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Detecção de defeitos do tipo Resistive-Open em SRAM com o uso de lógica comparadora de vizinhança

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❋❡❧✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ◆❡✈❡s ▲❛✈r❛tt✐

❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦

❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❡♠ ❙❘❆▼ ❝♦♠

♦ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦r❛

❞❡ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛

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❋❡❧✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡ ◆❡✈❡s ▲❛✈r❛tt✐

❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥

❡♠ ❙❘❆▼ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦r❛

❞❡ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✱ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❛ P♦♥t✐❢í❝✐❛ ❯♥✐✲ ✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❛tó❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✳

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿

Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋❛❜✐❛♥ ▲✉✐s ❱❛r❣❛s

❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿

Pr♦❢✳

❉r✳

▲❡tí❝✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❇♦❧③❛♥✐ Pö❤❧s

P♦♥t✐❢í❝✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❈❛tó❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛

Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛

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❘❊❙❯▼❖

❖ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡ é ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s s❡♥❞♦ ♦s s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❝❤✐♣ ✭❙♦❈✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❙②st❡♠✲♦♥✲❈❤✐♣✮ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❧✐❝❡r❝❡s ❞❡ss❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ▼♦♦r❡✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡✈✐✉ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❙♦❈s ❞♦✲ ❜r❛r✐❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥♦✱ ❥á ❢♦✐ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛❞❛✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡ss❛ ❢♦rt❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❡ ❥✉♥t♦ ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❙♦❈s✳

❖s ❙♦❈s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛s ✭❱❉❙▼ ✲ ❱❡r② ❉❡❡♣ ❙✉❜✲▼✐❝r♦♥✮✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❛❧t❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✱ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥✱ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❡ss❛s ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①õ❡s✱ s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡♠ ♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❙♦❈s ❝♦♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡s❝❛♣❛r❡♠ ♦s t❡st❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛s✳

❆✐♥❞❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡çõ❡s ❞❛ ❙■❆ ❘♦❛❞♠❛♣✱ ❛ ár❡❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❘❆▼ s❡rá ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✾✺✪ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❙♦❈✳ ❊ s❛❜❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ♠❡♠ór✐❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①õ❡s✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s✳

❊ss❡s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡stát✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡stát✐❝❛s sã♦ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞❛s✳

❖s t❡st❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❢❡r✐r ❛ s❛ú❞❡ ❞♦s ❙♦❈s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ sã♦ ❤♦❥❡ ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥✳ ❖ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s é ♦ ▼❛r❝❤ ❚❡st✱ q✉❡ ❡❢❡t✉❛ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ♣♦r ✜♠ ❞❡t❡❝tá✲❧❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ é ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ♣♦rq✉❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ♠❛✐s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s s❡❥❛♠ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳

❖✉tr♦ t❡st❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ❝❤❛♠❛✲s❡ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ q✉✐❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✭t❡st❡ ❞❡ Iddq✮✱ ❡st❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛ ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❙♦❈ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛

✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r❡s ♥♦s s✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝❤✐♣ é ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❧✐♠✐❛r❡s ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦ ❝❤✐♣ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦ s♦❜ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡st❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s✱ ♥♦s s✐♥❛✐s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦r♥❡rs✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s ❢r✉t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛✳

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❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❙❘❆▼ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♥❞♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ♦r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦r❛ ♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛s três ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝✐t❛❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❧✐♠✐❛r❡s ♥ã♦ tê♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥❛r ❡st❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✳

❈♦♠ t✉❞♦ ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✲ t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❝❡r ❛s três ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✱ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ▼❛r❝❤ ❚❡st✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✭▲❈❱✮ q✉❡ t♦♠❛rá ♣❛r❛ s✐ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛✲ ♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐❛r❡s✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s✳

❆ ▲❈❱ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ ❛❝✉s❛ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ♦✉ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛r❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s s✉❛s ✈✐③✐♥❤❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡❢❡✐t✉♦s❛s✱ ❞❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ é ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❞❛ ♣ró✲ ♣r✐❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛✱ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✈✐♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞✐stúr❜✐♦ ❝❛✉s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥✱ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❤♦r❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞❛ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ ❙❘❆▼✳

◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ t❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ q✉❡ é ❞❡ ✶ ❜✐t ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✐♥❛❧ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦ ✭V dd ❡ Gnd✮ ❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❧s♦

