?. 1.1-J. Otlwrs

1985 1. 11 0.75 0.83 1.09 0.99 1.69 1.82 1990 1.08 0.7 1 0.90 1.21 0.9-+ 1.8 1 1.35 1995 1.36 0.75 0.85 1.25 0.99 1.06 l.-l8 Total

1985 1. 15 1.56 0.89 0.82 0.68 0.75 1.03 1990 1.03 1.52 0.94 0.92 0.70 0.72 0.94 Jl)t)5 1. 14 1.44 1. 11 0.97 0.64 0.74 1.05

ｉｾ＠

Figure 2

Índices de Diferenciação Regional da População Ocupada e do PIB- Brasil- 1985-95

1/) 4ll 10

·rn

4ll a: 1/) 4ll >O

·rn

4ll a: -1

Setor Primário- PO

N

C-0

rfl

NE l·w····+&&i.%..+!}•

MG-ES

§

ｓｕ ｌｾ＠ $oBW!MB•$tFWJ

-0,5

o

0,5

Setor Secundário - PO

í"''''''

I

ｾ＠ l

-0,5 ｍｇＭ ｾ＠

ｳｵ ｾ＠

-RJ

ｾ＠

o

0,5

Setor Terciário-PO

MG·E·

ｾ＠

SP

itd'

I

RJ

Mwlffl, .. '""' t' .. ,.

-0,4 -0,2

o

0,2 0,4 0,6

O 1995 W1 990 01 985

O 1995

m

1990 O 1985

01 995 El1990

1

m

1985 ,

1

Fonte dos dados Brutos: IBGE e IPEA. Elaboração da autora.

(/) 4ll >O Ol 4ll a: 1/) 4ll 10 Ol 4ll a:

Setor Primário- PIS

... .. ... .. · ··-···

N

§§§@f.

. ,. . .,;

EM gl

C-0

EYWR

NE

E5

w ' · ál!fW

MG-Es i*?th&"M'r·@-ww%1*"' '

SUL b2:1*b%AZ?*frb

ｾ＠

f*M*M8

!õlri,&p

-1.00 0,00 1,00

-1

Setor Secundário-PIS

N

ｾ＠

Ｎ ｾｴＩｾ＠

MG·Ehl

ｳｵ ｾ＠

SP

fd ... ,

CU]

-0.5

o

Setor Terciário -PIS

ｲ］ ﾷＭ Ｍ ＭＭＭｲＭﾷＢＭﾷｾ ﾷﾷ Ｍ ﾷﾷﾷﾷﾷﾷ＠ ... ,

ｾ ｾ＠

I

I

NECUl

ｾｇ Ｍｾ＠

Ａ ｳ ｾ＠

i

UL.I!!

I

ｳ ｾ＠ I

RJ

L. •'"'''"""'

.. ＭＮ ﾷｾ Ａ＠

2.00

0,5

-0,2

o

0,2 0,4 0,6

0 1995 13 1990 0 1985

O 1995

m

1990

O 1985

IC:l1995 ]

I ' _·'

,\ -, rcgurd" lhe Con-.lructinn -.cctor. thc rq.!Il>Il oi Siio P:llll o prc">cntcd QDi_j-.

amund 0.20. tha l i-.. considc rahly hclow lhe u\·crag-c !'or thc pruduct. and <l'- lu 'vvorkcr<

ind ical Í\'e'-> il i-. placcd nca r thc awragc. w hich lllca ns that ｴｨｩｾ＠ scctm -.ti ll llas l he

fuiK l Íilll n!' les-. qualified lahor ab-.orplÍl)ll. mainl y in a period or low cconomic acti,·ity.

In thc-.c activitics. rrom 1000 [O ll)95 a '>li"Ollg lendency lOW<li"d\ po-.iti vc di,·crgcncc in

thcSouthcaq and Nnrth rcgi on" was not iced. and u grealer ncgativc ､ ｩ ＭＮｴｾ ｴｮ ｃｌＧ＠ from l he

Tahle -'h

TERTIARY Commerce

1985 1. 16 I . 15 0.89 0.86 0.89 I .03 1.68 1990 I . 1-l- 1.08 0.9-l- 0.88 0.9 1 1.03 1.55 1995 I. U 1. 13 0.89 0.86 0.9:2 0. 99 1.66

Consumer Serviccs

1985 1.50 1.13 0.8 1 1.09 0.75 1.13 1.09 1990 1.37 1.04 0.86 1.06 0.85 1.13 1.11 1995 1.36 I. 17 0.86 0.98 0.82 1.08 1. 17

Ancilary Scrvices

1985 1.68 1.]9 0.99 0.77 0.-+9 1. 14 I. I X 1990 1.]9 1.50 0.84 0.9 I 0.54 1.07 1.11 1995 1.74 1.)5 1.00 O. 04 0.45

cun

0.9 1

Transports/Communications

1985 1.58 I . 12 0.92 0.96 0.7 1 1.03 1.48 1990 1.5 l I . 16 0.9 1 0.97 0.7-l- 0.95

J.n

1995 1.48 1.27 0.92 1.0 1 0.72 0.89 1.07

Sodal Activitics

1985 1.37 1.07 0.84 0.97 0.87 1.1 5 1.29 1990 1.34 1.00 0.84 0.97 0.94 1.1 0 1.27 1995 1.40 1.09 0.87 0.96 0.88 1.01 1.26

Public Administration

1985 1.49 0.88 0.77 0.83 0.88 1.68 2. 1:\

1990 1.21 0.85 0.86 0.77 1.00 1.59 1.87 1995 1.25 0.90 0.83 0.84 0.94 1.46 2.02

Othcrs

1985 1.49 1.46 0.93 0.77 0.57 1.08 1. 15

J990 1.2 1 U5 0.92 0.87 0.5."i 1.04 0 .9 1

1995 1.25 1.46 1.05 0.69 0.57 0.87 0.9 1

Total

1985 1.41 1.14 0.85 0.9."i 0.78 1.15 ＱＮ ｾＸ＠ 1990 1.32 1.08 0.88 0.95 0.85 1.12 1.3 1 1995 1.35 1.16 0.88 ＰＮＹｾ＠ 0. 83 1.05 1.34

1-1

a\'CI"<tgc nnly in lhe f\orlhcasl. In lhe Tcniary acl i\ ili c-, -,cclor. 1l1e global intcn-; ily lll.

dispcr-,ion is also higher whcn hascd ll l1 labor intlictl i,·es prc-,c nting. i'rotn 19W1 lo 1990.

