Resfriamento de ar de entrada em turbinas a gás no parque gerador elétrico brasi...

UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO

PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENERGIA

(EP/FEA/IEE/IF)

MANOEL LÉLIO MARTINS DE CARVALHO JUNIOR

RESFRIAMENTO DE AR DE ENTRADA EM TURBINAS A GÁS

NO PARQUE GERADOR ELÉTRICO BRASILEIRO

MANOEL LÉLIO MARTINS DE CARVALHO JUNIOR

RESFRIAMENTO DE AR DE ENTRADA EM TURBINAS A GÁS NO PARQUE GERADOR ELÉTRICO BRASILEIRO

Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia da Universidade de São Paulo (Escola Politécnica/ Faculdade de Economia e Administração/ Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia/ Instituto de Física) para obtenção de grau de Doutor em Ciências

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Geraldo Francisco Burani

Versão Corrigida

(versão original disponível na Biblioteca da Unidade que aloja o Programa e na Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da USP)

SÃO PAULO

AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO E DIVULGAÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE

TRABALHO, POR QUALQUER MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO, PARA

FINS DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE.

FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA

Carvalho Junior, Manoel Lélio Martins de

Resfriamento de ar de entrada em turbinas a gás no parque gerador

de eletricidade brasileiro. / Manoel Lélio Martins de Carvalho Junior; orientador Geraldo Francisco Burani – São Paulo, 2012.

120 f. : il.; 30cm.

UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO

PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENERGIA

(EP/FEA/IEE/IF)

MANOEL LÉLIO MARTINS DE CARVALHO JUNIOR

“Resfriamento de ar de entrada em turbinas a gás no parque gerador elétrico brasileiro”

Tese defendida e aprovada em ____________ pela Comissão Julgadora:

______________________________________________________

Prof. Dr. Geraldo Francisco Burani – PPGE/USP

Orientador e Presidente da Comissão Julgadora

_____________________________________________________

Prof. Dr. Murilo Tadeu Werneck Fagá – PPGE/USP

_____________________________________________________

Prof. Dr. José Roberto Simões Moreira – PPGE/USP

_____________________________________________________

Dr. Carlos Cezar da Silva – IFSMG

_____________________________________________________

❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❇✉r❛♥✐ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳

❘❊❙❯▼❖

❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r✱ ▼❛♥♦❡❧ ▲é❧✐♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❞❡✳ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❛ ❣ás ♥♦ ♣❛rq✉❡ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ✶✷✵ ❢✳ ❚❡s❡ ✭❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✮✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✶✺ ❛♥♦s ❤♦✉✈❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❛ ❣ás ♥♦ ♣❛rq✉❡ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ❖ ❇r❛s✐❧ t❡♠ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❧✐♠❛s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s ❡ s✉❜tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s ❝♦♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♦s❝✐❧❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✷✵ ❡ ✸✺◦❈ ♥❛

♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✳ ❆ ♠á①✐♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❣ás ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ❉❡❝♦rr❡ ❞❛í ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s sã♦ ♦ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ rí❣✐❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✳ ◆ã♦ ❤á ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❛ ❣ás ♣❛r❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡st✉❞❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦✉ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛s ♥♦ t❡rr✐tór✐♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❛ ❣ás às ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛✮ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s s♦✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ❆ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✷✼ ❧♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛ s❡♠ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❞❛❞♦s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝♦s ✉s❛❞♦s sã♦ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❛♥♦s ♠❡t❡r❡♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s tí♣✐❝♦s ❡ ❛♥♦s t❡st❡ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳

❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐❛ ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❤❡❛✈② ❞✉t②✳ ❯♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛té ✹✱✷✪ ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ rí❣✐❞♦✳ ❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ ❞❡♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ P❛r❛ ♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ❛té ✶✶✱✷✪✳ ❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ s❡❝♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✳

❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚

❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r✱ ▼❛♥♦❡❧ ▲é❧✐♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❞❡✳ ●❛s t✉r❜✐♥❡ ✐♥❧❡t ❛✐r ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ♣♦✇❡r ♣❧❛♥ts✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ✶✷✵ ❢✳ ❉♦❝t♦r✬s ❚❤❡s✐s✳ ●r❛❞✉❛t❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ♦♥ ❊♥❡r❣② ❛t t❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✷✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ✶✺ ②❡❛rs ❛♥ ❡✈❡r ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❣❛s t✉r❜✐♥❡s ✇❛s ❢❡❧t ✐♥ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✳ ❚r♦♣✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ s✉❜tr♦♣✐❝❛❧ ❝❧✐♠❛t❡s ❞♦♠✐♥❛t❡ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥tr②✱ ✇✐t❤ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s r❛♥❣✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ✷✵ t♦ ✸✺◦❈ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♠♦st ♦❢

