P♦♥t✐❢í❝✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❛tó❧✐❝❛
❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s
❊st♦❝ást✐❝♦s ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠
❯▼▲
❋❡❧✐♣❡ ❇❛r♣ ◆❡✉✇❛❧❞
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦
❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♠❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡
▲❡♠❡❧❧❡ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❘♦✈❛❧❞♦ ❡ ■✈❡t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❛ ▼❛r❧❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❤♦❥❡✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ❜❛✲ s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ três ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s✿ ❝♦♠ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❊st♦❝ást✐❝♦s ❡ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛✳ ❖s t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ sã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛s ❢❛s❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡stá ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♥t♦✳ ❆s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ❝✉st♦s❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r✳ ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠❛s ❡①✐❣❡♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡✱ ❜❛s✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ❜② t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✿ ❙tr❡ss ❚❡st✐♥❣✱ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦r ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝ ▼❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ♦r ◗✉❡✉✐♥❣ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❙tr❡ss ❚❡st✐♥❣ ✐s ❛♥ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ❜✉t ❝♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦♥ ✜♥❛❧ ♣❤❛s❡s ♦❢ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ✐s ❛❧♠♦st ✜♥✐s❤❡❞✳ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ♣❤❛s❡s ♦❢ ❛ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ❜✉t ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❛t ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦st✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ ❛ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r✳ ❚❤❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡r ♣❤❛s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss t♦♦✱ ❜✉t t❤❡② r❡q✉✐r❡ ❛ ❝r❡❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❯s❡ ❈❛s❡s ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦s ❬✶❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✶ ✲ ❙❛❝❛r ❉✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ✸✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❆❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ✶ ❞♦ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✶ ✲ ❙❛❝❛r
❉✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ✷ ❞♦ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✶ ✲ ❙❛❝❛r
❉✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✸ ✲ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛r ❙❛q✉❡ ✳ ✹✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✸ ✲ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛r ❙❛q✉❡ ✳ ✹✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✹ ✲ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❙❛❧❞♦ ✳ ✹✷ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✾ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✹ ✲ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❙❛❧❞♦ ✹✷ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✺✳✶ ✲ ❘❡❝❡❜❡r P❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦
❡♠ ❈❤❡q✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✺✳✷ ✲ ❘❡❝❡❜❡r P❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦
❡♠ ❉✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✻ ✲ ❉❡♣♦s✐t❛r ❉✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ✹✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❯❈✻ ✲ ❉❡♣♦s✐t❛r ❉✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ✹✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ■♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✺❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇❛♥❝ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❊● ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❖s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❯❈✶ ❡ ❯❈✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✼ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❊● ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❖s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❯❈✶ ❡ ❯❈✸ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✽ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❊● ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❇❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✾ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❊● ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥ã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✵ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❊● ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲
❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❯❈✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✷ ❯♠ ❘❛♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❊● ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦r ✷✱✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❊● ❝♦♠ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✹ ❊● ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✺ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦❞♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❯s✉ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✻ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✼ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ❋♦r❦ ❡ ❏♦✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✽ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ❊● ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✾ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦ ❞♦ ❊● ❙✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸✳✶ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
❊● ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ●r❛♣❤ ✲ ●r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦
P❊P❙ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❊✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❙②st❡♠s ✲ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧♦s
◗◆ ◗✉❡✉❡ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✲ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛
❙❆◆ ❙t♦❝❛st✐❝ ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s ✲ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❊st♦❝ást✐❝♦s
❙P❊ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✲ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉❡✲ s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✿ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
✶✼
✷✳✶ ❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❆t♦r❡s✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✶✳✶✳✷ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✶✳✶✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ❞❡ ❯s♦✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❊str✉t✉r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss❡s✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✳✷✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✳✸✳✶ ◆ós✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✶✳✸✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ■♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✿ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ◗◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❖❜t❡r ♦ P❡r✜❧ ❞♦s ❯s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❖❜t❡r ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭❊●✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❯s❛r ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ✷✸ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❖❜t❡r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✷✳✺ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛r ♦ ❊● ❡ ❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✸ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❊st♦❝ást✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✿ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
✸✶
✸✳✸ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ P❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ❯s✉ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✹ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛s ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✺ ❆❞✐çã♦ ❞❛s Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥♦s ◆♦❞♦s ❇r❛♥❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✻■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✼ ❆❞✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❊● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✽ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ ❯s✉ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✾ ❆❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✵ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✵ ✸✳✶✶ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ❊● ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷ ✸✳✶✷ ❈♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❙❆◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✺
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✿ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦
✻✾
✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✾ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❙❆◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✿ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s
✼✼
❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✼✾
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✿ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
✽✶
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇✿ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❊●
✽✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡❧ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡st❡s ❡ ❡✈✐t❛r s✉r♣r❡s❛s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❬✹❪✳ ❆s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s✱ ❤♦❥❡✱ ❢❡✐t❛s sã♦✿ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝✉st♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♥ã♦ tã♦ ❝✉st♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛ ♥❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡ ♥❡♠ tã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛s ❤♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛ sã♦ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦s✳ ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s sã♦ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❬✽❪✱ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❊st♦❝ást✐❝♦s✱ ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈✳ ❊st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡❣✉✐r ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
◆♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❝r✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❯▼▲ q✉❡ é ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣♦r ■✈❛r ❏❛❝♦❜s♦♥✱ ❏❛♠❡s ❘✉♠❜❛✉❣❤ ❡ ●r❛♥❞② ❇♦♦❝❤✱ ❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❖▼● ❬✾❪✳ ❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠ ❯▼▲ ❝♦♥tê♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭❝♦♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ s❡✉s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✮✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✭❝♦♠ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛t♦r❡s ❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✮ ❡ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭♥ós ❡ s✉❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s✮✳
❆s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❯▼▲ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♠✐♥ú❝✐❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡st❛ ✐❞❡♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠ ❯▼▲ ❬✹✱ ✼✱ ✺❪✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✹
❈♦rt❡❧❧❡ss❛ ❡ ▼✐r❛♥❞♦❧❛ ❬✹❪ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ♣♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♦s ❞✐❛✲ ❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ❙✉❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ é ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s ✭♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❡ s✉❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s✮✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❧✐❣❛✳
❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦rt❡❧❧❡s❛ ❡ ▼✐r❛♥❞♦❧❛ é ❜❡♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✲ ✇❛r❡ ❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r♠♦s s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❬✹❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✶✱
❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❯▼▲✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡✳ ❙❡ ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛s✱ ❤á ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡r✲s❡✲á ♦❜t❡r ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❝✐❞✐r ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛✱ ❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♠ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐✲ ❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❞❡✐①❛ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛r❛s✱ ❛♦ ❛♥❛❧✐st❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛s ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✐s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❛ ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ ♣✐♦r❡s ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦s ❡ ❝♦rr♦❜♦r❛ ❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❛❝❡rt❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳
◆♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦rt❡❧❧❡ss❛ ❡ ▼✐r❛♥❞♦❧❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ✭❊●✮
✷ ❬✶✹❪ ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡ sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✳ ❯♠ ❊●✱ ♥♦
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡❧❡s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❊● ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❙❡ ❢♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❊● r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❊● r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♠ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♦ ❊● ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✜♥✐t♦s ❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❡st♦❝ást✐❝♦s ✭❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❆✉t♦♠❛t❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ✲ ❙❆◆✮❬✶❪✱ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❞♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✳
P❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ❙❆◆✱ ♦♥❞❡ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s
✶❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦✉ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠
✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ◆ã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❡ r❡❞❡s✳ ❊st❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ♦✉ ❋ís✐❝❛
✷♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊● ♥ã♦ s❡rã♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊st❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞♦s
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✺
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
✷✳✶ ❯▼▲
❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❯▼▲ ❢♦✐ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ●r❛♥❞② ❇♦♦❝❤✱ ❏❛♠❡s ❘✉♠❜❛✉❣❤ ❡ ■✈❛r ❏❛❝♦❜s♦♥ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ sã♦ ❡❧❛s ❖❜❥❡❝t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ✲ ❖❖❙❊ ❬✻❪✱ ❖❜❥❡❝t ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✲ ❖▼❚ ❬✶✷❪ ❡ ❇♦♦❝❤ ❬✷❪✳ ❊st❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❢♦✐ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❖▼● ✭❖❜❥❡❝t ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ●r♦✉♣✮ ❬✾❪ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ❯▼▲ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ✉♥✐✜❝❛r ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦✈♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛trá✈❡s ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ✈✐sõ❡s ♦✉ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✿ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❢ís✐❝♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❯♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈✐sõ❡s ❡ ❛ss✐♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r✱ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❆ ❯▼▲ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♥♦✈❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❬✸❪✳ P❛r❛ ♠♦♥t❛r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s três ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡ sã♦ ❡❧❡s✿ ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ✐♠✲ ♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✳ P♦r ❡st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡s s❡rã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s✳ ❆ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❯▼▲✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✧❯▼▲ ●✉✐❛ ❞♦ ❯s✉ár✐♦✧❬✾✱ ✸❪✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ✶✽
✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧
◆❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s s✉❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛s r❡✲ ❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡ ❛t♦r❡s✳ ◆❡st❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❛t♦r❡s✱ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❞✐❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡ ❛t♦r❡s s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡st❡s s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❡♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✳
✷✳✶✳✶✳✶ ❆t♦r❡s✿
❖s ❛t♦r❡s ♠♦❞❡❧❛♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡✳ ❯♠ ❛t♦r ♣♦❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦✉ ✉♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❊st❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t✉❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ tr♦❝❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❡stí♠✉❧♦s✳ ❊❧❡s ♠♦❞❡❧❛♠ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛♣é✐s ❛ss✉♠✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❬✻❪✳
✷✳✶✳✶✳✷ ❈❛s♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦✿
❯♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ é ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛t♦r ❬✸❪✳ ❯♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r✿
• ❯♠ ♥♦♠❡✿ é ✉♠❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❛❧❢❛♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ q✉❡ é ú♥✐❝♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
• ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦✿ é ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ t❡①t✉❛❧ ❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✳
• Pré✲❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✿ sã♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✲
✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✳ P♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st✐r ♣ré✲❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦✳
• Pós✲❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✿ sã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ✈á❧✐❞❛s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❝❛s♦
❞❡ ✉s♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✳
• ❋❧✉①♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦✿ ❯♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ é ✉♠❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛ss♦s✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s
t❡①t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ✶✾
✷✳✶✳✶✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ❞❡ ❯s♦✿
❯♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ é ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❡stã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❛t♦r❡s ❡ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ P♦❞❡♠ ❡①✐st✐r r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡ ❛t♦r❡s✱ ❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❛t♦r❡s ♦✉ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦✳ ❆s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡ ❛t♦r sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦✳ ❆s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡ três t✐♣♦s✿ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦✱ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❊①✐st❡✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❡st❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛t♦r❡s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❊str✉t✉r❛❧
❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❯▼▲ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ s❡✉s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s✳
✷✳✶✳✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss❡s✿
❯♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ é ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❛tr✐❜✲ ✉t♦s✱ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❬✸❪✳
✷✳✶✳✷✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛✿
❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ❛t♦r❡s✳ ❊st❡s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❯▼▲ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✈✐sõ❡s✳ ◆❛ ✈✐sã♦ ✭♦✉ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✮ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛♠ ❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ❛t♦r❡s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳ ❊st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ sã♦ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡st❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
✷✳✶✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛
◆❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✱ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ✜s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦✱ ❡st❛rá ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✳
✷✳✶✳✸✳✶ ◆ós✿
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ✷✵
✷✳✶✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✿
❯♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ é ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛ ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❬✸❪✳ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s✱ ♣❛❝♦t❡s✱ ❡t❝✱ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❖s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ◆❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❡st❡s s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r q✉❛✐s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡✈❡rã♦ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛s ❡ ❡♠ q✉❛✐s ♥ós ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
✷✳✶✳✸✳✸ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ■♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✿
❖s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♥ós ❡ ❛s ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❊st❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ós✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ♦s ♥ós✳
◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ sã♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦s ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❯s❡ ❈❛s❡✱ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♥❛❧❤❛✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r ❡ r❡♣❛ss❛ ❡st❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❯▼▲
✷✳✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ◗◆
❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❛q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ♣❛ss♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♥❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s s❡çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✿
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ✷✶
t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭✉s❡ ❝❛s❡✮ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✳
❖❜t❡r ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭❊●✮✿ ♥❡st❡ ♣❛ss♦✱ ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❡st❛s sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ●r❛♣❤✳ ❚✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡①✐st✐rá ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ s❛✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ ■♥✐t ✭♥♦❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ✉♥s ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♦❝♦rr❡✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✳