✭P❲▼✮✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ▲❈❱ t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳

❆ ▲❈❱ ❡ ♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛✱ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ sã♦ ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ ♠❡✲ ♠ór✐❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❝✐t❛r s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳ ❖ ▼❛r❝❤ ❚❡st é ✉♠ t❡st❡ q✉❡ ❡❢❡t✉❛ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡st❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❡ r❡❝♦❧❤❡r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ▲❈❱✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❡❢❡t✉❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳

❆ ▲❈❱✱ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ▼❛r❝❤ ❚❡st ❥✉♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s s✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛r q✉❡ ♦♣❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s✳

P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ s❡ ♠♦str♦✉ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❛s 10 ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❡❢❡✐t✉♦s❛s ✭❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✮ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❙❘❆▼ ❞❡ 1Gbit✱ s❡♠ ❞❡✐①❛r ♣❛ss❛r ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❡❢❡✐t✉♦s❛ ♣❡❧♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉✲

(6)

❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚

❚❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ✇❡ ❧✐✈❡ t♦❞❛② ✐s ✈❡r② ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❙②st❡♠s✲ ♦♥✲❈❤✐♣ ✭❙♦❈✮ ❛r❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛❝t♦rs ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡✳ ❆s ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ▼♦♦r❡✬s ❧❛✇ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♦✉t♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤✐s str♦♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙♦❈s ❢♦r ❣r♦✇t❤✱ s♦ t❤❛t ♥❡✇ s✐❧✐❝♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❤❛s ❡♠❡r❣❡❞ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♥❡✇ ❢❛✉❧t ♠♦❞❡❧s t❤❛t ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡❞ t❤❡ r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s✳

❙♦❈s ❜✉✐❧t ✉s✐♥❣ ❱❡r② ❉❡❡♣ ❙✉❜✲▼✐❝r♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥✲ ♥❡❝t✐♦♥s✱ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦❝❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❡❢❡❝ts t❤❛t ♦❝❝✉r ♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥✲ ♥❡❝t✐♦♥s ✉♣ t♦ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ✇❤❡r❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❡❢❡❝ts ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❞❡❢❡❝t✐✈❡ ❙♦❈s ❡s❝❛♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣ t❡sts✳

❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❙■❆ ❘♦❛❞♠❛♣✬s ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❛r❡❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❙❘❆▼ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙♦❈ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ✾✺✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❛r❡❛✱ ❦♥♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥s t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♦❝❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❡❢❡❝ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❙❘❆▼ ❝✐r❝✉✐ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❙♦❈ r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t②✳

❲❤❡♥ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♦♥ ❙❘❆▼s ❝❡❧❧s✱ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡❢❡❝ts ❛r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❝❛✉s❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛♥❞ st❛t✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❛✉❧ts ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ✐ts s✐③❡✱ ✇❤❡r❡ st❛t✐❝ ❢❛✉❧ts ❛r❡ s❡♥s✐t✐③❡❞ ❜② ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛t t❤❡ ❙❘❆▼ ❝❡❧❧✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❛r❡ s❡♥s✐t✐③❡❞ ❜② t✇♦ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦st ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♠❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r✐♥❣ t❡sts ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❞❡❢❡❝t✐✈❡ ❙♦❈s ❛r❡ t♦❞❛② ✉♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❢❛✉❧ts ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ✇❡❛❦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❡❢❡❝ts✳ ▼❛r❝❤ t❡st ♣❡r❢♦r♠s ❛❝❝❡ss ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❡♠♦r② ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡♥t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s❡♥s✐t✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❞❡t❡❝t t❤❡♠ ❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ s❡♥s✐t✐③❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ❢❛✉❧ts✱ t❤✐s t❡st ✐s ♥♦t ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t t❤❡♠ ♣r♦♣❡r❧②✳

❆♥♦t❤❡r t❡st ✐s t❤❡ Iddq t❡st✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❞❡❢❡❝ts ❜② ♠♦♥✐t♦✲

r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❙♦❈ ✇❤✐❧❡ ✐t✬s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❡①❝✐t❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❦♥♦✇♥ ✈❡❝t♦r ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ ♦♥ ✐ts ✐♥♣✉ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✐s ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s ♦r t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r s✐♠✐❧❛r ❞❡✈✐❝❡ t❤❛t ✐s ❜❡✐♥❣ ❡①❝✐t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛②✳ Iddq t❡st ✐s ♥♦t ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤

t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ♣r♦❝❡ss ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s ♦r ❞❡❢❡❝ts ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡✳

❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛♥ ♦t❤❡r t②♣❡ ♦❢ t❡st ✉s✐♥❣ ❖♥✲❈❤✐♣ ❈✉rr❡♥t ❙❡♥s♦rs ✭❖❈❈❙✮ ✇✐t❤ ▼❛r❝❤ t❡sts t❤❛t ♣❡r❢♦r♠s ❝✉rr❡♥t ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙♦❈ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡♠ ✇✐t❤ ❛ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s❡t ❛ ✢❛❣ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❣❡ts ❤✐❣❤❡r ♦r ❧♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❡❞ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s✳ ❇❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ t❡st ✉s❡s t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❡❢❡❝ts t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❤❛♣♣❡♥ ✐♥ ❛♥② ♥♦❞❡✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥② s✐③❡✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❘❆▼ ❝❡❧❧ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ❛♥② ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❤✐❣❤❡r ♦r ❧♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❢❡❝t❧❡ss ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❡❧❧✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❞❡❢❡❝ts ✉s✐♥❣ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞s✳

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❖❈❈❙ ❛r❡ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ▼❛r❝❤ t❡st✱ ❜✉t ❛ ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t♦r ▲♦❣✐❝ ✭◆❈▲✮ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥s ✐ts❡❧❢✱ r❡♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❖❈❈❙ t❤❡ ♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❞❡❢❡❝ts✳ ◆♦✇ t❤❡ ❖❈❈❙ ✐s ♦♥❧② r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ s✐❣♥❛❧ t♦ ❛ ♦♥❡ ❜✐t P❲▼ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ s✐❣♥❛❧✳

■♥ t❤✐s ❢♦r♠✱ ♥♦ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡ ◆❈▲ ✇✐❧❧ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t ❝✉rr❡♥t ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✭❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡✮ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ❙❘❆▼ ❝✐r❝✉✐ts✱ ❜② ❝♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r✐♥❣ ❝❡❧❧s ❛♥❞ ❛❞♦♣t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❛s t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥❡✱ s♦ t❤❛t ✐t ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡t❡❝t t❤♦s❡ ❝❡❧❧s t❤❛t ❜❡❤❛✈❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛s ❞❡❢❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦♥❡s✳

❚❤❡ ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞✬s ❝❡❧❧s ❛r❡ ❡①❝✐t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❢♦r♠ ❜② t❤❡ t❡st ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠s ❛ ▼❛r❝❤ t❡st ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ❚❤❡ ◆❈▲✱ t❤❡ ❖❈❈❙ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ▼❛r❝❤ t❡st✱ t♦❣❡t❤❡r✱ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳

❆s r❡s✉❧t✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❤❛s s❤♦✇♥ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡10♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ❞❡❢❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝❡❧❧s ♦❢ ❛1Gbit❙❘❆▼ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤❛r❞❡st ❞❡❢❡❝t t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ✭s♠❛❧❧ ♦♥❡s✮✳ ◆♦

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▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❆▲●❖❘■❚▼❖❙

✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ▼❛r❝❤❙❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷ Ps❡✉❞♦✲❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▲❈❱✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♠❛r❝❤ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦

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▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙

✶ ❙❘❆▼ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷ ❱✐sã♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦rt❡ tr❛♥✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ■❈ r❡✈❡❧❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐st✐✈♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠❡t❛❧ ✺ ❡ ✻ ✭♦❜t✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✶❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✸ ❈é❧✉❧❛ ✻❚ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❉❋✶ ❛♦ ❉❋✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✹ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ V dd ❡ Gnd ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦r♥❡rs ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❉❋✹❂✺✵❦Ω✱ ❞❡✲ ♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♦❢✉s❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦r♥❡rs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✺ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ V dd ❡ Gnd ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❜♦❛ ✭ár❡❛ ♣✐♥t❛❞❛✮ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛

❝♦♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s s❡✐s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ 50kΩ✭❉❋✶ ❛ ❉❋✻ ❂ 50kΩ✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✻ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ s✐♠✲ ♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❙❘❆▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻

✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r Ivdd ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♣❛r❛ Ignd✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠♣❧✐✲ ✜❝❛r Ivdd ❡ Ignd ❥á ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ t❡♥sã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵

✾ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ P❲▼ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ V dd✳ ❖ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ Gnd é ❛♥á❧♦❣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

✶✵ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ t❡st❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

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✶✷ ❈✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ▲❈❱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝✲ çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡♠❜r♦ M1 s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✾ ❡ ✶✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

✶✸ ❈❡❧✉❧❛ ❞❛ ❙❘❆▼ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✶✹ ❱❛❧♦r ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦ ✭❇✐t✮ ❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦r♥❡rs ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✵✱ ❧ê ✵✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✶ ❡ ❧ê ✶✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹

✶✺ ❉❋✶✲✻ ❡ s✉❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ✈✐❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ st❡♣ ❞❡ 1kΩ ❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡

200M Hz✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✶✻ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ♥❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✵✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s s✐♥❛✐s ✭❛✮✱ ✭❜✮✱ ✭❝✮✱ ✭❞✮ ❡ ✭❡✮ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❞✐❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✶✼ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡ 6é ❞❡❢❡✐t✉♦s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

✶✽ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s 4❡ 6sã♦ ❞❡❢❡✐t✉♦s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

✶✾ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡❢❡✐t✉♦s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺

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▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙

✶ ❙❛í❞❛s ❞❛ ▲❈❱ ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

✷ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✸ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✻ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡ ✷ t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼

✹ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛✲ ❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ às ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵

✺ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ♣❛r❛ Pcdf = 1%✱ #Ldef = 6 ❡ #Tdef ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷

✻ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ♣❛r❛ Pcdf ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ #Ldef = 6 ❡#Tdef = 5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

✼ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡ 1Gbit ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦

Pcdf = 1% ❡#Tdef = 5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

✽ ❈✉st♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

✾ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛ t❡st❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❙❘❆▼ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺

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❙❯▼➪❘■❖

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✹

✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✶✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❡ ▼étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ✷✶

✷✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✷✳✷ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❊stát✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✸ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✷✳✹ ■♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❛ ❙❘❆▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❙❘❆▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✹✳✷ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✺ ❚❡st❡s ❞❡ ▼❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ✳ ✷✼

✷✳✺✳✶ ▼❛r❝❤ ❚❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✷✳✺✳✷ Iddq t❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✷✳✺✳✸ ❖❈❈❙ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ ▼❛r❝❤ t❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✷✳✻ ❉❡s❛✜♦s ♣❛r❛ ❉❡t❡❝t❛r ♦s ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❡♠ ❙❘❆▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✸ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✸✸

(13)

✸✳✶✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✸✳✶✳✷ ❙❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✸✳✶✳✸ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✸✳✶✳✸✳✶ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

✸✳✶✳✸✳✷ ❙❛í❞❛ ❞❛ ▲❈❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✸✳✶✳✸✳✸ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✸✳✶✳✹ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ▼❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✹ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✺✶

✹✳✶ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶

✹✳✶✳✶ ■♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❛ ❙❘❆▼ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹

✹✳✷ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻

✹✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

✹✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✹✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❞✐çã♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✻✻

✺✳✶ ❈❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

✺✳✷ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼

✺✳✷✳✶ ❙✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

✺✳✷✳✷ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵

✺✳✷✳✸ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❊st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷

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✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ◗✉❛♥t♦ às ❱❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺

✺✳✹✳✶ ❱❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❙❘❆▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻

✺✳✹✳✷ ❱❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❙❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻

✺✳✹✳✸ ❱❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ▲❈❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻

✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✼✽

✻✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✽✶

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✶✹

✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖

❍♦❥❡ ✈✐✈❡♠♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠✉♥❞♦ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ s❡ ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥✈❡♥çõ❡s ♣❛r❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❛s ♥♦ss❛s ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛s ❢r❡❛rã♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✲ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ s❡ ❞á ♣❡❧❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛s ❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐sr✉♣t✐✈❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ❛✜r♠❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❚❤❡ ■♥♥♦✈❛t♦r✬s ❉✐❧❡♠♠❛ ❬✷❪✳ ❊ss❡ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✐♥♦✈❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♣r❡ç♦ t♦t❛❧ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♣♦ss✐✲ ❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s s✉r❥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦s rí❣✐❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ✭♠❛✐♥❢r❛✲ ♠❡s✮✱ ❡♥tã♦ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐sr✉♣t✐✈❛s s✉r❣✐r❛♠✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦s rí❣✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♣r❡ç♦ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛ só q✉❡ s❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❞♦s ♠✐♥✐❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛✈❛ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ t❡❝♥♦✲ ❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ss❛ ár❡❛ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉✱ ❞✐sr✉♣çã♦ ❛♣ós ❞✐sr✉♣çã♦ ♥♦✈♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s ♠✐♥✐❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♥tã♦ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ❛♣ós ♦ ♣♦rtát✐❧ ❡ ❡♥✜♠ ♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣♦rtát❡✐s ❞❡ ♠ã♦✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ q✉❡ só ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❙♦❈s✳

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✶✺

♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✱ ❣r❛ç❛s ❛♦s ❙♦❈s✱ ❡♠ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ r❛♠♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡s✱ ♥♦ r❛♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♠ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ♦✉tr♦s r❛♠♦s✳

❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♦s ❙♦❈s sã♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ t❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ▼♦♦r❡✱ q✉❡ ❡st✐♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ss❡ ❞♦❜r❛r✱ ❥á ❢♦✐ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛❞❛ ❤á ✶✵ ❛♥♦s ❬✸❪✳ ❊ss❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❙♦❈s ❛✈❛♥❝❡ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦ré♠✱ ❡ss❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ s❡♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦❧❛t❡r❛✐s✳

❖s ❙♦❈s sã♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐❧í❝✐♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✻✽✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✶✾✼✶ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ■♥t❡❧ ❧❛♥ç♦✉ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ s❡✉ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧ ✹✵✵✹✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ♠✉❞♦✉✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♣r✐♠❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤♦❥❡ é ♦ s✐❧í❝✐♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ■♥t❡❧ ✹✵✵✹ ❢♦✐ ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ❡❧❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✶✵µm

✭t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❣❛t❡ ❞♦ tr❛♥s✐st♦r✮ ❡ ❝♦♥t❛✈❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✷✸✵✵ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡❧ ❛té ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✶✳✶✼ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐st♦r❡s ♥♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✸✷nm✳ ❈♦♠ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❱❡r② ❉❡❡♣ ❙✉❜♠✐❝r♦♥ ✭❱❉❙▼✮✱

♦ s✐❧í❝✐♦ t❡✈❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛s t♦r♥❛r❛♠✲s❡ ✐♥❡✈✐tá✈❡✐s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❈s ❝♦♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s✳

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✶✻

❖s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ❝❤✐♣s q✉❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛♠ ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ❬✺❪✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡ss❡s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✐❞❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ t❡r ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♥✉❧❛ ❬✻❪✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❛ss✐♠ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ss❡s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❢r❛❝♦✱ q✉❡✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ P♦✐s✐♦♥✱ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❬✼❪✳ ❙ã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❣❡r❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡r s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❬✽❪ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ tê♠ ❛❧t❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛♣❛r ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛✳ ❊ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❧❛r♠❛♥t❡ é q✉❡ ♦s ❙♦❈s sã♦ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐ssã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❛t❛stró✜❝❛s✳

❊♠ ✉♠ ❙♦❈ ❡①✐st❡♠ três ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝❤✐♣ ✹✵✵✹ ❞❛ ■♥t❡❧ ♣♦ss✉í❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✭❈P❯✮✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ✉♠ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝❤✐♣ ❡st✐♠❛✲ s❡ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✸✱ ✾✺✪ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙♦❈ s❡rá ❣❛st❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❬✹❪✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❙♦❈s✿ ❛ ❡stát✐❝❛ ✭❙❘❆▼✮ ❡ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ✭❉❘❆▼✮✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s✱ ❛ ❙❘❆▼ é ❛ ♠❛✐s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✈ár✐❛s r❛③õ❡s ❝♦♠♦ t❡r ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ s❡r ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ❞❡ r❡❢r❡s❤✱ t❡r ♠❡♥♦r ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❧❡r❛r ♠❛✐♦r r✉í❞♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦ ❛ ❙❘❆▼ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