t❤❡ ②❡❛r✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣♦✇❡r t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❣❛s t✉r❜✐♥❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❛t ❧♦✇❡r ✐♥❧❡t ❛✐r t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❣r❡❛t ✐♥t❡r❡st ✐♥ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ ✐♥❧❡t ❛✐r ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s ✐♥ ❣❛s t✉r❜✐♥❡s✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❧❡t ❛✐r ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s✱ t❤❡ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❜② r✐❣✐❞ ✇❡t ♠❡❞✐❛ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r ❝❤✐❧❧❡r s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♦♥❡s ✇✐t❤ ♠♦st str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✐♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣❛s t✉r❜✐♥❡ ✐♥❧❡t ❛✐r ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s ❢♦r t✉r❜✐♥❡s ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✳

❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s st✉❞✐❡s t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♦❢ ❣❛s t✉r❜✐♥❡ ✐♥❧❡t ❛✐r ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✈❡ ✐♥ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ♦r t♦ ❜❡ ✐♥st❛❧❧❡❞ ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ ❣❛s t✉r❜✐♥❡s t♦ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❧❡t ❛✐r ✭t❡♠♣❡✲ r❛t✉r❡✱ ❤✉♠✐❞✐t② ❛♥❞ ♣r❡ss✉r❡✮ ✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s❡s t✉r❜✐♥❡ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣✉❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛s ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳ ❚❤❡ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❢♦r ✷✼ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ t✉r❜✐♥❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s✱ ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ t②♣❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s✳ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❡♦r♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ②❡❛r ❛♥❞ t❡st r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ②❡❛r ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ st✉❞②✳

❚❤❡ t✉r❜✐♥❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡s t❤❡ t✉r❜✐♥❡s ❞❛t❛ ❝✉r✈❡s ✇✐t❤ s❛✲ t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② ❛❝❝✉r❛❝②✳ ❆♥ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❡♥❡r❣② ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✉♣ t♦ ✹✱✷✪ ✇❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❢♦r ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❣❛✐♥ ❢♦r ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈❡ ❝♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❞❡✲ ♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ♠❡❛♥ ✇❡t ❜✉❧❜ ❞❡♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss✐♦♥ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s t❤❡ ❛♥♥✉❛❧ ❡♥❡r❣② ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ✉♣ t♦ ✶✶✱✷✪✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢ s②st❡♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ❞r② ❜✉❧❜ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✳

❙❯▼➪❘■❖

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ■❧✉str❛çõ❡s

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✶

✶✳✶ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✶✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✶✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ rí❣✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✶✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♥é✈♦❛ ✭❊❱◆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✶✳✷✳✸ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ✭❈❚❈✮ ✷✾

✶✳✷✳✹ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ✭❆❚❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✶✳✷✳✺ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻

✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✶✳✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✹✸

✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❛ ❣ás ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ✺✷

✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❣ás ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✸✳✸ ❉❛❞♦s ❈❧✐♠át✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻

✸✳✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❉❛❞♦s ❈❧✐♠át✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✸✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ✾✸

✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ✭❈❚❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸

✹✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷

✹✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❚❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵

✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✶✶✷

✺✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸

▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ■▲❯❙❚❘❆➬Õ❊❙

✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ rí❣✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✷ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊▼❘ ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭▼✉♥t❡rs✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✸ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❊▼❘ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✸✵◦❈ ❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡

r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ✹✵✪ ❛té ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♣ró①✐♠❛ à ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♣s✐❝r♦♠étr✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✹ ❋♦t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❊▼❘✳✭❋♦♥t❡ ✭❉♦♥❛❧❞s♦♥ ❊✉r♦♣❡✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻

✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣♦r ❢♦❣❣✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✻ ❈❤✉✈❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❊❱◆ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡ ❞♦ ❜♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡rsã♦✳✭❋♦♥t❡ ✭▼❡❡ ■♥❞✉str✐❡s✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❈❚❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✽ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❛ ✸✵◦❈ ❡ _φ ✹✵✪ ❛té ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✽◦❈

r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♣s✐❝r♦♠étr✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✾ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ s❡r♣❡♥t✐♥❛ ❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣♦t❛s ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈❚❈ ✭❛❞♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭●❊ ❊♥❡r❣②✱ ✷✵✵✽❜✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✶✵ ■♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡r♣❡♥t✐♥❛ ♥❛ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ✭❋♦♥t❡ ✭●❊

✶✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣♦r ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ❝♦♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♦✉ ❣❡❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✶✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❆❚❈ ❝♦♠ ❣❡❧♦ ❞❛ ▼✉❡❧❧❡r ✏■❝❡ ❍❛r✈❡s✲ t❡r✑✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭P❛✉❧ ▼✉❡❧❧❡r ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✶✸ ❋♦t♦ ❞♦ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❣❡❧♦ ❞❛ ▼✉❧❧❡r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✏■❝❡ ❍❛r✈❡st❡r✑ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ✶✶✳✸✺✻ ♠3 ❞❡ ❣❡❧♦✳✭❋♦♥t❡ ✭_{P❛✉❧ ▼✉❡❧❧❡r}

❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✶✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✶✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞♦ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✶✻ ❋♦t♦ ❞❡ ✺ ❝❤✐❧❧❡rs ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✺✱✽ ▼❲ ❞❡ r❡❢r✐❣❡✲ r❛çã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s✳ ✭❋♦♥t❡ ✭P❯◆❲❆◆■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✺✲✽ ◆♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ✷✵✵✶✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵

✶✼ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥❛s t❡r♠❡❧étr✐❝❛s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✺✵ ▼❲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹

✶✽ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♥❛s t❡r♠❡❧étr✐❝❛s ❜r❛s✐✲ ❧❡✐r❛s ❝♦♠ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✺✵ ▼❲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✶✾ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ✱ fWT✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt✐❝✐✲

♣❛çã♦ ♥❛s t❡r♠❡❧étr✐❝❛s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✳ ✭❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❇❘❖❖❑❙✱ ✷✵✵✵❀

✷✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❣ás✳ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✿ ❈ ✲ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r❀ ❈❈ ✲ ❝â♠❛r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stã♦❀ ❊ ✲ ❡①♣❛♥s♦r✳ P♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✿ ✶ ✲ ❡♥✲ tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ✭❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r✮❀ ✷ ✲ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r ✭❡♥✲ tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❝â♠❛r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stã♦❀ ✸ ✲ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❡①♣❛♥s♦r ✭❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❞❛ ❝â♠❛r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stã♦✮❀ ✹ ✲ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❞♦ ❡①♣❛♥s♦r ✭❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✮❀ ✺ ✲ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❣ás ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♥❛ ❝â♠❛r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✷✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❇r❛②t♦♥ ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛r ♥❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛✳ ✺✽

✷✷ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r ❡ ❡①♣❛♥s♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❣ás ✭❈❙❆◆❆❉❨✱ ✶✾✻✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

✷✸ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❣ás✳ ✭❘❖❲❊◆✱ ✶✾✽✸❀❘❖❲❊◆✱

✶✾✽✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼

✷✹ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ s❡❝♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛

T1 ✭◦❈✮✿ fWT ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛❀ fHRT ❢❛t♦r ❡ ❤❡❛t r❛t❡❀ fmeT ❢❛t♦r ❞❡

✈❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❡①❛✉stã♦ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✭❧✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡❀ ❧✐♥❤❛s ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✮✳ ✳ ✻✽

✷✺ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛

ω1 ✭❦❣✴❦❣✮✿ fWω ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛❀ fHRω ❢❛t♦r ❡ ❤❡❛t r❛t❡ ✭❧✐♥❤❛s

❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s❀ ❧✐♥❤❛s ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛s ✐♥✲ ❞✐❝❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✷✻ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ Z ✭♠✮✿ fWZ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡

♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✭❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s❀ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

✷✼ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ∆p ✭❦P❛✮✿ fW∆p

❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛❀ fHR∆p ❢❛t♦r ❡ ❤❡❛t r❛t❡ ✭❧✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛s r❡♣r❡✲

✷✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ rí❣✐❞♦ ✭❊▼❘✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

✷✾ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♣s✐❝r♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❊▼❘✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

✸✵ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ês ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❚▼❨ ❞❡ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ pat✱ ur ❡ Tbs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽

✸✶ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❱✐tór✐❛ ✭▼❲✮ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ●❊ ✼❋❆ ❝♦♠ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊▼❘ ✭❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✮ ❡ s❡♠ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❧✐♥❤❛ tr❛✲ ❝❡❥❛❞❛✮ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✷ ❞✐❛s ✭✹✽ ❤♦r❛s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

✸✷ ●❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✭WG ❡♠ ▼❲✮ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ●❊ ✼❋❆ ❝♦♠ ♦

✉s♦ ❞❡ ❊▼❘ ✭❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✮ ❡ ❞❡♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ✭DBU

❡♠ ◦❈✮ ✭❧✐♥❤❛ tr❛❝❡❥❛❞❛✮ ❡♠ ❱✐tór✐❛ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦

♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸

✸✸ ●❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ ✭EGan✮ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞❡♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦

ú♠✐❞♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ ✭DBUm✮ ❡ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ✭FA✮ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐✲

❞❛❞❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹

✸✹ ●❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ●❊ ✼❋❆ ✭EGanr✮

❡ ❞❡♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ♠é❞✐❛ ✭DBUm✮ ♣❛r❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s

❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

✸✺ ●❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ●❊ ✼❋❆ ✭EGanr✮

✈❡rs✉s ❞❡♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ♠é❞✐❛ ✭DBUm✮ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡✲

r❡♥t❡s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ✭FA✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻

✸✻ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♥♦ ✭V ACan✮ ♣❡❧♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦

❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❊▼❘ ♣❡❧❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ●❊ ✼❋❆ ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s✱ ✐♥❞✐✲ ❝❛♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ♠é❞✐♦ ✭DU Am✮ ❡

✸✼ ❱♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♥♦ ✭V ACan✮ ♣❡❧♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦

❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❊▼❘ ♣❡❧❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ●❊ ✼❋❆ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ♠é❞✐♦ ✭DU Am✮ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡

✭FA✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼

✸✽ ●❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦✱ EGanr✱ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦

❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❑ö♣♣❡♥✲●❡✐❣❡r ❡ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡✱ FA✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

✸✾ ●❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ REG✱ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❣ás✱

CGN✱ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ CAG✱r❡❝❡✐t❛ ❛♥✉❛❧

❧íq✉✐❞❛✱ RL ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦✱ DBUm✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷

✹✵ P❛②❜❛❝❦✱ PB✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷

✹✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❈❚❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹

✹✷ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦✱ ❈❚❈✱ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❣ás q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ t❡♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺

✹✸ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦✱ ❈❚❈✱ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❣ás q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻

✹✹ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❛ ✸✵◦❈ ❡ _φ ✹✵✪ ❛té ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✽◦❈

r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♣s✐❝r♦♠❡tr✐❝♦✿ ❆ ✲ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡❀ ❖ ✲ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦r✈❛❧❤♦❀ ❈ ✲ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽

✹✺ ●❛♥❤♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♠ ●❲❤✱ EGan✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ●❊

✼❋❆ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ s❡❝♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛♥✉❛❧✱Tbsm✱ ❡

✹✻ ●❛♥❤♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✱ EGanr✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡Tbsm ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s

✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡TC✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺

✹✼ ❋r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ FEG✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡

r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ _Q˙_{res f p✱ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳✶✵✻}

✹✽ ●❛♥❤♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ EGan✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐✲

❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ _Q˙_{res f p✱ ❡♠ três ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝♦♠}

Tbum ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼

✹✾ ❋r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ FEG✱ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡

❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ♠é❞✐❛✱ Tbum✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛✲

♠❡♥t♦✱ _Q˙_{res f p✱ ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡✱ FA✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾}

✺✵ ❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s✲ ❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ _Q˙_{res f p ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ s❡❝♦ ✸✵}◦❈ ❡

t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ✷✸✱✽◦❈ ❡ ✷✼✱✵✽◦❈ ❛ ✶✵✶✱✸❦P❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾

▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙

✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛s t✉r❜✐♥❛s ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛s ♥❛s t❡r♠❡❧étr✐❝❛s ❜r❛s✐✲ ❧❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ t♦t❛❧ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✺✵▼❲ ✭❆❣ê♥❝✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r✲

❣✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✵✽❀❚✉r❜✐♥❡ ■♥❧❡t ❈♦♦❧✐♥❣ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ✭❚■❈❆✮✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✷ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✭■❙❖✱ ✶✾✾✼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✸ ❋❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻

✹ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ●❊ ✼❋❆ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ■❙❖ ✭❇❘❖✲

❖❑❙✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

✺ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ▼❙✵✵✶✼❋❆ ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❛r ❡ ✈❛♣♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵

✻ ❉❛❞♦s ♠❡t❡r❡♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊▼❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼

✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❚❈ ♣❛r❛TC ✶✵◦❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸

✽ ❋r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛FEG ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s✲

▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❆❇❘❊❱■❆❚❯❘❆❙ ❊ ❙■●▲❆❙

❊▼❘ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ rí❣✐❞♦

▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❙❮▼❇❖▲❖❙

CAG ❝✉st♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❯✩✴❛♥♦✮

CCH ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❚❈ ✭❯✩✮

CECH❝✉st♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❚❈ ✭❯✩✴▼❲✮

CEAG❝✉st♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❯✩✴♠3✮

cd ❞✉r❡③❛ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛❈❖3

CEGN❝✉st♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦ ❣ás ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭❯✩✴▼❲❤✮

