❘❆❋❆❊▲ ❱■❉❆▲ ❆❘❖❈❆
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❡ ❆✉t♦♠❛çã♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡✲
❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛s ▼áq✉✐♥❛s ❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●❧❛✉❝♦ ❆✉❣✉st♦ ❞❡ P❛✉❧❛ ❈❛✉r✐♥
AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO E DIVULGAÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE TRABALHO, POR QUALQUER MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO, PARA FINS DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE.
Ficha catalográfica preparada pela Seção de Tratamento da Informação do Serviço de Biblioteca – EESC/USP
Aroca, Rafael Vidal
A769a Análise de sistemas operacionais de tempo real para aplicações de robótica e automação / Rafael Vidal Aroca ; orientador Glauco Augusto de Paula Caurin. –- São Carlos, 2008.
Dissertação (Mestrado-Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica e Área de Concentração em Dinâmica das Máquinas e Sistemas) –- Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo, 2008.
❉❊❉■❈❆❚Ó❘■❆
❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❏♦sé ❡ ❉❡♥✐s✐✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ♠✐✲
♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜♦✉ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛
❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
▼❛✐s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③✱ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ❙í❧✈✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥t❡r♠✐♥á✈❡✐s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛s ❞❡st❡
t❡①t♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s s♦❣r♦s ❆❞♦♥❛✐ ❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❊❧✐s❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛
❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
❆♦ ❘❡♥❡ ❯r✐③❛ ❞❛ ✸❲❚✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ q✉❡♠ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❥✉♥t♦
❛♦ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❆❦✐r❛ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❞✐r❡t♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ✸❲❚ ♣❡❧❛s
❞❡③❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❆♦ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ✸❲❚✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥♦✱
❞♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❆♦ ●❧❛✉❝♦ ❈❛✉r✐♥✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③♦✉ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛
✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦ss❡ út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐✉ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠
♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❉❛❧t♦♥ ▼✳ ❚❛✈❛r❡s ❡ ▲❡♦✲
♥❛r❞♦ ▼✳ P❡❞r♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❞❡st❡ t❡①t♦✱ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ót✐♠♦ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦
tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ r❡tr♦✜t ❞♦ r♦❜ô ❙❝❛r❛✳
❆♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❉✐❡❣♦ ❋✐♦r✐ ♣♦r ❡st❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✱ t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱
❡ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❛s sá❜✐❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s✳
❆♦ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❘❡♥❛♥ Pr❛t❡s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳
❆♦ ❙❡r❣✐♦ ❉✳ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❡❧❡trô✲
♥✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❙❝❛r❛✱ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ✐♠♣❡❝á✈❡❧ ❞♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ r♦❜ô✳
❆♦ ▲✉✐s ❆✉❣✉st♦ ❘✐③③✐ ❞❛ ❱✐s✐♦♥❇❘✱ ❡ ❛♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❛ ❉✐❛ ❙②st❡♠✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❡
❤♦r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❆♦ ❆♥❞ré ▼✉❡③❡r✐❡✱ ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ tr❛✲
❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ P❛✉❧ ▼❡rt❡♥s ❞❛ ❲✐♥❞ ❘✐✈❡r✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❱①❲♦r❦s ❡ rá♣✐❞♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦
❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✐♥❣ ❞❛ ❲✐♥❞ ❘✐✈❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛r ❛ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡✲
s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛q✉✐ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳
❆♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐✈r❡✱ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❣r❛t✉✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧tíss✐♠♦
♥í✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❘❚❆■ ❡ ▲❛❚❡①✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢✉t✉r✐st❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✲
❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s✳
❘❊❙❯▼❖
❆❘❖❈❆✱ ❘✳ ❱✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❞❡ r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦✳ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✲ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛✲
r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✵✽✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ✭❘❚❖❙✮
✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠❡❝❛trô✲
♥✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛s s❡r✈❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡
t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ t❡r ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣✐♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s✱
❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❘❚❖❙ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s
♣rát✐❝❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡
s❡r✈✐rá ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢✉t✉r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛trô♥✐❝❛✳ ❖s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛♥❛❧✐✲
s❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦ ❱①❲♦r❦s✱ ◗◆❳✱ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❘❚❆■✱ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❳P✱ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈❊
❡
µ
❈✴❖❙✲■■✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ▲✐✈❡ ❈❉ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r
♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
❆❘❖❈❆✱ ❘✳ ❱✳ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s ❢♦r r♦❜♦t✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❛✉t♦✲
♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❚❤❡s✐s ✭▼❛st❡r✮ ✲ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛✱
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✵✽✳
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ st✉❞② ❛❜♦✉t r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠s ✭❘❚❖❙✮ t❤❛t ❛r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❡❞
❛s ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ s②st❡♠s ❢♦r ♠❡❝❤❛tr♦♥✐❝s s②st❡♠s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❢♦r
s②st❡♠s t❤❛t ❤❛✈❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ t✐♠❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts✳ P❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❧✐❦❡ ✇♦rst ❝❛s❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞
✐♥t❡rr✉♣t ❧❛t❡♥❝② ✇❡r❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❛❧s♦
❝♦✈❡rs t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❘❚❖❙ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❆ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ r❡s❡❛r❝❤
♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r r♦❜♦t✐❝s ❛♥❞ r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r ❢✉t✉r❡
✇♦r❦s ✐♥ t❤❡ ▼❡❝❤❛tr♦♥✐❝s ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r②✳ ❚❤❡ t❡st❡❞ s②st❡♠s ✇❡r❡ ❱①❲♦r❦s✱ ◗◆❳✱ ▲✐♥✉①✱
❘❚❆■✱ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❳P✱ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈❊ ❛♥❞
µ
❈✴❖❙✲■■✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❞✉❝t r❡❧❡❛s❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s
✇♦r❦ ✇❛s ❛ ▲✐✈❡ ❈❉ t♦ ❛✐❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞
❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✶
✶✳✶ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✷✽
✸ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧ ✸✵
✸✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷✳✷ ■♥❞ústr✐❛ ❛✉t♦♠♦t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷✳✸ ▼❡❞✐❝✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✷✳✺ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛✴❆✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷✳✻ ■♥❞ústr✐❛ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ❡ ❆❡r♦❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷✳✼ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸ ❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✹ ❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✹✳✶ ●❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♣✉❧s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✹✳✷ ❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✈✐❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♥♦s P❈s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✹✳✸ ❘❚❈ ✭❘❡❧ó❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✹✳✹ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛❞♦r Pr♦❣r❛♠á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ✭P■❚✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✹✳✺ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r Pr♦❣r❛♠á✈❡❧ ❞❡ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ❆✈❛♥ç❛❞♦ ✭❆P■❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✹✳✻ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✭❆❈P■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✹✳✼ ❈♦♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡ t✐♠❡st❛♠♣ ✭❚❙❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✹✳✽ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ✭❍P❊❚✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✹✳✾ ❙✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ✈✐❛ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✹✳✶✵ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❧ó❣✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✺ ❚❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ♥❛ ▼❡❝❛trô♥✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✹✾
✹✳✷✳✸ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✷✳✹ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ✭▼▼❯✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✷✳✺ P♦♥t❡ ◆♦rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✷✳✻ P♦♥t❡ ❙✉❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷✳✼ ❇❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ■❙❆ ❡ ▲P❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷✳✽ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷✳✾ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✷✳✶✵ ❈❧♦❝❦ ❚✐❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✷✳✶✶ ❘■❙❳ ❳ ❈■❙❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✷✳✶✷ ❯s♦ ❞❡ P❈s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✸ ❑❡r♥❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧ ✭❘❚❖❙✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✺ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❘❚❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✺✳✶ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❙✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✺✳✷ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✺✳✸ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❘❛t❡ ▼♦♥♦t♦♥✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✺✳✹ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊❛r❧✐❡st ❉❡❛❧✐♥❡ ❋✐rst ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✺✳✺ ❉❡❛❞❧♦❝❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✺✳✻ ■♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✺✳✼ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✻ P❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✻✳✶ P❖❙■❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✻✳✷ ❖❙❊❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✻✳✸ ❆P❊❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✻✳✹ µ■❚❘❖◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✺ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ✽✷
✺✳✶ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✷ ❋❛❧á❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✸ ❉❡♣✉r❛çã♦ ❡ t❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✻ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ✽✺
✻✳✶✳✹ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✻✳✶✳✺ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✻✳✷ ▼❡❝❤❛tr♦♥✐❝s ❘❡❛❧ ❚✐♠❡ ▲✐♥✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
✼ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✾✸
✼✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✼✳✷ ▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✼✳✷✳✶ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✼✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✼✳✹ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❳P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✼✳✺ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✼✳✻ ◗◆❳ ◆❡✉tr✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✼✳✼ µ❈✴❖❙✲■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
✼✳✽ ▲✐♥✉① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✼✳✾ ❘❡❛❧ ❚✐♠❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✭❘❚❆■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✼✳✶✵ ❱①❲♦r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✼✳✶✶ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾
✽ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✶✹✶
✽✳✶ ❚❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✽✳✶✳✶ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✽✳✶✳✷ ▼✉❧t✐❝♦r❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✽✳✶✳✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷ ✽✳✶✳✹ ▼✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷ ✽✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸ ✽✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ➪r❡❛s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❛s ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬▲❛♣❧❛♥t❡✱ ✷✵✵✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❧♦❝❦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❑❛✐❧❛s ❡ ❆❣r❛✇❛❧❛✱ ✶✾✾✼❪ ✳ ✹✵ ✸ ■♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①õ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♦ ❝❧♦❝❦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❑❛✐❧❛s ❡
❆❣r❛✇❛❧❛✱ ✶✾✾✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✐♥✈❡rt✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬▼❝❑❡♥♥❡②✱ ✷✵✵✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ P❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✻ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✹ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s s❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡✳ ▲❡❣❡♥❞❛✿ ❇✿ ❇✉s❝❛ ❉✿ ❉❡❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊✿
❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ●✿ ●r❛✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✼ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡✳ ▲❡❣❡♥❞❛✿ ❇✿ ❇✉s❝❛ ❉✿ ❉❡❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊✿ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ●✿
●r❛✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✽ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✾ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ é ❛❣❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✶✵ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ é ❛❣❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♣♦s✲
s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡❡♠♣çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✶✶ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✶✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✶✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❆❉❊❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✶✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❞♦ r♦❜ô ❙❈❆❘❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✶✺ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❛❝❡ss❛r❛♠ ♦ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ❞♦ ▲✐✈❡ ❈❉✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✶✻ ❙✐♥t❡t✐③❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝❧♦❝❦✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❡ t❡♠♣♦s sã♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝r✐st❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✶✼ ❈♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✶✽ ❇❛♥❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❉❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✿
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡♠ t❡st❡s✱ ♦s❝✐❧♦s❝ó♣✐♦✱ ❣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ❡ ❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✶✾ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛♦s ❡stí♠✉❧♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♥❛ t❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦s❝✐❧♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✷✵ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❬✶❪ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❬✷❪ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❡❧❛ ❞♦ ♦s❝✐❧♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✷✶ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉rs♦r❡s ♥♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲●✲❱✐❡✇ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✷✷ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❡rs✐st ❞♦ ♦s❝✐❧♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❞✐r ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛s ♠á①✐♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✷✸ ❋r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ P❡♥t✐✉♠ ✶✺✵▼❍③ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✱ ❡ s❡✉s
✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♦s❝✐❧♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✷✹ ❋r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❆t❤❧♦♥ ✈❡rs✉s ❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✷✺ ❋r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❈❡❧❡r♦♥ ✼✵✵▼❍③ ✈❡rs✉s ❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✷✻ ❋r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ P❡♥t✐✉♠✲■■ ✹✵✵▼❍③ ✈❡rs✉s ❛ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✷✼ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♦s❝✐❧♦s❝ó♣✐♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❣❡r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ P❡♥t✐✉♠ ■■
✷✽ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✷✾ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❳P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✸✵ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♥♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❳P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✸✶ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♥♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✸✷ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♥♦ ◗◆❳ ◆❡✉tr✐♥♦ ❘❚❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✸✸ ▲❛tê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♥♦µ❈✴❖❙✲■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ❋❛t♦r ◗ ❞❡ r❡❧ó❣✐♦s✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❏❡s♣❡rs❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✾❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ P❈✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❍②❞❡✱ ✷✵✵✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸ P❡r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ✈❡rs✉s ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬▲❛✲
♣❧❛♥t❡✱ ✷✵✵✹❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ♦✉t❜✭✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✺ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♣♦rt❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ♥♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❳P ✳ ✶✶✶ ✻ ❋r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈❊ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✵❑❍③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✼ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♣♦rt❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ♥♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈❊
❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ✻✳✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✽ ❋r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ◗◆❳ ◆❡✉tr✐♥♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✵❑❍③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✾ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♣♦rt❛s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ♥♦ ◗◆❳ ◆❡✉tr✐♥♦
✻✳✸✳✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✶✵ ❋r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦µ❈✴❖❙✲■■ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✷✵❑❍③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✷✶
