▼❊❚❆❙ ❉❊ ■◆❋▲❆➬➹❖✱ ❈➶▼❇■❖ ❘❊❆▲ ❊ ❉■❙❚❘■❇❯■➬➹❖
❉❊ ❘❊◆❉❆ ◆❯▼ ▼❖❉❊▲❖ PÓ❙✲❑❊❨◆❊❙■❆◆❖✿ ❯▼❆
❆❇❖❘❉❆●❊▼ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ❊ ❊▼P❮❘■❈❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐✲ ❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❱■➬❖❙❆
❚❛❧✈❡③ ❡st❛ s❡❥❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✿ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ t♦❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❝✉♠♣r✐ss❡ ♠❛✐s ❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ q✉❡ s❛❜✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ❞❡✐①♦✉ ♠í♦♣❡ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠✱ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡ss❡ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛ ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r❞❡ss❡ ❛ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r✳ ❆ ❢é ❡ ❛s ♦r❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦ss❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í❞♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❛r✐❞♦ ▲✉❝❛s ▼♦❧✱ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✧q✉❛s❡✧ ✐♥✜♥✐t❛ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♥❡r✈♦s✐s♠♦ ❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ ❛♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦✱ ❧át❡①✱ ❡t❝✳✱ à ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ✈❛st♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡✱ s♦✲ ❜r❡t✉❞♦✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❢❡③ ❛té ♣r♦❝✉r❛r ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s Pr♦❢✳ ❊✈❛❧❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡ ▲✉❝✐❛♥♦ ❉✐❛s ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❝❛♥sá✈❡❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❊✈❛❧❞♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣♦r s✉❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡✐s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s✳ ▲✉❝✐❛♥♦✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ✐♠❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❝ê t❡r ❛❝❡✐t❛❞♦ ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❡✱ ❝♦♠ t❛♥t♦ ❜r✐❧❤❛♥t✐s♠♦✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ♠❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛♣r❡❡♥❞❡r✱ ❡♠ tã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ tã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛s q✉❡ ❡✉ ❥á ❤❛✈✐❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✳
➚ Pr♦❢❛✳ ❙í❧✈✐❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥♦✉ ❛ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ♠❛s s❡♠ ❡sq✉❡❝❡r ♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳
r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ tr❛③❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ✐♥❞♦ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ❡①✐❣✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❡ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ s❡✉ ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡✈❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❡ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈ó ◆❛③✐♥❤❛✱ q✉❡ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ♦ ár❞✉♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ r❡③❛r ♣♦r ♠✐♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝✉rs♦✱ ❡ ♦❧❤❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣♦✉❝❛s ❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐ ❧✐❣❛r ❡ ♣❡❞✐r s✉❛s ♦r❛çõ❡s✳ ➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ t✐❛ ●♦r❡t❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛❞♦r❛ ❞❛ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ❊♥✜♠✱ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥♦ q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡ ♣r❡❝✐s♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ✧♠❡✉s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♦✉✈✐❞♦s✧✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦✳
❆❧❜❡rt ❊✐♥st❡✐♥ ✭✶✽✼✾✲✶✾✺✺✮
✹✳✶ ❊q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡stá✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❁m✱q❃ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✳✷ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▼❡t❛ ❞❡ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✺✳✶ ●r❛✉ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛ ✭u✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✺✳✷ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭g✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✺✳✸ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ✭π✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✺✳✹ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ▲✉❝r♦s ♥❛ ❘❡♥❞❛ ✭m✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✺✳✺ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❈â♠❜✐♦ ❘❡❛❧ ✭q✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✺✳✻ ●r❛✉ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛ r❡❛❧ ✭uR✮ q✉❛♥❞♦ πM❂✻%✳ ✽✻
✺✳✼ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭g✮ q✉❛♥❞♦πM❂✻%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✺✳✽ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ✭π✮ q✉❛♥❞♦πM❂✻%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✺✳✾ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ▲✉❝r♦s ♥❛ ❘❡♥❞❛ ✭m✮ q✉❛♥❞♦ πM❂✻% ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✺✳✶✵ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❈â♠❜✐♦ ❘❡❛❧ ✭q✮ q✉❛♥❞♦ πM❂✻%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✺✳✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❝❛❧✐❜r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✷ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❘❡❧❛①❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ▼❡t❛ ❞❡ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ✭πM❂✻%✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
❆▲▼❊■❉❆✱ P❛trí❝✐❛ ❘♦♠✉❛❧❞♦ ❞❡✱ ▼✳ ❙❝✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷✳ ▼❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ ❝â♠❜✐♦ r❡❛❧ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ♥✉♠ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥♦✿ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❊✈❛❧❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✳ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s✿ ▲✉❝✐❛♥♦ ❉✐❛s ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡ ◆❡✇t♦♥ P❛✉❧♦ ❇✉❡♥♦✳
