❏♦sé ❞❡ ❆♥❝❤✐❡t❛ ●♦♠❡s ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s
❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡✴❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ◆ú❝❧❡♦
◆❈❆P ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶✿ ❯♠❛
♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦
❏♦sé ❞❡ ❆♥❝❤✐❡t❛ ●♦♠❡s ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s
❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡✴❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ◆ú❝❧❡♦
◆❈❆P ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶✿ ❯♠❛
♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞✲ ❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ■✈❛♥ ❙❛r❛✐✈❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte. UFRN / SISBI / Biblioteca Setorial Especializada do Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra – CCET.
Santos, José de Anchieta Gomes dos.
Arquitetura hardware/software de um núcleo NCAP segundo o padrão IEEE 1451.1: uma prova de conceito. – Natal, 2010.
89 f. : il.
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ivan Saraiva Silva.
Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Departamento de Informática e Matemática Aplicada. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas e Computação.
1. Arquitetura de computador – Dissertação. 2. Sensores inteligentes - Dissertação. 3. Padrão IEEE – Dissertação. I. Silva, Ivan Saraiva. II. Título.
✐
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ s♦❜ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ✏❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡✴✲ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ◆❈❆P ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶✿ ❯♠❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦✑✱ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❏♦sé ❞❡ ❆♥❝❤✐❡t❛ ●♦♠❡s ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❡♠ ✵✻ ❞❡ ❆❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ❡♠ ◆❛t❛❧✱ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡✱ ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉✳❙❝✳ ■✈❛♥ ❙❛r❛✐✈❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ✲ ❯❋P■ ✲ P♣❣❙❈
Pr♦❢✳ ❉✳❙❝✳ ▼❛r❝✐♦ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❑r❡✉t③ ✲ ❯❋❘◆
Pr♦❢✳ ❉✳❙❝✳ ❑❛r❧❛ ❉❛r❧❡♥❡ ◆❡♣♦♠✉❝❡♥♦ ❘❛♠♦s ✲ ❯❊❘◆
✐✐
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❏♦❛q✉✐♠
▼❛❝✐❡❧ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ✭✐♥
♠❡♠ór✐❛♥✮✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡
✐✐✐
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝✉♠♣r❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❡✉ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r àq✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✱ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♥❞♦✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡ ♣r❛③❡✐r♦s♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❘♦sár✐♦ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐r♠âs ❘❛q✉❡❧ ❡ ➱r✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❞❡ t✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥t❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ■✈❛♥ ❙❛r❛✐✈❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♣r❡st❛❞❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳
◆ã♦ ♣♦ss♦ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♣❛ss❡✐ ✉♠ ❛♥♦ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❇♦❛s ❤✐stór✐❛s ❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛s ❧♦♥✲ ❣❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡st❛✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦ss♦ ❧❡♠❜r❛r✿ ■s❛❛❝✱ ◆❛t❛❧✱ ❈áss✐♦✱ ❈❧é✈❡rt♦♥✱ ❆r✐♥❛❧❞♦✱ ❙t❤❡♣❡rs♦♥✱ ❮r✐❛✱ ❆♥❞❡rs♦♥ ❡ ❱❛❧ér✐♦✳ ❉♦♥❛ ❋át✐♠❛✱ ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ s❡r ❧❡♠❜r❛❞❛✳
✐✈
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖s s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ♣♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s✳ ❊❧❡s t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ tr❛♥s❞✉t♦r❡s ✭s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡ ❛t✉❛❞♦r❡s✮✱ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❡ tr❛♥s❝❡♣t♦r✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶ ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❚■▼ ❡ ◆❈❆P q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❚■■✳ ❖ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P é ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧❡ é ♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ s❡♥s♦r✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥✲ tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡✴♦✉ ❋P●❆✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✴s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶✳ ❆ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞r✐✈❡r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❘❙✲✷✸✷✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❘❆▼ ❞❡ ✺✶✷❦❇✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❚■■✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ◆■❖❙ ■■ ❡ ✉♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼✳ P❛r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❙❖P❈ ❇✉✐❧❞❡r✳ ❆ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ♣♦ç♦s ❞❡ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ✈❛③❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ é ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❋P●❆ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦t♦t✐♣❛çã♦ é ✉s❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❉❊✷ ❞❛ ❆❧t❡r❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ ❋P●❆ ❈②❝❧♦♥❡ ■■ ❊P✷❈✸✺❋✻✼✷❈✻✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ◆■❖❙ ■■ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ à ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P q✉❡ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈ ❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶✳ ❆ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❱❍❉▲✳
✈
❆❜str❛❝t
❙♠❛rt s❡♥s♦rs ❛r❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♦❢ ♦r❞✐♥❛r② s❡♥s♦rs ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❡❞✳ ■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❛ ♣♦✇❡r s♦✉r❝❡✱ tr❛♥s❞✉❝❡rs ✭s❡♥s♦rs ❛♥❞ ❛❝t✉❛t♦rs✮✱ ♠❡♠♦r②✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r ❛♥❞ tr❛♥s❝❡✐✈❡r✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶ ❛ s♠❛rt s❡♥s♦r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❚■▼ ❛♥❞ ◆❈❆P ♠♦❞✉❧❡s t❤❛t ♠✉st t♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ ✐ts❡❧❢ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❚■■✳ ❚❤❡ ◆❈❆P ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ s♠❛rt s❡♥s♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ✐t ✐s t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ t❤❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ t♦ t❤❡ s❡♥s♦r✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ♠❛♥② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ t❤✐s ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ❧♦✇✲❝♦st ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡rs ❛♥❞✴♦r ❋P●❆ st❛♥❞ ♦✉t ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡♠✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ❛ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✴s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ t♦ ❛ ◆❈❆P ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❘❙✲✷✸✷ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞r✐✈❡r✱ ❛ ♠❡♠♦r② ❘❆▼ ♦❢ ✺✶✷❑❇✱ ❛ ❚■■ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r ◆■❖❙ ■■ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❚■▼ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r✳ ❚♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❙❖P❈ ❇✉✐❧❞❡r✳ ❚❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆❈❆P t❤❛t ✇♦r❦s s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ✐♥ ♦❧❡♦ ✇❡❧❧s t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ♦✐❧ s♣✐❧❧✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐s ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❋P●❆ ❛♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦t♦t②♣✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐t ✐s ✉s❡❞ ❛♥ ❆❧t❡r❛✬s ❉❊✷ ❜♦❛r❞ t❤❛t ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s t❤❡ ❋P●❆ ❈②❝❧♦♥❡ ■■ ❊P✷❈✸✺❋✻✼✷❈✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦r ◆■❖❙ ■■ ✐s ✉s❡❞ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆❈❆P t❤❛t ✐s ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ ❈ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶ st❛♥❞❛r❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠❛❞❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❱❍❉▲ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳
✈✐
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ♣✳ ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ♣✳ ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ♣✳ ①✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♣✳ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺
✶✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺
✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣✳ ✼
✸ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ■♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ♣✳ ✶✶
✸✳✶ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹
✸✳✷ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✻
✸✳✷✳✶ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✼
✸✳✷✳✷ ▼í♥✐♠♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✸
✸✳✸ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✻
✸✳✸✳✶ ❊♥❞❡r❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✸✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❊♥❞❡r❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾
✸✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❊♥❞❡r❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋✉♥çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾
✸✳✸✳✷ ❚r❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✈✐✐
✸✳✸✳✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✶
✸✳✸✳✺ ❊st❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✸✳✸✳✻ ■♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✸✳✹ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❞✉t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✸✳✹✳✶ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ❊❧étr✐❝♦s ❡ ❋ís✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❚■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✸✳✹✳✷ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❙✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✸✳✹✳✷✳✶ ❉✐s♣❛r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✸✳✹✳✷✳✷ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❇✐ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✸✳✹✳✷✳✸ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❇②t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✸✳✹✳✷✳✹ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ▲❡✐t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✸✳✹✳✷✳✺ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❊s❝r✐t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡✴❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞♦ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ◆❈❆P ♣✳ ✹✶
✹✳✶ P❧❛❝❛ ❉❊✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✷
✹✳✷ ◆■❖❙ ■■ ❡ ❙❖P❈ ❇✉✐❧❞❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹
✹✳✸ ■♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✹✳✸✳✶ ■♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✹✳✸✳✶✳✶ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❘❙✲✷✸✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✹✳✸✳✶✳✷ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❚■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✼
✹✳✸✳✶✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞♦ ▼ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✾
✹✳✸✳✷ ■♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✸
✹✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✻
✹✳✸✳✸ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡✴❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✺ ❚❡st❡s ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s ♣✳ ✻✹
✺✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
✈✐✐✐
✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ♣✳ ✼✼
✻✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✽
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣✳ ✽✵
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ♣✳ ✽✸
❋✉♥çõ❡s ❞❛ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❆❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ▲❛②❡r ❞♦ ◆■❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✸
❆♥❡①♦ ♣✳ ✽✺
✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞♦ ◆❈❆P ❞♦ ❘■■❈❙✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦✿ ✭❑❖❈❍❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ♣✳ ✾
✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋P●❆✳ ❆❞♣t❛❞♦✿ ✭❚❯❘❈❍❊◆❑❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱
✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✾
✸ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tí♣✐❝♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷
✹ ✭❛✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✳ ✭❜✮ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❡♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❚■▼✱ ◆❈❆P ❡ ❚■■✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦✿ ❙♦♥❣ ❡ ▲❡❡
✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸
✺ ❙✐t✉❛çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❤á ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ◆❈❆Ps✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽
✻ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿
✭❙❚❊P❆◆❊◆❑❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✶
✼ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❙t❡♣❛♥❡♥❦♦ ❡t ❛❧✳
✭✷✵✵✻✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✽ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❛rt✐♥s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ♣✳ ✷✽
✾ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦✿ ■❊❊❊✲❙t❞✲✶✹✺✶✳✷✲
✶✾✾✼ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✽
✶✵ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ♥♦ ❚■▼✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❛rt✐♥s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✶
✶✶ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❞✉t♦r ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❙❚■▼ ❡ ♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿
▼❛rt✐♥s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✶✷ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❛rt✐♥s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽
✶✸ P❧❛❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉❊✷✳ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❧t❡r❛ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✶✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✺
✶✺ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❚■■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✽
①
✶✼ ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ r❛♥❞ô♠✐❝❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ r❛♥❞ô♠✐❝♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦
♣❡❧♦ ❳♦rs❤✐❢t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷
✶✽ ▼❛q✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✺
✶✾ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ◆❈❆P ❡ ❚■■ ✈✐❛ ❇❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❆✈❛❧♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵
✷✵ ❲r✐t❡❞❛t❛ ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❚■■ ♦
✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✷✶ ❆❞❞r❡ss ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❚■■ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✲
♣r❡t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✷✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ◆❈❆P ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✷✸ P❧❛❝❛s ❉❊✷ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❘❙✲✷✸✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
✷✹ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻
✷✺ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽
✷✻ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❙❖P❈❇✉✐❧❞❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✵
✷✼ ❚❡st❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❈♦✉♥t❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✶
✷✽ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✸
✷✾ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✹
✸✵ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✺
✸✶ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✻
✸✷ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✼
✸✸ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✽✽
①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ❚✐♣♦s ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✾
✷ ❉✐r❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✾
✸ ❈♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✷
✹ ❘❡❣✐str❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♣❛❞rã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✺ ❘❡❣✐str❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✹
✻ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❞❛ ❚■■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✻
✼ ❆tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣✐♥♦s ❡ ❝♦r❡s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❚■■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✽ ❘❡❣✐str❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❞r✐✈❡r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❘❙✲✷✸✷ ❞❛ ❆❧t❡r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✾ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❞♦ ❚■▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✷
✶✵ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ s✉❜s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳✶✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✽
✶✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❝❤❛✈❡s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
✶✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
✶✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✷
✶✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✼✺
①✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
▲❆◆s ✲ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s
▼❊▼❙ ✲ ▼✐❝r♦✲❊❧❡❝tr♦ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐❝❛❧ ❙②st❡♠s
❚❈✲✾ ✲ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♠✐tt❡❡ ♦♥ ❙❡♥s♦r ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
◆■❙❚ ✲ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
◆❈❆P ✲ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❈❛♣❛❜❧❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss♦r
❚■▼ ✲ ❚r❛♥s❞✉❝❡r ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ▼♦❞✉❧❡
❚■■ ✲ ❚r❛♥s❞✉❝❡r ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
❱❍❉▲ ✲ ❱❍❙■❈ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❱❍❙■❈ ✲ ❱❡r② ❍✐❣❤ ❙♣❡❡❞ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐ts
❘❙❈❍ ✲ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈♦r♣♦ ❍✉♠❛♥♦
❈❆◆ ✲ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❯❙❇ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❙❡r✐❛❧ ❇✉s
■❘❈ ✲ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡ r❡♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦
❚❊❉❙ ✲ ❚r❛♥s❞✉❝❡r ❊❧❡tr♦♥✐❝ ❉❛t❛ ❙❤❡❡t
❯▼▲ ✲ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❡♥❣✉❛❣❡
❈❆❉ ✲ ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❆♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦✲❉✐❣✐t❛❧
❈❉❆ ✲ ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❉✐❣✐t❛❧✲❆♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦
❆❙■❈ ✲ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❈✐r❝✉✐t
❙P■ ✲ ❙❡r✐❛❧ P❡r✐♣❤❡r❛❧ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
■❉❊ ✲ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t
❙❖P❈ ✲ ❙②st❡♠✲❖♥✲❛✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡✲❈❤✐♣
①✐✐✐
❯❆❘❚ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❆s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡r✴❚r❛♥s♠✐tt❡r
■❙❘ ✲ ■♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♦♥ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❘♦✉t✐♥❡
✶
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ s♦♠✱ ❧✉③ ❡ ♣r❡ssã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ r❡♠♦t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❖s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s❡✉s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❡❞❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ▲❆◆s ✭▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✮ ✳ ❊ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s r❡♠♦t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ q✉✐❧ô♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ r❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳
❖ tr❛♥s❞✉t♦r é ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r s❡♥s♦r❡s ♦✉ ❛t✉❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❡♠ ❝❡rt♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛♠❜♦s✳ ❖ s❡♥s♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ❛t✉❛❞♦r r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦ ✭❙❖◆●❀ ▲❊❊✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✐❝r♦✲❡❧❡tr♦♠❡❝â♥✐❝♦s ▼❊▼❙ ✭▼✐❝r♦✲❊❧❡❝tr♦ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐❝❛❧ ❙②st❡♠s✮ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ r❡✲ ❛❧✐③❛r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❧é♠ ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❡s s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✳
❖s s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s s❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ❝♦♠✉♠ ♣♦r ♣♦ss✉ír❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦♥✲❜♦❛r❞ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s s❡❥❛♠ t♦♠❛❞❛s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦✲r❡❛❧ ♥♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ é q✉❡ sã♦ ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✶✳
✶❯s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧ é ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ✐rá r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♥✈✐❛r
✷
❊♠ ✶✾✾✸✱ ♦ ❈♦♠✐tê ❚é❝♥✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ✲ ❚❈✲✾ ✭❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠✲ ♠✐tt❡❡ ♦♥ ❙❡♥s♦r ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✮ ❞❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ■❊❊❊ ✲ ■❊❊❊ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❙♦❝✐❡t② ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ❞❡ P❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ✲ ◆■❙❚ ✭◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✮ ❝r✐❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ q✉❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐✉ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s✳ ❯♠ ❞❡❧❡s é ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P ✭◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❈❛♣❛❜❧❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❝❡ss♦r✮ ♦✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❡♠ r❡❞❡ q✉❡ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❖ ♦✉tr♦ é ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼ ✭❚r❛♥s❞✉❝❡r ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ▼♦❞✉❧❡✮ ♦✉ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❞✉t♦r q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♦s tr❛♥s❞✉t♦r❡s ✭s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡ ❛t✉❛❞♦r❡s✮✱ ♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳
❊ss❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❚■■ ✭❚r❛♥s❞✉❝❡r ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✮ ♦✉ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥✲ ❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❞✉t♦r✳ ❊ss❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r q✉❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❚■▼ ❡ ◆❈❆P ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ ♦♣❡r❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✳
❖ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P é ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡ss❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡r ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ❊st❡ é ✉♠ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦ss✉❛ s❡✉ ❢♦❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦✳
❊♠ ▼❛②✐❦✐✈ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✈✐st❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ◆❈❆Ps✳ ◆❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ss❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛✲ ❣❡♥s✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ◆❈❆P ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❡✴♦✉ ❋P●❆ r❡✢❡t❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
✸
▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❱❍❙■❈ ✭❱❡r② ❍✐❣❤ ❙♣❡❡❞ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈✐r❝✉✐ts✮ ✳
◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ◆❈❆P ❡ s♦❜r❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❊ss❡s s❡♥s♦r❡s s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❖s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✳
❊♠ ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ é ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✈✐❛çã♦✿ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❛ér❡♦❀ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✿ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❘❙❈❍ ✭❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈♦r♣♦ ❍✉♠❛♥♦✮ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ tr♦♠❜♦s❡❀ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✿ ❞❡t❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ♦✉ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛s q✉í♠✐❝❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧❀ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✿ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❛❜❛❧♦s sís♠✐❝♦s✱ ✈✉❧❝õ❡s ♦✉ t❡rr❡♠♦t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦❀ trá❢❡❣♦✿ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♥❛s ✈✐❛s❀ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✿ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❢á❜r✐❝❛✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ♣r❡ssã♦✱ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ á❝✐❞♦ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛r ❛♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ♠♦♥✐✲ t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ à ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❡rt❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝ê♥❞✐♦ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ✢♦r❡st❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❜❛❧♦s sís♠✐❝♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛ r❡♣r❡✲ s❛s✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛♣t❛r ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ♥❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♦✉ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡♠ ❛❜❛❧♦s sís♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❛ ❡ss❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧❡rt❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❙ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s q✉❡ ❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ trás ♣❛r❛ ♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❛ss✉♠❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳
✹
❛❣r❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥ã♦ r❡str✐t❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦✱ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çõ❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛r✲s❡ ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✭❙❆❯❙❊◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✱✭❖▲■❱❊■❘❆✱
✷✵✵✹✮✳
❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡ss❡s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♦ s❡♥s♦r ♣❛ss❛ ❛ t❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦♥✲❜♦❛r❞ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♠♦♥✐✲ t♦r❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶ ❞✐✈✐❞✐✉ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❚■▼ ❡ ◆❈❆P q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❚■■ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ♦ tr❛♥s❝❡♣t♦r✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ P♦r ❝♦♥t❡r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ✭●❯▼❯❉❆❱❊▲▲■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛s
♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛✳
❆té ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❛trás tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡ ❲♦❜s❝❤❛❧❧ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❡ ❱✐❡❣❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✈❛♠ ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❧✐♠✐✲ t❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ◆❈❆P ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❥á ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❋r❛♥③❧ ❡ ●✉r❦❛♥ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❡ ❱✐❡❣❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ q✉❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ◆❈❆P s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ ♣❛❞rã♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❝❛s♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❛ ❙♠❛rt ❙❡♥s♦r ❙②st❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼ s❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ❆♦ ✐♥✈és ❞✐ss♦✱ é ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ◆❈❆P ✈✐rt✉❛❧ q✉❡ só ❡①❡❝✉t❛ s♦❜ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❙t✉❞✐♦✳ ❚❛✐s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❛❝❛❜❛♠ t♦r✲ ♥❛♥❞♦ ❛❧t♦ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ss❡ ◆❈❆P ❡ ❛❜r❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ♦✉ ❋P●❆✳
❯♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s é ▼❛②✐❦✐✈ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❊st❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ tr❛t❛ ❞♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ◆❈❆Ps✳ ◆❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈❡♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❡ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
✺
s❡r✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ◆❈❆P ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋P●❆✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❋P●❆✳ ❊ss❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡ t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦ ◆❈❆P ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❘❙✲ ✷✸✷ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞❛✳ ❊ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ♥♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✿
❼ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳
❼ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P✳
❼ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ◆❈❆P q✉❡ s✐❣❛♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳
❼ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❋P●❆ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P ❡ s❡✉s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳
❼ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ◆❈❆P✳
❼ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r t❡st❡s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳
❼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐r s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❢❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ◆❈❆P✳
✶✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✻ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ s✉❜✲❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ s❡çõ❡s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡①tr❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P q✉❡ é ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✻
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✱ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P ❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❞✉t♦r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡♠ t❡♦r✐❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦ss❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡r t♦❞♦ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♠❛✐s r✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛✳
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ✜♠✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P✳
◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ sã♦ ❡①♣♦st♦s ♦s t❡st❡s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♥♦s t❡st❡s✳
✼
✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s
◆❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♦❜r❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛✐s s♦❜r❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦✉tr❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♥♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❊♥tr❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦s ♦ ❞❡ ❇✉③❞✉❣❛♥ ❡ ◆❛s❝✉ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ❞❡ ❍❛♠r✐t❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❡ ❞❡ ❙♦♥❣ ❡ ▲❡❡ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳
❊♠ ❇✉③❞✉❣❛♥ ❡ ◆❛s❝✉ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳ ❚rês t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r✲ ❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ é ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦s ❡rr♦s ❞♦s ❡st✉✲ ❞❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✳ ❆ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ é ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✳ P❛r❛ ❡ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✶✹✺✶✳
◆❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ❍❛♠r✐t❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✳ ❊ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✳ ◆❡❧❡ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s❡♥s♦r❡s ▼■❈❆✷❉❖❚ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ▼❖❚❊❙ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇❡r❦❡❧❡②✳ ❖s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛ sã♦ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❢❡✐t♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❘❋■❉✳
✽
❖✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P✳ ❚❛✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✈✐s❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❚■▼✳
❊♠ ▼❛②✐❦✐✈ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛s s✉❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡ss❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♦✉ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❯♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❛ ❞❛ ✸❡❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻ ❢♦✐ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❊❋ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ✭❚❊❈❍◆❖▲❖●■❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❊ss❛ ❡♠✲
♣r❡s❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛✈❛ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P ❝♦♠ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✳ ❖ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ■♥t❡❧ P❡♥t✐✉♠ ❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✳ ❆ s✉❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ é ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✐♠♣♦st♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ t♦r♥❛♠ s❡✉ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❧t♦✳
❖✉tr❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❛ ❞❛ ❑♦♥tr♦♥ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠❜❛r❝❛❞❛ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❛❡r♦❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✭❑❖◆❚❘❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❊st❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡❞❡
❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❚❤✐♥❦■❖✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❢✉♥çõ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P✳ P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r s✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ■♥t❡❧ ❈❡❧❡r♦♥ ▼ ✭✻✵✵▼❍③✮ ♦✉ ✉♠ P❡♥t✐✉♠ ▼ ✭✶✱✹●❍③✮ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞♦ ▼✐✲ ❝r♦s♦❢t ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❳P ❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞✳ ❊❧❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s ❡stã♦ ❈❆◆ ✭❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡r ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✮ ✱ ❯❙❇ ✭❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❙❡r✐❛❧ ❇✉s✮ ❡ ❞✉❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❊t❤❡r♥❡t✳ ❙❡✉ ❝✉st♦ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❆ ❊s❡♥s♦rs ■♥❝✳ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ✭❊❙❊◆❙❖❘❙✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❖ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦
❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊❧❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❊t❤❡r♥❡t ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ s❡t❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳ ❊ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡♠ ❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✉♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦✲ ❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ♦ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛✳
✾
s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❘■■❈❙✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❖ ◆❈❆P ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛
❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦✳ ❯♠ ❞❡ss❡s ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s é r❡s✲ ♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❛t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✳ ❖ ◆❈❆P ♣♦ss✉✐ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❘❙✲✷✸✷✱ ❘❙✲✹✽✺✱ ❙P■ ❡ ■❙❆✲✽✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s r❡❞✉③ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❡ ❡❧❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ◆❈❆P ❞❛ ❊s❡♥s♦rs ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
❆ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞♦ ◆❈❆P ❞♦ ❘■■❈❙✳ ◆❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✈❡r ♦ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ■❘❈ ✭❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡ r❡♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✮ ✱ ❡st❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ é ♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❞♦ ◆❈❆P ❞♦ ❘■■❈❙✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦✿ ✭❑❖❈❍❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ◆❈❆P q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r ▼❛②✐❦✐✈ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ é ♦ ◆❈❆P ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋P●❆ ❞❡ ❚✉r❝❤❡♥❦♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❊ss❡ ◆❈❆P é ✉♠❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P r❡♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❘■■❈❙✳ ❊❧❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❋P●❆ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❈❆◆ ❡ ❯❙❇✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ◆❈❆P ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❋P●❆✳ ❆❞♣t❛❞♦✿ ✭❚❯❘❈❍❊◆❑❖ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
✶✵
é ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r q✉❡ ❛t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❋P●❆ ❡ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳