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❯♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ✈❡♠ ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❣r❛ç❛s ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊♠ t❡r♠♦s ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ✷✵✵✵ ✐♥❞✐❝♦✉ q✉❡ ✽✵✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡s✲ s❛❞♦r❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡r❛♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞❛ ❬❚❡♥♥❡♥❤♦✉s❡✱ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ➱ r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛r ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✸✷ ❜✐ts ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✽✵▼❍③ ♣♦r ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✵ ❞ó❧❛r❡s✳
❯♠❛ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡stá ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❛✉t♦♠♦❜✐❧íst✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❊st✐♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ✸✸✪ ❞♦s s❡♠✐❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❡s ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛rr♦ sã♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❝❛rr♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ♣♦ss✉✐ ❞❡ ✸✵ ❛ ✹✵ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✉♠ ❝❛rr♦ ❞❡ ❧✉①♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✼✵ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❬❙❛♥❣✐♦✈❛♥♥✐✲❱✐♥❝❡♥t❡❧❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✱ P❛r❛❜ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ❡stã♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐♥❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❛té ❡♥tã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❛ ❛✈✐❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✶✴✸ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❣❛st♦ ♥❛ ❝❛rr♦❝❡r✐❛✱ ✶✴✸ ♥♦ ♠♦t♦r✱ ❡ ✶✴✸ ❡♠ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ❬❲♦❧❢✱ ✷✵✵✼❛❪✳
❊st✐♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✵✱ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ✐rã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✶✵✵ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❬❙❛♥❣✐♦✈❛♥♥✐✲❱✐♥❝❡♥t❡❧❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❯♠ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❝♦♠✉♠ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✷ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✵ ♣♦ss✉❛ ✷✵ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❬✈❛♥ ●❡♥✉❝❤t❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❖ q✉❡ é ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛♥t❡ é ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✶✵✵✵ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✷✵ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❬❚❛✉r✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✶✵✵✵ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ✺✵✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛✱ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❡♥tr❡❣✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡r ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✷✺ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ✶✵✵✵ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❬▼❝❈♦♥♥❡❧❧✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❛s ❛✜r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ✉♠ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡rá ♣♦ss✉✐r ✷ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡♠ s❡✉ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡❣✉❡s ❢♦r❛ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♣r❛③♦✳ ❖❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐❛ ✺✵✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s tê♠ s❡✉s ❝r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛s ❛tr❛s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✹ ♠❡s❡s ❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✶✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❛❝❛❜❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛♥❝❡❧❛❞♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✸✵✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♥ã♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r❡♠ ✺✵✪ ❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❬❚❛✉r✐♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❊st❡s ❢❛t♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s ❡ r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ❝✉st♦s✱ ♣r❛③♦s ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✷✷
❛ s✉❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❬❚✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ❡ P❡r♥❡❡❧✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✳
❖ t❡r♠♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s é ❝♦♥❢✉♥❞✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ é s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ rá♣✐❞♦ ❬▲✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❪✳ ■st♦ é ✉♠ ♠✐t♦ q✉❡ é ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡r♠♦ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✱ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❧❡♥t❛✱ ♠❛s ❞❡✈❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣r❡❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ã♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s ❢❛t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✳
❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❛t❛stró✜❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✉ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✶ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❣✉❡rr❛ ❞♦ ●♦❧❢♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✷✼ s♦❧❞❛❞♦s ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦s ♠♦rr❡r❛♠ ❡ ✾✼ ✜❝❛r❛♠ ❢❡r✐❞♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❛♥t✐✲♠íss✐❧✳ ❊st❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❡rr♦ ❥á ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ♥♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❛♥t✐✲♠íss✐❧ P❛tr✐♦t✳ ❖ ❡rr♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛❣✐♥❣ ♦✉ ❡♥✈❡❧❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❆ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠ ❛❧✈♦ ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❛t❛q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡✉✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡st❛✈❛ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❢❛③✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♥t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ t✐♥❤❛♠ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ❧❡✈♦✉ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ❡rr❛r ♦ ❛❧✈♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❛t❛q✉❡ ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦✳ ■st♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ é ❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❬▲❡✈✐ ❡ ❆❣r❛✇❛❧❛✱ ✶✾✾✵❪✳ ❙❛❜❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♦s ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ P❛tr✐♦t ❛✈✐s❛r❛♠ ♦ ❡①ér❝✐t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✈♦s✱ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r r❡✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦ r❡❣✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s ❞♦ ❡①ér❝✐t♦ ❛❝❤❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥✉♥❝❛ ✜❝❛r✐❛ ❡♠ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ t❡♠♣♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ t♦r♥❛r✲s❡ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s♦❧❞❛❞♦s ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r r❡✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦ ❬●r♦tt❦❡ ❡ ❚r✐✈❡❞✐✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ r❡✐♥✐❝✐❛r r❡❣✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦ss❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡r ✉♠ t❛♥t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ r✉❞✐♠❡♥t❛r ❡ ❛té ✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡st❛ é ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s♦❧✉çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❜✉❣ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡✐♥✐❝✐❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✏r❡❥✉✈❡♥❛çã♦✑✱ ❡ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❤♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛✱ é ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜t❡r ❝♦♥✜✲ ❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s ❛ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ❬❍❡♥③✐♥❣❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❬❲♦❧❢✱ ✷✵✵✼❜❪✳ ➱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ q✉❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s sã♦ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r✱ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❬❖str♦✛✱ ✶✾✾✷❪✳
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✷✸
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stá ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❛✉t♦♠♦❜✐❧íst✐❝❛✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❝❛rr♦s ✭❊❧❡tr♦♥✐❝ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❯♥✐ts ♦✉ ❊❈❯s✮✱ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐♦r ❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr♦s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ t❡r ♠❡✐♦s ♠❛✐s ♣♦❞❡r♦s♦s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s s❡✈❡r❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❬✇♦♥ ▲❡❡❀ ❙✉♥❣✲❍♦ ❍✇❛♥❣❀ ❏❛❡ ❲♦♦❦ ❏❡♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳
❯♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡stá ♥♦s ♥♦✈♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈✐❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♠ ✈ár✐♦s s✉❜s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛✈✐ã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❬❑r♦❞❡❧ ❡ ❘♦♠❛♥s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛♦ ✐s♦❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ❡ ❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❛♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✳ ❊st❛s ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ✈ár✐❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ s❡♠ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ❝❛✉s❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s t❛r❡❢❛s✳
❆ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s s✉❜s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s ❡r❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s é ✉♠ ❞❡s❞♦❜r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✱ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♦s ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛s ❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r❡♠ ♠❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛♦s s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✳ P❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡st❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛❝❛❜❛r❛♠ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
P❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ✉♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ♦✉ ❘❡❛❧ ❚✐♠❡ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠s ✭❘❚❖❙✮ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥íst✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❝♦♠♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ♦✉ ▲✐♥✉①✮ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ❊st❡s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ t❡r❡♠ ♦ ♠❡♥♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❱❡tr♦♠✐❧❧❡✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ❬❱❡tr♦♠✐❧❧❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❬❑♦❤♦✉t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
▼❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ t❡♠ ✉s❛❞♦ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❡rr♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♦❝❛s✐õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❬❚✐♠♠❡r♠❛♥ ❡ P❡r♥❡❡❧✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✳
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✷✹
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ é s❡♠♣r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r♦✐❜✐t✐✈♦✳ ❊♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ s❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❧♦♦♣ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡r✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ t❡st❛r ❬●❛♥ss❧❡✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳
❉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✹ ❥á ❡r❛ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❘❚❖❙ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ❬❏❡♥s❡♥✱ ✶✾✾✹❪✱ ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s r❡s♦❧✈✐❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r t♦❞♦ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛ ✏❞♦ ③❡r♦✑✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❘❚❖❙✱ ❡ ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡r❞✐❛♠ ♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ s✉❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✜♥❛❧✳
❆✐♥❞❛ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ s❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ✏❞♦ ③❡r♦✑ ♦✉ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡✳ ◆❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ❝❛s♦ ❬▲❛♣❧❛♥t❡✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ❊rr♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s q✉❡ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r✐❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ③❡r♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠❛❞✉r♦s ❡ ❥á t❡st❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣❡❧♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r❡s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s sã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦s✱ ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♦♣çõ❡s ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞ ♣❡❧♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✳
▼✉✐t❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛r❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦r✐❣✐✲ ♥❛♥❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❱①❲♦r❦s✱ ▲②♥①❖❙✱ ❱❳❘❚✱ ◗◆❳ ❡ ■♥t❡❣r✐t② ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆té ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❘❡❛❧ ❚✐♠❡ ❞♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❈❊✳ ❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❛ s❡r ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥✲ t❛s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▲✐✈r❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛❞❛ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐❛s✱ ❡ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❧✐✈r❡s ❞❡ r♦②❛❧t② ❡ ❧✐❝❡♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❣r❛ç❛s à s✉❛ ✈❛st❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❬▲❡♥♥♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ❱❡rsõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❞♦ ▲✐♥✉① ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛♥♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❬❈❛❝❝❛✈❛❧❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❛✐♥❞❛ t❡♥❤❛ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦ ▲✐♥✉① ✈❡♠ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✈✐á✈❡❧✱ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❡ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❬Pr♦❝t♦r✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❤♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛ ♥❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡♠ ♥❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡r❡♠ ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞♦s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦s t❡♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛♥t✐✲tr❛✈❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡✐♦s ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ✭❆❇❙✮✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛✈✐õ❡s✱ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs✱ ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r❡s ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ t❡❧❡✈✐sã♦ ♣♦r s❛té❧✐t❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s✳
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✷✺
♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s ❡ ♥❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s P❈s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡❢❡t✉❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡♠ r♦❜ôs ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦✲ ♥❛✐s ❬●♦♥③á❧❡③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ ✉♠ rá♣✐❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ P❈s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛♥t✐❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❬P✉t❤✐②❡❞❛t❤ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦❝❛ ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❇▼✲P❈✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ✉s❛r ♦✉tr❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♦ P♦✇❡rP❈ ❡ ▼♦t♦r♦❧❛ ✻✽❑✳ ❆♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦s ■❇▼✲P❈ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡①t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ s❡rá r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳
❆s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈ár✐❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ✈ár✐♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡s✱ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❛❧t♦s✱ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✉❧❛t✐✈❛✱ r❡♥♦♠❡❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝❛❝❤❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s t♦r♥❛♠ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡①❛t♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ s❡rá ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♠❡♥♦s ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❬❑❛✐❧❛s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✼❪✳ ❖ ❢❛t♦ é q✉❡ ❡st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ❡st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡str♦❡♠ ♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐s♠♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❬▲❛♣❧❛♥t❡✱ ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ✉♠ ✈❡❧❤♦ P❈ ✹✽✻ ♦✉ ✉♠ ▼♦t♦r♦❧❛ ✻✽❑ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡r♥♦ ❆t❤❧♦♥ ♦✉ P❡♥t✐✉♠✲■■■ ❬❙♦❤❛❧✱ ✷✵✵✶❪✳
❱ár✐❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r❛♠ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❚❖❙ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❞♦ r❛♠♦✱ ❛ ❲✐♥❞ ❘✐✈❡r✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❱①❲♦r❦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉① ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❬❲✐♥❞ ❘✐✈❡r✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡st❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥✉①✱ ❛ ❲✐♥❞ ❘✐✈❡r ❛❞q✉✐r✐✉ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✼ ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❘❚▲✐♥✉①✱ ❞❛ ❋❙▼▲❛❜s ❬❙②st❡♠s✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❛❧ ❚✐♠❡ ▲✐♥✉① ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛✳ ❖✉tr♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❞♦✱ ♦ ◆❡✉tr✐♥♦ ❞❛ ◗◆❳ t❡✈❡ s❡✉ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞ ❣r❛t✉✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❣r❛t✉✐t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❧✐❝❡♥ç❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣❛❣❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ✉s❛ ◆❡✉tr✐♥♦ ❢♦r ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳
✏❯♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s s❡❣✉r❛ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❛ r♦❞❛✑ ❬❑❧✐♥❣s❤❡✐♠ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ t❛❧ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ s❡❥❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❜t❡♥❤❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡r ❡st❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ é ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧✱ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛❧ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✈❛sã♦ ✈♦❧✉♥tár✐❛ ♦✉ ✐♥✈♦❧✉♥tár✐❛ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ s❡❥❛ ❡✈✐t❛❞❛ ❡ tr❛t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ■st♦ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❛ ■❇▼ ♦♥❞❡ ❛✜r♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ s✐st❡♠❛s r❡s♣♦♥s✐✈♦s sã♦ tã♦ ❜♦♥s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s q✉❡ ♦s s✉♣♦rt❛♠ ❬▼❝❑❡♥♥❡②✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
