❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛t♦ ●r♦ss♦
❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❞♦ ❆r❛❣✉❛✐❛ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛
▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦❢✐ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❖ ●❊❖●❊❇❘❆ ❈❖▼❖ ❋❊❘❘❆▼❊◆❚❆ ❉❊ ❊◆❙■◆❖
❊▼ ●❊❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❆◆❆▲❮❚■❈❆
❊♥s✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❉❡✉s❛❣✉✐♠❛r ❉✐✈✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✴❙❇▼
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❈❛♣❡s
❖ ●❊❖●❊❇❘❆ ❈❖▼❖ ❋❊❘❘❆▼❊◆❚❆ ❉❊ ❊◆❙■◆❖
❊▼ ●❊❖▼❊❚❘■❆ ❆◆❆▲❮❚■❈❆
❊♥s✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❊st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧❛r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à r❡❞❛çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❞✐s✲ s❡rt❛çã♦✱❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞❛ ❡ ❞❡❢❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❉❡✉s❛❣✉✐♠❛r ❉✐✈✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦✲ ♠✐ssã♦ ❥✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛✳
❇❛rr❛ ❞♦ ●❛rç❛s✱ ✶✹ ❞❡ ❙❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
❇❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❡✐r❛ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s ✭❈❯❆✲❯❋▼❚✮ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ✭❯❋●✮
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Fonte.
Ficha catalográfica elaborada automaticamente de acordo com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a).
Permitida a reprodução parcial ou total, desde que citada a fonte.
S586g Silva, Deusaguimar Divino da.
O GEOGEBRA COMO FERRAMENTA DE ENSINO EM GEOMETRIA ANALÍTICA : Ensinando Com as Tecnologias / Deusaguimar Divino da Silva. -- 2015
132 f. : il. color. ; 30 cm.
Orientador: Carlos Rodrigues da Silva.
Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática, Cuiabá, 2015.
Inclui bibliografia.
➚ ❆♥❛ ❈❧❛r✐❝❡ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❛♠♦✦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r t❡r ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r♠♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❈❧❛r❛ ❆❧✈❡s P✐♠❡♥t❛ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ✏❧✉t❛s✑ q✉❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t♦✉ ❡♠ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r✲♠❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♠ ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s q✉❡ s❡♥t✐❛ ❛ ✈♦♥t❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛r t✉❞♦✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♠ã❡✳ ❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❘❡♥❛t❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛r ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❡ t❡r ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞✐❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r ❛ ❡❧❛ ❡ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✜❧❤❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♠❡✉ ❛♠♦r✳ ❆♥❛ ❈❧❛r✐❝❡ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ q✉❡ ✈♦❝ê tr♦✉①❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆s ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐r♠❛s ❡ ✐r♠ã♦ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r✳ ❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ t✉t♦r❡s ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ▼❛t♦ ●r♦ss♦ ❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❞♦ ❆r❛❣✉❛✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❉r✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠✳ ❆♦ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❉♦♠ ❇♦s❝♦ ♣♦r ❛❜r✐r s✉❛s ❛s ♣♦rt❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❆♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯❊●✲❈â♠♣✉s ❏✉ss❛r❛✲●♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝✉rs♦✳ P♦r ✜♠ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❛♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦✱ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦✱ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❡ ❙✐♥és✐♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥❝❛♥sá✈❡✐s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛♠♦s ❥✉♥t♦s✱ ❛ ✈♦❝ês t❡♥❤♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③❡r✱ ✈❡♥❝❡♠♦s ♠❛✐s ✉♠❛ ✏❜❛t❛❧❤❛✑ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠♦s ❛❞✲ q✉✐r✐r ♦ ❤á❜✐t♦ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝✐♥❛r✱ ❡ ❡ss❡ ❤á✲ ❜✐t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ♥❛ ♣❡s✲ q✉✐s❛ ❞❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r✲♥♦s ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❏❛❝q✉❡s ❇❡r♥♦✉❧❧✐
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ t❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ s✉❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ➱ r❡❧❛t❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s tê♠ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ t❡♠❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♠ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ➱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❖ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ ●❡✲ ♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛✳
❆s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ✸♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦
▼é❞✐♦✱ q✉❡ é✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✳ ◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ r❡❧❛t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡✉ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❤❛s ❛s t❤❡♠❡ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛s ❛ t♦♦❧ ❢♦r t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝ ❣❡♦♠❡tr②✱ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡♥t✳ ■t ✐s r❡♣♦rt❡❞ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡rs ✐♥ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s t❤❡♠❡✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s❝❤♦♦❧✱ st✉❞❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❡❛❝❤❡r ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ t♦ ✉s❡ ✐ts t♦♦❧s ❛♥❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❤♦✇ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ t❡①t ❤❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ❛♥❞ ❛ ❤♦st ♦❢ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s r❡s♦❧✈❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣♦❛❧s✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐❡s ❡♥❝♦✉♥t❡r❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ str❛t❡❣②✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ st✉❞❡♥ts ✇❤♦ ❛tt❡♥❞ t❤❡ ✸r❞ ②❡❛r ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ s❝❤♦♦❧✱ t❤❛t ✐s✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥t st❛rts st✉❞②✐♥❣ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝ ❣❡♦♠❡tr②✱ s❡❝♦♥❞ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛✳ ■♥ t❤❡ t❡①t ❛♣♣❡❛rs r❡♣♦rts ♦♥ ❤♦✇ ✇❛s t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❧❛ssr♦♦♠ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❚❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝ ❣❡♦♠❡tr②✱ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✱ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✈