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✶✼

❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡stát✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❢❛❧❤❛s s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❬✽❪✳ ❊ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✱ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ♣r❡✲ s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s t❛♥t♦ ❡stát✐❝♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥✳

❊st❡ t❡①t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥✱ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❢♦✐ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♥❡st❡ t❡①t♦✳ ❚♦❞❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ✭❍❙P■❈❊ ❬✶✵❪✮✱ ♣♦r ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡✱ ♣♦r ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♣ô❞❡ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦✲ ♥❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ♦♥✲❝❤✐♣ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ s♦❢r❛♠ ❛♥♦♠❛❧✐❛s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ss❡s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s✳

◆❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❛ ♥♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ t♦❞❛s ❛s s✐❣❧❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝r✐❡ ❞✐✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s t❡r♠♦s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❡①❝❡çã♦ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦s ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛✱ ❛ t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r❛ ❡stá ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✐tá❧✐❝♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s♣❛s ❡♠ s✉❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠❡♥çã♦✱ ❡✱ ❡♠ ✐tá❧✐❝♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r❡♠ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ✐♥❣❧❡s❛✳

✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦

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✶✽

❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❛ é ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡❣✉❡ ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❝r♦♥♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✿

❼ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❙❘❆▼ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦❀

❼ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ❢♦rt❡ ❡ ❢r❛❝♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✻❚ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❙❘❆▼❀

❼ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡❢❡✐t✉♦s❛ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s❀

❼ ❱❛❧✐❞❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡st✉✲ ❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s✳

❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈✐s❛ à ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦♣♦✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠✲s❡ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ r❡❛❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ q✉❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❛q✉✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ s❡❥❛ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ❙♦❈s✳

✶✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❡ ▼étr✐❝❛s

❆ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❛♠ ♥❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❛ ❙❘❆▼✳ P❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞ê✲❧❛ ❡♠ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡s✲ t✉❞❛❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s s♦❜r❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s r❡s✐st✐✈♦s ❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡stát✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✐♥s❡r✐♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s r❡s✐st✐✈♦s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦✲ ♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳

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✶✾

❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❢♦✲ r❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛❞♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s✳

❆ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✸ q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ ✈á❧✐❞❛s ♥❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♠♦❞❡r♥❛s✱ ❝♦♥❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❙❘❆▼ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♥st❛♠ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♦♣❡r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✳

❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❍❙P■❈❊✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ t❡♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥❡t❧✐st ❞❡ ❍❙P■❈❊✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s r♦❞❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❡ t❡st❛❞❛ ❛té t♦♠❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✜♥❛❧✱ ❝✉❥❛ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❏✉♥t♦ ❛♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❙❚▼✐❝r♦❡❧❡t❝tr♦♥✐❝s✱ q✉❡ ♦♣❡r❛ ♥♦ ♥♦❞♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦65nm✳

❆❞✐❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ❍❙P■❈❊✳ ◆❡st❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ três ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡❢❡✐t✉♦s❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛ ❛s s✉❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛✳

(21)

✷✵

(22)

✷✶

✷ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❖❙

❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲ ❖♣❡♥ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙❘❆▼ ❡ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛♥❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦✱ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❙❘❆▼✱ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡s ❞❡✲ ❢❡✐t♦s sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❙❘❆▼ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ sã♦ ♦s t❡st❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝tá✲❧♦s✳

✷✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦

❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ s♦rt❡✐♦s r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥✲ t♦s✳ ❙ã♦ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ ❞✐s♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛s✳

◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠✲ ♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛r ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜✐❧❤ã♦ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s é ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐❜✐❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦✱ ❡①♣❡✲ r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ sã♦ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ♥❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❛ ❙❘❆▼ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛✱ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✳

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✷✷

❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❚❛✐s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

✷✳✷ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❊stát✐❝❛

❯♠❛ ❙❘❆▼ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✷ ♣❛rt❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✿ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡ ♦s ❞❡❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊①♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ sã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ▲♦✇✲P♦✇❡r ❈▼❖❙ ❱▲❙■ ❈✐r❝✉✐t ❉❡s✐❣♥ ❬✶✶❪✳ ❆ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s é ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❡❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ q✉❡♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ q✉❛✐s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❡ss❛ ♠❛tr✐③ s❡rã♦ ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶ ✕ ❙❘❆▼ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛✳

❆ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ ❙❘❆▼ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s✱ ❡✱ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s✱ ❥✉♥t❛s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞❛❞♦ ✭✽❜✐ts✱ ✶✻❜✐ts✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳

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✷✸

❉✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ♦✉ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ♦❝♦rr❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖s ❜✐t❧✐♥❡s sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❜✐t❧✐♥❡s✿ ♦ ✏❆♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❉❡s❝❛r❣❛✑ ✭❙❆✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❙❡♥s❡ ❆♠♣❧✐✜❡r✮✱ ♦ ✏❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣ré ❝❛r❣❛✑ ✭P❈ ✲ Pr❡✲❈❤❛r❣❡r✮✏Pré✲❈❤❛r❣❡r✑ ✭P❈✮✱ ♦ ✏❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛✑ ✭❘❉✮ ❡ ♦ ✏❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛✑ ✭❲❘✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ t❡♠ ♦ s❡✉ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛çã♦✱ ✏❙❆❴❊✑✱ ✏P❈❴❊✑✱ ✏❘❉❴❊✑ ❡ ✏❲❘❴❊✑ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭✈✐❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✮✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s✱ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✐ ✭✇♦r❞❧✐♥❡ ✐✮✳

❖ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣ré ❝❛r❣❛ t❡♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣ré ❝❛rr❡❣❛r ♦s ❜✐t❧✐♥❡s✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ♦✉ ❡s❝r✐t❛✶

❖ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ t❡♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❜✐t❧✐♥❡s ❛ ♥í✈❡✐s ❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ➱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛t✐✈❛❞♦ ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❜✐t❧✐♥❡s é ❞❡s❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♣❡❧❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♠❜♦s sã♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❢r❛❝♦s✱ ♦ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛ q✉❛❧ ❞♦s ❜✐t❧✐♥❡s ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❞r❡♥❛❞♦ ❡ ❛t✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❛ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠✳

❏á ♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛ t❡♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞r❡♥❛r ✉♠ ❞♦s ❜✐t❧✐♥❡s ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❛ s❡r ❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ t❡♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛r ♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❜✐t❧✐♥❡s ♥❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r ♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✐♦s ❡st❡r♥♦s ❞❛ ❙❘❆▼✳

(25)

✷✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷ ✕ ❱✐sã♦ ♠✐❝r♦s❝ó♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦rt❡ tr❛♥✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ■❈ r❡✲ ✈❡❧❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐st✐✈♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠❡t❛❧ ✺ ❡ ✻ ✭♦❜t✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❬✶❪✮✳

✷✳✸ ❉❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥

❈♦♠♦ ♣ô❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ♥♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ✐♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ♠❛❧ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r❡❝✐♣✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ♦✉ ✈✐❛ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡t❛✐s ♥ã♦ s❡ ❧✐❣❛♠ ❞❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ❡ss❡s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✐st♦r❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦❞♦ q✉❡ ✐❞❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ t❡r s✉❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ♥✉❧❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r✳

❊ss❡s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❡❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ q✉❡ ✐❞❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r ♥✉❧❛✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s r❡s✐st♦r❡s ✐❞❡❛✐s✳

(26)

✷✺

✷✳✹ ■♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥❛ ❙❘❆▼

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡st✉❞❛ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ ❙❘❆▼ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✱ ❡ s❡❣✉❡ ♦s ❞✐③❡r❡s ❛❜❛✐①♦✳

✷✳✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❙❘❆▼

◆♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❙❘❆▼✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ❞❡③♦✐t♦ ♥♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦ r❡s✐st✐✈♦✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡ s✐♠✉❧❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✐♥❝✐❞✐r ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛✱ s❡r✐❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ♥♦❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ s❡✐s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s q✉❡✱ s♦③✐♥❤♦s✱ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐③❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❬✶✸❪✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞❛ ❙❘❆▼ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ❡s♣❡❧❤❛❞♦ ❡ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♦❝❛s✐♦♥❛♠ ❢❛❧❤❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳ ❊ss❛s s❡✐s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡stã♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞❛s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❘❡s✐st✐✈❡✲❖♣❡♥ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸ ✕ ❈é❧✉❧❛ ✻❚ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❉❋✶ ❛♦ ❉❋✻✳

✷✳✹✳✷ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s

Referências

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