P❖◆❚■❋❮❈■❆ ❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❈❆❚Ó▲■❈❆ ❉❖ ❘■❖ ●❘❆◆❉❊ ❉❖ ❙❯▲ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ P❖❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆
▲❯❮❙ ❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❖ ❙❚■❇❖❘❙❑■ ❈❘■❙❚❖❋❖▲■
❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❆ ❘❖❇❯❙❚❊❩ ❉❖❙ ❈■❘❈❯■❚❖❙ ❆❙❙❮◆❈❘❖◆❖❙ ❊▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊ ❉❊ ■◆❚❊❘❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊▲❊❚❘❖▼❆●◆➱❚■❈❆
▲❯❮❙ ❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❖ ❙❚■❇❖❘❙❑■ ❈❘■❙❚❖❋❖▲■
❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❆ ❘❖❇❯❙❚❊❩ ❉❖❙ ❈■❘❈❯■❚❖❙ ❆❙❙❮◆❈❘❖◆❖❙ ❊▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊ ❉❊ ■◆❚❊❘❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊▲❊❚❘❖▼❆●◆➱❚■❈❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✕❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛✲ r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ P♦♥t✐❢í❝✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❛tó✲ ❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋❛❜✐❛♥ ▲✉✐③ ❱❛r❣❛s
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ◆❡② ▲❛❡rt ❱✐❧❛r ❈❛❧❛③❛♥s
❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❆ ❘❖❇❯❙❚❊❩ ❉❖❙ ❈■❘❈❯■❚❖❙ ❆❙❙❮◆❈❘❖◆❖❙ ❊▼ ❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊ ❉❊ ■◆❚❊❘❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❊▲❊❚❘❖▼❆●◆➱❚■❈❆
▲❯❮❙ ❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❖ ❙❚■❇❖❘❙❑■ ❈❘■❙❚❖❋❖▲■
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✱ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❛ P♦♥t✐❢í❝✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❛tó❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✳
❋❛❜✐❛♥ ▲✉✐s ❱❛r❣❛s✱ ❉r✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
❘✉❜❡♠ ❉✉tr❛ ❋❛❣✉♥❞❡s✱ ❉r✳ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✕●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋❛❜✐❛♥ ▲✉✐s ❱❛r❣❛s Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ✕ P❯❈❘❙
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✉❜❡♥ ❉✉tr❛ ❋❛❣✉♥❞❡s P❯❈❘❙
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ♠❡✉s s✐♥❝❡r♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛✿
√ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦✉t♦r❡s ❋❛❜✐❛♥ ❱❛r❣❛s ❡ ◆❡② ❈❛❧❛③❛♥s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦❀ √ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✲ ❙✐❙❈✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡♠
❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀
√ ❛♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✲ ▲❊P✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡
♣❧❛❝❛s❀
√ ❛♦ ❙r✳ ❈❤r✐st♦s P✳ ❙♦t✐r✐♦✉✱ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❆❙P■❉❆✱ ♣❡❧♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ té❝♥✐❝♦
✐♠♣r❡s✐♥❞✐✈❡❧❀
√ ♦ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r
❞♦✉t♦r ❘✉❜❡♥ ❉✉tr❛ ❋❛❣✉♥❞❡s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛❞♦❀
√ ❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ P❯❈❘❙❀ √ ❡ ❛♦s q✉❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❧ó❣✐♦ ✭❝❧♦❝❦✮ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ ❊st❡ s✐♥❛❧ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ♦ ❡①❛t♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s r❡❣✐str❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ss✐♠✱ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ r✉í❞♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛❧t♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❛❢❡t❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s s✉r❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s r♦✲ ❜✉st♦s ❛♦ r✉í❞♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ é ♥✐t✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛s ❈❆❉ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞❛r❡♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛s✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r s✐st❡♠❛s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ss✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❡s✲ t❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✳ ❊st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ss✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✹ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s✳ ❊❧❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s sí♥✲ ❝r♦♥❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❉ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
◆♦✇❛❞❛②s✱ t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ✉s❡s s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❝✐r❝✉✐ts ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝❧♦❝❦ s✐❣♥❛❧✳ ❚❤✐s s✐❣♥❛❧ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡s t❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♠♦♠❡♥t t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ r❡❣✐st❡rs s②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✬s ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ▼❡❛♥✇❤✐❧❡✱ t❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢ ❝✐r❝✉✐ts ❝❛♥ ❝❛✉s❡ ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛s ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✈❡r② ❤✐❣❤ ♥♦✐s❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❞❡❣r❡❡ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❛✛❡❝t ♣❡r✐♣❤❡r❛❧ ❝✐r❝✉✐ts✳
■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ❛s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❝✐r❝✉✐ts ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐ts ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝❛❧❧② ♠♦r❡ r♦❜✉st t♦ ♥♦✐s❡✳ ❚❤♦✉❣❤✱ ❛s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❝✐r❝✉✐ts ❛r❡ ♥♦t ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❧❛r❣❡ s❝❛❧❡✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❤✐❣❤ ❞❡s✐❣♥✬s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ ❢✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❛❝❦ ♦❢ ❈❆❉ t♦♦❧s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛❧❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥✬s st❡♣s ❛♥❞ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ ♠♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡rs✬ ♠❡♥t❛❧✐t②✳
❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✇♦r❦ ❛✐♠s ❛t ❝♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❛♥❞ ❛s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s s②st❡♠s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡s②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵✵✹✳ ❚❤✐s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❝✐r❝✉✐ts ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❝✐r❝✉✐t✬s ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✢♦✇✳ ■t ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ♥♦t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❈❆❉ t♦♦❧s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✶✳✸ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✷✺
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷ ❋❛❧❤❛✱ ❡rr♦ ♦✉ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✹ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸ ❈♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ✸✺
✸✳✹✳✶ ❋♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✹✳✷ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ✈❡rs✉s ✐rr❛❞✐❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✹✳✸ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✺ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✻ ◆♦r♠❛s ■❊❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✻✳✶ ◆♦r♠❛ ■❊❈ ✻✶✳✵✵✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✻✳✶✳✶ ◆♦r♠❛ ■❊❈ ✻✶✳✵✵✵✲✹✲✶✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✻✳✶✳✷ ◆♦r♠❛ ■❊❈ ✻✶✳✵✵✵✲✹✲✷✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✻✳✷ ◆♦r♠❛ ■❊❈ ✻✷✳✶✸✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✻✳✷✳✶ ■❊❈ ✻✷✳✶✸✷ ✲ P❛rt❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✻✳✷✳✷ ■❊❈ ✻✷✳✶✸✷ ✲ P❛rt❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹ ❙②st❡♠ ♦♥ ❈❤✐♣ ✭❙♦❈✮ ✺✸
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✷ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❈s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✹ ■♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✜♦s ♣♦♥t♦✲❛✲♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✺ ■♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✻ ■♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ✐♥tr❛✲❝❤✐♣ ✭◆♦❈s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ✻✷
✺✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❋P●❆s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✻ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ✻✼
✻✳✽✳✺✳✸ ❆tr❛s♦ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✻✳✽✳✺✳✹ ■♥t❡r❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✻✳✽✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✼ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✾✵
✼✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✼✳✷ P❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✼✳✸ P❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✼✳✹ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✼✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✽ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■ ✾✽
✽✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✽✳✷ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ s♦♠❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✽✳✸ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ♥♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✽✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✽✳✺ ❊♥s❛✐♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✽✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✾ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✶✵✹
✾✳✾ ❊♥s❛✐♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✾✳✾✳✶ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✾✳✾✳✷ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ q✉❡❞❛ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✾✳✾✳✸ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ✐rr❛❞✐❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✾✳✾✳✹ ❊♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ ❡♠✐t✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✾✳✶✵ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺
✶✵ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✶✷✽
✶✵✳✶ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✶✸✶
❆♥❡①♦ ❆ ✲✲ ❊sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ✶✹✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✹✾ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ss✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✵ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣r❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✶ ❊sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✷ ❱✐st❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✸ ❱✐st❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✺ P❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥♦s ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✲❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✼ ❋♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ♣✉❧s❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✽ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✾ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✻✵ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✻✶ Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❉▲❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✷ Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❉▲❳✿ ❧❡✐❛✉t❡ ❞❛s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✸ Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❉▲❳✿ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ✲ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✹ Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❉▲❳✿ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ✲ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✻✺ Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❉▲❳✿ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ✲ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✻✻ Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❉▲❳ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✻✼ Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❆❙P■❉❆ ❉▲❳✿ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦str❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✻✽ Pr♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❆❙P■❉❆ ❉▲❳✿ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✻✾ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❡ q✉❡❞❛ ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐✲
♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✼✵ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❡ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡
✼✹ P♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✼✺ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛
✐rr❛❞✐❛❞❛ ✭❉▲❳ sí♥❝r♦♥♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✼✻ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆▲❯ ✕ ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ❛♥❞ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❯♥✐t ❆▼ ✕ ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥
❆❙■❈ ✕ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐t ❇❈■ ✕ ❇✉❧❦ ❈✉rr❡♥t ■♥❥❡❝t✐♦♥
❈■ ✕ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦
❈▲❇ ✕ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❇❧♦❝❦
❈▼❖❙ ✕ ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ▼❡t❛❧✲❖①✐❞❡✲❙❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r ❈P▲❉ ✕ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❉❡✈✐❝❡
❈❲ ✕ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❲❛✈❡
❉❆❈ ✕ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ t♦ ❆♥❛❧♦❣ ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡r ❉❈ ✕ ❉✐r❡❝t ❈✉rr❡♥t
❉❙P ✕ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❉❯❚ ✕ ❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❯♥❞❡r ❚❡st
❊❊P❘❖▼ ✕ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧❧② ❊r❛s❛❜❧❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❛❞ ❖♥❧② ▼❡♠♦r② ❊▼❈ ✕ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❈♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐t②
❊▼❊ ✕ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❊▼■ ✕ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡
❊P❘❖▼ ✕ ❊r❛s❛❜❧❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❛❞ ❖♥❧② ▼❡♠♦r② ❋P●❆ ✕ ❋✐❡❧❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ●❛t❡ ❆rr❛②
❋❙▼ ✕ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ❙t❛t❡ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ●❈❈ ✕ ●◆❯ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❡r ❈♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥
■❈ ✕ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐ts
■❊❈ ✕ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❊❧❡❝tr♦t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ■P ✕ ■♥t❡❧❧❡❝t✉❛❧ Pr♦♣❡rt②
■❙P ✕ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❙❡t Pr♦❝❡ss♦r
▼❊▼❙ ✕ ▼✐❝r♦✲❊❧❡❝tr♦✕▼❡❝❤❛♥✐❝❛❧ ❙②st❡♠s
▼■P❙ ✕ ▼✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss♦r ✇✐t❤♦✉t ■♥t❡r❧♦❝❦❡❞ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❙t❛❣❡s ▼▼ ✕ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❛tr✐③❡s
▼❖❙ ✕ ▼❡t❛❧ ❖①✐❞❡ ❙❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r
▼❖❙❋❊❚ ✕ ▼❡t❛❧✲❖①✐❞❡ ❙❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r ❋✐❡❧❞ ❊✛❡❝t ❚r❛♥s✐st♦r ▼P✸ ✕ ▼♦t✐♦♥ P✐❝t✉r❡ ❊①♣❡rts ●r♦✉♣ ▲❛②❡r✕✸
▼P❊●✷ ✕ ▼♦t✐♦♥ P✐❝t✉r❡ ❊①♣❡rts ●r♦✉♣ ▲❛②❡r✕✷ ▼❚❇❋ ✕ ▼❡❛♥ ❚✐♠❡ ❇❡t✇❡❡♥ ❋❛✐❧✉r❡
▼❚❚❋ ✕ ▼❡❛♥ ❚✐♠❡ t♦ ❋❛✐❧✉r❡ ▼❚❚❘ ✕ ▼❡❛♥ ❚✐♠❡ t♦ ❘❡♣❛✐r
◆▼❖❙ ✕ ◆❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ▼❡t❛❧ ❖①✐❞❡ ❙❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r ❖P❇ ✕ ❖♥✲❈❤✐♣ P❡r✐♣❤❡r❛❧ ❇✉s
P❆▲ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❡❞ ❆rr❛② ▲♦❣✐❝ P❈❇ ✕ Pr✐♥t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐t ❇♦❛r❞ P▲❆ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❆rr❛②s P▲▲ ✕ P❤❛s❡ ▲♦❝❦❡❞ ▲♦♦♣
P▼❖❙ ✕ P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ▼❡t❛❧ ❖①✐❞❡ ❙❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r P❘❖▼ ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ❘❡❛❞ ❖♥❧② ▼❡♠♦r②
P❯❈❘❙ ✕ P♦♥t✐❢í❝✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❛tó❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❘❆▼ ✕ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❆❝❝❡ss ▼❡♠♦r②
❘❋ ✕ ❘❛❞✐♦❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛
❘❚❖❙ ✕ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠ ❙■ ✕ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ ■♥t❡❣r✐t②
❙✐❙❈ ✕ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❙♦❈ ✕ ❙②st❡♠s✲♦♥✲❈❤✐♣
❙❘❆▼ ✕ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❆❝❝❡ss ▼❡♠♦r② ❚❊▼ ✕ ❚r❛♥s✈❡rs❡ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝
❯❆❘❚ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❆s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡r ❚r❛♥s♠✐tt❡r ❯❙❇ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❙❡r✐❛❧ ❇✉s
✷✶
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ sã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡stã♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❧✉❣❛r❡s✱ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ é ❡①✐❣✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ t♦r♥❡♠✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❬✶❪✱ ❬✷❪✳ ❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ t❡♠♦s ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝♦♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r♦❜✉st❡③✱ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❙②st❡♠s✲♦♥✲❈❤✐♣ ✭❙♦❈s✮✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ t❡♠♦s ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❜❛t❡✲ r✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ❛❣r❛✈❛♥t❡✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s❝✐❧❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛♠ ♣❡rt✉r❜❛çõ❡s ❛s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦s ✭❞❡❧❛②✮ ♥❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐♥❛✐s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❬✸❪ ❬✹❪ ✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❖s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧✲ t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s r♦❜✉st♦s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛r ❝♦♠ t❡♥sõ❡s ❜❛✐①❛s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ✐♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡✲ rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❬✺❪ ❬✻❪ ❬✼❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❜♦❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❉ q✉❡ tr❛t❡♠ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❡ ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡st❡s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❡①✐❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛s ♠✉❞❡♠ s✉❛s ♠❡♥t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❬✽❪✳
✷✷
❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❉ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ sí♥❝r♦♥♦ ❡♠ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦✱ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐❢✉sã♦ ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❬✽❪ ❬✾❪✳
❇❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡st❛r❡♠♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ✈❡rs✉s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡ss✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞❡ ❙②st❡♠s✲♦♥✲❈❤✐♣ ✭❙♦❈s✮ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ✢✉t✉❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛s ✭❊▼■✮ ✐rr❛❞✐❛❞❛s✱ s❡♠ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞❡ ❙②st❡♠s✲♦♥✲❈❤✐♣ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ✢✉t✉❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✿
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛✲
❞♦s ❡♠ ❋P●❆s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❙❘❆▼ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣♦st♦s ❛ r❡❞✉çõ❡s ❡ q✉❡❞❛s ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦❀
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲
t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❋P●❆s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❙❘❆▼ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣♦st♦s ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛s ✭❊▼■✮ ✐rr❛❞✐❛❞❛s❀
• ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛s ✭❊▼■✮ ❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ s❡✲
❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❊❧❡❝tr♦t❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ✭■❊❈✮ ❬✶✵❪ ❬✶✶❪ ❬✶✷❪ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞❡ ❙②st❡♠s✲♦♥✲❈❤✐♣✳
✷✸
✶✳✸ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ três ♣❛rt❡s ❞✐s♣♦st❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
P❛rt❡ ■ ✲ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s❀
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛
✭❊▼❈✮✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♥♦r♠❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s às ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛s ✭❊▼■✮ ❡♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s❀
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ às ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s
q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ✭❋P●❆s✮❀
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦s ❙②st❡♠s✲♦♥✲❈❤✐♣ ✭❙♦❈s✮❀
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛♣❧✐✲
❝❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ss✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦✳
P❛rt❡ ■■ ✲ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛
❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❙✐♥❛✐s ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭❙✐❙❈✮✳
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✽✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛
r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡ ❛ssí♥❝r♦✲ ♥♦s✱ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❙✐♥❛✐s ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭❙✐❙❈✮✳
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✾✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛
r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❉▲❳ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❙✐✲ ♥❛✐s ✫ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✭❙✐❙❈✮✳ ❏✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ❞✐s✲ s❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s sí♥❝r♦♥♦s ❡ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥♦s✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
✷✹
• ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✵✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
✷✺
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ tê♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❡✴♦✉ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡ç❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ s❡♠ ❛ ❞❡❣r❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐st♦ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ é ❛ ❞❡ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛✳ ❊st❛ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r✿ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✭❡①✿ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❡①tr❛s✮✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❡①✳ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦✮ ♦✉ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✭❡①✳ ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s✮ ❬✶✸❪✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ❞❛♥♦s ❬✶✹❪✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡t✐r❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❬✶✸❪ ❬✶✹❪ ❬✶✺❪ ❬✶✻❪ ❬✶✼❪
❋❛❧❤❛✿ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡rr♦✳ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡①t❡r♥❛s sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ à ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❆s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s✱ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♠✐t❡♥t❡s✿
❛✮ ❋❛❧❤❛s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s✿ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✳ ❋❛❧❤❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❡✴♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ❝✉rt♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✱ ♥ós ❛❜❡rt♦s ❡ st✉❝❦✲❛t sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s✳
✷✻
❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s✳
❝✮ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✐♥t❡r♠✐t❡♥t❡s✿ sã♦ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛s ❡✴♦✉ ❝í❝❧✐❝❛s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✈❛✲ r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s ❡✴♦✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊st❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❛✉s❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✈✐❜r❛çõ❡s ❡ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳
❙t✉❝❦✲❛t✿ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♥✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✿ ③❡r♦ ✭st✉❝❦✲❛t✲③❡r♦✮ ♦✉ ✉♠ ✭st✉❝❦✲❛t✲♦♥❡✮✳
❇✐t ✢✐♣s✿ ❢❛❧❤❛ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ♠✉✲ ❞❛♥ç❛ t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥ó ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦✳ P♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ③❡r♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ③❡r♦✳
❊rr♦✿ ❞❡✜♥❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡rrô♥❡♦✱ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❡rr♦✱ s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦✳
❉❡❢❡✐t♦✿ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❡ss❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r t♦❧❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞♦✳
▲❛tê♥❝✐❛✿ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❛té ❛ s✉❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çã♦✳
❉❡♣❡♥❞❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❡ss❡ t❡r♠♦ é ✉♠❛ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❧✐t❡r❛❧ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛ ♥♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ ❞♦✐s ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❈♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐✲ çõ❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❝❡rt♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡st❛r ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳
❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ é ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡st❛r ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❢♦r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛✳
✷✳✷ ❋❛❧❤❛✱ ❡rr♦ ♦✉ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦
✷✼
❆ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s sã♦ ✐♥❡✈✐tá✈❡✐s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❢ís✐❝♦s s♦❢r❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡✴♦✉ ❡stã♦ ❡①♣♦st♦s ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♦✉ ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✐♥❢❡r✐r ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ s✉❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✐♥❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶ é ♠♦str❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❉❤✐r❛❥ ❑✳ Pr❛❞❤❛♥ ❬✶✺❪✱ q✉❡ s❡rá ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛✱ ❡rr♦ ❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✱ ❡rr♦s ❛♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦s três ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦s ❬✶✺❪✳
❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ três ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦s ❬✶✺❪ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉s❛r ❝❤✐♣ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ st✉❝❦✲❛t✲③❡r♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❜✐ts ✭❢❛❧❤❛ ♥♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✮✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❡rr❛❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❡rr♦ ♥♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✮✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❡ ❡rr♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♠❜❛rq✉❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣❛ss❛❣❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈♦♦ ✭❞❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✮✳ ➱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③ ❛ ✉♠ ❡rr♦ ✭♣♦✐s ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ s♦❜ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛✮ ❡ ✉♠ ❡rr♦ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ ✭♥♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦♦ ❧♦t❛❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❞✉♥❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✮✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛
✷✽
♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ❡ ❛ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st❡✳
❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ três ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦s ❬✶✺❪✱ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ t♦t❛❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♦❝♦r✲ rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❡ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ é ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❛s ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❡ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡rr♦✳
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11494012314 1149456674
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❡ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡rr♦✳
✷✳✷✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s
❉✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❬✶✸❪ ❬✶✹❪ ❬✶✺❪✱ ❡♥tr❡✲ t❛♥t♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s ✭❛q✉❡❧❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ ♣❛❞❡❝❡♠ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✮ ❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s ✭q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✲ ❛çã♦✮✳
❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣✐❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s sã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡❢❡✐t✉♦s♦s✱ ✐♠♣❡r❢❡✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛✱ ❢❛❞✐❣❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❢ís✐❝♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❞✐stúr❜✐♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❛❞✐❛çã♦✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✱ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ✭t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♣r❡ssã♦✱ ✉♠✐❞❛❞❡✮ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
❆✐♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠✲s❡ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✐t❡♥s✿
❛✮ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛✿ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦❀
❜✮ ❉✉r❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛✿ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ♦✉ t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛ ✭✐♥t❡r♠✐t❡♥t❡ ♦✉ tr❛♥s✐tó✲ r✐❛✮❀
❝✮ ❊①t❡♥sã♦✿ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♦✉ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛❀ ❞✮ ❱❛❧♦r✿ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♦✉ ✐♥❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✳
✷✾
♣♦r té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭s❡❝✉r✐t②✮ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦r té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✲❧❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ s❡r s❡❣✉r♦ ❛ ❡st❛s ✐♥tr✉sõ❡s ❡ ❛çõ❡s ♠❛❧✐❝✐♦s❛s✳
❋❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ sã♦ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♦ ♠❛✐s ❣r❛✈❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛✳ ❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝rít✐❝♦s✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ❡ t♦❧❡r❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠ é ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥ã♦ tr❛t❛❞❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡✈✐st❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❛s q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❛♥♦s ❝❛✉s❡♠ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❯♠ ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❬✶✽❪ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛ ❡ss❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✿ ❈❛✉s❛s ✉s✉❛✐s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❬✶✽❪✳
❙✐st❡♠❛s ❚r❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❘❡❞❡s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✲s❡r✈✐❞♦r ◆ã♦ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❚♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✭♥ã♦ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✮
▼❚❚❋✿ ✻ ❛ ✶✷ s❡♠❛♥❛s
■♥❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣ós ❞❡❢❡✐t♦✿ ▼❚❚❋✿ ✷✶ ❛♥♦s ✭t❡♥❞❡♠✮ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛✿
✶ ❛ ✹ ❤♦r❛s ✾✽✪
❉❡❢❡✐t♦s✿ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s✿ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s✿
❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✺✵✪ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✻✺✪ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✻✵✪
s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✷✺✪ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✶✵✪ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✷✹✪
❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✴❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✶✺✪ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✽✪ ❢ís✐❝♦s ✶✻✪
♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✶✵✪ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✼✪
✷✳✸ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❡♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ♦✉ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♦✉ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❬✶✾❪ ❬✷✵❪✿
✶✳ ❘❡✢❡t✐r ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s r❡❛✐s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❞✉✲ r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
✸✵
❙❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ q✉❡ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✳
❛✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❣❛t❡✲❧❡✈❡❧ st✉❝❦✲❛t ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡✜♥❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡✴♦✉ s❛í❞❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❛s ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❵✵✬ ✭st✉❝❦✲❛t✲③❡r♦✮ ♦✉ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❵✶✬ ✭st✉❝❦✲❛t✲♦♥❡✮✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s st✉❝❦✲❛t sã♦ ❡♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡✴♦✉ s❛í❞❛s ❡st✐✈❡ss❡♠ ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s ❡ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❵✵✬ ✭st✉❝❦✲❛t✲③❡r♦✮ ♦✉ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❵✶✬ ✭st✉❝❦✲❛t✲♦♥❡✮ ❬✶✽❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❙t✉❝❦✕❛t ❬✷✵❪✳
❜✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❧❤❛ ❚r❛♥s✐st♦r✲▲❡✈❡❧ ❙t✉❝❦ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡✢❡t❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦r✲ t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①❛t♦ ❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s ❡♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ◆▼❖❙ ✭◆❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❈❤❛♥♥❡❧ ▼❡t❛❧✲❖①✐❞❡ ❙❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r✮ ❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r tr❛♥s✐st♦r ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r st✉❝❦✲♦♥ ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ st✉❝❦✲s❤♦rt✮ ♦✉ st✉❝❦✲♦✛ ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ st✉❝❦✲♦♣❡♥✮ ❬✶✽❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❚r❛♥s✐st♦r✕▲❡✈❡❧ ❙t✉❝❦ ❬✷✵❪✳
✸✶
❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦rt❛ ▼❖❙❋❊❚ ✭▼❡t❛❧ ❖①✐❞❡ ❙❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r ❋✐❡❧❞ ❊✛❡❝t ❚r❛♥s✐s✲ t♦r✮ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❵✶✬ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s ◆❋❊❚❙ ✭◆❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ▼❡t❛❧ ❖①✐❞❡ ❙❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r ❋✐❡❧❞ ❊✛❡❝t ❚r❛♥s✐st♦r✮ ♦✉ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❵✵✬ ❡♠ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s P❋❊❚❙ ✭P♦s✐t✐✈❡ ▼❡t❛❧ ❖①✐❞❡ ❙❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉❝t♦r ❋✐❡❧❞ ❊✛❡❝t ❚r❛♥s✐st♦r✮✳
❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛rá ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛♥s✐st♦r ❡st❡❥❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐♥❞♦✳ ❏á ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s st✉❝❦✲♦✛✱ ❡❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦rt❛ ▼❖❙❋❊❚ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❵✵✬ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s ◆❋❊❚ ❡ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❵✶✬ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s P❋❊❚✱ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ tr❛♥s✐st♦r ♥✉♥❝❛ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐rá✳
❝✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❜r✐❞❣✐♥❣ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♦✉tr♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉rt♦s ❡♥tr❡ tr✐❧❤❛s ❡ r♦♠♣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ tr✐❧❤❛s ✭tr✐❧❤❛s ❛❜❡rt❛s✮✳ ❊st❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❛ ✭♦✈❡r❡t❝❤✐♥❣✮ ♦✉ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ✭✉♥❞❡r✲❡t❝❤✐♥❣✮ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❱▲❙■ ✭❱❡r② ▲❛r❣❡ ❙❝❛❧❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥✮ ♦✉ P❈❇ ✭♣r✐♥t❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉✐t ❜♦❛r❞✮✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❜r✐❞❣✐♥❣ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ❆❙■❈s ✭❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐t✮ ❡ ❋P●❆s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t✲❆◆❉✴❖❘ ❜r✐❞❣✐♥❣✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s tr❛♥s✐st♦r✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❡ ❜r✐❞❣✐♥❣ r❡✢❡t✐r❡♠ ♠❛✐s ✜❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✱ s✉❛ ❡♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s é ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢❛❧❤❛s st✉❝❦✲❛t ❬✶✽❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❜r✐❞❣✐♥❣ ❬✷✵❪✳
✸✷
t✐♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐♥❛✐s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❬✷✶❪✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✲s❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✈❡r ♦✉ ✉♥❞❡r✲❡t❝❤✐♥❣ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛ ▼❖❙❋❊❚s ❝♦♠ ❝❛♥❛✐s ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❡str❡✐t♦s ♦✉ ❧♦♥❣♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞♦s✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❧❛② ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡ ❡①♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢❛❧❤❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❡①✐st✐r ♥♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ é ✈❡r✐✜✲ ❝❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐♥❛✐s ♥♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✢✐♣✲✢♦♣s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♣r✐♠ár✐❛s ❡ ✢✐♣✲✢♦♣s ❡ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✢✐♣✲✢♦♣s ❡ s❛í❞❛s ♣r✐♠ár✐❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✈❡r✐✜✲ ❝❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛✱ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢❛❧❤♦✉✳
❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❧❛② ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ✈❡t♦r❡s✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✈❡t♦r ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✈❡t♦r ❣❡r❛ ❛ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❬✶✽❪✳
❞✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✈❡rs✉s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❱▲❙■ ♦✉ P❈❇ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s✳ P❛r❛ ✐❧✉str❛r ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r❡③❛✱ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s ✈❡rs✉s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ ♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ◆ ♣♦rt❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ s❛í❞❛s✱ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ st✉❝❦✕❛t ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡♠✉❧❛r ✸◆✕✶ ❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s ✷◆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❆ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr❛♥s✐st♦r✲❧❡✈❡❧ st✉❝❦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✇✐r❡❞✕❆◆❉✴❖❘ ♦✉ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t ❜r✐❞❣✐♥❣✳ ❏á ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t✕ ❆◆❉✴❖❘ ❜r✐❞❣✐♥❣ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ s✐♠✉❧❛r ✺◆✕✶ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ♥♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✹◆ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❣❛r❛♥t❡ s✉❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❬✶✽❪✳
✷✳✹ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✲
♠❡♥t♦
✸✸
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✿ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❬✶✺❪✳
▼❡❞✐❞❛ ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦
❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦❀ é ❛ss✉♠✐❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡✳
✭❢❛✐❧✉r❡ r❛t❡✱ ❤❛③❛r❞ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❤❛r③❛r❞ r❛t❡✮
▼❚❚❋ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ❛té ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦✳ ✭♠❡❛♥ t✐♠❡ t♦ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡✮
▼❚❚❘ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ✭♠❡❛♥ t✐♠❡ t♦ r❡♣❛✐r✮
▼❚❇❋ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ✭♠❡❛♥ t✐♠❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡✮
❊st❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s sã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡st❛t✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❖s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✳
❆ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❡✴♦✉ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ é ♠❡♥s✉r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ é ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❡✴♦✉ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳ ❯♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉s✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ é ❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❛ ❜❛♥❤❡✐r❛✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❡st❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r três ❢❛s❡s✿
❛✮ ▼♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✿ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❢r❛❝♦s ❡ ♠❛❧ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s❀ ❜✮ ❱✐❞❛ út✐❧✿ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s❀
❝✮ ❊♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✿ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡s✳
❖s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ só ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ út✐❧✱ q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦♠ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡❝r❡s✲ ❝❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✳ P❛r❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♠♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✱ ♦s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s r❡❝♦rr❡♠ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✉r♥✲✐♥✱ ♦♥❞❡ é ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛ ❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❢r❛❝♦s s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡s s✉❜st✐t✉í❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❥á s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡r❛♠ à ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ♠♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✳