<t tlynamic appmach to lhe nationa l ｡ｮｾｲ＼ｴｧ｣＠ L111d. in the f'ol l()\\' ing pcrincl. a highcr po:-.i ti \e distancc. It shuuld he noticcd that in Ri o de ];mciro. al i -;cctnr:-. in thc ｾｶｶｨｯｬ･＠

pe riod prcscnt QDij considcrahly higher than lhe avcragc. Meanwhile. lhe opJXbitc is oh:-.cnctl in relati ont o the '\ortheast rcgion. that is. almost ali indicatiYcs are lowcr that one (except Public Ad ministrati on in ll)00). Ohserving cach Teniary secto r scparatcly. the hi ghcst intcnsitics oi' di:-.persions are shown in Public Administration. tcnding to convc rgcnce. and it is ve ri fied higher leve is of positive clispersion in the North. Center-Wesl an d Rio de Janeiro are veril'ied. Thc othcr rcgions prese nt QDij whi ch are inferior to lhe average. but te nding to convcrge ncc, from I 9S5 to 1995 .

5. Differences in sector product per worker

J'\

South. whc rc thc rall \\'((\ lowcr) ｜｜ＧｾＱＺＭＮ＠ ob-..cr\'Cd . Anut hcr :-.ig.n iricant ly a!lcc tccl :-.cctnr v:a:-. Trdn:-.pmh dlld Cut1llllll nicatiun-;. \\'ith ncg.ati\'C dll llll<tl rales m ·cr J.Y/í

ror

ailllO\l

ali rcg.iun:-.. T hesc ｾｴ｣ ｴｩ ｶ ｩ ｴ ｩ ｣ＺＭＮ＠ are distingui:-. iled ｾｴ ｳ＠ thc cmc

or

modcrniJ:atiun inYe\llllCilh in dC\ clopcd L·ountrics in the pcri od. and it is then ohservcd tlwt thc consider"hlc di-.;tance in the Bra7il ian tcchnnlugical pmg.ress in rclation to Lhe in du:-.triali;cd countrics was in tem., il'icd. Aftcr ｊｬＩ ｾＩＮ＠ Lhe l'iscal poli cy practised wa:-. rcíkc ted in an inc rea<.,e oi' 4()1/( in the í'cderal government real salary payrol l. wh ich resulled in a highc r prod uct per wori-:er index. as see n in Tablc -L

In the 1990-05 pcriocl. the producti vity behavior rcfl ec ted rwo diiTcrcnt momcnh or lhe Brazi li an economic dynamics: the first phasc correspondi ng to thc Col lor Plan, of stag nation anel ann ual growlh product rale f'all, mainl y in 1991 : afte r lhis. a phasc of rccovering. w hen lhe econorny was 1-:epl on a restr:.1ined growth path. in face

or

lhe slab ili zati on policies after 1993. However, in this pcriod. the producli vc in vestments ratc does not suffcr great ｡ ｬｴ ｣ ｲ｡ｴｩ ｯ ｮ ｾ＠ anel thc co untt-y's Gross Capital fonnation was maintainecl around I S to 16rií·. which was insulli cienl ror considcrahle

techn olog ical dcve lopment. In this pcriod, thc bc ha vior of prod ucti vit y, wh ich for lhe who le cou ntry presenteei some rales around 1.ero. was diverse among. reg ions. sincc thc Nort heast, rhc Center-West and thc North srill showccl a rclarivc fali, vvhile the olher regions alrcady presented some growth, though nor vcry signifi cant. ln the second phase of this period. the enteqxises· rcstructuring was more intense, through organizational and product ivc proccss c hanges, wit.h lhe climinalion or j obs and lhe grow th or the capital / wori-: rc lation 111 many scclors. 111 scarch of domcstic and internationa l

compctiti vity, spurred by the opening to imports. Nevertheless. the rhythm of transformation was sti li slow. as observed rrom the growth rates for procluct per worker. Thc Manufacturing lnclustry in São Paulo showcd some rcc uperati on in productiviry. but in the other regions negative rales werc still observed. Procluct per worker was also conslant in the Constructi on sector in almost ali regions, except in the South. Howcver. for lhe Other lnclustrial Acti vities. thc growth in product i vil y was considerab ly significant, but the parti cipation of these acti vities in the global procluct in each region has little significance (though rrom 1985 to 1994 this reprcscntativity had increased from 2 to 5%).

othcr. l l)tJ6:X9). Thi-. lo-.-. nwinl) OL'CLJJTcd in the lllore industriali;nl ｲ｣ｾｩｯ ｮ ＺＭＮ＠ o !' Süo

P;Julo. ｾｩｯ＠ de .l;tnciro and lhe So uth. w hcrc lhe CUilCCJllrati o n or tlle-.e act i \'itic-. i-. Jl lt)I'L'

l\Hl t'i N rcg ion -.. and i n the Sou th it rankcd frolll -tJ <Jr in thc :-.late Santa Catari na to

3-lrk 111 the '>late of Rio Grande do Sul. In llJLJ-l. thc participation are arnund.

J-e:-.pccti\'cly. 3Yi( . 12r;( . 260( and 2Yk . So. thc trcnd to con vergcncc in clc\'cl opmcnt

w a..; largcly cl uc to lhe los:-

or

pruducl gcncration in thcse in clust ries. which rrcscntcd a

con sidcrah le wcight in incomc gcncration.

Tahle .t

ｓ･｣ｴｯｲｾ＠

_RJ

PRI.l\1.:\.R\'

1985-90 :?..I ."i (0.-'l6) 9.78 0. 16 ( 1.-lO ) 1.50 ( 1.52) 1990-95 I .R I 9.U <l .m) Ｍ ｌ Ｒｾ＠ _.. .., I"'

ｾＮＭ .. 1 2.H5 ( 1.57)

ｓｅ ｃ ｏｾｏａｒｙ＠

Manufacruri ng

1985-90 (6.57) ( 11.39) (:'i . ."iH) (-U."i l (6.l-\6) ('J.29) ( ｾｌＴＶＩ＠ (9.2 2)

1990-95 0.29 (0 .08) 4.05 (5 . .'i7) ( I.O.'i) ( 1.58) (5.4 7) ＨｾＮＸＷＩ＠

ｃｯｮｾｴｲｵ｣ｴｩｯｮ＠

1985-90 2.76 ｾＭＸｾ＠ .., .).

..,..,

__

(0. 10) 8. 15 I .29 I:?. .49 (0.03 )

1990-95 (0.26) (-l.76) 0 .60) 16.79 ( 6.4 1) (3 .47) I. I :'i n.9:?.l

Othrr

1985-90 6.72 7.7 1 5. 15 8.15 5.57 H.60 5.6-1- I 3. 17 1990-95 I 4. 77 6.88 1-l.:'iO 20.65 1:?..9 1 9.47 28.18 ｬｩ Ｎｾｾ＠ Total

1985-90 (4.-l l ) (6.06) (5. 10) ＨＳＮＶｾＩ＠ ＨｾＮＷ Ｑ Ｉ＠ n.65> ｾＮＶＶ＠ ( 4.-lO l

1990-95 U5 (0.57) 3.63 1.2 I ＨＰＮＳｾＩ＠ (0.72) 2. 13 ( 1.96)

TERTIARY Commcrce

1985-90 (7.68) ( 10.34) 0 .95) (3.47) (9 .03) (8 .63 ) (8 .0 I ) ( 11 . 14) 1990-95 (2.48) 1.60 (0.68) (3.70) (2.38) (3 .67 ) (3.85) (5.87)

Transports/Communications

1985-90

<J.:m

(3.70) (4.33) (0.90) (:U5) (3.32) (3.50) (3.42) 1990-95 2.62 5.05 3.97 1.80 1.53 (0.7 1) 0.46 (0.85)

Public Adm inis tration

1985-90 5.20 6.64 8.46 2.90 9.05 2.30 1.6Sl ｾＮＸＹ＠ 1990-95 (2.97) 16.26 ( 14.30) (4.02) (5.07) (3.63) (3.34) (9.32)

Other

1985-90 (0. 13) 3.64 1.45 (0.89) (0.97) (2.5 1) (3.06) (2.74) 1990-95 3.07 (0.55) 5. 14 2.07 2.95 2.01 2. 12 4.84

Total

1985-90 (0.77) 1.62 0.33 (0.82) ( 1.37) (2 .5 8) ( 2.49) ( 1.43) 1990-95 0.93 4.13 1.89 (0. I]) 0.62 (O.H4) (0.47) ( 1.83)

TOTAL

17

Pri111ar) d<tl<t -..uurcc:-,: IPEA ＼ｾｬｬ､＠ II-3CiE/ f>!\ ;\L) -.. .

Taxas anuais de crescimento do Produto por Trabalhador- Brasil- 1985-90 e 1990-95

4

2

o

ｾ ＭＭ｀ＮＱＱ＠

ｾｩｬ＠

-2 J

15 ··· ···

--·---10 5

o

-5

6 4 2

o

Braz

i

I

RJ SP

-2 Ｍｬ ＭＫｬｫｾＬＮｴｩＭ Ｍ ｆｉｊ［Ｔ Ｍ ｉ Ｍ Ｍ ＭＭｴﾷ ﾷﾷ ＼ＮＮ［ｕＮＮｊ＠

-4 -6

Economia

cfl

_SUL

r:! ····•-··· . ··•··•· .

_IMG-

_Çl

_ｾ＠

ｾｳ＠

Setor Primário

_I

Jl•

_:'-:):·::

SUL

MG-ES

--L:lml

NE

Setor Secundário

c::IEI!.I C-0

. ' _. .

N

•

f

f

:-o[p

-8 ｾＭＭ ＭＭ ＭＭＭＭ ＭＭＭﾷＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭﾷＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭ ＭＭＭ Ｍ ＭＭＭﾷＭｊ＠

6

4 + -2

o

Setor Terciário

ｾ＠

-2 ｾ ｂ ］ ｲｾ ］］ ｩｩ＠

__

ｾ ｒｊｾ＠

__

ｾ ｓ ｾ ｐ ＭＭｾ ｓｕｌ＠

ＭＴ ｾＭＭＭｾｾＭＭ Ｍ ＭｾＭＭＭＭ ＭＭＭｾＭＭＭＭﾷＭＭＭＭﾷﾷﾷﾷﾷﾷﾷ ﾷﾷﾷＭＭ ﾷﾷ ﾷＭﾷＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭＭﾷＧ＠

Fonte dos dados brutos: IBGE e IPEA. Elaboração da autora.

[] 1985-90 111990-95

D 1985-90

m

1990-95

[] 1985-90 111990-95

I X

Tahlc 5

Glohal Scctor Product per \\"o,·kcJ· Indexes (IPR111d B1·azil and n :gions 1985, Jl)!J(). I!)!) 5

ｬ ｳｾ･｣ｴｯ ｨ＠

I

Brazil[ R.l

[sP

!suL

[I\1G-ES

I

NE

I

C-O

_I

l\ PRII\IARY

1!)85 O.YJ 0.-W ＨＩＮｾＹ＠ _{0.-U 0.-l-:'\ O. I S Ｐ Ｎ ｾＺＧ｜＠} 19!)() 0.-l-6 (). -1 =' 1.51 0.-l-7 0.-1) 0.2 1 ＰＮｾＭｬＭ

