❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✿ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❡
❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
●❡❛♥ ❈❛r❧♦s ❙♦✉s❛ ●♦♥③❛❣❛
●♦✐â♥✐❛
TERMO DE CIÊNCIA E DE AUTORIZAÇÃO PARA DISPONIBILIZAR AS TESES E DISSERTAÇÕES ELETRÔNICAS (TEDE) NA BIBLIOTECA DIGITAL DA UFG
Na qualidade de titular dos direitos de autor, autorizo a Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) a disponibilizar, gratuitamente, por meio da Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações (BDTD/UFG), sem ressarcimento dos direitos autorais, de acordo com a Lei nº 9610/98, o do-cumento conforme permissões assinaladas abaixo, para fins de leitura, impressão e/ou down-load, a título de divulgação da produção científica brasileira, a partir desta data.
1. Identificação do material bibliográfico: [X] Dissertação [ ] Tese 2. Identificação da Tese ou Dissertação
Autor (a): Gean Carlos Sousa Gonzaga
E-mail: geanmaf@gmail.com
Seu e-mail pode ser disponibilizado na página? [X]Sim [ ] Não Vínculo empregatício do autor Professor da RME de Goiânia
Agência de fomento: Sigla:
País: Brasil UF:Go CNPJ:
Título: Teorema de Napoleão: origem, demonstrações e propriedades
Palavras-chave: Afinidade, Barlotti, Napoleão, Regularidade, Transformações Rígidas Título em outra língua: Theorem of Napoleon: source, demonstrations and properties Palavras-chave em outra língua: Affinity, Barlotti, Napoleon, Regularity, Rigid
Trans-formations
Área de concentração: Matemática do Ensino Básico
Data defesa:(05/08/2015) 05 de Agosto de 2015 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Profmat UFG
Orientador (a): Profª Drª Ivonildes Ribeiro Martins Dias E-mail: ivonildes.ufg@gmail.com
Co-orientador (a):*
E-mail:
*Necessita do CPF quando não constar no SisPG
3. Informações de acesso ao documento:
Concorda com a liberação total do documento [X] SIM [ ] NÃO
Havendo concordância com a disponibilização eletrônica, torna-se imprescindível o en-vio do(s) arquivo(s) em formato digital PDF ou DOC da tese ou dissertação.
O sistema da Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações garante aos autores, que os ar-quivos contendo eletronicamente as teses e ou dissertações, antes de sua disponibilização, receberão procedimentos de segurança, criptografia (para não permitir cópia e extração de conteúdo, permitindo apenas impressão fraca) usando o padrão do Acrobat.
Gean Carlos Sousa Gonzaga
________________________________________ Data: 16/ 08 / 2015 Assinatura do Autor
aplicações
aplications
●❡❛♥ ❈❛r❧♦s ❙♦✉s❛ ●♦♥③❛❣❛
❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✿ ♦r✐❣❡♠✱
❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ■✈♦♥✐❧❞❡s ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❉✐❛s
●♦✐â♥✐❛
Ficha catalográfica elaborada automaticamente
com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a), sob orientação do Sibi/UFG.
Gonzaga, Gean Carlos Sousa
Teorema de Napoleão: Origem, Demonstrações e Aplicações [manuscrito] / Gean Carlos Sousa Gonzaga. - 2015.
LXXXIII, 83 f.
Orientador: Profa. Dra. Ivonildes Ribeiro Martins Dias.
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Matemática e Estatística (IME) , Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática, Goiânia, 2015.
Inclui lista de figuras.
1. Afinidade. 2. Barlottri. 3. Napoleão. 4. Regularidade. 5.
Transformações Rígidas. I. Dias, Ivonildes Ribeiro Martins , orient. II. Título.
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳ ➱ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r ❡ss❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦ss❡❣✉✐r ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ❣❛✲ ♥❤❛r ✉♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦ ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛çã♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ❙✉❡❧❡♥ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ●♦♥③❛❣❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡st❡③❛ ❡ ❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ♣r♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ■✈♦♥✐❧❞❡s ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❉✐❛s✱
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡♠ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❤✐stór✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐✲ t✉❛✐s✱ ❡♥❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡✳ ◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s ♥♦✲ çõ❡s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛✱ ❞❡ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r✱ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❘í❣✐❞❛s✱ ❞❡ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❆✜♥s✳ ◆♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❞❡♠♦♥s✲ tr❛çõ❡s✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ✭❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐✮✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡
❆✜♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐✱ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✱ ❘❡❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❘í❣✐❞❛s
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ❛❞❞r❡ss❡s t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♦❢ ◆❛♣♦❧❡♦♥ ♦♥ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧✱ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦❝✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛s ✇❡❧❧✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ ❛r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r② ❛♥❞ ◆❛♣♦❧❡♦♥ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❜✐♦❣r❛♣❤②✳ ■♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛r❡ ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ♥♦t✐♦♥s ♦❢ P❧❛♥❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr②✱ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❆❧❣❡❜r❛✱ ♦❢ ❘✐❣✐❞ ❚r❛♥s✲ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈♦♠♣❧❡① ◆✉♠❜❡rs ❛♥❞ ❘❡❧❛t❡❞ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❝❤❛♣t❡r✱ st❛t❡♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✱ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥s ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠✮✱ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s
❆✣♥✐t②✱ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐✱ ◆❛♣♦❧❡♦♥✱ ❘❡❣✉❧❛r✐t②✱ ❘✐❣✐❞ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❙✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✷ ❘❡✢❡①ã♦ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✸ ❘❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦s ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✹ ❚r❛♥s❧❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ r❡t❛ ❆❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✺ ❘♦t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✻ ❘❡✢❡①ã♦ ❞❡s❧✐③❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✼ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❧❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✽ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❡♠ ❡✐①♦s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✾ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❡♠ ❡✐①♦s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✵ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ três r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❡♠ ❡✐①♦s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✶✶ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ três r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❡♠ ❡✐①♦s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ três r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❡♠ ❡✐①♦s ♥❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ♥❡♠ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✷✻ ✷✳✶✸ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s r♦t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✹ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ tr❛♥s❧❛çã♦ ♦r❞❡♠ ❡ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✷✽ ✷✳✶✺ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s rí❣✐❞❛s ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✶✻ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s rí❣✐❞❛s ✉♥✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✸✳✶ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ♣♦r s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✷ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ♣♦r s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✸ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✹ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❛r❝♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✺ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣♦r r♦t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✻ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✼ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚❤é❜❛✉❧t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✽ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✾ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦r♦❧ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✸✳✶✵ ❈♦✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✶✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❜❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s ❡ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❛✜♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✶✷ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✶✸ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ❛△ABC ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✸✳✶✹ P♦♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ♥❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❡ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✺ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✶✻ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❤❡①á❣♦♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✶✼ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✶✽ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦❧✐❣♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
❙✉♠ár✐♦
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❍✐stór✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✸
✶✳✶ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✿ ❞❡ ❆❥❛❝❝✐♦ ❛té ❙❛♥t❛ ❍❡❧❡♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✷ ❊r❛ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✿ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ Pr❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ✶✷
✷✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❚❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡♠ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷ ❊s♣❛ç♦s ❱❡t♦r✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ▲✐♥❡❛r❡s ♥♦ P❧❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❘í❣✐❞❛s ♥♦ P❧❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❘í❣✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛s ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❘í❣✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✺ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❆✜♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❡ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✸✶ ✸✳✶ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s Pr♦♣♦st❛s ❛♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❙❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❱✐❛ ❆r❝♦s ❈❛♣❛③❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✶✳✹ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❘♦t❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✶✳✺ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❘♦t❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✳✻ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❍♦♥s❜❡r❣❡r ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✳✼ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❙✐♥tét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❍♦♥s❜❡r❣❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✶✳✽ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚❤é❜❛✉❧t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✸✳✷ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦✿ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦r♦❧ár✐♦ ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✸ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❉❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✸✳✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❘❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦s ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✸✳✷ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ■♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ◆❛s ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ■♥✲
t❡r♥❛ ❡ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✸✳✸ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ P❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✸✳✹ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❊q✉✐❧át❡r♦ ❈✐r❝✉♥s❝r✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✸✳✺ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s P♦♥t♦s ▼é❞✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✸✳✻ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❍❡①á❣♦♥♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✹ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ●❡✲
♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✹✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❍❡①á❣♦♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✹✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦s n P♦♥t♦s ❞❛ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✸✳✹✳✸ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✹✳✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ▲✐♥❤❛ P♦❧✐❣♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✻✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✻✻
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ r❡✈❡❧❛ ♥✉❛♥❝❡s ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❛s ❛rt❡s ❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❥✉❧❣❛✈❛ q✉❡ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❥á ❡st✐✈❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í❞❛✱ s✉r❣❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ●ré❝✐❛ ❆♥t✐❣❛ ❬✶✼❪✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ s❡❥❛ ✉♠ ❢❛♠♦s♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛❞♦r✱ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ♣♦✉❝♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♦✉ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛✳
❖ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ é ❢❛s❝✐♥❛♥t❡ ♣♦r t❡r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ r❛r❛ ❞❡ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ✭♣♦r ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❣❡♦✲ ♠❡tr✐❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛❞❥✉♥t❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❤❡❜❛✉❧t ❡ ❇❛r❧♦tt✐ ✭❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ t❡①t♦✮ ❡ ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❑✐❡♣❡rt ✭♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❈♦①❡t❡r ❬✶✻❪✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✱ ♠♦str❛♠ ❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ t❡ór✐❝❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ tã♦ ♣♦❧ê♠✐❝❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❜✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✭❧❡♠❜r❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❣ê♥✐♦ ❡ ❣❡♥♦❝✐❞❛✮ é ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢❛♠♦s♦ ✐♠♣❡r❛❞♦r ❛♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡✳ P❛r❛ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❈r✐❧❧② ❬✶✼❪✮ ❛ss♦❝✐❛r ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❛♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐✲ ❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ ♣❛ss❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✉♠❛ ❧❡♥❞❛✳ ❆♦ ♣❛ss♦ q✉❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ▼❡❞✐♥❛ ❬✸✸❪✮ ♥ã♦ só ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ■♠♣❡r❛❞♦r ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ❛s ✐♥s♣✐r❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦✳
❚♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❡ s✉❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ó❜✈✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❘í❣✐❞❛s✱ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❈♦♠♣❧❡✲ ①♦s✱ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❆✜♥s✳ ❈♦♠ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡✱ ♦ t❡①t♦ ❢♦✐ s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ três ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳
◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛ç❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ tr❛❥❡tó✲ r✐❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❡ s✉❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❞❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛ ✭❝♦♠ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s
❞❡ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❛s ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ♦r✐❣❡♥s ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ s❡r ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞♦ ■♠♣❡r❛❞♦r✳
◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❙❡✲ ♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r✱ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❘í❣✐❞❛s✱ ◆ú✲ ♠❡r♦s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❆✜♥s✳
◆♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡✲ ♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ss❡ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞♦s t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚❤é❜❛✉❧t ❡ ❇❛r✲ ❧♦tt✐ ✭♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✮ ❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ s♦♠❛♠✲s❡ ❛ q✉❛tr♦ r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ P❧❛♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡ ◆ú♠❡r♦s ❈♦♠✲ ♣❧❡①♦s✱ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ♦❧✐♠♣í❛❞❛s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❍✐stór✐❝❛ ❞♦
❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦
❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❡stá ❞✐r❡t❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✳ ❆ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❚♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ▼❛r①✐st❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❡ss❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ s♦❜ ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ P✐❧❡tt✐ ❬✸✻❪✳ ◆❡st❛ ♣❡rs✲ ♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❤✐st♦r✐♦❣rá✜❝❛✱ ♦s ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ s❡ s✉❝❡❞❡♠ ❡ s♦❜r❡♣õ❡♠✱ ❞❡ s♦rt❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♥tr❛❞✐çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❧❛♥ç❛♠ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❛✉❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦✿ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈♦ s✉r❣❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛s✐át✐❝♦❀ ❞❡st❡ s✉r❣❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r❛✈✐st❛❀ ❞❡st❡ s✉r❣❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❢❡✉❞❛❧ ❡❀ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❞❡st❡ s✉r❣❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐st❛ ✭♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❚♦t❛❧✱ ✈❡❥❛ P✐❧❡tt✐ ❬✸✻❪✮✳
➱ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐st❛ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡♠ ❛s ❞✐s♣✉t❛s ♣♦✲ ❧ít✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❜✉r❣✉❡s❡s ❡ ♥♦❜r❡s✱ ❝♦♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ✈✐tór✐❛s ❞❛ ❜✉r❣✉❡s✐❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s r❡✈♦❧✉çõ❡s✿ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❡ ❘❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❛✳ ➱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t✉r❜❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞♦ ❆♥t✐❣♦ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ✭❝♦♠♦ ❡r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ ♠♦♥❛rq✉✐❛ ❛❜s♦❧✉t✐st❛ ❢r❛♥❝❡s❛✮ ❛té ❛ r❡st❛✉r❛çã♦ ♠♦♥árq✉✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡stá s✐t✉❛❞❛ ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❣ê♥✐♦s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ❞♦ ❖❝✐❞❡♥t❡✿ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡✳
✶✳✶ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✿ ❞❡ ❆❥❛❝❝✐♦ ❛té ❙❛♥t❛ ❍❡❧❡♥❛
❈❡rt♦ ❞✐❛✱ ♥✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❝❛♣❡❧❛ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♠♦♥t❛♥❤♦s❛ ❞❛ ❈órs❡❣❛✱ ▲❡t✐③✐❛ ❇♦♥❛✲ ♣❛rt❡ ❧❡✈❛✈❛ s❡✉ ✜❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❜❛t✐③❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ ♣❛❞r❡ ❥✉❧❣❛✈❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ✜❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▲❡t✐③✐❛ t❡r✐❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ s❡✉s ♥♦♠❡s✱ ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ à ❱✐r❣❡♠ ▼❛r✐❛✳
▼❛s ❛ ❥♦✈❡♠ t✐♥❤❛ ♦✉tr❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ✿ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ s❡r✐❛ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❤♦♠❡♥❛❣❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s t✐♦s ❞❡ ▲❡t✐③✐❛ q✉❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ ♠♦rr✐❞♦ ❛ ♣♦✉❝♦✱ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❢r❛♥❝❡s❡s✳ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡r❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦ ♠árt✐r ❝r✐stã♦ ❛❧❡①❛♥❞r✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✢❛❣❡❧❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❡r❛❞♦r r♦♠❛♥♦ ❉✐♦❝❧❡❝✐❛♥♦ ❬✶✽❪✳
◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛✈❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ✈✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t♦✱ ❛♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ♦ ❛♣❡❧✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❛❜✉❧✐ã♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❥❛r ❝♦rs♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥tr♦♠❡t❡ ❡♠ t✉❞♦✳ ❊r❛ ❛❣r❡ss✐✈♦ ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s r♦❧❛✈❛ ♥♦ ❝❤ã♦ ❞♦ ❥❛r❞✐♠ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ✭❞❡③❡♥♦✈❡ ❛♥♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❡❧❤♦✮ ❡ ❛s ✈❡③❡s ❣❛♥❤❛✈❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✳
❈♦♥t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦✐t♦ ❛♥♦s ❡❧❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✉ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❢❛③❡♥❞❡✐r♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ♠♦✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦✉ ❛s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♠♦í❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ s❡♠❛♥❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈❛r ❛s ♠ós ❬✶✽❪✳
❆s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❞❛ ❈órs❡❣❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❛té s❡r ♥♦❜r❡s ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❡r❛♠ r✐❝♦s ♥❡♠ t✐♥❤❛♠ ♣r✐✈✐❧é❣✐♦s✳ ❊r❛♠ ❝♦rr❡t♦s✱ ❛❢❡t✉♦s♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❞❛r❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❛s ❝❡rt❡③❛s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠✐❞❛✱ ❛♠✐❣♦s ♦✉ r♦✉♣❛s✳ ▲❡t✐③✐❛ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✈❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♥♦❜r❡ ❝♦rs♦ ❞❡✈✐❛ s❡r ❛❧t✐✈♦ ❡ ❢♦rt❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ♣r✐✈❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♣♦❜r❡③❛✳ P♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❡③❡s ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡ ♦ ✐r♠ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♠❛ s❡♠ ❥❛♥t❛r✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦r ❝❛st✐❣♦ ♦✉ ♣r✐✈❛çã♦ ♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❢♦rt♦ s❡♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r✳ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❝r❡s❝❡✉ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♥♦❜r❡s ❡ s❡r✈♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ s❡✉s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♥❛ ✐♥❢â♥❝✐❛ ❡r❛♠ ♦s ✜❧❤♦s ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t❡ ❬✶✽❪✳
❆ s♦rt❡ ❞♦s ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ♠✉❞♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝♦rs♦s ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r❛♠ ❈❛r❧♦ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ✐❧❤❛ ♥❛ ❝♦rt❡ ❞❡ ▲✉✐s ❳❱■✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♣ô❞❡ ❡str❡✐t❛r ❧❛ç♦s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐❧❤❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛ s✐✳
▼❡s♠♦ ✈✐✈❡♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♥❢♦rtá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❝♦rs♦s ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♥♦✈❡ ❛♥♦s✱ ❝♦st✉♠❛✈❛ tr♦❝❛r ♣ã❡s ❜r❛♥❝♦s ♣♦r r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❧❞❛❞♦ ♣♦✐s q✉❡r✐❛ s❡ ❛❝♦st✉✲ ♠❛r ❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❛té ♥❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ◆❛t❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✼✼✽✱ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❞❡s❡♠❜❛r❝♦✉ ♥❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦ ❡♥❢r❡♥t♦✉ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ❢r❛♥❝❡s❛✳
◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡st✉❞♦✉ ♥❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ▼✐❧✐t❛r ❞❡ ❇r✐❡♥♥❡✱ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✐r♠ã♦s ▲♦✉✐s ❡ ❏❡❛♥ ❇❛♣t✐st❡ ❇❡rt♦♥✱ ❛♠❜♦s ❢r❛❞❡s ❢r❛♥❝✐s❝❛♥♦s✳ ❍á três ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♥❛ ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ♣♦r ❇r✐❡♥♥❡✿ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝❛st✐❣♦ ❡❧❡ s❡ r❡❝✉s♦✉
❤✐st❡r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s❡ ❛❥♦❡❧❤❛r ❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦❀ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❡❧❡❜r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡r✐❛❞♦ ❡❧❡ ♣r♦✐❜✐✉ ❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❞♦ ③❡❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛r ♥❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ s❡♠ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡❀ ❡ ♦ ❥❛r❞✐♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣❧❛♥t♦✉ ❛♥❡①❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❤♦rt❛s ❞♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❢❡③ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ r❡❢ú❣✐♦ ❝♦rs♦✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ é ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✱ ♦ ❥♦✈❡♠ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ♥✉tr✐✉ ❞✉❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣❛✐①õ❡s ♥♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❡♠ ❇r✐❡♥♥❡✿ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ❍✐stór✐❛✳ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r ❞❛ ♠♦r❛❧ ❝r✐stã ❡ ❞♦s ❞♦❣♠❛s ❝❛tó❧✐❝♦s✳ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ s❡r♠ã♦ ♥❛ ❝❛♣❡❧❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡♥❢✉r❡❝❡✉✲s❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r❡❣❛❞♦r ❛✜r♠♦✉ q✉❡ ❏ú❧✐♦ ❈és❛r ❡st❛✈❛ ♥♦ ✐♥❢❡r♥♦ ❡ ✈♦❝✐❢❡r♦✉ s❡r ❛❜s✉r❞♦ ❝♦♥❞❡♥❛r ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❜r✐❧❤❛♥t❡s ❤♦♠❡♥s ❞❡ ❘♦♠❛ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❢é q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s❡q✉❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r❛✳ ❆♣ós ❇r✐❡♥♥❡✱ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❢♦✐ ❡st✉❞❛r ♥❛ ➱❝♦❧❡ ▼✐❧✐t❛✐r❡ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♥♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛✐✱ ❈❛r❧♦ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡✱ ❢❛❧❡❝❡✉✳
❆ ❞❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❞r❛♠❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ●❡♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ❍✐stór✐❛✱ r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❈❛rt♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡ s♦❢rí✈❡❧ ❡♠ ▲í♥❣✉❛ ❆❧❡♠ã✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐✉ ♦ ♣r❡♣❛r❛tór✐♦ ✉♠ ❛♥♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ❛ ♣❛t❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❞❡③❡ss❡✐s ❛♥♦s ♥♦ ❊①ér❝✐t♦✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ❆rt✐❧❤❛r✐❛✳
❆♣ós ✉♠ ❛♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ♥♦✈❛t♦ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❛ss✉♠✐✉✱ ❡♠ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✼✽✻ ♦ ♣♦st♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✲t❡♥❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✳ ❙✉❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ✐♥❝❧✉í❛ ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ❞❡ ❛rt✐❧❤❛r✐❛ ✭❝❛♥❤õ❡s✮ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛♥❤ã ❡ ❛✉❧❛s s♦❜r❡ ❜❛❧íst✐❝❛ à t❛r❞❡✳ ❆ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛rt✐❧❤❛r✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s ✈❡♠ ❞♦ t❛❧❡♥t♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❆❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❡ô♠❡tr❛ ❡ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❢r❛♥❝ês ●❛s♣❛r ▼♦♥❣❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❝♦♠❡ç❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✐♥❢❡r❡ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✳
❖ ❥♦✈❡♠ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❝♦rs♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ♣❛tr✐♦t✐s♠♦ ❡ s❡♥s♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✈❡r✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧❡❛❧❞❛❞❡ à ♠♦♥❛rq✉✐❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞♦ ❆♥t✐❣♦ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❡ ♦ ♠♦✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❜❛♥❞❡✐r❛s ❡ ✐❞❡♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❧✐❜❡r❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❘❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❛ ❝♦♥t❛✈❛ ❝♦♠ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s ✜❧❡✐r❛s✳ ❊ss❡ ❥♦✈❡♠ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❡ ♠✐❧✐t❛♥t❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❡r❛ ❞♦t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❛r♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦✱ s❡♥s♦ ♣rát✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❥✉st✐ç❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ❈órs❡❣❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✳
❆ ❆ss❡♠❜❧❡✐❛ ❘❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ✭q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜❛r❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦s ♠♦♥❛r❝❛s ❢r❛♥❝❡s❡s ❛ t♦✲ ♠❛r ♦ ♣♦❞❡r✮ ❡r❛ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❣✐r♦♥❞✐♥♦s ✭❧✐❜❡r❛✐s ♠♦❞❡r❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ♥❛ ❆ss❡♠❜❧é✐❛✮✱ ❥❛❝♦❜✐♥♦s ✭❧✐❜❡r❛✐s ❡①❛❧t❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♥❛ ❆ss❡♠✲ ❜❧é✐❛✮✱ ❡ ♣❧❛♥í❝✐❡ ✭❜✉r❣✉❡s❡s r✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✐❞❡♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐st❛s✱ q✉❡ s❡ s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ❛♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ♥❛ ❆ss❡♠❜❧é✐❛✮ ❬✷✹❪✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦s ✐❞❡❛✐s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♠❛✐s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦s ❥❛❝♦❜✐♥♦s ❞❡s❛❣r❛❞❛r❡♠ ♦s ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞♦r❡s ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❣✐r♦♥❞✐♥♦s ❡ ♣❧❛♥í❝✐❡ ❢♦r♠❛✈❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❡ ♥❡✉tr❛❧✐③❛r ♦s r❡❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❣✐r♦♥❞✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❆ss❡♠❜❧❡✐❛ ❧❡✈♦✉ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❥❛❝♦❜✐♥♦s ❛ s❡
r❡✈♦❧t❛r❡♠ ❡ t♦♠❛r❡♠ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r✳ ■♥st✐t✉✐✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ r❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥ár✐❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❚❡rr♦r ❏❛❝♦❜✐♥♦✳
◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡r❛ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❞♦ ✐r♠ã♦ ♠❛✐s ♥♦✈♦ ❞❡ ❘♦❜❡s♣✐❡rr❡✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧í❞❡r ❥❛❝♦❜✐♥♦ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞♦ ❚❡rr♦r✱ ❡ ❡r❛ r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❧í❞❡r❡s ❞❛ ❘❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✳ ▼❛s ❡st❛✈❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥t❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢r❡♥❡s✐ ❞❡ ♣❡rs❡❣✉✐çõ❡s ❛♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❣❛❜✐♥❡t❡ ❞❡ ❘♦❜❡s♣✐❡rr❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✱ ❝✉❧♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❧í❞❡r❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❘❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❉❛♥t♦♥ ❡ ▲❛✈♦✐s✐❡r✳
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❡①❛❣❡r♦s ❞♦ ❚❡rr♦r ❢♦r❛♠ ❛s ❣✉❡rr❛s ❝✐✈✐s r❡❜❡❧❞❡s ❡♠ ▼❛rs❡❧❤❛✱ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡♣❛r❛t✐st❛ ❡♠ ❈órs❡❣❛ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❘♦❜❡s♣✐❡rr❡ ❡ s✉❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥❞❡♥❛çã♦ à ♠♦rt❡ ✭✈❡❥❛ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✮✳
❖ ♥♦✈♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ✈✐❛ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♠ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❡ ❤❛✈✐❛ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ♠♦✈✐❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✲t❡♥❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥❡♥t❡✲❝♦r♦♥❡❧ ❡ ❜r✐❣❛❞❡✐r♦✲❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❡♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s✱ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❛♥♦s ❞♦ ❚❡rr♦r✳
➱ ❞✐❣♥♦ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛ q✉❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ é ♦ ♠❛✐s ❥♦✈❡♠ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦♠♦✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❡①ér❝✐t♦ ❡✉r♦♣❡✉ ♠♦❞❡r♥♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✈✐♥t❡ ❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙✉❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❧❡❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❡ rá♣✐❞❛ ❛s❝❡♥sã♦ ♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❢♦rtá✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❞❡♥❛❞♦ ❛ ♣r✐sã♦ ❞♦♠✐❝✐❧✐❛r ♣♦r s❡✐s ♠❡s❡s ❡ t❡✈❡ s✉❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♥❛ ❚✉rq✉✐❛ ♥❡❣❛❞❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❤❛✈✐❛ s✐❞♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❣✉❡rr❛ ❝✐✈✐❧ ♣❛r❡❝✐❛ s❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛r✳
❙❡♥❞♦ ❞❡❢❡♥s♦r ❢❡r✈♦r♦s♦ ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ s❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠♦✉ ❞♦ ❧í❞❡r ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧✐st❛s P❛✉❧ ❇❛rr❛s✳ ❆ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇❛rr❛s s✉s❝✐t♦✉ ❞✉❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♠✉✲ ❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✿ ❡❧❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛✈❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡st✐❣✐❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✉ ❛ r✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①❝ê♥tr✐❝❛ ❘♦s❡ ❏♦s❡♣❤❡ ❚❛s❝❤❡r ✭❏♦s❡♣❤✐♥❡✮✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ s❡ ❝❛s❛r✐❛ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥♦ ❞❡♣♦✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ♦ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❞❛s tr♦♣❛s ❢r❛♥✲ ❝❡s❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ■tá❧✐❛ ✭❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✮✳ ◆❛ ■tá❧✐❛ ❡❧❡ ❞❡rr♦t♦✉ ❛s tr♦♣❛s ❞❡ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ■■ ❞❛ ➪✉str✐❛ ❡ ❱✐t♦r ❆♠❛❞❡✉ ■■■ ❞❡ P✐❡♠♦♥t❡ ✭■tá❧✐❛✮✳
❊♠ P❛r✐s✱ ♦ ❉✐r❡tór✐♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥✜❛✈❛ ❞❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ♦✉s❛❞❛ ❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❝♦rs♦ ❡ t❡♠✐❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦♠♦çã♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ✈✐tór✐❛s ❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛♥❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❝♦r❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❛③✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ s❡✉s s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛❞♦s ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠✐t♦ ❞♦ ❣ê♥✐♦ ✐♠❜❛✲ tí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡✿ ✈✐tór✐❛s ✐♠♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s✱ ♠❛r❝❤❛s ❢♦rç❛❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡s✱ ❡s❝❛r❛♠✉ç❛s ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✢❛♥❝♦ rá♣✐❞♦s ❡ ❜r✐❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✱ ♦s ❡①ér❝✐t♦s ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ♥ã♦ só ❞❡rr♦t❛r❛♠ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡ ♠❛✐s ❛♣❛r❡❧❤❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ ❢❛③❡r ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐s✐♦♥❡✐r♦s ❛♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ❜❛✐①❛s✳
❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝❡r ♦ ❉✐r❡tór✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ s❡r✐❛ ♠❛✐s ♣r✉❞❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡✜❝❛③ ❝♦♥✲ q✉✐st❛r ♦ ❊❣✐t♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ t❡♥t❛r ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ■♥❣❧❛t❡rr❛✳ ❖ ❊❣✐t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❛✐✉
❢r❡♥t❡ ❛s ♠♦❞❡r♥❛s tr♦♣❛s ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✳ ❆ ❝❛♠♣❛♥❤❛ ❞♦ ❊❣✐t♦ ❞❡✐①❛r✐❛ ❞✉❛s ♠❛r❝❛s ♥❛ ❍✐stór✐❛✿ ❛ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ P❡❞r❛ ❞❡ ❘♦s❡t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❢r❛♥❝ês ❏❡❛♥ ❋r❛♥ç♦✐s ❈❤❛♠♣♦❧✐♦♥ ✭♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❤✐❡r♦❣❧í✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❊❣✐t♦✮ ❡ ❛ ❞❡str✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♥❛r✐③ ❞❛ ❊s✜♥❣❡ ❞❡ ●✐③é ♣♦r tr♦♣❛s ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ✭✈❡r ♠❛✐s ❡♠ ●r✐♠❜❡r❣ ❬✷✹❪✮✳ ❆♥✲ t❡s ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❊❣✐t♦✱ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐♦✉ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s q✉❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r✐❛ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡♥❝✐❝❧♦♣é❞✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❊❣✐t♦✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛ ●r✐♠❜❡r❣ ❬✷✹❪✱ ❡♠ ✾ ❞❡ ◆♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✼✾✾✱ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❞❡rr✉❜♦✉ ♦ ❉✐r❡tór✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s tr♦♣❛s ❡ ❞♦s ❣✐r♦♥❞✐♥♦s✳ ❆ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ✜❝❛r✐❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ●♦❧♣❡ ❞❡ ✶✽ ❇r✉♠ár✐♦✳ ❚✐♥❤❛ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❊r❛ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ três ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❈♦♥s✉❧❛❞♦ ✭✶✼✾✾✲✶✽✵✹✮✱ ■♠♣ér✐♦ ✭✶✽✵✹✲✶✽✶✺✮ ❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞♦s ❈❡♠ ❉✐❛s ✭✶✽✶✺✮✳
❖ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥s✉❧❛❞♦ s✉❝❡❞❡✉ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❉✐r❡tór✐♦✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐ss❡ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❞♦✐s ❝ô♥s✉❧❡s ✭❘♦❣❡r ❉✉❝♦s ❡ ❊♠❛♥✉❡❧ ❙✐❡②ès✮ ❡❧❡ ❡r❛ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝ô♥s✉❧ ❞❛ ❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❈♦♥s✉❧❛❞♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡s r❡❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❡ r❡❧✐❣✐♦s❛ ✭✈❡r ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✮✳ ❖✉tr❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ r❡❢♦r♠❛ s❡ ✈♦❧t❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❬✶✽❪✳
❯♠ ♣❧❡❜✐s❝✐t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✽✵✹ r❛t✐✜❝♦✉ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♥❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ■♠♣ér✐♦✳ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦r♦❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❈❛t❡❞r❛❧ ❞❡ ◆♦tr❡✲❉❛♠❡ ❡♠ ✷ ❞❡ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♥♦✳ ❙✐♠❜♦❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ■❣r❡❥❛✱ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ t♦♠♦✉ ❞♦ ♣❛♣❛ P✐♦ ❱■■ ❛ ❝♦r♦❛ ❡ s❡ ❛✉t♦♣r♦❝❧❛♠♦✉ ✐♠♣❡r❛❞♦r ✭❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ●r✐♠❜❡r❣ ❬✷✹❪✮✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❝♦r♦♦✉ ❏♦s❡♣❤✐♥❡ ✐♠♣❡r❛tr✐③✳
◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ♥ã♦ t❛r❞♦✉ ❡♠ ❝r✐❛r s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝♦rt❡✿ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✱ ♦✜❝✐❛✐s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s✱ ❜✉r✲ ❣✉❡s❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛✐s ✭❤✐st♦r✐❛❞♦r❡s✱ ✜❧ós♦❢♦s✱ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ à ❘❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✮ ✭❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❬✶✽❪✮✳ ◆♦ s❡✉ ❛✉❣❡✱ ❡♠ ✶✽✶✷✱ ♦ ■♠♣ér✐♦ ◆❛✲ ♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝♦ ❡st❡♥❞✐❛✲s❡ ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛ ❖❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧ ❡ s✉❛s ❝♦❧ô♥✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ t❡rç♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳
❆s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❣✉❡rr❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ ❡♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛s ♣♦r ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ s✉❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❞❡❧❡ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞♦✉tr✐♥❛ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✶✳
❈♦♠♦ r❡❛çã♦ à ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ✐♥✐♥t❡rr✉♣t❛ ❞♦ ■♠♣ér✐♦ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝♦✱ ❛ ■♥❣❧❛t❡rr❛ ❝r✐♦✉ ✶❚❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♥✐q✉✐❧❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛✈❛ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛
❝♦♠ ❛s ❜❛t❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❛tr✐t♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❢♦❝♦ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s✿ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❛♥✐q✉✐❧❛r ❡①ér❝✐t♦s ❡ s✉♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡r❛ ♦❝✉♣❛r ♦s t❡rr✐tór✐♦s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ❡ss❛ ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❇❡r♥❛r❞✐♥♦ ❬✺❪✳
❝♦♠ ❛s ♥❛çõ❡s ❡✉r♦♣❡✐❛s r❡st❛♥t❡s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛❝t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧✐❛♥ç❛s ♣❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r ❞❡t❡r ♥♦✈♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝♦s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠ ➪✉str✐❛✱ Prúss✐❛ ❡ ❘úss✐❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ s✉❛ r✐✈❛❧ ❡r❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ♥❛✈❛✐s ❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s✱ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ■ ❞❡❝r❡t❛ ✉♠ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛❧ à ■♥❣❧❛t❡rr❛✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❢❛♠♦s❛ ❜❛t❛❧❤❛ ♥❛✈❛❧ ❞❡ ❚r❛❢❛❧❣❛r✭♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✱ ✈❡r ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✮✳
❋♦rç❛❞❛ ❛ r♦♠♣❡r ♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✱ ❛ ❘úss✐❛ ❢♦✐ ✐♥✈❛❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s tr♦♣❛s ♥❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝❛s ❡♠ ✶✽✶✷✳ ❚❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡♣♦r ♦ ❈③❛r ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ■■ ❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦ ❜❧♦q✉❡✐♦ ❛té ❛ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ r❡♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥❣❧❛t❡rr❛ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❝♦♠❛♥❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ s✉❛ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❆r♠❛❞❛ ✭❝♦♠♦ ❡r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♦ ❡①ér❝✐t♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✮ ❝♦♠ ✻✵✵✵✵✵ s♦❧❞❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ t❡rr✐tór✐♦ r✉ss♦ ✭❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ●r✐♠❜❡r❣ ❬✷✹❪✮✳