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ t❡♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛✲ çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❛❜❡rt❛ ❝♦♠ ❧✐✈r❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛❝r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❚❛②✲ ❧♦r t❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛①❛ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦ ❡✱ ♣♦r ❡st❡ ❝❛♥❛❧✱ ♥❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ à ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳ P♦r ❛♠✲ ❜♦s ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ✉♠ ❛❜r❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ t❡♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛r ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ♥❛s ♠ã♦s ❞♦s ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐st❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞♦s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❞❡✜♥✐r q✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❛❞♦t❛r✳
❆▲▼❊■❉❆✱ P❛trí❝✐❛ ❘♦♠✉❛❧❞♦ ❞❡✱ ▼✳ ❙❝✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❖❝t♦❜❡r✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ■♥✢❛t✐♦♥ t❛r❣❡ts✱ r❡❛❧ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ♣♦st✲ ❤❡②♥❡s✐❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✿ ❛ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡♠♣❡r✐❝❛❧ st✉❞②✳ ❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❊✈❛❧❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✳ ❈♦✲❆❞✈✐s♦rs✿ ▲✉❝✐❛♥♦ ❉✐❛s ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❛♥❞ ◆❡✇t♦♥ P❛✉❧♦ ❇✉❡♥♦✳
❚❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ❛✐♠s t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♦❢ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥ t❛r❣❡t✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ ❡❝♦♥♦♠② ✇✐t❤ ❢r❡❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ♠♦❜✐❧✐t②✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s ♣✉r♣♦s❡✱ ✇❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❛ ♣♦st✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♠❛❝r♦❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛ ❚❛②❧♦r r✉❧❡ ♣❧❛②s ❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ r♦❧❡ ✐♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ r❛t❡ ❛♥❞✱ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧✱ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ s②st❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❛s s♦❧✈❡❞ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧❧② ❛♥❞ ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❡❝♦♥♦♠② ❜② ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r ❜♦t❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❛ s❧♦✇❞♦✇♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥ t❛r❣❡t ❤❛s t❤❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ t♦ r❛✐s❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣r♦✇t❤✱ ❜✉t ❛t t❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ❛ ❣r❡❛t❡r ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✇❡❛❧t❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❤❛♥❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐sts✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ✐t ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡t❛r② ❛✉t❤♦r✐t②✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ♦❢ ✇❡❧❧✲❜❡✐♥❣ ♦❢ s♦❝✐❡t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❛♥❞ ♦♥ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠② ✐♥ q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ♠♦♥❡t❛r② ♣♦❧✐❝② t♦ ❛❞♦♣t✳
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❆ ❚❡♦r✐❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ✹
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷✳✷ ❆s ❈♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ❚❡ór✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✸ ❖ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ❡ s✉❛s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✾ ✷✳✹ ❆ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ▼♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✺ ❆ ❚❡♦r✐❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ❞♦ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦
❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❘❡♥❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✻ ❆ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✼ ❆ P♦❧ít✐❝❛ ▼♦♥❡tár✐❛ ♥❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✽ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸ ❖ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ▼❡t❛s ❞❡ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ✸✷ ✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✷ ❆ P♦❧ít✐❝❛ ▼♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ▼❡t❛s ❞❡ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✸ P✐❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ▼❡t❛s ❞❡ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ✭❘▼■✮ ❡ s❡✉ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❚❡ór✐❝♦ ✸✽ ✸✳✹ ❆ ❖♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ♥♦ ❘▼■✿ ❆ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❚❛②❧♦r ✹✸
✸✳✼ ❆ ❱✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ▼❡t❛s ❞❡ ■♥✢❛çã♦ s♦❜ ❛ Ót✐❝❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✼✳✶ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❘❡♥❞❛
q✉❡ ❈♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❘▼■ ❡ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛✿ ❖ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❖r❡✐r♦ ❡ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✽ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✹ ❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼❛❝r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❆❜❡rt❛ q✉❡ ❖♣❡r❛ s♦❜ ♦ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ▼❡t❛s ❞❡ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ✺✾ ✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷ ❆ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♥♦ ❈✉rt♦ Pr❛③♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♥♦ ▲♦♥❣♦ Pr❛③♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❊q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✺ ❯♠❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ à ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ✈✐❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♠✲
♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✼✻
✺✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✷ ❇r❡✈❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✸ ❋♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✹ ❆ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ à ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ✈✐❛ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛✲
❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✺✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ r❡❧❛①❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛
❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✾✵
❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✾✸
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ t❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦✱ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✈ê♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❙❡tt❡r✜❡❧❞ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ▲✐♠❛ ❡ ❙❡tt❡r✜❡❧❞ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ❡ ❖r❡✐r♦ ❡ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♥✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ❛❜❡rt❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ é ❞❡✐①❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦✳
❊st❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❤♦✉✈❡ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ✉♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛ís❡s✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❛ t❛①❛ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❛❝r♦✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s r❡❛✐s ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ■st♦ ♣♦rq✉❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ s❛❜❡✱ ❡♠ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s✱ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❥✉r♦s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❡str❛♥❣❡✐r♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❧íq✉✐❞♦ ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❛ís t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r ❛ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❊st❛ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛①❛ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❜❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✮ ❡ ❞❡s❡st✐♠✉❧❛ ❛s ❡①♣♦rt❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❡ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦
❞❡ ❖r❡✐r♦ ❡ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ q✉❡ ❛❞♦t❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❡❧❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❛❢❡t❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ✐rr❡✈❡rsí✈❡❧ ♦ ❧❛❞♦ r❡❛❧ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❛❜❡rt❛✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❛①❛ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ❥✉r♦s✱ ✈✐❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣r❛ à ❧á ❚❛②❧♦r ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❛❢❡t❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❛ t❛①❛ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ✭❡ r❡❛❧✮ ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛✱ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♥❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❡rt♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✱ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♠❛❝r♦✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s✳ ❋♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✿ ✉♠ r❡❧❛①❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳
❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛❝r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❛❜❡rt❛✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❛♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛✱ à t❛①❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ à t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡st♦q✉❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✱ às ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❧✉❝r♦s ♥❛ r❡♥❞❛ ❡ às ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦ r❡❛❧✳
❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
• r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛✲
♠❡♥t♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥♦ ❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦❀
• ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❖r❡✐r♦ ❡ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❛❜❡rt❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❝â♠❜✐♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ ❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s❀
• ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ r❡❛❧✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦
❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡r❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s r❡❛✐s❀
• ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦ r❡❧❛①❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦
❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳
❉✐t♦ ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❞♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠♦❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✲ çã♦✱ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❡stã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛❀ ♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ▼❡t❛s ❞❡ ■♥✢❛çã♦❀ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ é ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❡ s❡✉ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ é ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦❀ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ é ❡st✉❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ à ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ✈✐❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ sã♦ ❡①♣♦st❛s ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ ❚❡♦r✐❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❑❡②♥❡s✱ ❡♠ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♠♣r❡❣♦✱ ❞♦ ❏✉r♦ ❡ ❞❛ ▼♦❡❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✸✻✱ r❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦✲ ♥♦✉ ❛ ♠❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ à t❡♦r✐❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✳ ❊❧❡ r❡❥❡✐t♦✉ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ❞❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❜r✉t❛✱ ❞❛ ❡r❣♦❞✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞❛ ♥❡✉tr❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✳
❋♦✐ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s q✉❡ t❡✈❡ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡♥✲ s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥♦✳ ❊st❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ t❡♥t❛ r❡t♦r♥❛r às ♦r✐❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s✱ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐st♦r❝✐❞❛✳ ❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛✱ ❡ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛✱ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ s❡ ❛ss❡♥t❛ ❡♠ ♣✐❧❛r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♥ã♦ ♥❡✉tr❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛✱ ❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✉♣❛♥ç❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠♦❡❞❛✱ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦✳
❖✉tr❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦s ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥♦s✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞♦s ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐s✲ t❛s ♦rt♦❞♦①♦s✱ ❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛
♦❢❡rt❛ ❡✱ ❡♠ ú❧t✐♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐✈♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ às ❞✐✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♦rt♦❞♦①✐❛✱ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♣ós✲ ❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✱ ✜s❝❛❧ ❡ ❝❛♠❜✐❛❧ é s✐♥❣✉❧❛r✳
❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♣♦r ❡❧❛ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞♦ à ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♦ tr❛✲ t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s t❡ór✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s✳ ❆ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡ s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ ❝♦♥té♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦✲ ♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛✳ ❆ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✺ ❞✐s❝♦rr❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥s❡s✐❛♥❛ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✻ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ✐♥✢❛çã♦ s♦❜ ❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞❡st❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✼ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ♥❡st❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✳ ❊ ♣♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✽✱ sã♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳
✷✳✷ ❆s ❈♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ❚❡ór✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s
❑❡②♥❡s ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐st❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦rt♦❞♦①❛ ♠❛rs❤❛❧❧✐❛♥❛✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✈❛ ❡♠ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♥❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ❢♦✐ ❛❜❛♥✲ ❞♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♦rt♦❞♦①✐❛ ❡ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ s✉❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛✱ ❑❡②♥❡s ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♦❜r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ✐r❡♠♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❖ ❚r❛t❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❘❡❢♦r♠❛ ▼♦♥❡tár✐❛ ✭✶✾✷✸✮✱ ❖ ❚r❛t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ▼♦❡❞❛ ✭✶✾✸✵✮ ❡ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♠♣r❡❣♦✱ ❞♦ ❏✉r♦ ❡ ❞❛ ▼♦❡❞❛ ✭✶✾✸✻✮✱ ♣♦r s❡ tr❛t❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ♦❜r❛s q✉❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ♦s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✱ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❧✐✈r❡✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲❛❥✉st❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛❧♦❝❛ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛❥✉st❛ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❧❡♥♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ t❛❧ ❛❥✉st❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❙❛②✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❝r✐❛ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ t♦t❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣♦✉♣❛♥ç❛ é ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❥✉r♦s é ✉♠ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❛♦ ❛❞✐❛♠❡♥t♦
❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❧ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♥ã♦ é ❡♥t❡s♦✉r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡✉tr❛ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r só ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦ s❡ ❡st❡ ❢♦r ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ✭❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦✮✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡ r❡❥❡✐t❛r ✉♠ s❛❧ár✐♦ r❡❛❧ ✐❣✉❛❧ à s✉❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧✳
❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ❡①♣♦st♦✱ ♥❛ ♦rt♦❞♦①✐❛ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ é s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ▼♦❡❞❛✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ❡st❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞✐③ q✉❡✱ ❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛s M V = P y ✶✱ ❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛
♠♦❡❞❛ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❡stá✈❡❧ ♦✉ ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❡❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✭❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ é só ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛✮✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❡❞❛ s❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ é ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❡❞❛✱ ❝✉❥❛ r❡s♣♦♥✲ s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡❧❡ é ♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r s✉❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦✱ ✭▼❖▲▲❖✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✼✱ ♣✳✸✽✮✱ ✧❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ é ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ✧✈é✉✧q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ s❡♠ s❡r ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ t♦❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❡❞❛ é ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✳
❑❡②♥❡s✱ ❛♣✉❞ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❡♠ ❖ ❚r❛t❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❘❡❢♦r♠❛ ▼♦♥❡tár✐❛ ✭✶✾✷✸✮ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ♥❡✉tr❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆❡st❛ ♦❜r❛ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❡r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛✈❛ ♦ ❣✐r♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♠♦❡❞❛✱ ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ✢✉t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ r❡❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ r❡t❡r ♠♦❡❞❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❛çã♦ ❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❑❡②♥❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❛ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡r✐❛♠ r❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s s❡ ❛❥✉st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♥❡✉tr❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳
✶❖♥❞❡M = q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❡❞❛❀ V = ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛❀ P = ♥í✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡
♣r❡ç♦s❀ ❡y=♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ r❡❛❧✳
❖ ❚r❛t❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ▼♦❡❞❛ ✭✶✾✸✵✮✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛ ♥♦s ♣❡♥✲ s❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s✳ ◆❡st❛ ♦❜r❛ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♥❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ♣♦ré♠ s❡♠ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r s❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛✳ ➱ ♥❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❑❡②♥❡s✱ ❛♣✉❞ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ❝♦✲ ♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥st✐t✉✐ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✳
❖ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❡stá ❡str❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ à t❡♦r✐❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛✱ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❡①❡r❝❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛s tr❛♥✲ s❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❑❡②♥❡s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r♦✉ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛✿ ♦ ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r✳ ➱ ❞❡ss❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡s♦✉r❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♥tr♦✈érs✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦rt♦❞♦①✐❛ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛t✐✈♦✱ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✭❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❖ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♣❛ss❡ ❛ t❡r ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ✈❛✲ r✐á✈❡✐s r❡❛✐s ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✳ ❊st❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ✉♠ ✈❛③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ❞♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ✐♥❞✉s✲ tr✐❛❧✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ é ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s ♦✉ é r❡t✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ♥❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ss❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞✐s❝r❡♣â♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à t❡♦r✐❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❑❡②♥❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡s❡r✈❛✈❛ ✈❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❞❡st❛❝❛✈❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♥♦ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡✲ s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ✭✶✾✾✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✼✮✱ ✧❑❡②♥❡s ♥ã♦ ❛❝❡♥❛✈❛✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ✐rr❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❛♦ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✧✳
❋♦✐ ❡♠ ✶✾✸✻✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♠♣r❡❣♦✱ ❞♦ ❏✉r♦ ❡ ❞❛ ▼♦❡❞❛ q✉❡ ❑❡②♥❡s r♦♠♣❡✉ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦rt♦❞♦①✐❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à t❡♦r✐❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ✐❣♥♦r❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦✲ ♠✐❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♥❡st❛ ♦❜r❛ ❑❡②♥❡s ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡✉ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ♥ã♦✲❡r❣ó❞✐❝♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ é
♥ã♦ ♥❡✉tr❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ♥❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♦rt♦❞♦①❛✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♥❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❛❞q✉✐r❡ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s✱ ❛ss✉♠✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ✉♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧❛ ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ❆ ❞✐❝♦t♦♠✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ❡ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ é ❡♥tã♦ s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♠ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♠♦❡❞❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♠♦t✐✈♦ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ s✉❜st✐t✉✐ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ❡ ♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝❛✉çã♦ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✉❧❛çã♦ s✉❜st✐t✉❡♠ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✳
❖ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♥♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ❡stá ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❡ ❞❡❝♦rr❡ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❞❛t❛s ❞❡ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ❡ ❛s ✜r♠❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ r❡t❡r ♠♦❡❞❛✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞♦ à r❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♠♦❡❞❛ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❤á❜✐t♦s r♦t✐♥❡✐r♦s ❡ ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡✐s s❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s r✐s❝♦s✳
❖ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ♣r❡❝❛✉çã♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ✐♥❝❡rt♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ é r❡t✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡❝❛✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✐♠♣r❡✈✐st♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❧✉❝r❛t✐✈❛s ✐♥❡s♣❡r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✳ ❏á ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❡s♣❡❝✉✲ ❧❛çã♦✱ ❞❡❝♦rr❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❢✉t✉r❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❥✉r♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ♣r❡❝❛✉çã♦ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧✱ ❑❡②♥❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♠❛✐s ✉♠ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✸✼✱ ❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ à ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❖❤❧✐♥ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❤❛✈❡r✐❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ q✉❛rt♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ◆❡✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ r❡❢❡r❡✲ s❡ à ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♠♦❡❞❛ ❡① ❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛r ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ tr❛♥s❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✉♠ ❤✐❛t♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ r♦t✐♥❡✐r❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣❛ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝♦✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❡① ❛♥t❡✳ ❆ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢✉♥❞♦ r♦t❛t✐✈♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦✲✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛♦ r❡❝❡✲
❜❡r ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❛ r❡té♠ ♣♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♦s ❣❛st♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❞✐s♣❡♥❞✐❞❛ r❡t♦r♥❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛♥✲ ❝ár✐♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s✳ ❙❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛✉t♦✲✜♥❛♥❝✐á✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s ❡stã♦ t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❡♠♣rést✐♠♦s✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❡stã♦ q✉✐t❛♥❞♦ s❡✉s ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ s❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ❡❧❡✈❛r✱ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♠♦❡❞❛ s❡rá s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛rã♦ r❡str✐♥❣✐r ♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ré❞✐t♦✱ ❡❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❥✉r♦s ❝♦❜r❛❞❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛r✐❛ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ tít✉❧♦s✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥✲ t♦s ❡♠ ❛t✐✈♦s ✜①♦s✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦ r❡❞✉③✐r✐❛ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦✳
✷✳✸ ❖ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ Pós✲❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ❡ s✉❛s
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉❛s ✈❡r✲ t❡♥t❡s t❡ór✐❝❛s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿ ❛ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡ ♥♦rt❡✲❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ♦✉ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✐st❛ ❡ ❛ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✳✷
❆ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ s✉r❣✐✉ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ r❡s❣❛t❛r ♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♥❡♦✲❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡ ♥♦✈♦✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛✳
❉❛✈✐❞s♦♥ ❡ ▼✐♥s❦② ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✲ ❧✐st❛✳ ❉❛✈✐❞s♦♥ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛ q✉❛♥❞♦✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✷ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ▼♦♥❡② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❘❡❛❧ ❲♦r❧❞✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r♦✉ ❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ♥ã♦✲♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ ♥ã♦✲♥❡✉tr❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ✐♥❝❡rt♦✳ ▼✐♥s❦②✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr♦✉ ❡♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❢♦rç❛s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛s s❡
✷❊①✐st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡ ♥❡♦✲r✐❝❛r❞✐❛♥❛✱ q✉❡ é ♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦
s❡rá ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❡ ♦s ♣r❡ç♦s✳
❆ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❞❡ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡ s✉r❣✐✉ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✸✵ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ s❡♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❍❛rr♦❞ ✭✶✾✸✾✮✳ ◆❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✵✱ ❏♦❛♥ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥✱ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞ ❑❛❤♥✱ ◆✐❝❦♦❧❛s ❑❛❧❞♦r ❡ ▲✉✐❣✐ P❛s✐♥❡tt✐✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❛♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛✱ s♦❜ ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧✱ ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✷✵ ❡ ♥❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐st❛ ▼✐❝❤❛❧ ❑❛❧❡❝❦✐ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦✉tr♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ❛ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s t❡ór✐❝❛s✱ ♠❛s s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡✲ r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✈❡rt❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❈❛♠❜r✐❞❣❡✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❞♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞♦ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥✐s♠♦ é ❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s✲ ❣❛t❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♦✉tr❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛s✱ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛✳
❖ ♣✐❧❛r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡st❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ é ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ à ♠♦❡❞❛✱ q✉❡ r❡♠❡t❡ às q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❑❡②♥❡s ♥❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③❡♠ à s✉❛ ♥ã♦ ♥❡✉tr❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✱ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❛❢❡t❛ ♠♦t✐✈♦s ❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ q✉❡ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ s❡❥❛ r❡❞✉tí✈❡❧ ❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛s r❡❛✐s✳
◆♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ✈❛③❛♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ ✢✉①♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♣❛ss❛♠ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡r✐r r❡t❡r ♠♦❡❞❛ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐r ❡♠ ❛t✐✈♦s ✜①♦s✳ ❚❛❧ ❢❛t♦ ❧❡✈❛ à r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✈❛③❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛✱ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✧▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❙❛②✧ ✜❝❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐❞❛✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡r ❞❡ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✲ ✈á✈❡✐s✳ ◆❡st❛s ❝✐r❝✉♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❙❛② é ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ s❡r s✉♣❡r✐♦r à ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✲ s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦✱ ❞❡✐①❛ ❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧✳
❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❋❡✐❥ó ✭✶✾✾✸✱ ♣✳ ✾✽✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛ q✉❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✱ q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ✐♥stá✈❡❧✱ ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛❣r❡✲ ❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✧❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ✈♦❧át❡✐s ❡ s✉❥❡✐t❛s ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✧✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐r ♥❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐s♠♦ ❞♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐❞♦r❡s ♥❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉❝r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ s♣✐r✐ts ❞♦s ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s✱ ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥çõ❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ s❡ ♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐❞♦r❡s ♣r♦❥❡t❛♠ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ❡st❡s ♣r❡❢❡r❡♠ ♣♦st❡r❣❛r ♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ r❡♥❞❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ❡♥t❡s♦✉r❛❞❛ s♦❜ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ✐❧íq✉✐❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❢rá❣❡✐s s❡rã♦ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡✈❛ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③✳ ❋❡rr❛r✐ ❋✐❧❤♦ ❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐çã♦ ✭✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✵✻✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ q✉❡ ✧❞❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛♥✐♠❛❧ s♣✐r✐t ❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③ ❡stã♦ ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❡ tê♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ✐♥✈❡rs❛✧✳
◆❡st❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✱ ♦s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ♦s ✈❡❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝✉rt♦ ❡ ♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❛s ✜r♠❛s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠ ❡① ❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✳✸ ❊♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③
♣♦❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ✐♥s✉✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❑❡②♥❡s ♥❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ●❡r❛❧✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❛t✐♥❥❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❧❡♥♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛s ✜r♠❛s é ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛ ❡ ❛♦ ♣❧❡♥♦
✸❙❛❧✈♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ s❡ ❞á ✈✐❛ ❡♥❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✳
❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❛ ♠ã♦✲❞❡✲♦❜r❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦✱ ❞❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ t❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ♠❛✐s ❡stá✈❡❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♠❛✐s ✈♦❧át✐❧✳
▼✐❝❤❛❧ ❑❛❧❡❝❦✐ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✧♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ✉♥í✲ ✈♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❛st♦✲r❡♥❞❛✱ ❞✐s♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝r✐st❛❧✐♥❛ ❛s ♥♦çõ❡s ❤❛❜✐t✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ tã♦ ❝❛r❛s ❛♦s ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐st❛s ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✧✭P❖❙❙❆❙✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✮✳
❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ é ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛ s❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛ à ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ r✐q✉❡③❛ ♥ã♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉③í✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❧✐q✉✐❞❡③✱ ❞❡s✈✐❛♥❞♦ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❧❡♥♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦✱ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❞♦ ❞❛í ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✉♥tár✐♦✳
✷✳✹ ❆ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ▼♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ Pós✲
❑❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛
❆ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❑❡②♥❡s✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥❛✱ é ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ s✉❛ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❝❛❧❡♥❞ár✐♦ ❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❡❞❛ ❡①❡r❝❡ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛✳ ❆ ♠♦❡❞❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ ❛ss✉♠✐r t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛r ✉♠ ✈❛③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛✱ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣ós✲❦❡②♥❡s✐❛♥♦s✱ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ s❡ s✉st❡♥t❛ s♦❜r❡ s❡✐s ❛①✐♦♠❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✹✿
✹❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ✭✶✾✾✸✮