CGN ❝✉st♦ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❣ás ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭❯✩✴❛♥♦✮

CEIE MR ❝✉st♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊▼❘ ✭❯✩✴▼❲✮

CIE MR ❝✉st♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊▼❘ ✭❯✩✮

cp ❝❛❧♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✭❦❏✴❦❣✳◦❈✮

cv ❝❛❧♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❛ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✭❦❏✴❦❣✳◦❈✮

CVU ❝✉st♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ✉♥✐tár✐♦ ✭❯✩✴▼❲❤✮

DBU ❞❡♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ✭◦❈✮

DU A ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ♣❛r❛ s❛t✉r❛çã♦ ✭❦❣ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✴❦❣ ❞❡ ❛r s❡❝♦✮

e ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣♦❧✐tró♣✐❝❛ ✭❦❏✴❦❣✮

EG ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ✭●❲❤✮

EGgn ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❣ás ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭●❲❤✮

f ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛

h ❡♥t❛❧♣✐❛ ✭❦❏✴❦❣✮

hgn ♣♦❞❡r ❝❛❧♦rí✜❝♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❣ás ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭❦❏✴❦❣✮

hls ❡♥t❛❧♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ✭❦❏✴❦❣✮

HGREan ❤♦r❛s ❣r❛✉s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ✭❤✳◦❈✮

HR ❤❡❛t r❛t❡ ✭❦❏✴❦❲❤✮

HRR ❣❛♥❤♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❤❡❛t r❛t❡ ✭✪✮

k r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s

˙

m ✈❛③ã♦ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛ ✭❦❣✴s✮

n ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡ ♣♦❧✐tró♣✐❝♦

p ♣r❡ssã♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ✭❦P❛✮

˙

Q ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✭❦❏✮

Ra ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛r ✭❦P❛✳♠3✴❦❣✳❑✮

REG r❡❝❡✐t❛ ❞❛ ✈❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✭❯✩✴❛♥♦✮

RL r❡❝❡✐t❛ ❧íq✉✐❞❛ ✭❯✩✴❛♥♦✮

t t❡♠♣♦ ✭❤✮

T t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭❑ ♦✉◦❈✮

T MY ❛♥♦ ♠❡t❡r❡♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ✭t✐♣✐❝❛❧ ♠❡t❡r❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ②❡❛r✮

T RY ❛♥♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ tí♣✐❝♦ ✭t✐♣✐❝❛❧ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ②❡❛r✮

˙

V ✈❛③ã♦ ❡♠ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✭♠3✴s✮

V AC ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦ ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✭♠3✮

˙

WG ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ✭▼❲✮

α ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦❧✐tró♣✐❝♦

β ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦

∆p ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ✭❦P❛✮

γ ♣❡s♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ✭◆✴♠3✮

η ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛

ηp ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❧✐tró♣✐❝❛

ρ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❦❣✴♠3✮

τ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❤✮

φ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛r ✭✪✮

ω ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ❞♦ ❛r ✭❦❣ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r✴❦❣ ❞❡ ❛r s❡❝♦✮

❙✉❜s❝r✐t♦s

0 ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛

1 ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r ♦✉ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛❞♦r

2 ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r

3 ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❡①♣❛♥s♦r

4 ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ❡①♣❛♥s♦r ♦✉ t✉r❜✐♥❛

ag á❣✉❛

alim ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦

an ❛♥✉❛❧

at ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦

au ❛r ú♠✐❞♦

av á❣✉❛ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛❞❛

b ❜♦♠❜❡❛♠❡♥t♦

bs ❜✉❧❜♦ s❡❝♦

bsm ❜✉❧❜♦ s❡❝♦ ♠é❞✐♦

bu ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦

bum ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ♠é❞♦

c ❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r

cc ❝â♠❛r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stã♦

CT C r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦

d ❞r❡♥♦

e ❡①♣❛♥s♦r

E MR r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ rí❣✐❞♦

ev ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛❞♦r ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦

evap ❡✈❛♣♦r❛❞❛

gn ❣ás ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡❧✮

HR ❤❡❛t r❛t❡

IS O ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ■❙❖ ✭■❙❖✱ ✶✾✾✼✮

l ❧íq✉✐❞♦

m ♠é❞✐❛ ❛♥✉❛❧

p ♣r♦❥❡t♦

r r❡❧❛t✐✈♦

res f r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦

sat s❛t✉r❛çã♦

T t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛

tg t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❣ás

v ✈❛♣♦r ❞❡ á❣✉❛

Z ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡

∆p ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛

✷✶

✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖

✶✳✶ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦

❆ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ é ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❤✐✲ ❞r❡❧étr✐❝❛✳ ❍✐❞r❡❧étr✐❝❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✽✺ ✪ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ t❡r♠❡❧étr✐❝❛ t❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♥♦ ♣❛rq✉❡ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ◆✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❤✐❞r❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❡ ❛✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s r✐♦s ♦♥❞❡ ❡stã♦ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛s ❛s ❜❛rr❛❣❡♥s ♣r❡❝✐s❛ t❡r s❡✉s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❚❡r♠❡❧étr✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s✱ tê♠ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❛✉✲ ♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✳ ❚❡r♠❡❧étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ t✉r❜✐♥❛s tê♠ ❛❧t❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦✲❣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✈❛♣♦r ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ✐♥✲ ❞✉str✐❛✐s✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣❛rt✐r ❡♠ ❝✉rt♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛t❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❝❛r❣❛s ❞❡ ♣✐❝♦✳ ❊st❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❛s♦❞✉t♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❞❛s t❡r♠❡❧étr✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❛ ❣ás ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❖▲■❱❊■❘❆❀ ▼❆❘❘❊❈❖✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳

✷✷

♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❛♥♦✳ ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛s t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❛ ❣ás ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❛rq✉❡ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳

✶✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s

❈✐♥❝♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ t✉r❜✐♥❛s ❛ ❣ás sã♦ ♥♦r✲ ♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✿

• ❊✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ rí❣✐❞♦ ✭❊▼❘✮❀

• ❊✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♥é✈♦❛✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✏❢♦❣❣✐♥❣✑ ✭❊❱◆✮❀

• ❈✐❝❧♦ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ❝♦♠ ♠♦t♦r ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱

t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♦✉ ♠♦t♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stã♦ ✭❈❚❈✮❀

• ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦

✭❆❚❈✮❀

• ❈✐❝❧♦ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❛❜s♦rçã♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ✭❈❚❆✮✳

❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ tér♠✐❝♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✿

• ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠ ❛ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ♥♦ ❛r ♣❛r❛

❛❜❛✐①❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♦ ❊▼❘ ❡♦ ❊◆❀

• ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ é ✉s❛❞♦

♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♦ ❈❚❈✱ ♦ ❈❚❆ ❡ ♦ ❆❚❈✳

✷✸

✶✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ rí❣✐❞♦

◆♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ rí❣✐❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❊▼❘✱ ♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ rí❣✐❞♦ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦ ú♠✐❞♦✳ ❆♦ ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ♦ ❛r ❢❛③ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛r á❣✉❛ ❡ é r❡s❢r✐❛❞♦ ♥✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s❛t✉r❛çã♦ ❛❞✐❛❜át✐❝❛✳

❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊▼❘✳ ➪❣✉❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ é ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ s♦❜ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ rí❣✐❞♦ ú♠✐❞♦✳ ❊st❛ á❣✉❛ é ❜♦♠❜❡❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❜♦♠❜❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❛té ♦ t♦♣♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦✳ ❆ á❣✉❛ ✢✉✐ ♣♦r ❣r❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✜❜r♦s♦ ❝♦rr✉❣❛❞♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ á❣✉❛ ❡ ♦ ❛r q✉❡ ❡♥tr❛ ♥❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ❖ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ✜❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ❛♣ós ♦s ✜❧tr♦s ❞❡ ❛r✳ ❖ ❛r ❛♦ ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ á❣✉❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ✢✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ é ❞r❡♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞✐ss♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❡s q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦✳ ❆s ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ á❣✉❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛r t❡♥❞❡ ❛ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛r ♥❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦ sã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦ ❛♣ós ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦✳ ❆ á❣✉❛ ❞♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛ ♥♦ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊▼❘ ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✳

❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♣s✐❝r♦♠étr✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦ ❊▼❘✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s❛t✉r❛çã♦ ❛❞✐❛❜át✐❝❛ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛ é ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❊▼❘ r❡s❢r✐❛ ♦ ❛r ❛té ✉♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ à t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ✭❏❖❍◆❙❖◆✱ ✶✾✽✾✮✳

✷✹

❆ á❣✉❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❊▼❘ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r à á❣✉❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦rr❡s ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ à t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦ rí❣✐❞♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s✱ ♦ ❊▼❘ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✵✱✶✺ ❦P❛ ❛♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ✭●❊ ❊♥❡r❣②✱ ✷✵✵✽❛✮✳ ❖ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❊▼❘ ✈❛r✐❛

