❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
❊s❝♦❧❛ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❆❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✏▲✉✐③ ❞❡ ◗✉❡✐r♦③✑
❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❆▼▼■ ❡ ❆▼▼■ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡
❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦
×
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ◗❚▲
×
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❞❡ ❆ss✐s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊st❛✲ tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❆❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝❛
❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❞❡ ❆ss✐s ❇❛❝❤❛r❡❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❆▼▼■ ❡ ❆▼▼■ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦
❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ × ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ◗❚▲ × ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
✈❡rsã♦ r❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❈♦P●r ✻✵✶✽ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❆❘▲❖❙ ❚❆❉❊❯ ❉❖❙ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ❉■❆❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡s✲ tr❛ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ❊①✲ ♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❆❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝❛
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA - DIBD/ESALQ/USP
Assis, Tatiana Oliveira Gonçalves de
Comparação dos modelos AMMI e AMMI ponderado na análise da interação genótipo x ambiente e interação QTL x ambiente / Tatiana Oliveira Gonçalves de Assis. - - versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011. - - Piracicaba, 2015.
74 p. : il.
Dissertação (Mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”.
1. Interação entre genótipo e ambiente 2. Interação entre QTL e ambiente 3. Modelo AMMI 4. Modelo W-AMMI 5. Quantitative trait locus I. Título
CDD 575.10212 A848c
✸
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆ ❉❡✉s✱
✧❚✉ és ♦ ♠❡✉ ❉❡✉s❀ ❣r❛ç❛s t❡ ❞❛r❡✐✦ Ó ♠❡✉ ❉❡✉s✱ ❡✉ t❡ ❡①❛❧t❛r❡✐✦ ❉❡❡♠ ❣r❛ç❛s ❛♦ ❙❡♥❤♦r✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡❧❡ é ❜♦♠❀ ♦ s❡✉ ❛♠♦r ❞✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠♣r❡✳✧✭❙❛❧♠♦s ✶✶✽✿✷✽✲✷✾✮✳
✺
❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙
❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢é✱ ❛ ❡ss❡ ❉❡✉s ♣♦❞❡r♦s♦ ❡ ❞✐❣♥♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❤♦♥r❛✱ ♣♦❞❡r ❡ ♠❛❥❡st❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧♦s sé❝✉❧♦s ❞♦s sé❝✉❧♦s✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉r✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❚❛❞❡✉ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❉✐❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❛ ♠✐♠ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞❛✳ ❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❈❛♥❛s ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s q✉❡✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡st❛t✐✈♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s ♠❛✐s ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦s q✉❡ ✐r♠ã♦s✱ ▲ú❝✐♦ ❇♦r❣❡s ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❡ ▼✐r✐❛♥ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❆r❛ú❥♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♠❡✉s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❣r❛✲ ❞✉❛çã♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s t❡♠ ❧✉❣❛r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ❱✐❝t♦r ●♦♥③❛❧♦ ▲♦♣❡s ◆❡✉♠❛♥♥ q✉❡ s❡♠ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦ ❡✉ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛❞♠✐r❛çã♦✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❊❙❆▲◗✴❯❙P q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ss❡ ♣❛ís✳
❆ ♣r♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❙♦♥✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙t❡❢❛♥♦ P✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❈és❛r ●♦♥ç❛❧✲ ✈❡s ❞❡ ▲✐♠❛ ♣❡❧♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t✉❞❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳
❆ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❘❡♥❛t❛ ❆❧❝❛r❞❡ ❙❡r♠❛r✐♥✐ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐s♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❧❡❣r♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ♠❡✉s ❞✐❛s ♥❛ ❊❙❆▲◗✳
❆♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❊❙❆▲◗✴❯❙P ❙♦✲ ❧❛♥❣❡ ❞❡ ❆ss✐s P❛❡s ❙❛❜❛❞✐♥✱ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❇♦♥✐❧❤❛✱ ❏♦r❣❡ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❲✐❡♥❞❧✱ ❘♦s♥✐ ❍♦♥♦❢r❡ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞♦ P✐♥t♦ ❡ ▼❛②❛r❛ ❙❡❣❛tt♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♣❡r♠❛♥t❡✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à s❡❝r❡tár✐❛ ▲✉❝✐✲ ❛♥❡ ❇r❛❥ã♦ q✉❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡♦✉ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡r✐s♠♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s♦rr✐s♦ ❝❛t✐✈❛♥t❡ r❡♥♦✈❛♥❞♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❆❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❊❙❆▲◗✴❯❙P ❡ ♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❊❙❆▲◗✴❯❙P q✉❡ t✐✈❡ ♦ ♣r❛③❡r ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❧❡❣❛ ❡ ❛♠✐❣❛ ◆❛tá❧✐❛ ▼❛rt✐♥s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳
✻
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
✼
✧➱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐③ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❢❛③✱ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡✱ ♥✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ t✉❛ ❢❛❧❛ s❡❥❛ ❛ t✉❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ✧
✽
✾
❙❯▼➪❘■❖
❘❊❙❯▼❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷ ❘❊❱■❙➹❖ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✶ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ●❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❡ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭■●❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊❢❡✐t♦s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❆❞✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✸ ◗❚▲ ❙❝❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❆◗ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❆◗ P♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✻ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ◗❚▲ ❡ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸ ▼❆❚❊❘■❆▲ ❊ ▼➱❚❖❉❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❇✐♣❧♦t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✸ ❉❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❙✐♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ✭❉❱❙✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ❡ ❆▼▼■ P♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹ ❘❊❙❯▲❚❆❉❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✶ ■●❆✿ ❆▼▼■ ✈s✳ ❆▼▼■ P♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷ ■◗❆✿ ❆▼▼■ ✈s✳ ❆▼▼■ P♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ●❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❡ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹✳✷✳✷ ◗❚▲ s❝❛♥s ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ◗❚▲ × ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✶✵
✶✶
❘❊❙❯▼❖
❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❆▼▼■ ❡ ❆▼▼■ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦
❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ × ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ◗❚▲ × ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✈✐s❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭■●❆✮ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ tr❛✐t ❧♦❝✉s ✭◗❚▲✮ ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭■◗❆✮✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ♠❡❧❤♦✲ r❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✱ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛ ✭❆▼▼■✮✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ♠✉❧t✐✲❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❜♦❛s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ◗❚▲ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✳ P❛r❛ s❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲ çã♦ ❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❲✲❆▼▼■✳ ◆❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✾ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ✹ ❜❧♦❝♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛s ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❛ ■●❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ❡ ❲✲❆▼▼■✳ ❈♦♠ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❡✈❛❞❛ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥ ❡ ❚❘✸✵✻✱ ❝♦♠ ✶✹✶ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✶✷ ❛♠❜✐✲ ❡♥t❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❛ ■●❆ ❡ ■◗❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❆▼▼■ ❡ ❲✲❆▼▼■✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣♦♥❞❡r❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❧✐♥❤❛ ✭t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ✜❝❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡s♦✮ ❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ✭t♦❞♦s ♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✜❝❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡s♦✮✳
✶✷
✶✸
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❆▼▼■ ❛♥❞ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❆▼▼■ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ ❣❡♥♦t②♣❡✲❜②✲❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ◗❚▲✲❜②✲❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥
❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❝r♦♣s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ❚❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥t❡♥❞s t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣❡♥♦t②♣❡✲❜②✲ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✭■●❆✮ ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ tr❛✐t ❧♦❝✉s ✭◗❚▲✮✲❜②✲❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥t❡✲ r❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭■◗❆✮✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ t♦♦❧s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐✈✐t②✳ ❚❤❛t t❤❡ ❆❞❞✐t✐✈❡ ▼❛✐♥ ❊✛❡❝ts ❛♥❞ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❡ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✭❆▼▼■✮ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉s❡❞ t♦ st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❡s❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❤❛s s❤♦✇♥ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❣♦♦❞ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ■●❆ ❛♥❞ ■◗❆✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ◗❚▲ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ t❛❦❡ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤❡t❡✲ r♦❣❡♥❡✐t② ♦❢ ❡rr♦r ✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✱ ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆▼▼■ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ✉s❡❞✱ t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❆▼▼■ ♦r ❲✲❆▼▼■✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ ♦❜s❡r✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ✾ ♠❛✐③❡ ❣❡♥♦t②♣❡s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ✷✵ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ✹ ❜❧♦❝❦s✱ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❆▼▼■ ❛♥❞ ❲✲❆▼▼■ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❆ s❡❝♦♥❞ s❡t ♦❢ ❞❛t❛✱ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ❛ ❝r♦ss ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❜❛r❧❡② ✈❛r✐❡t✐❡s ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❚❘✸✵✻✱ ✇✐t❤ ✶✹✶ ❣❡♥♦t②♣❡s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✷ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✱ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ❆▼▼■ ❛♥❞ t✇♦ ✈❡rs✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲✲❆▼▼■ ✭❡q✉❛❧ ✇❡✐❣❤s ♣❡r r♦✇❀ ❛♥❞ ❡q✉❛❧ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ♣❡r ❝♦❧✉♠♥✮ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ■●❆✱ ■◗❆ ❛♥❞ ◗❚▲ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ●❡♥♦t②♣❡✲❜②✲❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥❀ ◗❚▲✲❜②✲❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥❀
✶✹
✶✺
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶ ✲ ❇✐♣❧♦t ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❆▼▼■✷ ❡ ❲✲❆▼▼■✷ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ✹✹ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷ ✲ ❇✐♣❧♦t ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❆▼▼■✷ ❡ ❲✲❆▼▼■✷ ✭♣♦♥❞❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❧✐♥❤❛s✮ ♣❛r❛
❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❡✈❛❞❛ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸ ✲ ❇✐♣❧♦t ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❆▼▼■✷ ❡ ❲✲❆▼▼■✷ ✭♣♦♥❞❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❝♦❧✉♥❛s✮ ♣❛r❛
❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❡✈❛❞❛ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹ ✲ ▼❛♣❛ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❡✈❛❞❛ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺ ✲ ◗❚▲ s❝❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ✶✻ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻ ✲ ◗❚▲ s❝❛♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✾ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛
✶✻
✶✼
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶ ✲ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❆▼▼■ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷ ✲ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❆▼▼■ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❛♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸ ✲ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ▲❖❉ s❝♦r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ◗❚▲✬s ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ♥♦s ❝✐♥❝♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✺✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹ ✲ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ▲❖❉ s❝♦r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ◗❚▲✬s ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ❞♦ s❡①t♦ ❛♦ ♥♦♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✺✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺ ✲ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ▲❖❉ s❝♦r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ◗❚▲✬s ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ❞♦ ❞é❝✐♠♦ ❛♦ ❞é❝✐♠♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻ ✲ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ▲❖❉ s❝♦r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ◗❚▲✬s ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ❞♦ ❞é❝✐♠♦ q✉❛rt♦ ❛♦ ❞é❝✐♠♦ ♦✐t❛✈♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✼ ✲ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ▲❖❉ s❝♦r❡♣❛r❛ ♦s ◗❚▲✬s ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ❞♦ ❞é❝✐♠♦ ♥♦♥♦ ❛♦ ✈✐❣és✐♠♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✽ ✲ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ▲❖❉ s❝♦r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ◗❚▲✬s ❡ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥✴❚❘✸✵✻ ♥♦s três ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✳ ✺✺ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✾ ✲ ❱❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ✷✵ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❡①♣❡r✐✲
✶✽
✶✾
✶ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖
❆s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭■●❆✮ ❡ ❡♥tr❡ ◗❚▲ ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭■◗❆✮ sã♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡♠ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ♠✉❧t✐✲❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ✭▼❊❚✬s✮ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐st❛s q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❱✐st♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ é ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ■●❆ ❡ ■◗❆ ❞♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r✳
❊♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✱ ✈❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛ ✭❆▼▼■✮ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐✲ ❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ✭❉❱❙✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ✭❆◆❖❱❆✮✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ■●❆ ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s é ❛❧t❛✱ é ❞❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛r ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❡st❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ é ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ✭❉❱❙✮ ❞❡ ♣♦st♦ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦✱ ♦ ❆▼▼■ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ✭❲✲❆▼▼■✱ ❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❡st❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✜①♦✱ ♦ ❲✲ ❆▼▼■ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠✐st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ■●❆✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s ✭❘❖❉❘■●❯❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳
◆♦ s❡❣✉✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ●❛✉❝❤ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❆▼▼■ é ❛q✉✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ■◗❆✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❧♦❝♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❧❡❝✉✲ ❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❛ss✐st✐❞❛✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ r❡❧❛t❛♠ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◗❚▲✬s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ❡st❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✱ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ◗❚▲ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈♦s ❛♠✲ ❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❢❡♥♦tí♣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛ ✭▲❖❉✮ ❞❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s ◗❚▲ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■✱
♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ss✉♠❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ×❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ r❡✈❡❧❛❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❝♦♥✲
✷✵
❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❢❡♥♦tí♣✐❝♦s ❡ t❡♥✲ ❞ê♥❝✐❛s s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣r❡✈ê r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ◗❚▲✳
◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✾ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ✹ ❜❧♦❝♦s✱ ♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧ sã♦ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❲✲❆▼▼■✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ q✉❛❧ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♥✲ ❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❥✉st❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❲✲❆▼▼■ s❡rá ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s s❡rã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s r❡♣❡t✐çõ❡s ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s r❡s✉❧✲ t❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❡✈❛❞❛ ❍❛rr✐♥❣t♦♥ ❡ ❚❘✸✵✻✱ ❝♦♠ ✶✹✶ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✺ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡ s❡rã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✶✹✵ ❢❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❡ ✶✷✼ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ◗❚▲✬s✳ ❈♦♠ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡rã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❛ ■●❆✱ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❛ ■◗❆✳ ❙❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♥❞❡✲ r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣❡s♦s ♣♦r ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♣♦♥❞❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡✜♥✐r q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞❡ ◗❚▲✬s✳
❊♥tr❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stã♦✿
✶✳✮ ❢❛③❡r ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ♥❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ■●❆ ❡ ■◗❆ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s❀
✷✳✮ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤♦ ♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❞❛♣✲ t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s q✉❛✐s sã♦ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❲✲ ❆▼▼■ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❛❧ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ■●❆✳
✷✶
✹✳✮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆▼▼■ ❡ ❲✲❆▼▼■✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✭♣♦r ❧✐♥❤❛ ♦✉ ♣♦r ❝♦❧✉♥❛✮ ❡ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈❛rr❡❞✉r❛ ❞❡ ◗❚▲✬s ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ■◗❆✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡♠ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦✳
✷✷
✷✸
✷ ❘❊❱■❙➹❖ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆
✷✳✶ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ●❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❡ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭■●❆✮
❖ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ■●❆ ✈✐s❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r✱ ❡st❛t✐st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡ ❤á ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ■●❆ é ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛t♦r ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r✳
P❛r❛ ❈❤❛✈❡s ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❛ ■●❆ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❡ s✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛s ❡ é r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✳
❆ ■●❆ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❢❡♥♦tí♣✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝❛s♦s é ✐♥s❡✲ ♣❛rá✈❡❧ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛✜r♠❛ ❋❛❧❝♦♥❡r ✭✶✾✽✼✮✳ P❛r❛ ❈r♦ss❛ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✱ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■●❆✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ t❡r r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡r ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❣❛♥❤♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦ss❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❆❧❧❛r❞ ❡ ❇r❛❞s❤❛✇ ✭✶✾✻✹✮ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡✐s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ♦s q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❝❧✐♠❛ ❝✉❥❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ é ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛✱ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r❛✐♦s s♦❧❛r❡s ❡ ❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲ ♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ é♣♦❝❛ ❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♠❡❛❞✉r❛✱ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❞✉❜❛çã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛t♦s às ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✳
◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❆❧❧❛r❞ ❡ ❇r❛❞s❤❛✇ ✭✶✾✻✹✮ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐✲ ❡♥t❛✐s ✐♠♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛s ❛t✉❛çõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛♥✲ t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤✉✈❛s✱ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✳
✷✹
❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ s❡rã♦ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥✲ t❛❧ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ❊st❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛✉s❛ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❛ ■●❆✳
P❡❧❛s ✈❛st❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ s✉❣❡✲ r✐r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r✐st❛s ❞❡ q✉❡ ■●❆ tê♠ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❝♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ■●❆ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧❛ ✭❆▲▲❆❘❉✱ ✶✾✼✶✮✳
❖s ♠❡❧❤♦r✐st❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s s✉♣❡✲ r✐♦r❡s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❤á ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ■●❆✱ ♣♦✐s ❡ss❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❛ q✉❡ sã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛ ♦✉✲ tr♦ é ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✭❖▲■❱❊■❘❆❀ ❉❯❆❘❚❊❀ P■◆❍❊■❘❖✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❑❆◆●✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
❱❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ■●❆ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❜❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣r♦✈❡✐tá✲❧♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦✉ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ ✭❈❍❆❱❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ▲♦❣♦ ♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❜♦♠ ♦✉ ót✐♠♦ ✭❉❯❆❘❚❊❀ ❱❊◆❑❖❱❙❑❨✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳
❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ❞❛ ■●❆ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✈❡r✐✲ ✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✭❱❊◆❑❖❱❙❑❨❀ ❇❆❘❘■●❆✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉✲ r❡③❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ tr❛③ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r✳
P❛r❛ ●♦♥③á❧❡③ ✭✶✾✽✽✮✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✜♥❛✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡①❡r❝❡ s♦❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ♠❡r❡❝❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r✐st❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❣❡♥♦t✐♣✐❝❛✳
✷✺
❞❛t❛ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❢❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ■●❆✳
❊①✐st✐♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❜❛✲ s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✳
❆ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ♣♦r ❨❛t❡s ❡ ❈♦❝❤r❛♥ ✭✶✾✸✽✮ ❡♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ✈❛r✐❡t❛✐s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦s r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠é❞✐♦s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❢♦✐ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣♦r P❡r❦✐♥s ❡ ❏✐♥❦s ✭✶✾✻✽✮ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ à ❜✐♦♠❡tr✐❛✳
❆ ❆◆❖❱❆ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡
❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦(QMG×A) ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦
♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ r❡sí❞✉♦(QMRes)✳ P♦ré♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦
sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣♦✐s ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝❡ ❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ t❡r s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ ❛ ✐♠♣♦râ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ■●❆ é ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♣♦❞❡rã♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♦ s❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ t❛✐s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r út❡✐s ♥❛ r❡❣✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ❛ ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠✱ ❝♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s✱ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s✳
❖s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ❡stã♦ r❡✲ ❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ✐❣✉❛✐s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r❡♠ ✈❛♥t❛❥♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ♠♦str❛r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❡♠ r❛③ã♦ ❞♦ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
✷✻
❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡ é út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♠❛♥t✐❞❛s✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♣❛tó❣❡♥♦s ❡ ♣r❛❣❛s ✭◆❯◆❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡stá✈❡❧ s❡ s✉❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❢♦r ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ à r❡s♣♦st❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ♠í♥✐♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❏á ♥❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡stá✈❡❧ s❡ ♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❢♦r ♣❡q✉❡♥♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛✳
✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊❢❡✐t♦s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❆❞✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛ ✭❆▼▼■✮ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦s ♠✉❧t✐✲❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠N =min(I−1, J−1)t❡r♠♦s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡Ié ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s
❡J ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ✭❆◆❖❱❆✮ ❡ ❛
❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s s✐♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ✭❉❱❙✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❆◆❖❱❆ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡①tr❛✐r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❞✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❡ ❛ ❉❱❙ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❛ ❆◆❖❱❆✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❛ ■●❆✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ◆ ♣❛rt❡s ✭●❆❯❈❍✱ ✶✾✽✽✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
P❛r❛ ❩♦❜❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✽✽✮✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ tr❛③ q✉❛tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥✲ t❡s✿ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞❛ ■●❆✱ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦s✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛s ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❣❡♥♦tí♣✐❝❛s ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❇✐♣❧♦t✳
❋♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ●♦❧❧♦❜ ✭✶✾✻✽✮ ❡ ▼❛♥❞❡❧ ✭✶✾✻✾✱✶✾✼✶✮ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✭❋❆✲ ◆❖❱❆✮ ❝♦♠ ❢❛t♦r ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡t❛s✳ ❩♦❜❡❧❀ ❲r✐❣❤t ❡ ●❛✉❝❤ ❏ú♥✐♦r ✭✶✾✽✽✮✱ ●❛✉❝❤ ✭✶✾✽✽✮❀ ●❛✉❝❤ ❡ ❩♦❜❡❧ ✭✶✾✽✽✮ r❡♥♦✲ ♠❡❛r❛♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❋❆◆❖❱❆ ❝♦♠♦ ✏❆❞❞✐t✐✈❡ ▼❛✐♥ ❊✛❡❝ts ❛♥❞ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❡ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✭❆▼▼■✮ ♠♦❞❡❧✑✳
❚❛♥t♦ ❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ✭❆◆❖❱❆✮ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✭❆❈P✮✱ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❆▼▼■✱ ❜✉s❝❛♠ r❡s✉✲
♠✐r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦ × ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
✷✼
✭●❆❯❈❍✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳
❆ ❆❈P ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣♦r P❡❛rs♦♥ ❡♠ ✶✾✵✶✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❆◆❖❱❆ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❋✐s❤❡r ❡♠ ✶✾✶✽✳ ❱❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❆◆❖❱❆ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❡ ❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ❆❈P s❡r ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛ ❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❆❈P ❢♦✐ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ s✉♣r✐❞♦s ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦✳
❆rt✐❣♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ●❛✉❝❤ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s ✭✶✾✺✷✮ ❡ P✐❦❡ ❡ ❙✐❧✈❡r❜❡r❣ ✭✶✾✺✷✮✱ s♦❜ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡ss❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛s ♣♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳ ❊st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❛ ❆❈P ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s ❞❡ ■●❆ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❆◆❖❱❆✳
❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❥♦r♥❛❧ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛✈❛ ✉♠❛ ❡①✲ ♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❥á ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❥♦r♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛✈❛✲ s❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ ♣❡r♠❛✲ ♥❡❝❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛❞♦s ❛té ✶✾✻✽ s❡♥❞♦ r❡t♦♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ●♦❧❧♦❜✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥s✉♠❛❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❛t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❆▼▼■✳
❊♠ ✶✾✼✶ ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♣❧♦t ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ q✉❡ ❞✐s♣õ❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❊❧❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s✮✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s t❡st❛❞♦r❡s ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✮ ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ ♦s t❡st❛❞♦r❡s✳
❊♠ ✶✾✽✹ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❑❡♠♣t♦♥ ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❑❡♠♣✲ t♦♥ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♣❧♦ts ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆◆❖❱❆✱ ❘▲ ✭r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r✮✱ ❆❈P✱ ❡ ❆▼▼■ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♦ ❇✐♣❧♦t ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ■●❆✳
●❛✉❝❤ ❡ ❩♦❜❡❧ ✭✶✾✾✻✮ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❆▼▼■ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✷ ❛ ✶✾✾✻✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ é út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦
♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦× ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠
✷✽
♠❛✐♦r ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ✉♠ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✺ ❛ ✷✵ r❡♣❡t✐çõ❡s✳
❩♦❜❡❧✱ ❲r✐❣❤t ❡ ●❛✉❝❤ ✭✶✾✽✽✮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r❛♠ ❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❆◆❖❱❆✱ ❆❈P✱ ❘❡❣r❡ssã♦ ▲✐♥❡❛r ✭❘▲✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦s ♠é✲ t♦❞♦s✳ ❆ ❆◆❖❱❆ ❢❛❧❤♦✉ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝â♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ■●❆ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❆❈P ❢❛❧❤♦✉ ❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ s❡♣❛r❛r ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛ ❘▲ ❡♠ r❡t❡r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❛ ■●❆✱ ♠✐st✉r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ■●❆ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❆▼▼■ ♠♦str♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❛ ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ■●❆ ❝♦♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❛❣r♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ s❡♣❛r❛r ♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s q✉❛♥t♦ à ❧❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❡ ♦s ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s q✉❛♥t♦ à ♣r❡❝♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
❊♠ ✶✾✾✼ ❆♥♥✐❝❝❤✐❛r✐❝♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ q✉❛tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝✉❧t✉r❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❛r ♦s ❡✐①♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❛ ■●❆✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❝r✉③❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❛❥✉st❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞á✲❧♦✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆▼▼■ é ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❛❥✉st❛r ♦ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧♦ ❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s r❡s✐❞✉❛❧ ✭❘▼❙P❉ ✲ ✏r♦♦t ♠❡❛♥ sq✉❛r❡❞ ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐✈❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡✧✑✮ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦s à ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♦s ❛❥✉st❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❡♣❡t✐çõ❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡rá ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♠❡♥♦r ❘▼❙P❉ ✭❉■❆❙❀ ❑❘❩❆◆❖❲❙❑■✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❆▼▼■ ♥ã♦ ❜✉s❝❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦×❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✭SQG×A✮✱ ♠❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❊ss❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡✐①♦s q✉❡ ❝❛♣t❛♠✱ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦rçõ❡s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ■●❆✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❆▼▼■ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛r ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡
r✉í❞♦ ❞❛ SQG×A ✭❲❊❇❊❘❀ ❲❘■❈❑❊❀ ❲❊❙❚❊❘▼❆◆◆✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳
✷✳✸ ◗❚▲ ❙❝❛♥s
✷✾
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ✭▲❆◆❉❊❘❀ ❇❖❚❙❚❊■◆✱ ✶✾✽✾✮ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠❛♣❡❛r r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝r♦♠♦ssô♠✐❝❛s ✭◗❚▲✬s✮ q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❡ss❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ✭◗❚▲✮ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛r❡s ✭❇❘❖▼❆◆❀ ❙❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❖ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ◗❚▲ é ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ◗❚▲ ♥✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❣❡♥✐t♦r❡s✳ ▼❛♣❡❛r ✉♠ ◗❚▲ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r s✉❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ♥♦ ❣❡♥♦♠❛ ❡ ❡st✐♠❛r s❡✉s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦✱ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦✳
P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ◗❚▲ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♦s ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦✱ ♦r❞❡♥á✲❧♦s ♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ♦✉ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ✢❛♥q✉❡❛❞♦r❡s✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦✳
❚❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❡♠ ♠ã♦ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❛r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ◗❚▲✬s✳ ❱❛❧❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é q✉❡ ♦s ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❧♦❝♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ■st♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ é ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♥❛ s❡❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❡ss❡s ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s s❡❥❛♠ ♣❛ss❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❣❡♥❡ q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ✭❆❘Ú❙❀ ▼❖❘❊◆❖✲ ●❖◆❩➪▲❊❙✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡✉s ❧♦❝♦s é ♣❡r✲ ♠✐t✐❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ss❡ ❧♦❝♦s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ◗❚▲✬s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦✱ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡❢❡✐t♦s✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❤❡r❞❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❣❡♥❡s✱ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ◗❚▲✬s ❡ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❛t✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❛ ✭❚❆◆❑❙▲❊❨✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❨❖❯◆●✱ ✶✾✾✻❀ ▲■❯✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❊①✐st❡♠✱ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ◗❚▲✬s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡ss❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲ s❡ t❡st❡ t s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛✱ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❡st✐♠❛✲ çã♦ ❞❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛✱ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲ ❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛✱ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ✭▲■❯✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ❡ ♣♦r ✜♠ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ✭❈■▼✮✳