■♥❢❡r✐♦r❡s ❡♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♦s r✉ss♦s ❢✉❣✐❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧❡st❡✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❈③❛r ❤❛✈✐❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❡ ❝✐❞❛❞❡❧❛s ❢♦ss❡♠ q✉❡✐♠❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❢r❛♥❝❡s❡s ♥ã♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ s❡ ❛❜❛st❡❝❡r ♥♦ ✈❛st♦ t❡rr✐tór✐♦ r✉ss♦
✷✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡s❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧ à ●r❛♥❞❡ ❆r♠❛❞❛ ❡r❛ ♦ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦ ♣♦✐s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s r✉ss♦s
❡st❛✈❛♠ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ♣♦❧❛r❡s ❡ t✐♥❤❛♠ tr♦♣❛s ❞❡ r❡t❛❣✉❛r❞❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s r✐❣♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡st❡♣❡s ✭❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✮✳
❈♦♠ ❡①ér❝✐t♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✵✵✵✵ ❤♦♠❡♥s ♦s r✉ss♦s ✈❡♥❝❡r❛♠ ❛ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❆r♠❛❞❛✳ ❙✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡✲ ❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❢r❛♥❝❡s❡s ❞❡s❝♦♥t❡♥t❡s ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r s❡t♦r❡s ❞❛s ❜✉r❣✉❡s✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛ ♥♦❜r❡③❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♠ ✉♠ ❣♦❧♣❡ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✳ ❋♦rç❛❞♦ ❛ ✈♦❧t❛r ♣❛r❛ P❛r✐s✱ ◆❛✲ ♣♦❧❡ã♦ r❡❛ss✉♠❡ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♠❛s ♣♦r ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆♣♦✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❘úss✐❛ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s ♦❝✉♣❛❞♦s r❡♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r❛♠ s✉❛s tr♦♣❛s ❡ ✐♥✈❛❞✐r❛♠ ❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛✳
❋♦rç❛❞♦ ❛ ❛❜❞✐❝❛r ♣❡❧♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❚r❛t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❋♦♥t❛✐♥❡❜❧❡❛✉ ✭✶✽✶✹✮ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ r❡✲ ❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❞♦ ♥❛ ■❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❊❧❜❛ ✭❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✮✳ P♦✉❝♦ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ✭❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✶✽✶✺✮✳
❊❧❡ ✐♥✈❛❞✐✉ P❛r✐s ❡ r❡❝♦♥q✉✐st♦✉ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ♣♦r ❝❡♠ ❞✐❛s✱ ❛♦ ✜♠ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧✐✲ ❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr♦♣❛s ♣r✉ss✐❛♥❛s ❡ ✐♥❣❧❡s❛s ♦ ❞❡rr♦t❛♠ ♥❛ ❢❛♠♦s❛ ❇❛t❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❲❛t❡r❧♦♦ ✭♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❲❛t❡r❧♦♦✱ ✈❡r ❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪✮✳
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❛ ❞❡rr♦t❛ ❡♠ ❲❛t❡r❧♦♦ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❡①✐❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✐❧❤❛ ❛❢r✐❝❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛ ❍❡❧❡♥❛ ❡♠ ✶✺ ❞❡ ❖✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✶✽✶✺✳ ❖ ✐♠♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡♣♦st♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡①í❧✐♦ ♣♦r ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ✜é✐s s❡❣✉✐❞♦r❡s✳ ➱ ♥❛ ■❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛ ❍❡❧❡♥❛ q✉❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❛té ❛ ♠♦rt❡ ✭✶✽✷✶✮✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ●r✐♠❜❡r❣ ❬✷✹❪✳
❈r♦♥✐♥ ❬✶✽❪ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉✐❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❛ ❜❡♠ ♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❡ ✷❡ss❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s tr♦♣❛s ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ✐♥✈❛s♦r é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ❙❡❝❛✱
❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❇❡r♥❛❞✐♥♦ ❬✺❪
❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♦ ■♠♣❡r❛❞♦r t✐♥❤❛ ♣r❛③❡r ❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥tá✲❧♦ ❡ ❞❡♠♦♥strá✲❧♦✳
➱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥♦✉ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛✲ ♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❥♦r♥❛❧ ❜r✐tâ♥✐❝♦ ✭✶✽✷✺✮✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❈r✐❧❧② ❬✶✼❪✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ❜r✐tâ♥✐❝♦s ♠❛♥t✐♥❤❛ ❛ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛ ❍❡❧❡♥❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ ❡①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❡ s❡✉s ♣❛rt✐❞ár✐♦s✱ é ❜❡♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ♠❡s✲ ♠♦s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s t❡♥❤❛♠ ❡♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❡①♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✳
✶✳✷ ❊r❛ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✿ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛✲
♣♦❧❡ã♦
❆❧é♠ ❞❛s ❥á ❝✐t❛❞❛s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ♥❛s❝❡♥t❡s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❊❣✐♣t♦✲ ❧♦❣✐❛ é ❞✐❣♥❛ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s❛ ❡❢❡r✈❡s❝ê♥❝✐❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠❡❛r❛♠ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ❘❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❋r❛♥❝❡s❛ ❡♠ s✐ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❊r❛ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝❛✳
❆ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❊r❛ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ô♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ●❛r❜✐ ✭✈❡r ❬✷✷❪✮ t❡❝❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❞✐③❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣♦ss✉í❛ t❛❧❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ s❡✉ ❣ê♥✐♦ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❡ ♥♦tá✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✜❝❛r❛♠ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡♥❝❡r ❜❛t❛❧❤❛s✳
●❛r❜✐ ✭✈❡r ❬✷✷❪✮ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✐♥❢❡r❡ q✉❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ t❡r✐❛ t✐❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ♥ã♦ ❢♦ss❡♠✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ❛ ❛♠❜✐çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❣ê♥✐♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❡r❛r ♠❛✐s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s q✉❡ s✉❛s ❛♣t✐❞õ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ót✐❝❛ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✲♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❣♦st❛r ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❢r❛♥❝❡s❛ ❝♦♠♦ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣❡✱ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✱ ▲❡❣❡♥❞r❡✱ ❋♦✉r✐❡r✱ ▼♦♥❣❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❢❛❧❛✈❛♠✳
❈r✐❧❧② ✭✈❡r ❬✶✼❪✮ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ♥♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s t❡r♠♦s✿ ✏❡♠ q✉❛❧✲ q✉❡r tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ABC tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❧❛❞♦ ❡✱ ❛
♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s s❡✉s ❝❡♥tr♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ DEF✳ ❖ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡
◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ABC ♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ DEF ❡q✉✐❧át❡r♦✏✳
❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❈r✐❧❧② ✭✈❡r ❬✶✼❪✮ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛ q✉❡ ♦ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❥♦r♥❛❧ ✐♥❣❧ês ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✽✷✺✱ ❛♣ós ❛ ♠♦rt❡ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦✳ ❖ ❛✉t♦r r❡❧❡♠❜r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦ ♥❛ ❆❝❛❞❡♠✐❛
▼✐❧✐t❛r ❡ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❛s❝❡♥sã♦ ❛♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♠♦ ✐♠♣❡r❛❞♦r✱ ❡❧❡ ❡st❡✈❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡❧✐t❡ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❢r❛♥❝❡s❡s✳
◆❡st❡ ♣♦♥t♦✱ ❈r✐❧❧② ✭✈❡r ❬✶✼❪✮ ❧❛♥ç❛ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ é ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ❛ ❛❧❣✉é♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♦✉ s✉❛ ♣r♦✈❛✳ ❏á ●❛r❜✐ ✭✈❡r ❬✷✷❪✮ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ s❡✉ ♥♦♠❡ é ✉♠❛ ❧❡♥❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛✈❛ ❛ s✐ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡ ❣❡ô♠❡tr❛ ❛♠❛❞♦r✳
❊♠ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡s♣❛♥❤♦❧✱ ▼❡❞✐♥❛ ✭✈❡r ❬✸✸❪✮ r❡❧❡♠❜r❛ ❞♦✐s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ♦ ✈✐❣és✐♠♦ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ✭❏❛♠❡s ●❛r✜❡❧❞✮✸ ❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡✳ ❊ss❡
❛✉t♦r ❞á ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❛♦ ■♠♣❡r❛❞♦r ♣♦r r❡❧❡♠❜r❛r s✉❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r ●❛s♣❛r ▼♦♥❣❡ ✭q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ♥❛ ❊❝♦❧❡ ▼✐❧✐t❛✐r❡✮✱ P✐❡rr❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❏♦s❡♣❤ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣❡✳
▼❡❞✐♥❛ ✭✈❡r ❬✸✸❪✮ r❡❧❡♠❜r❛ ❞✉❛s ❤✐stór✐❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♠ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣❡✿ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❢❡③ ❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❈❡❧❡st❡ ❛♦ ■♠♣❡r❛❞♦r ❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ❢❡③ ❛ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣❡ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ▲♦r❡♥③♦ ▼❛s❝❤❡r♦♥✐✳ ✹
◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ▼❡❞✐♥❛ ❬✸✸❪✱ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❝♦♠❡♥t♦✉ q✉❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ✉♠ ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s♦ ❧✐✈r♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥♦✉ s❡✉ ❈r✐❛❞♦r✳ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✉ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t♦✉ ❞❡st❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ✭❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs♦ t❡r ✉♠ ❈r✐❛❞♦r✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r s❡✉s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s✳ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r✐❛ ❛♣ós s❛❜❡r ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛ q✉❡✱ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢♦r♠❛✱ é ✉♠❛ ❜❡❧❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡✳
❏á ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♦❝❛s✐ã♦ ▼❡❞✐♥❛ ✭✈❡r ❬✸✸❪✮ ❝♦♥t❛ q✉❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ▲❛❣r❛♥❣❡✱ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r✈é♠ ❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❛♠❜♦s ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▼❛s❝❤❡r♦♥✐✱ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❛♠✳ ❉✐③✲s❡ q✉❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t♦✉ ❡s♣❡r❛r ♠✉✐t❛s ❝♦✐s❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ■♠♣❡r❛❞♦r ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ▼❡❞✐♥❛ ✭✈❡r ❬✸✸❪✮ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛ ❡♥tã♦ q✉❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❞á ♥♦♠❡ ❛ ✉♠ t❡♦r❡♠❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼❡❞✐♥❛ ❬✸✸❪ ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ é ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▼❛s❝❤❡r♦♥✐ ❡ ✐ss♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ é ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡✳
✸Pr❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❊❯❆ ♣❡❧♦s s❡✐s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♠❡s❡s ❞❡ ✶✽✽✶✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ss❛ss✐♥❛❞♦✳ ➱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛
❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢❡③ ❛♦s ✶✻ ❛♥♦s ❞♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ P✐tá❣♦r❛s
✹▲♦r❡♥③♦ ▼❛s❝❤❡r♦♥✐ ✭✶✼✺✵ ✲✶✽✵✵✮ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ❡s❝r✐t♦r ✐t❛❧✐❛♥♦✳ ❙✉❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✲
çõ❡s ❞✐③❡♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡ ❧♦❣❛r✐t♠♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❡st✉❞♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♥❛ r✉♣t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❛r❝♦s ❡ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳
❆ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✳ ●❛r❜✐ ✭✈❡r ❬✷✷❪✮ ❡ ❈r✐❧❧② ✭✈❡r ❬✶✼❪✮ ♥ã♦ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡ é ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❞♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛✳ ❆♠❜♦s ♣♦ré♠ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ■♠♣❡r❛❞♦r t✐♥❤❛ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛s ♠❛✐s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞❛s ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡ ❞✐s♣ôs ❛ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛r ♥❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ▼♦♥❣❡✳✺
■ss♦ ❞✐t♦✱ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❝♦♠ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦ s❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐♦✉ ❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str♦✉ s❡✉ t❡♦r❡♠❛ é ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r s❡ ❡❧❡ t✐♥❤❛ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③ê✲❧♦✳ ❖ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ●❛r❜✐ ❬✷✷❪✱ q✉❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛ s✉❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥trár✐❛ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❇♦♥❛♣❛rt❡✱ ❞❡✐①❛ ❛♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ♦ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ◆❛♣♦❧❡ã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✈✐❛ ❞❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✈✐st♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ só ❛ ❛♣t✐❞ã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡①♣♦❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ■♠♣❡r❛❞♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢❛③✐❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛s✳
✺●❛s♣❛r❞ ▼♦♥❣❡ ✭✶✼✹✻ ✲✶✽✶✽✮✳ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❢r❛♥❝ês✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t✐✈❛ ❡ ♣❛✐ ❞❛
❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✳