❞❡ ❯✩ ✸✹ ❛ ✽✶✴❦❲ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❊▼❘ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✵✱✸ ❛ ✵✱✺✪ ❞❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❛❞✐❝♦♥❛❞❛ à t✉r❜✐♥❛ ✭❈❍❆❈❆❘❚❊●❯■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❊st❡s ❞♦✐s ú❧t✐♠♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s s❡rã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♠❛✐s

❛❞✐❛♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

reservatório água de alimentação

câmara de combustão

expansor compressor

gases de exaustão

combustível

ar resfriado bomba de

recirculação _dreno

meio rígido úmido filtro

ar ambiente

água

eliminador de gotículas

✷✺

meio rígido úmido eliminador de gotículas

reservatório

ar ambiente ar resfriado

turbina

bomba de recirculação

filtro

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊▼❘ ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✭❛❞❛♣✲ t❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭▼✉♥t❡rs✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✮ ✳

condição de bulbo úmido

30 20,6

condição do ab ambiente condição

do ab beufbiado

21,5

T bs (°C)

ω

(

g

/0g

)

ϕ100 1

ϕ40 1

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❊▼❘ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✸✵◦❈ ❡ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛

✷✻

✷✼

✶✳✷✳✷ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♥é✈♦❛ ✭❊❱◆✮

◆♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ♣♦r ♥é✈♦❛✱ q✉❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❊❱◆✱ á❣✉❛ ❞❡s✲ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ é ✐♥❥❡t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s ♥♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ❊st❛s ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s ❡✈❛♣♦r❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦ ❛r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ tr❛❥❡t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ❛té ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r s❛t✉r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛r ❡ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ s✉❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛té ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✺ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊❱◆✳ ❊st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ♣♦r ✏❢♦❣❣✐♥❣✑✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣♦r ❢♦❣❣✐♥❣✳

✷✽

á❣✉❛ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛❞❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á r❡❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐♥❥❡t❛r á❣✉❛ ❡♠ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❡✈❛♣♦r❡ ♥♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡s✲ s♦r✱ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r✳ ❆ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❤✉✈❡✐r♦ r❡q✉❡r ♠❡♥♦r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ❞♦ ❊▼❘✳ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♥♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉s❛r á❣✉❛ ❞❡s♠✐♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐♦ ❞❛s ♣❛ss❛❣❡♥s ♠✐✲ ❝r♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❜♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❛s♣❡rsã♦ ✭▼❊❍❊❘✲❍❖▼❏■❀ ▼❊❊ ■■■✱ ✽✲✶✶ ▼❛✐♦ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❖

❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊❱◆ ✈❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❯✩ ✹✵ ❛ ✾✺✴❦❲ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❊❱◆ é ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ✵✱✺ ❛ ✵✱✼✪ ❞❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à t✉r❜✐♥❛ ✭❈❍❆❈❆❘❚❊●❯■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳

✷✾

✶✳✷✳✸ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ✭❈❚❈✮

◆♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝✐❝❧♦ t❡r♠♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦✱ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❈❚❈✱✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢r✐❣❡r❛çã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r✱ r❡s❢r✐❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❡t✐❧❡♥♦ ❣❧✐❝♦❧✱ q✉❡ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡r♣❡♥t✐♥❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ s✉❝çã♦ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❛♣ós ♦s ✜❧tr♦s✳ ❖ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s❡r♣❡♥t✐♥❛✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ t✉❜♦s ❛❧❡t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❧❛❝❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ r❡s❢r✐❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❝❛❧♦r r❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛r ♠❛✐s ♦ q✉❡ é ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r✱ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss✐♣❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t♦rr❡ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♠ ❧✉❣❛r❡s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ á❣✉❛ é ❡s❝❛ss❛ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r tr♦❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ r❛❞✐❛❞♦r ✭t♦rr❡ s❡❝❛✮✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✼ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❈❚❈✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❈❚❈✳

✸✵

❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜✉❧❜♦ ú♠✐❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣❡❧♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❚❈ é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♣❡❧♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✈❛♣♦r❛t✐✈♦ ❊▼❘ ♦✉ ❊◆✳ ◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❛ ✼◦❈ ♣❛r❛

q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤❛❥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡❧♦ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✽ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♣s✐❝r♦♠étr✐❝♦✳ ❖ ❛r é r❡s❢r✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛♣♦r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✭✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✮ ❛té ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦r✈❛❧❤♦✳ ❊st❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❛r✳ P❛r❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡❣✉❡ ❝♦♥❞❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛♣♦r ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❞♦ ❛r✱ q✉❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✜❝❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❛t✉r❛❞♦ ✭✉♠✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ✶✵✵✪✮✳ ❊st❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❧❛t❡♥t❡✳ ❆ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❧❛t❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ✈❛♣♦r ❞✬á❣✉❛ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❛r ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♥✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ r❡❢r✐❣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r s❡♥sí✈❡❧✳

Calor sensovel Calo r late nte 30 15 8 Ponto de orvalho 10,6 g/kg 6,7 g/kg

ϕ

ϕ

ω ( g /k g ) T

bs (°C)

Condição ambiente

Ar resfriado

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽✿ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❛ ✸✵◦❈ ❡ _φ ✹✵✪ ❛té ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✽◦❈ r❡♣r❡✲

✸✶

❖ ❝♦♥❞❡♥s❛❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s ♥❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛r q✉❡ sã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❞❛♥♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡ss♦r ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✾ ♠♦str❛ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ s❡r♣❡♥t✐♥❛ ❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣♦t❛s ✉s❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❚❈✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✵ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❢♦t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r♣❡♥t✐♥❛ ♥❛ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ❆ s❡r♣❡♥t✐♥❛ ❡ ♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❣♦tí❝✉❧❛s ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛té ✵✱✷✺ ❦P❛ ♥♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳

❖ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❚❈ ❝♦♠ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ❞❡ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ é ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✷✺ ❦❲ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❦❲ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭❈❍❆❈❆❘❚❊●❯■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❖ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❈❚❈ é ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❯✩ ✸✸✻✴❦❲

❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❡♠ ✭❈❍❆❈❆❘❚❊●❯■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱

✷✵✵✽✮✳

Geometria deve resultar em baixas velocidades do ar sobre as serpentinas

para evitar carregamento de gotículas

Dreno para remoção de condensado

Serpentinas

consistindo de tubos passando através de placas

Eliminadores de gotículas

Componentes principais do resfriamento CTC

✸✷

✸✸

✶✳✷✳✹ ❘❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠

❝✐❝❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ✭❆❚❈✮

◆♦ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦✱ q✉❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛♠♦s ♣♦r ❆❚❈✱ ✉♠ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ❡❧étr✐❝♦ r❡s❢r✐❛ á❣✉❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦✳ ❆ á❣✉❛ ❣❡❧❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❣❡❧♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s❢r✐❛r ♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛✳ ❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✶ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❆❚❈✳ ❊st❡ s✐st❡♠❛ t❡♠ ❞✉❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s✿

• ❖ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❧✐❣❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣✐❝♦✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡

❡❧❡tr✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛✳

• ❯♠ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡

♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❢r✐❣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r é ❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♣❡❧❛ á❣✉❛ ❣❡❧❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❣❡❧♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s✳

❖ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❆❚❈ é ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛✈❡❧ q✉❛♥❞♦✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❢♦r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦♣❡r❛r ♦ ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ♣♦r ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✻ ❤♦r❛s ❞✐ár✐❛s ✭❈❍❆❈❆❘❚❊●❯■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳

❖ ❆❚❈ ❝♦♠ á❣✉❛ ❣❡❧❛❞❛ é ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛r ❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❢r✐❣❡r❛çã♦✳ ❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❡❧♦ sã♦ ✻ ✈❡③❡s ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❣❡❧❛❞❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❢r✐❣❡r❛çã♦ é ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❧❛t❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ❝❤✐❧❧❡rs q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❛♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡❞✉③ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭❈❍❆❈❆❘❚❊●❯■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳

✸✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ♣♦r ❝❤✐❧❧❡r ❝♦♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♦✉ ❣❡❧♦✳

♣❛r❛ ✶✶✳✸✺✻ ♠3 _{❞❡ ❣❡❧♦ ❡ á❣✉❛✳ ❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ é ❞❡}

✷✳✶✷✵ ●❏ ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ r❡s❢r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ t✉r❜✐♥❛ ❞❡ ✸✺✳✼✵✵ ▼❲ ✭P❛✉❧ ▼✉❡❧❧❡r ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❖ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛

❆❚❈ é ❞❡ ❯✩ ✶✺✴▼❏ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡❧♦ ✭❈❍❆❈❆❘❚❊●❯■

✸✺

evaporador

sala do chiller

serpentina filtros

de ar

turbina reservatório de gelo

condensador

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❆❚❈ ❝♦♠ ❣❡❧♦ ❞❛ ▼✉❡❧❧❡r ✏■❝❡ ❍❛r✈❡s✲ t❡r✑✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭P❛✉❧ ▼✉❡❧❧❡r ❈♦♠♣❛♥②✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✮✳