1995 U.-J.L) O.(JJ 1.-11 0.56 0.52 0.23 0.-ll)

ｓｅｃｏｾｄａｒｖ＠

Manuract uring

1985 2.36 2.18 2.90 2.2 1 2.-18 1.27 I .09 3.0::\

1990 1.79 1.27 2.3 1

u n

U\5

cun

0.75 2.02

1995 1.7S 1.2-l- 2.76 1.37 1.72 O. 75 0.55 I .6.2 Constt·uction

1985 0.9-l- 1.-J.<) 0.33 0.68 0.42 1.36 1.0-l- 3.44

199() 1. 1-l- I.<) I 0.4 2 0.72 0.65 1.54 1.99 3 .-l-9

1995 I . I O 1.47 0.34 1.53 0.46 1.17 2.06 2.80 Othc1·

1985 1.:-n 1.16 2.7S 1.72 1.54 0.67 0.44 1. 19

1990 2.0 1 1.79 3.80 2.7 1 2. 15 1.07 0.62 2.36

1995 3.92 2.45 7.33 6. 79 3.86 1.65 2. 10 3.95 Total

1985 1.92 1.90 2.43 1.82 1.68 1.24 0.97 2.95

1990 1.63 1.-H\ 1.99 1.6 1 1.48 1.09 1.23 2.5 1

1995 I . 70 1.41 2.:n 1.6S 1.43 1.03 1.34 I I"' _{-·- ·)}

TERTIARV Com merce

19 85 0.78 0.67 0.99 0.92 ＰＮＷｾ＠ 0.55 0.67 0.85

19 90 0.56 0.-J.I 0.69 0.82 0.50

o.:n

0.47 0.50

19 95 0.48 0.4-l- 0.66 0.66 0..+3 0.30 0.3S 0.36 Transports/Communications

1985 1.39 1.0 I 2.00 1.70 1.4."1 0.71 1. 14 0.97

1990 1.25 OJ::\9 l. 71 1.73 1.28 0.64 1.0 I 0.87

1995 1.39 1.12 2.03 1.85 1.35 0.60 1.0 I 0.82 Puhlic Administration

1985 1.62 1.80 1.98 1.54 1.2 1 1.15 2.D 1.59

1990 2.22 2.63 3.17 1.89 1.99 1.37 2.58 2.59

1995 1.87 5.48 1.43 1.5 I 1.50 1.1 2 2.13 1.56 Other

1985 0.85 0.82 1. 15 0.87 0.62 0.53 I . I O 0.79

1990 0.90 1.04 1.3 1 0.88 0.63 0.49 1.00 0.73

1995 1.03 0.99 1.65 0.96 0.72 0.53 1.08 0.9 1 Total

1985 0.94 0.90 1.23 1.00 0.76 0.61 1.1 6 0.93

1990 0.97 1.04 1.33 1.02 0.75 0.57 1.09 0.92

1995 0.99 1.24 1.43 0.99 0.76 0.53 1.04 0.82 TOTAL

1985 1.00 1. 13 1.61 0.95 0.82 0.50 0.97 1.:)7

1990 1.00 1. 12 1.57 0.98 0.82 0.5 1 0.99 1.45

1995 1.00 1.26 1.68 1.0 1 0.8 1 0.47 0.93 1.35

1.8

1.6

1.4

i

1.2 1

0.8

0,6

0.4

0,2

o

Brazil

Diferenças Regionais no Produto por Trabalhador Brasileiro

Rio de São Paulo Janeiro

SUL

Minas-Espirito Santo

Nordeste Centro- Norte Oeste

jl)

On the othcr hand. the representativity of scrv1cc acti vilies for Lhe wholc cou ntry gradually increased from around -l7<7r in 1985 lo 5-+7r in 199-l. mainly bccausc of the participaLion

or

Othcr Services. whic h include personal. household. rcpair and ot her ..,ervices. where u greut incrcasc was observed. respectively. in thc au tonomous and

non-protccted (w ith legal protcction) occupations. This increasc was also marked in Lhe most devcloped regiom, of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Lhe SouLh anel in Lhe less dcvelopcd

or

Lhe Northeast. NcverLhclcss. in vicw of thc lowcr avcrage productivity levei of these activi ties. the impacLs over lhe lrends lowards regional ditTerences are also smaller.

As secn in Table 5 - which shows the product per workcr rclation for each secLor and region , and the country"s global average productivity (corrcsponding Lo index I ) - thc Brazilian Primm-y sector presenteei a productivity levei which was 61 <J'r below

the national one in 1985, though revealing a growLh trend, because in 1995 it reached 50%. ln thc case of the Secondmy sector, the positive dispcrsion in relaLion to the average (92o/r in 1985) prcscntcd a considerable fali until thc end of the period (to 70?o). This loss was duc Lo the Manufacturing lndustry activities. whose productivity was 136% above the global national averagc in 1985 and in 1995 was 78%. Ln the other secondar-y activities a growth in this index was observed in the period, more intense in thc Other Industrial Activ ities sector, mainly in relation to public utility industrics. The

.2()

ｲ｣｡ＭＮＬｯｮｾ＠ !'or thi-., grll\\"lh in lhc-,c -,crvicc\ wcrc ｲ｣ｬｾｴｬ｣､＠ lu lhe ｾｨｲｩｮｊＮＭＮ｡ｧ｣＠ oi' lhe job-, in LIHN.: '>CClor\ lhrough ouhourcing. anel ncw conlrach l"or ｌｩｬ｣ｾ｣＠ ｾ｣ｮﾷｩｌ｜ｾＢＭ \\·hich v.crL' produccd in othcr '>eclor.-, by pri\·atc enterpri-,c-, or ｡ｵｴｯｮｯｮＱｯｵｾ＠ workcr\. In lhe Teniary acli\·itic-, "eclor. lhe global ｡｜･ｲｾｴｧ｣＠ producti\ i1y wa\ placccl noL significan1l::/ belo\\' lhe global natiL)naJ avcragc. howc vcr Lhe Transporr/Communicalion-, and Puhlic Aclminislration acti \·ities ｰｲ｣ｾ｣ｮｴ｣､＠ ｩｮ､･ｸ･ｾ＠ respcctivcly l9'lr and 87ci( abovc lhe naLion.tl pmductivity in 1995: -.,pecifically this last secLor revcalcd a considerublc producLi\'ity growLh ｾｩｮ｣･＠ lhe heginning: of lhe analysed period. Thc \CClor \vith thc mo'-! negati vc elispcrsion wa" Commcrcc. whcre lhe productivity in 198.5 was arouncl 22';(

bclow the national avcr;1gc. This dillcrcnce increascel in the period anel in 1995 representecl only 527c

or

lhe average. 11 is clear thal in lhe period a large part of lhe

workers formerly placed in industry anel othcr more elynamic servicc sectors.. which elecreascd the job o!Ter, applied Lhemsclves lo Commerce activities which rcvealcd low rentability: ｡ｮ｣ｬｴｨｩｾＮＬ＠ occ urreel more intcnsively from 1985 lo 1990.

From the regional poinr of view, it ｩｾＮＬ＠ noticed that l'or the Primary sector thc product per worker in São Paulo and Northeast present considerably different indexes as relateel to thc country';, total for each of thesc activities. In the J'irst region. the producl per worker shows an increasing trcncl anel ahout 40% abovc the global average for Brazil. while in Lhe olhcr rcgion. though also tending to convcrgcnce, lhe index was still placeel about 77(/c below thc avemge.

The Sccondary sector also presented significanl regional differences in producL per worker. In São Paulo anel lhe Norlh the indexes were aboul 120 and 1309{ higher than for the whole country in 1995, though a movement towards convergence (with elecreasing productivity) hetween 1985 anel 1990 and towards divergence in thc last period was observed. For ali Lhe regions, thc Manufacturing Industry revcalcd a tendcncy towards convergence to thc national averagc , owing to lhe relativc dccrease of these indexes. However, the activities classified as Other presented the highest index increase in ali regions. but mainly in São Paulo and in the South, in consequence of the modernization of public utility services. Only in the Northeast was this index below that of these activities for Brazil as a whole , though it was placed about 6YJ'c above the national averagc, at the end of the period. In the Services sector also, thc most advanced

ｲ･ｧｩｯｮ ｾ＠ of Rio ele Janeiro anel São Paulo presented a trencl towards an increasc in

product per workcr. At thc cnd of the peúod it was placecl respectively around 24% and

:21

around thc ｩｩ｜ｌｔ｡ｾ｣＠ and lhe olhcr rcgion:-, -;ignificanlly bclow. ｰ｡ｲｴｩ｣ｵｬ｡ｲ｝ｾ＠ lhe ｎｵｲｴｨ｣ｾｬＧＭｬＮ＠

h om il regional poinl oi"\ ie\\'. lhe "Cctur:-- which pn::-,cntcd proJUL'I per wor!,;.cr Ílldl'\C\

higiKJ tlwn I ''crc Tran:--purt:-- <tnd ｃｯｭｭｵｮｩ｣｡ｴￍｬＩｬｬｾ＠ (cxccpt in the Nortllca\1 and lhe North 1 and Puhlic /\clmini...,tration.

ror

thc Tran\port acti,·itic:--. an hornogcncou" direction of hchm·ior in ali rcgion" wa-; not vcrificcl in thc period. but

ror

Puhlic Admini ... tration. in almost ali ｲ｣ｧｩｯｮｾＮＬ＠ in lhe pcriocl 19B."i-90. there wa'> ;1 tremi tm\ arei\

an incrca\c in lhe di'-.paritic:-.. in thc pusiti\'e direction. and in the la\t periocl a tremi lowards convcrgcncc lhmugh lhe dccrca'>c

ur

lhe index (cxcept in Rio de Janeiro). though il \Va\ -;til! mainiJinecl ahovc I.

The exam of thc inclicativc'>, taking into accounl thc avcragc anel the regional clillcrcnce\ in cach '>Cctor separately. as shown in Table 6. perrnit\ the observation or some relevanl c.lillcrences in thc averagc clegrcc of regional Lechnological progrcss in a same group of aclivil le\. In that manner. for the Primary sector. there are clcarly observable c.liffercnces in lhe technological procc\se\ betwecn thc most advanced rcgion of Siio Paulo- with ｾ＠ ｾ＠

a productivity in 1995 which Wa!-, ｡ｬｭｯｾｴ＠ 1907c abovc the BraLilian avcrage for these acti\'it1es- anc.J thc lcs\ cleveloped of thc Northcast. which was ｓｾｬｫ＠ bclow.

For thc seconc.lary acti vi ti ｣ｾ＠ -;ector as a whole, the North and São Paulo region:-, revealcd ｩｮ､･ｸ･ｾ＠ about 30o/c abovc the global :-.ector average, though wilh difTerenl tendcncics in the period. that is. of incrcasc in thc cliiJerencc ror thc lattcr and of clecrca"c for lhe rormer. Wbi I e thc Northcast anel Center-West regions prcsentcc.l indexe\ about 10C;{ and 40% below. the olher wcrc placcc.l around the average. ln the Manul'acturing lnc.lustry the ｡､ｶ｡ｮｴ｡ｧ･ｾ＠ of São Paulo as to technologicaJ dcvelopment are ev 1dent anel increasing. anel thc product per worker in 1995 reached around SSC!n of

ｰｯｾｩｴｩ｜･＠ difference in relation to the scctor avcragc. For thc other rcgions. thc North anel the states of Minas Gerais anel Espírito Santo approached the average (though with negati ve cli!Terences). while thc Northeast and the Center-West presenteei indexes respcc Lively 58% anel 70c7c helow. As regareis the Construction scctor the situation is

diversc, because the highest productivity is found in Rio de Janeiro. the Northeast. the Center-Wcst anel the Nm1h. whilc in São Paulo and in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo region -; they are about 60o/c anel 70% below the sector average. In the Other Activities. São Paulo and the South regions ｰｲ･ｾ･ｮｴ＠ productivity leveis which are about 70% and 80% abovc the sector averagc, and while Minas Gerais. Espírito Santo anel North regions are placed around the average. the other rcgions are about 40o/c to 60%, bclow.

Tahk 6

L , :tur'

....

PRJI\1 ..\R\'

1985 1.00 I .0-+ ::!.3::! I. J."l, I . I f\ 0.-+ 7 1.-+3 1990 1.00 0.91 _·'··'-..,

..,,

1.02 0.99 0.-+5 I . 19 1995 I .00 1.29 2.8Y 1.15 I .Oô 0.-+8 I .00

SECONDAR\'

M<inu fac tu ri ng

1985 1.00 O.Y2 I .2.\ ().<)..j. _{1.05 () .5-+} ()...f(J _1.30

1990 1.00 0.71 I .2lJ I .0-+ I.OJ O...J.6 0.-+2 1.13 1995 1.00 0.70 IS'i 0.77 0.97 O . ..J.::?. 0 . .\ I 0.91

Construction

1985 I .00 1.59 0 . .\6 0.73 O...J...J. 1.-+6 I. I I 3.67 1990 1.00 1.67 0.36 0.63 0.57 1..\:'i 1.7-+ 3.06 1995 1.00 U3 0.31 1..39 0.-+2 1.15 1.87 2.5..J.

Olhe.-1985 1.00 0.85 2.0..J. 1.26 1.13 O . ..J.Y 0 . .\2 0.87 1990 1.00 0.89 1.89 U5 1.07 0.53 0.31 1.1 7 1995 1.00 0.62

un

1.73 o.<)<) _{0.-+2 0.5..J. 1.01}

Total

1985 I .(X) 0.99 1.27 0.95 ＼ｕｾＸ＠ 0.65 0.50 1.54

1990 1.00 0.91 1.22 0.9tJ 0.') I 0.6 7 0.76 I .5-+ 1995 I.CX> o.ln 1.37 0.9R ＼ｕｾＮＮｊＮ＠ 0.61

o.n

1.31

TERTIAR\'

Commcn:c

1985 1.00 0.86 1.27 1.17 0.96 0.70 0.86 1.09 1990 1.00 0.7..J. 1.::?.5 I...J.7 0.89 0.67 0.85 0.90 1995 1.00 0.91 1.37 1.3l:l 0.90 0.63 0.79 0.76

Transports/Communications

1985 1.00 0.73 I...J.5 1.23 1.05 0.51 0.82 0.70 1990 1.00 0.7'!. 1.37 1.39 1.02 0.51 O.l·n 0.70 1995 1.00 0.80 1.-+6 l ..

:n

0.97

o .. n

0.73 0.59

Puhlic Administration

1985 I .00 I. I I 1.22 0.95 0.75 0.71 1.37 0.98 1990 1.00 1. 19 1.-ü 0.85 0.90 0.62 1.16 1. 17 1995 1.00 2.93 0.77 0.81 0.80 0.60 1.14 0.83 Othcr

1985 1.00 O.<.J6 1.35 1.02 0.73 0.62 1.28 0.93 1990 1.00 1.16 I...J.6 0.98 0.70 0.55 1.11 0.81 1995 1.00 0.97 1.61 0.93 0.70 0.52 1.06 0.89

Total

1985 1.00 0.95 UI 1.06 0.80 0.64 1.23 0.99 1990 1.00 1.07 1.38 1.05 0.78 0.59 1.13 0.95 1995 1.00 1.::?.6 1.-+5 1.00 0.77 0.5-+ 1.05 0.83

TOTAL

1985 1.00 1.13 1.6 1 0.95 0.82 0.50 0.97 1.57 1990 1.00 1.12 1.57 0.98 0.82 0.51 0.99 I...J.5 1995 1.00 1.76 1.68 1.0 I 0.81 0.-+7 0.93 1.35

ｾＧ＠

-·'

indexe". a" " whuk. al"o -..ho\\' _{ｴｨｾｴｬ＠} lhe mos1 acl\ anccd regions nf Rio de Ltnciru _{ｾＱＱＱ､＠} S:to Paulo pre-.cnlcd ｾｾ＠ lrcnd lO\\'<ll'd'> po-,iti\C di\'Crgencc. and al lhe end

or

lhe pt'riod prc-..cnled. rcspccti\'(:ly. indc.\e" abuut 261

11 <llld -J)CI highcr: tlC\ enhclc-,..,. tilc Cenlcr-Wcst rcgion abo rc,·calcd an index al)()\'C 2(V/r pmili n: in ILJ?\5. hut with a nwr!-,ed 1rend toward" convcrgcncc. Among thc o1hcr rcgions. thc :\orthca'>l continue-, to wc..,ent thc 1110'-'l unfavorahlc -..itualion. with a produclivity -+Y!c hclm": lhe avcragc

or

lhe

Teniary .'.cctor.

The regional hcha\·ior-.. ror lhe cliffcrenl SCC!Ol'.'.. show a general trend

ror

thc

rcgion of Siio Paulo to prc:-,cnl indexe-.. among 2S !f( 10 60?r abovc thc re.-.,pective avcragc in each scctor. cxcept for Public administration in 1995. whcn a negativc differcncc or almo:-,1 3W!r i:-, notcd. In thc Olhcr extreme. thc Northcast region presenteei dillcrences

among 307c lo 607r below the rcspcclive avcragc in each servicc scctor for thc whole cxaminecl pcriod. The othcr rcgions presenteei c.liverse situations: in Commerce. thc Cenler-Wes\ anel Rio de Janeiro had productivity lcvcls around 151fr to 1SClr bclow thc

average anel the others were placcd around lhe unity. In Transports and Communiealions. lhe South region showeel a positive advantage of 30!f( ahovc, Mina-..

ｇ･ｲ｡ｩｾ＠ anel Espírito Santo wcre situatcd around lhe averagc anel thc other reg:ions presenteei disadvan lages bctwcen 209(- and -lOrlr. Public Administration showcd lhe highest producl per worker in Rio de Janeiro anel the Ccntcr-West (ow ing to the Federal Capital) anel in the other rcgtons lhe indexes were about 200( inferior to thc sector average.

6. Final Remarks

politiL·al condil ion:-, in cach ＺＭＭｰ＼ｾ｣｣＠ (l<.l) n. 199)): on lhe othcr hand.conjunclurc -..itu<tliun-.. al:--o ilétd repcrcus-,ion-; \vith diílcrent rc:-.u lt :-- and intcn:--itie:-- in thc di\cr-..c :-.ocio-L'Conomic rcalitics. iVLtcro and lllicwcconolllic policie:-. aiming at cconomic :-.tahili;:;niun. orai :-.timul al ing :--pccific :--ector'>. had dillercntiatcd ellccr:-. in cuc h rcl!ion. <tccord in!.! to

ｾ＠ . ｾ＠

th c pu-..:-.ihility of:--tructural and conjunc turc answcr to thc:--c st imu li.

Thc incqualiti c:-- indcx. whi ch dete rmines thc convergcncc or divergenec in the region al dcvclopment. hascd on the fWr Cli{Jito GDP. :--how:-- u global trcnd to

convergence for thc pcriml 1()85-90 Lowards lhe national averagc and in thc ncxt pcriod. to di vergcnce. In lh e first periud, lhe cconomi c policies aiming <tl conlaining lhe fas l growth of inrlalion (which veered loward:-- hyperinflation ) conlributcd to lhe clecrease in the dynarnism of Lhe Manufacturing industrie\. wh ich are concentratcd in thc mos! advanced regions. and made possible a cerlain degree of product g:cncralion clcccntralisation. The growth of divergenee in the next pcriocl can be ascribcd lo the proccs-.; of opcning Lo imports anel teehnological development increase. which had more intense impacls on the pole regions. better supplied with economic substructure and agglomeration cconomics. However. thc lntensity of Dispcrsion Coefficient. for lhe whole pcriod. shows a di rcctions towarcl s convergcnce from ＱＹｾＶ＠ on (in the year ofthe Plano Cruzado a divergence favoring lhe most advanced rcgions was veri fi ed)- even in the 1990-95 period. From thc rcgions with a positive dispcrsi on. rhat is. abovc the national average, São Paulo and North converge more quickly than Rio de Janeiro and lhe Somh (wh ich presented some diverge ncc at the encl of lhe pcriocl). Frorn the less advanced spaces. thc ｎｯｲｴｨ･｡ｾ ｴ＠ present a per coeita income which is more than 4Yk

inferior to the average.

Procluctive structuring anel the levei of labor qualification, whic h are regional ly different in BraziL are determinant factors of thc levei and speed of thc observed spatial dispersions of dcvelopment. To qualify in greater detail these diffcrence in the spatial dcvelopment tendencies. therc were analyscd thc differcnccs in the regi onal procluctive structures and their var.iations in time - lhat is, the dispersion of the various scctors' product anel labor indexes - and the behavior anel sector regional dispersions of the product per workcr.

l he regional coll\ crgence ()f lhe pcriod. Thc-.,c ＧＭ＼ｾｬｬｬｃ＠ ..,cclur..,. \\"ilcn prc..,enling "n1nc

recupnatinn. kad ..,\)11lC rcginn:-, lo a grcalcr producl an d lahln cnnLT lllral ion anel to ｾｾ＠ '>iluali on o i· divcrgcnce. Thc Publi c A dmini:-.lralion acli\ ilic:-, were alsu rc'>J'Oihihlc by

lhe grc<llC:-,1 producl gcncration and product per worh.er dillcrcncc.'-. w ilh high gain" 111

l he period ISIH5-lJO and a con:-,idcrahlc hack ing in tllc nc>..l period.

Howc,er. from lhe acti\'ilic" di...r i ngu i:-,llcd as de,·elopmcnt dri,·ers. lhe

T ransporr... and Colnmunication ... cclors shmv lo..,..,c.., oi" produc l ivity in ali lhe regions in·

thc first peri od anal ysecl. and some more intcnsc gains onl y in Ri o and São Paulo in lhe

ncx l pt'riod. Th c Financc Ac li vities. also inclicative

or

regional cconom ic advancc. show gains in the po ... iti vc dispersion only in São Paulo. Thc scctor and regional rcdisl ri buti on

of thc producl show thaL in a global way. no noticcablc transformation.., in lhe regional

productive structurcs occurred anel lhe changes obscrved in lhe most at.l vanced worlcl

economics as a rcsult of technologica l and organi zati onal rcstructuring

or

enlerprises. are sti ll achieved in a very slow rhythm in Brazil. On ly thc Construction and Public

Administration scctors. w hich do not relativcly prcscnt a high degree of producl

gcncration in thc pmductivc structurc. show a mo re in1ense redistribution a111ong the

rcgion-;. lt is inl'errcd that the cconomic policies in thc pcriocl, th ough rcsulting on a

global regional conw rgcnce proces:-.. did not avoicl thc continuation of the conce ntration

of cconom ic uynami:-.m in the most advanced region:-.. nor clid they d iminisll rlle gap in

the degrec of dcve lopmen t of thc Northeast region. w hich continues to be w idc.

References

• IPEA. A Econo111ia Brasile iro e111 P erspectiva (2 volumes). IPEA. Rio de Janeiro.

1996. Fundação Konrad Adenauer-Stiftung. São Paulo, 1996b.

• KON , An iLa, A Produção Terciúria , NobeL São Paulo. 1992.

• . A Estmluroç-êio Ocupacional Bmsileira: 11111a ａｨｯｲ､ｴＱｾ･ＱＱＱ＠

lmer-regional. SES I. Brasília. 1995.

• , A dinfi111ica regional no Brasil: con\•ergência o u divergência?,

Relatóri o de Pesquisa. NPP-EAESP/FGV, 1997.

• OLNEIRA. Carl os E. e MATTOSO. Jorge Eduardo L. (org.), Crise e Trohallw no

Brasil, Scritta. São Paulo. 1996.

• SA TOS, Milton. "O retorno do território", Santos, Milton, (org.) Território ,

Globali::.aç:üo e Frogm entaçiio. Hucitcc. S.Paulo. 1994.

TEXTOS

JÁ

PUBLICADOS

n" 0 1 - A PRAGMATI C APPROACH TO STATE INTERVENTION: THE BRAZILIAN C ASE . Luiz Ca rlos Bress e r Pe re i ra

n" 02- THE PERVERSE MACROECONOMICS OF DEBIT. DEFICIT ANO IN FLAT IO N IN BRAZIL .

Luiz Car los Bresse r Pereira

n º 03 - A TAX A DE SALÁRIOS NA INDÚSTRIA DE TRANSFORMAÇÃO. D om mgo Zurron Ócio

nº 04- ACUMULAÇÃO DE CAPITAL. LUCROS E JUROS . LUIZ Car los Bresser Pereira

n"' 05- INVESTMENT DECISION ANO THE INTEREST RATE IN NO RMAL ANO EXCEPTIONAL T I MES .

Lu1z Carlos Bresser Pere ira

nº 06- O IMPOSTO ÚNICO SOBRE TRANSAÇÕES (IUT) . Marcos C1ntra Cavalcanti de Albuque rqu e

ｮ ｾ＠ 07- ALGUMAS CONSID ERA ÇÕ ES ACERCA DA VIDA EM SOCIEDADE. Robert Norman V. C. Nicol

nº 08- O DÉC IM O PR IMEIRO PLAN O DE ESTABILIZAÇÃO. Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira

nº 09- THE VANISHING MOTIVATION T O SO L VE T H E DEBT CR ISIS . Luiz Carlos Bresser Pereira

n2 _{1 O- CRIME. VIO LÊN CIA E CASTIGO.} Robert Norman V. C. Nicol

nº 11 - UM MODELO INTEGRA DO PARA UN I VERSIDADES PÚBLICAS. Anniba l Parracho Sant 'Anna

Dani Gamerman (IM/ UFRJ )

H élio dos Santos Migon (IM/ UFRJ)

n º 12- IMPOST O IN FLAC IONÁRIO E EFEITO OLIVE IR A-TANZ I: UMA VERSÃO COMBINADA .

Paulo Roberto Arvate

n º 13- WAGES , EFFICIENCY ANO LABOR MARKET REG ULATI ON IN AN INFLA T IONARY ENVIRONMENT.

Guillermo Tomás Má l aga

n º 14- OS KEYNESIANOS NEO-R ICARDIANOS E OS PÓS-K E YNESIANOS: COMENTÁR IOS A AMADEU E DUTT .

Ant onio Carlos Alves dos Santos

nº 15 - THE RECENT BRAZILIAN TRADE LIBERALIZAT ION IN H ISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE.

Gesner Ol ivei ra Marcel o Allain

nº 16- PRÁT I CA S ORÇAM EN TÁRIAS PARTI CI PAT IVAS: UM ESTUDO DE CASO DE PREFEI T U RAS PAU LI STA S.

11° 17- LIBERAL IZA TION ANO DEMOCRATIZA TI ON IN THE CONTEXT O F A WEAK S TATE ANO A WEAKER C IV IL SOC I ETY .

Luiz Carl o s Bresser Pereira

n9

18 - LATIN AMERI CA ANO EASTERN E UROPE: ECO NOMIC REFORMS IN ABNORMAL

TIMES .

Luiz C arl os Bresser Pere ira

n2 19- WAGE PO LICIES ANO LABOR TURN OVE R : AN EM P IRICA L ANALYSIS O F THE BRAZ I LIAN DATA.

Guil lerm o To más Mál a ga

nº 20- MODELOS HIERÁRQUICOS D IN Â MI C OS E PREVISÃO DO VALOR AGREGADO . Anniba l Parra ch o Sant'An n a

nº 2 1- A EXPERIÊNCIA RECENTE DE ESTABILIZA ÇÃO E AJUSTAMENTO NO MÉXICO: ASPE C TOS RE L EVANTES PARA A ECONOM IA BRASILEIRA.

Gesn e r Olive ira

nº 22- UM MESTRE DA EC ONO MIA BRASILEIRA: IGNÁCIO RANGEL . Luiz Ca rl os Bresser P e re1ra

Jos é Márcio Rego

nº 23- PRIVATIZATION THR O UGH INSTITUTIONALIZATIO N. WHEN IT IS NE CESSA RY T O C REATE T HE MARKET ANO THE STATE.

Luiz Carlo s Bresser Pereira

nº 24- CRISE M O NETÁRIA, REFORMA FISCAL E DOLARIZA ÇÃO DA ECONOMIA . Paulo Nogueira Batista Jr .

n2 _{25- RE C ORDAR É VIVER: A QUESTÃO DAS TRANSFERÊNCIAS REA IS .}

ABER TURA DA ECONOMIA E SEUS EFEITOS SOBRE O CO NSUMO E INVESTIMENTO INTERNO.

Paulo Ro be rt o Arvate

nº 26- CRIS E FISCAL EM MUNICÍPIOS: INDICADORES E INSTRUMENTO S . Car los A. C . Ribeiro

nº 27 - ABERTURA DA EC O NOMIA COM MANUTENÇÃO DO NÍ V E L DE EMPREGO E POLÍTICA C AMBIAL ÀS AVESSAS .

Pau lo Rob e rt o Arvate

nº 28- A EFICIÊNCIA TÉCNICA DE EMPRESAS E O PARADOXO DO DESEMPENHO.

Ca rlos A . C . Ribeiro

nº 29- BRAZILIAN PRODU CT IVE ANO OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES: REG IONA L

DISPERSON INDEXES . Anita Kon

nº 30- SRA FFA E WITTGENSTEIN: NOTAS SOBRE TEOR IA ECONÔMICA E JOGOS DE LINGUAGEM .

Antonio Carlos Alves dos San tos

nº 31 - EMPRESÁRIOS , SUAS ORIGENS E AS INTERPRETAÇÕES DO BRASIL . Luiz Ca rl os Bresse r Pe reira

nº 32- A "CR EDIBILIDADE " DA POLÍT ICA ANTIINFLACIONÁR IA E A SUA CONSISTÊNCIA TEMP O RA L.

nº 33- A DIVISÃ O REGIO N AL DO TRABALHO NO BRASIL : UM MODELO CAUSAL . An1ta Ko n

no 34- ACC UMU LAT ION ANO GROWTH IN A MONETARY ECONOMY: JAMES TOBIN REVISITED .

Gilberto Tadeu Lima

nº 35 - A ARMADILHA DA DOLARIZAÇÃO . Paulo Nogu e1ra Bat i sta Jr.

nº 36- NOTES ON MONEY. GROW TH ANO DISTR I BUTION. Gilberto Tadeu Lima

nº 37- UMA INTER PRETAÇÃO DA AMÉRICA LATINA: A CRISE DO ESTADO .

LUiz Carl os Bresser Pereira

nº 38- FRAG MENTS OF A TRANSEPISTEMI C DISCOURSE : POLITICAL ECONOMY OF

SC IENTIFI C KNOWLEDGE ANO SOCIOLOGY OF ECONOMIC KN OW LEDGE . Gi lberto Tadeu Lima

n º 39- THE POLITICAL ORIG IN OF ECONOMIC PROBLEMS . Luiz Carlos Bresser Pe reira

Yosh iaki Nakano

nº 40- TWO ES SAYS ON IN DUSTRIALIZATION IN DEVELOPI NG COUNTRIES A NO DE INDUS TRI ALIZATION IN DEVELOPED COU NTRIES.

Gi lbe rt o Tadeu Lima

nº 41 - NET ANO TOTAL TRAN S ITION COSTS : THE TIMING OF ADJUSTMENT. Luiz Carlos Bresse r Pe reira

Jai ro Abud

n º 42- SOBRE A NOÇÃO DE PROGRESSO DA CIÊ NC IA ECONÔM ICA EM SCHUMPETER. Marcos Fernandes Gonçalves da S il va

n º 43- THE BRAZILIAN ECONOMY UNDER TH E REAL: PRO S PEC TS FOR STABILI ZATIO N A NO GROWTH.

Gesne r Ol iveira C elso Toledo

nº 44- O CO NCEIT O DE PRÉ -REQUIS ITOS PARA A INDU STRIA LIZA ÇÃO . Robert Norman V . C . Ni co l

nº 45- BRAZIL: INTERNATIONAL TRADE OPPORTUNITIES AMONG ECONOMIC

REGIONA L BLOCS. Ernesto Lozardo Vera Thorst ensen

nº 46 - ÁLGE BRA LINEAR PARA ECO NOMIA. Robert No rm an V.C. Nicol

nº 47- MODELOS ORTODOXOS DE IN FLAÇÃO ALTA: UM A ANÁ LI SE CRÍT ICA. Luiz Antoni o de O liveira Lima

nº 48- A TURNING POINT IN THE DEBT CR ISIS ANO THE BANK: A BRAS I LIAN MEM OI R Lui z Ca rl os Bresser Pereira

nº 49 - TH E RELATIVE AUTONOMY OF MACROECO NOMIC S: A METHODOLOGICAL

APPROACH

n" 50- PLANO REAL : ESTABILIZAÇÃO MONETARIA E DESEQUILÍBRIO EXTERNO Paulo Nogue1ra Ba t1sta Jr.

no 51- DEVELOPME'H. TECHNO LOGICAL CHANGE ANO INNOVA T ION : SC HUMPETER

ANO NEO-SC HUMPETERIANS Gilberto Tadeu Lima

n9 _{52- EM BUSCA DE UMA NOVA INTERPRETAÇÃO PARA O BRASIL E A AMERICA}

LATINA

Luiz Carlos Bresser Pere ira

n2 _{53- A DIVISÃ O DE TRABA LHO NA METRÓPOLE BRAS ILE IRA}

Ani ta Kon

ｮ ｾ＠ 54- LATIN AMERICA MAJOR PLAYER IN T H E INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS : AGONY ANO EC STASY

Mana Lucia Labate Mantovanin i Pád u a Lima

nº 55- CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE O DEBAT E A RESPEITO DA RELAÇÃO ENTRE

POLÍTICA COMERCIAL E DESENVOLVIM EN TO A rthur Barrionuevo F ilho

n º 56 - EM ALGUM LUGAR DO PASSADO:

BREVES REF LEXÕES SOBRE A IMPORT ÃNC IA DA HISTÓRIA DO PENSAMENTO ECONÔMICO

Gilberto Tade u Lima

n9 _{57- A MORAL DA DÍVIDA PÚBLICA} Marcos Fernandes G . da Silva

nQ 58 - OVERDETERM I NATION IN A MARX IAN TH EORY OF MONEY Gilberto Tadeu Lima

n2 _{59- SOC IAL CHOICE ANO IRREDUCIBLE VA LU ES}

Marcos Fernandes G . da Silva

n2 _{60- A ECONOMIA PO LÍTICA DA CORRUPÇÃO}

Marcos Fernandes G . da Sil va

n9 _{61 - A EPISTEMOLOGIA DA ECO N OMIA TEÓ RI CA EM SCHUMPETER: O PAPEL DE} DAS WESEN UNO DER HAUPTINH AL T DE R THEORETISCHEN

N AT IO NALÓKONOMIE

Marcos Fernandes G. da Silva

n2 _{62 - ESTRATÉGIAS DE APOIO À COMPET IT IVIDADE E INOVAÇÃO DAS PMEs: O CASO}

DO BRASI L

Car los de Faro Passos

n2 _{63- SERVICE I ND UST RIES ANO SERV ICE ECONO MY} Anita Kon

no 64- BUDGETING ANO RESOURCE ALLOCAT ION I N UNIVERSI TIES: A PUBLIC CH OICE APPROACH

Marcos Fernandes G. da Silva

no 65- O IMPACTO DA RED U ÇÃO DO CUSTO DO BRAS IL SOBRE A DEFASAGEM CAMBIAL

Samue l de Ab reu Pessôa

no 66- DEFESA DA CONCORRÊNC IA EM PA ÍS ES EM DESE N VO L VIME N TO ; ASPECTOS DA EXPERIÊNCIA DO BRASIL E DO MERCOSU L