❈♦♥str✉✐r ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ✿ ❖ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②❡♠❡♥t r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r♦❞❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊✱ é ❞❡st❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛s ✜❧❛s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✳
❆ss✐♥❛❧❛r ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❊● ✿ ◆♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞♦ ❊● ❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✱ ♥❡st❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞♦s ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s✳
❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❊● ❡ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ✿ ❖ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♣❛ss♦✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✱é ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❛s ✜❧❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ✭❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s✮✳ ❊st❡s sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞♦ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❖❜t❡r ♦ P❡r✜❧ ❞♦s ❯s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛
❖ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s❡r ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ✭❛t♦r✮ ❛♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡❧❡ ❛❝❡ss❛r ❝❛❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❆s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s sã♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡ é ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✭✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s✮✱ ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✭❛t♦r❡s✮✳ ❊st❡ ♣❛ss♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♦❜t❡r ❡st❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡r ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳
❆s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛❝❡ss❛r❡♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❛❝❡ss❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡r ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦✱ s❡rã♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❆ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛t♦r❡s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣✭✐✮ ✭s❡♥❞♦ ✐ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❡♥tr❡ ✭✶✳✳❆✮✮ é ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛t♦r ✐ ❛t♦r s❡r ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❛❝❡ss❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❖ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣✭✐✮ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✶✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
a
i=1
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ✷✷
P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛t♦r ✐ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s ❡①✐st✐rá ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ P✐❥ ❞❡st❡ ❛t♦r ✐ ❛❝❡ss❛r ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛ ♥❛ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡ ❥✱ ❝❛s♦ ♥ã♦ ❤❛❥❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛t♦r ❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡✱ ❡st❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ③❡r♦✱ ♠❛s ❝❛s♦ ❤❛❥❛ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s ❞❡✈❡rá s❡r ❡♥r✐q✉❡✲ ❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳❙❡♥❞♦ ✉ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s P✐❥✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❥ ❂ ✭✶✳✳✉✮✱ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶✱ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛t♦r ✐✱ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ❡st❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛t♦r✳
u
j=1
P(ij) = 1
◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r♦❜✲ ❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳❆♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛t♦r✱ ❡stá ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛❝❡ss❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳❈♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ é ✉♠ ❛t♦r ú♥✐❝♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❝❡❜❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶✳◆♦s ❛r❝♦s ❡stã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❛t♦r ❛❝❡ss❛r ❛s ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❯s❡ ❈❛s❡s ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
❈♦♠♦ ❡st❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡s ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜t❡r✱ ❛❣♦r❛✱ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭✉s❡ ❈❛s❡✮ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ✭❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❛❝❡ss❛♠✮✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❛❧ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳❊ss❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✐ ❛t♦r❡s ✭♣✭✐✮✮✱s❡♥❞♦ ✐❂ ✶ ❛té ❆ ✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡ ✐és✐♠♦ ❛t♦r ❛❝❡ss❛r ❛ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡ ① ✭P✭✐①✮✮✳
A
i=1
p(i)∗P(ix)
✷✳✷✳✷ ❖❜t❡r ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭❊●✮
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ✷✸
❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❋♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❬✹❪ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥t❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❯▼▲✳
❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ■♥✐t q✉❡ é ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ç♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛rt❡♠✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ✐rá ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❊●✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✐rá ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠á✲❧❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ s❡rá ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ t✉♣❧❛ ✭❧✱ ❆✶✱ ❆✷✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❧ é ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ❆✶ é ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✷ é ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛✳ ❊①✐st✐rá✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ✉♠ t✉♣❧❛ ✭❧✬✱ ❆✷✱ ❆✶✮ q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❆✶✳
❖s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s✿ ❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛♣❡✲ ♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❡ ✉♠ r❡t♦r♥♦ é ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ❛s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❡♥tã♦ é ❛❣✉❛r❞❛❞♦ ♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❬✹❪✳
❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆✳ ◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✶ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♦s ♥♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ tr❛❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r❛♠ ❡♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❥á ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ s❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ é ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳
❈❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s é ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ s❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦ ♥♦ ❊●✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡st❡ ♥♦✈♦ ♥♦❞♦ s❡r✐❛ ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ❙❡ ❡①✐st✐r✱ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛✲s❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♥♦❞♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ❈❛s♦ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦✱ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ s✉❜ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ s❡rá ❝r✐❛❞❛✮✳
◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s✱ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛ s❡r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ q✉❡ é ♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r❦ ❡ ❥♦✐♥ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✧❡❧s❡✧q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ♥♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✷ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦ ❛♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆
❆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✱ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ●r❛♣❤s ❡st❛rá ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✳ ◆♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✱ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛
✷✳✷✳✸ ❯s❛r ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s
❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ✷✹
❆s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ sã♦ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ é ♥❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡rã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✹✳
❆ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱♣♦✐s ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✱❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ sã♦ ♠❛♣❡❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ q✉❡ ✐rá ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❛ r❡❞❡✳
❖ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✜❧❛s é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t✳ ❙❡ ❡st❛s ❢♦r❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡❧❛② ♥❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦✱q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ✭❧❛tê♥❝✐❛✮✳ ❆ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s♦❢r❡r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❥✉st❡s✱q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳
P♦r ❡st❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱✜❝❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱❜❛st❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝r✐❛r✲s❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❛ s✉❛ tr❛❞✉çã♦✱♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✳
✷✳✷✳✹ ❖❜t❡r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊●
❆♣ós ❣❡r❛r ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦✱t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❊●✳ ❊st❡s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❣❛st♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ✭❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❊●✮✳
P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ s❡rá ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❡stá✳ ❙❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❳ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❨ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ é ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❳ ❝❤❛♠❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❩ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r r❡♠♦t♦✳
❖ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ✈❛✐ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛✳ ❖s t❡♠♣♦s ❡♠ s✐ sã♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛ t❡rá q✉❡ ♦❜t❡r ♦✉ ❡st✐♠❛r✳
❆♣ós ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞♦s ♦s t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❣♦r❛ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞❛s ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡r✳ ❙❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡✱❡♥tã♦✱✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✶✱♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ✷✺
❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦✳ ❙❡ ❡ss❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦r ♥♦r♠❛❧✲ ✐③❛❞❛✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♥t❡r ✈❛❧♦r ♦♥❞❡ s✉❛ s♦♠❛ s❡❥❛ ✶✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡✱ ❡st❛ é ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✳ ❆ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ s❡rá✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛ ❞❛ ✉s❡ ❝❛s❡✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✶✱ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✭♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✮ ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ r❡❝é♠ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛
P❛r❛ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛r ❡st❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛♦ ❊● ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r✱ q✉❡ ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ t❡♠ ♥♦❞♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❤❛✈❡rá ✉♠❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡ é ♥❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ♦♥❞❡ s❡rã♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞❛s ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♣ós ❛ss✐♥❛❧❛❞❛s t♦❞❛s ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♦✉ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ✷✻
❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡st❡ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦✱ é ♦ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛s ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ s❡❣✉✐rã♦ s❡✉ ✢✉①♦ ♣❡❧♦ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ s❡❧❡çã♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♣❛rá❣r❛❢♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♥♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡st❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡rá ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❛♠✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳
✷✳✷✳✺ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛r ♦ ❊● ❡ ❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛ ❣❡r❛❞♦s
❈♦♠ ♦ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ●r❛♣❤ ♣♦❞❡♠✲s❡ ♦❜t❡r✱ ♥❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ❊s♣❡r❛✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❊①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ●r❛♣❤ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❆ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛q✉✐ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✶✺❪ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❝✉rs♦ ✭✜❧❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s✮ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ♥♦❞♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❊● ❡ s♦♠á✲❧❛s ♣♦♥❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s t♦t❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡rá ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❊● é ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❡ ❛ ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ✜❧❛ ♥❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✷✳✷✳✸✳ ◆♦t❡✱ q✉❡ ❡①✐st✐rã♦ ♥♦❞♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛rã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s sã♦ ③❡r❛❞♦s✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ✉♠ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ❣r❛♣❤ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡❧❡✳
❈♦♠ ❡st❛ t❛❜❡❧❛✱ ❛❣♦r❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r ♦s ♥♦❞♦s ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ q✉❡ é ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛✲s❡ ❛♦ ♥♦❞♦ ■♥✐t✱ ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♦ ♥♦❞♦ ♣❛✐✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❛♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ s♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♥❛ t❛❜❡❧❛✱ ❛té ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ s❡rá ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❛♦ ♥♦❞♦ ■♥✐t ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡st❛rã♦ ✜♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s r❛♠♦s ❞❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r✱ ♣♦✐s ♥❡st❡s ♣♦♥t♦s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ r❛♠♦ sã♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ r❛♠♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❛♠♦s ❞❛ s❡❧❡çã♦✳
❖ ♥♦❞♦ ■♥✐t ❝♦♥té♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐t❡r❛çõ❡s ♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r❡♠ ♦ s♦♠❛tór✐♦ ❡st❛rá ❝♦♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛✳