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✈✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ✈✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ①✐✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✸
✶✳✶ ❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✷ ❖ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛ ♥❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✶✳✸ P♦r q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷ ❈♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✶✹
✷✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✷ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ▼♦✈❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ P♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛r ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♥❝✉❧❛r ♣♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✷✳✺ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✷✳✻ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♦✉ ❝❡♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✷✳✼ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❤♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✷✳✽ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✷✳✾ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✷✳✶✵ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❙❡♠✐rr❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷✳✶✶ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ r❡t❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷✳✶✷ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ r❡t❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✷✳✶✸ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷✳✶✹ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❜✐ss❡tr✐③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷✳✶✺ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ r❡t❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✷✳✶✻ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✷✳✶✼ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✷✳✶✽ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❡❧✐♣s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷✳✶✾ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❤✐♣ér❜♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✷✵ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛rá❜♦❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✷✶ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❝ô♥✐❝❛ ♣♦r ❝✐♥❝♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✸✵
✸✳✶ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❖ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✶✳✸ P♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✶✳✹ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ três ♣♦♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✷ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ r❡t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❆ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❆ ❡q✉❛çã♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ❞❛ r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✷✳✸ P♦s✐çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ r❡t❛s ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✸✳✶ P♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✸✳✷ P♦s✐çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡ r❡t❛ ❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✹ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❜r❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦✲
❣❡❜r❛ ✻✹
✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✶✵✷
❆ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✶✵✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❡ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ❇❛rr❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ▼♦✈❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✺ P♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✻ P♦♥t♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✼ ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✽ ❱✐♥❝✉❧❛r✴❉❡s✈✐♥❝✉❧❛r ♣♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛r ♣♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✶✵ ■♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✷ P♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♦✉ ❝❡♥tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✶✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✶✹ ❍♦♠♦t❡t✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✶✺ ❘❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✶✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ s♦❜r❡ r❡t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✶✼ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✶✽ ❙❡♠✐rr❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✶✾ ❘❡t❛ ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ s♦❜r❡ r❡t❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷✶ ❘❡t❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✷✷ ▼❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷✸ ❇✐ss❡tr✐③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷✹ ❘❡t❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✷✺ P♦❧í❣♦♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✷✳✷✻ ❈ír❝✉❧♦ ❞❛❞♦ ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ♣♦♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✷✼ ❊❧✐♣s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ s♦❜r❡ ❡❧✐♣s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷✾ ❍✐♣ér❜♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸✵ P❛rá❜♦❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸✶ ❈ô♥✐❝❛ ♣♦r ❝✐♥❝♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸✷ ❈ô♥✐❝❛ ♣♦r ❝✐♥❝♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✸✳✶ P❧❛♥♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✸✳✶✳✷✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✸ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♣♦♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✹ P♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✺ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ três ♣♦♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✻ ❊q✉❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✼ ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✽ ❘❡t❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✾ ❘❡t❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✶✵ ➶♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ r❡t❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✶✶ ❘❡t❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶✷ ❘❡t❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✶✸ ❘❡t❛s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✶✹ ❘❡t❛s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❡q✉❛çã♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✶✺ ❘❡t❛s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✶✻ ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ r❡t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✶✼ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡ r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✽ ❈✐r❝✉♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡ r❛✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✸✳✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✷✵ ❘❡t❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✷✶ ❘❡t❛ s❡❝❛♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✷✷ ❘❡t❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✹✳✶ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✶ ✐t❡♥s ❛ ❡ ❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✶ ✐t❡♥s ❝ ❡ ❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✹✳✸ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✶ ✐t❡♠ ❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✺ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✻ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✼ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✼ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✽ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✼ ❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✾ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✶✵ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✶✶ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✶✷ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✶✸ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✶✹ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✶✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶✺ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✶✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✶✻ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✶✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✶✼ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✷✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✶✽ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✷✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✶✾ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✷✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✷✵ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✷✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✷✶ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✷✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✷✷ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✷✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✷✸ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✷✹ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✷✺ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✹✳✷✻ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✹✳✷✼ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✷✽ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✷✾ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✻ ✐t❡♠ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✸✵ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✻ ✐t❡♠ ❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✸✶ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✻ ✐t❡♠ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✸✷ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✸✸ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✹✳✸✹ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✸✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✹✳✸✺ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✵ ✐t❡♠ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✸✻ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✵ ✐t❡♠ ❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✸✼ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✸✽ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✸✾ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✹✵ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✹ ✐t❡♠ ❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✹✶ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✹ ✐t❡♠ ❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✹✷ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✹ ✐t❡♠ ❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✹✸ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✹✹ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✹✳✹✺ ❊①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ✹✳✹✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶✳✶ ❱♦❝ê ❯t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✶✳✷ ❋✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✶✳✸ ❱♦❝ê ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✶✳✹ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✏◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ ❡st❛✈❛ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛ss✉st❛❞♦r❛✳ ❆s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❢❛❧❛✈❛♠ ❡♠ ❞❡s❛✜❛r ❛q✉❡❧❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞♦ ♠❛❧ q✉❡ ❡st❛✈❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❡❝✐❛♠ ❝♦rr❡t❛s✳ ❊ ♥✐♥❣✉é♠ ♣❡♥s♦✉ ♥❛q✉✐❧♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛✳✑
✭❇✐❧❧ ●❛t❡s✮
❖s ❥♦✈❡♥s ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡stã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ é ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❢❛ç❛♠♦s ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡❧❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♠♦s ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡st❛r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ t♦r♥❛r ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❜✉s❝❛r ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❯♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ é ✐♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ tr❛③ ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞♦s ❥♦✈❡♥s ❣♦st❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡❧❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ s❡♥t✐r✲s❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳
❆♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ♥❡❣r♦ ❡ ❣✐③✱ ♣❡r❞❡✲s❡ ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ❡ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ❡❧❛s ♥ã♦ ✜❝❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆❧❡♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r t❛✐s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✜❣✉r❛s ❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r t❛✐s ✜❣✉r❛s ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦✱ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s✳
❖ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é✲ ❞✐♦✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦s ❡ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛r t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠✲s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s✿ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉❛çã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛✱ ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ r❡t❛s ❡ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s✳ P❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ t❛✐s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❡❧❡ s❡rá
✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s✳
❖ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ é ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐✈r❡✱ ❣r❛t✉✐t♦ ❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♥✐r ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ é s✉❣❡r✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♥♦♠❡✳ ❊ss❡ ❢❛t♦ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ t♦r♥❡✲s❡✱ ✉♠❛ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s tr❛③ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣rá✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♦✉ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠✲s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✜❣✉r❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❣rá✜❝❛✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦ ✐♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛ s❡r ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ é ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s❡ t♦r♥❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s✳
➱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦✱ ❊st❡❧❛ ❑❛✉❢♠❛♥✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❍❡r♥á♥❞❡s✱ ❱❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❋✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦ P❈◆ ✭♣❛r❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ➱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s✉❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✳ ❖ t❡①t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳
❆s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡ três t✉r♠❛s ❞❡ t❡r❝❡✐r♦s ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞♦ t✉r♥♦ ♠❛t✉t✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❉♦♠ ❇♦s❝♦✱ s✐t✉❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❏✉ss❛r❛✲ ●♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s s♦❜r❡ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✐❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ s❡r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛✳ ❘❡❛❧✐③♦✉✲s❡✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦
●❡♦❣❡❜r❛
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s ❝r✐❛r ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡♠ ❛ ♥♦ss♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ✉♠ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦ t❡rá ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦s ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡r ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❖s ❥♦✈❡♥s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ♥❛s❝❡r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❊ ❡❧❡s ❡stã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✳ ❊s✲ tã♦ ✈✐✈❡♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ s❡♥t❡♠✲s❡ ❛tr❛í❞♦s ♣♦r ❡ss❡ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♥♦s ❝❡r❝❛♠✱ q✉❡ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ♦✉tr♦s ♣♦✉❝♦ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♠✳ ❖s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡♣❛✲ r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈❡r ❝♦♠ ❡ss❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ s❡ ❜❡♠ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♠❛s✱ s❡ ♥ã♦ ❤♦✉✈❡r ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r ♣r♦✈❡✐t♦s❛s ❡ ❡♥tr❛r ❡♠ ❞❡s❝ré❞✐t♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❖s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❛t❡♥t♦s ❛♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r út❡✐s ♥♦ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❍❡r♥❛♥✲ ❞❡③ ❞✐③ ✏s✉❣✐r♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣r❡st❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛♠ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ◗✉❡ r♦♠♣❛♠ ♦ ❞✐s❝✉rs♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❞♦❣♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✑✳ ❖ P♦♣✉❧❛r ✷✸✴✶✵✴✷✵✵✻✳
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❍❡r♥❛♥❞❡③✱ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s ❡st❛r ❛t❡♥t♦s ❛♦s ✐♥✲ t❡r❡ss❡s ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ s❡✉s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣❡❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ❡ss❡ ♣ré✈✐♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ❜❡♥❡✲ ❢í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡
♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❝♦♥str✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣♦r ❡❧❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❡❧❡ t❡rá ♠❛✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳
❆ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉❛✲ tr♦ ✐♥❣r❡❞✐❡♥t❡s✿ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝❛✲ ♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s❛r ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✱ ♣♦ss❛ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✳ ✭❛♣✉❞ ❱❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳
❙♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ ❱❛❧❡♥t❡✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❝♦♠♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ♠♦t✐✈❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳ ❊♥s✐♥❛r ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❡①✐❣❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ t❡rá t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ t❡r ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❞❡✈❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r t❛❧ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ t✐r❛r ♣r♦✈❡✐t♦ ❞✐ss♦ ❡♠ ❢❛✈♦r ❞♦ s❡✉ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r é ♦ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♥❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ❙✉❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ t❛r❡❢❛ é s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♠♦t✐✈á✲❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❛ s❡r ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❡♥t✉s✐❛s♠♦✱ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛tér✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❉❡✈❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✐①❛r ❝❧❛r♦ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❛♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t✉r♠❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡✱ ❡ss❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛✱ s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡♠ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t✉r♠❛✱ s❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛r ♥❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ s❡ ❡❧❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ ❜✉s❝❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✳ ❈❛❜❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ q✉❡ é ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❞❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❛ ❡ss❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳
❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡①✐❣❡ ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝✐♥❛r✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r✳ ◆ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❜❡♠ ❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✱ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ♦✉ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ♣❛r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r r❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡✲ ♠❛s✳✑ ✭❱❡r❣♥❛✉❞✱ ✶✾✾✸✱ ❛♣✉❞✱ ❋❆■◆●❯❊▲❊❘◆❚❀ ✶✾✾✾✮
❇❛s❡❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ ❱❡r❣♥❛✉❞✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❡st❛r r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
✶✳✶ ❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦
❆ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ❡ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐♠♦s ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❥á ♥♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✲ ♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✱ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✈♦❧t❛✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♠♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ t❡ór✐❝❛✳
❉♦✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♥s✐♥♦✲ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✳ ❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❢ís✐❝♦✱ r❡q✉❡r q✉❡ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡✈❛♠ s❡r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♥❛s s✉❛s r❛í③❡s✱ é ♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ♠❡❞✐r ✜❣✉r❛s✳ ✭❋❛✐♥❣✉❡❧❡r♥t✱ ✶✾✾✸❀ ❍❡rs❤❦♦✇✐t③✱ ✶✾✾✹✮
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠♦s ❛ ❢❛③❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡♠♦s✱ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ❜❛s❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r♠♦s ❛ t❡r ❝♦♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ t❡r❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛r ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛✳ ❉❛í ❡♠ ❞✐❛♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ t✐✈❡r ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡rá ♦❜t❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ t✐r❛r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛✳
P❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✈❡rá t❡r ❝♦♠ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡rã♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r✱ t❡st❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❆♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ t✐r❛r s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡
❢✉t✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s✳
✶✳✷ ❖ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛ ♥❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s
❈♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t✉r♠❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ♥✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛
✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ três t✉r♠❛s ❞❛ ✸❛ sér✐❡ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ❈♦❧é❣✐♦ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❉♦♠ ❇♦s❝♦
♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❏✉ss❛r❛✲●❖✳ ❆ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢♦✐ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✺✺ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✷✶ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❆ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣❡q✉✐s❛ é ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✴t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ ❊ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✲ ❛❣♥♦st✐❝❛r ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✴t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❡❧❡s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❛♠ ❡s♣♦♥t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✿
✶✮ ❱♦❝ê ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❄
✷✮ ❙❡ s✐♠✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❛✐s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❄ ❙❡ ♥ã♦✱ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❄
✸✮ ❱♦❝ê ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛❄ ◗✉❛✐s sã♦❄ ❏á ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ❛❧❣✉♠❄
✹✮ ❱♦❝ê ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛ q✉❡ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛❄ ❏✉st✐✜q✉❡✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s❛❜❡r q✉❛❧ ❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳
✺✵ ❛❧✉♥♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ s✐♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✱ ✸ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✱ ✉♠ ❛❧✉♥♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✉ q✉❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ r❛r♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❡ ✉♠ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡✉ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦s✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥st❛t❛♠♦s q✉❡✿
❘❡s♣♦st❛ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠
❙✐♠ ✾✵✱✾✶
◆ã♦ ✺✱✹✺
▼✉✐t♦ r❛r♦ ✶✱✽✷
▼❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦s ✶✱✽✷
❚♦t❛❧ ✶✵✵
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❱♦❝ê ❯t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❄
P♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥st❛t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦✉ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥st❛t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡ss❡s ❛❧✉♥♦s tê♠ ✉♠ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❥á
s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❡❧❡s ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✱ s❡♠ ❢❛❧❛r s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳
◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é s❛❜❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❛✐s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❆ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❞❡✐①❛✈❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ♦ q✉❡ q✉✐s❡ss❡✳ P♦❞❡r✐❛ ❛té ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❡ ✜❝❛r✐❛ ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧❡ ❢❛③✳ ❱❡❥❛♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ✺✵ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r
❘❡s♣♦st❛ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s
❘❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ✷✸ ✹✻✪
P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ✸✽ ✼✻✪
◆♦tí❝✐❛s ✸ ✻✪
◆ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③♦ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ✷ ✹✪
❋✐❧♠❡s✱ sér✐❡s ❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ✼ ✶✹✪
❯t✐❧✐③♦ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✼ ✶✹✪
❊♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rsã♦ ✻ ✶✷✪
❖❜t❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✶ ✷✪
❇❛✐①❛r ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✸ ✻✪
❖❜t❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✹ ✽✪
❏♦❣❛r ✻ ✶✷✪
❆ss✐st✐r ❛ ❥♦❣♦s ✷ ✹✪
P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❛❧❤❡✐❛s ✷ ✹✪
❉ú✈✐❞❛s ✷ ✹✪
❇❧♦❣s ✶ ✷✪
❨♦✉t✉❜❡ ✸ ✻✪
❙✐t❡s ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✶ ✷✪
■♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ✶ ✷✪
❙❧✐❞❡s ✷ ✹✪
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❋✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r
❱❡❥❛ q✉❡ ✼✻✪ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ❡ ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❙❡ ❡❧❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❝♦♥✜á✈❡✐s✱ s❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ♣ré✈✐❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ é ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦ ❡✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡ ❡ss❛s
♣❡sq✉✐s❛s sã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ❆ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❡ ❝♦rr❡ ✈ár✐♦s r✐s❝♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❡st❛r ❡st✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣♦ ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞✉✈✐❞♦s❛s✱ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛r ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡r❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡ss❡ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛rá ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈❛✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡r s❡r ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r s❡✉s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦✱ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❞❡✈❡ ❞❡✐①❛r ❝❧❛r♦ ♦s s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦♣♦r ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ▼❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✐ss♦✱ ❞❡✈❡ ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ss✐♠ ❥❛ é ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❝♦♠❡ç♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛r ❡ss❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s tê♠ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
❍♦✉✈❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❞✐ss❡r❛♠ ❣♦st❛r ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss❛r r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r❛♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡ss❛s r❡❞❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛♣r♦✈❡✐tá✲❧❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r ❡ss❡s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❱❡❥❛ ♦ ❞✐③ ❇r❡♥♥❛♥❞✳
❬✳✳✳❪ ♦s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✏♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✇❡❜ ❡ s❡✉s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✑ ♥❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s s✉❥❡✐t♦s✱ tê♠ ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❡stá ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♥♦ss❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s✳ ❘❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ❝❛♣❛✲ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♠♦❞❡❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ s✐✲ ♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡t❝✳ ✭❇❘❊◆◆❆◆❉✱ ✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳✷✵✷✮
❖s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ tr❛③❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛çã♦ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦s✱ ♠❛s ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❡♥✲ s✐♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡st❛♥❞♦ à ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ s❡ ❜❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♣♦✐s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✳ ❉♦s três ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✱ ❞♦✐s ❞✐ss❡r❛♠ q✉❡ é ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❡♠ ❝❛s❛✳ ❆ q✉❡ ❞✐ss❡ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠❛✐s ♦✉ ♠❡♥♦s é ♣♦rq✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦❧❤❛r ❞❛t❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝✉rs♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ q✉❡ ❞✐ss❡ q✉❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ r❛r♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✱ ❢❛③ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❥♦✈❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③✳
❈♦♠♦ ❥á ❢♦✐ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ é ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡stã♦ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦❞❡r♠♦s ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❛❧❣✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❝❛s♦✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ●❡♦❣❡❜r❛✳
