●■▲❇❊❘❚❖ ❏❖❙➱ ❉❆ ❙■▲❱❆
❘❊❋▲❊❳Õ❊❙ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❖ ❚❘❆❇❆▲❍❖ ❉❖❈❊◆❚❊ ◆❖ ❊◆❙■◆❖ ❉❖ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖✿ ❋❯◆➬Õ❊❙ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼➱❚❘■❈❆❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡✲ ❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❱■➬❖❙❆
Fichi citilográfici prepiridi peli Biblioteci Centril di Universidide Federil de Viçosi - Câmpus Viçosi
T
STlva, GTlberto José da, 1966-S586r
2015 conteúdo : funções trTgonométrTcas / GTlberto José da STlva. -Reflexões sobre o trabalho docente no ensTno do VTçosa, MG, 2015.
77f. : Tl. (algumas color.) ; 29 cm.
OrTentador : Walter TeófTlo Huaraca Vargas. DTssertação (mestrado) - UnTversTdade Federal de VTçosa.
ReferêncTas bTblTográfTcas: f.73-77.
1. Professores (EnsTno médTo) - Formação. 2. MatemátTca. 3. TrTgonometrTa - Estudo e ensTno. 4. AprendTzagem. I. UnTversTdade Federal de VTçosa. Departamento de MatemátTca. Programa de Pós-graduação MatemátTca. II. Título.
●■▲❇❊❘❚❖ ❏❖❙➱ ❉❆ ❙■▲❱❆
❘❊❋▲❊❳Õ❊❙ ❙❖❇❘❊ ❖ ❚❘❆❇❆▲❍❖ ❉❖❈❊◆❚❊ ◆❖ ❊◆❙■◆❖ ❉❖ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖✿ ❋❯◆➬Õ❊❙ ❚❘■●❖◆❖▼➱❚❘■❈❆❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡✲ ❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡▼❛❣✐st❡r ❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❆P❘❖❱❆❉❆✿ ✶✼ ❞❡ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳
▼ér❝✐♦ ❇♦t❡❧❤♦ ❋❛r✐❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ P❡r❡✐r❛ ▼✐❝❡♥❛
①
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛✱ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❛♥t❡r✲♠❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ é ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛s❝❡♥❞❡r s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❛r♠♦ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✜❧❤♦ ❖❧❛✈♦ ♣♦r ❡st❛r❡♠✱ ✐♥❝♦♥✲ ❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳
➚ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ✲ ❯❋❱ ❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ P❘❖❋▼❆❚ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r❛♠ ✐♠❡♥s❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❲❛❧t❡r ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡st✐♠♦s❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥✲ t❛r✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s t❡♥❤♦ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✐❛ s♦③✐♥❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
①
❙■▲❱❆✱ ●✐❧❜❡rt♦ ❏♦sé ❞❛✱ ▼✳ ❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❘❡✢❡①õ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✿ ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❲❛❧t❡r ❚❡ó✜❧♦ ❍✉❛r❛❝❛ ❱❛r❣❛s✳
①①①①
❆❜str❛❝t
①
❙■▲❱❆✱ ●✐❧❜❡rt♦ ❏♦sé ❞❛✱ ▼✳❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❆✉❣✉st ✷✵✶✺✳ ❘❡✢❡❝t✐♦♥s ♦♥ t❡❛❝❤❡r✬s ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❝♦♥t❡♥t✿ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✳ ❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ ❲❛❧t❡r ❚❡ó✜❧♦ ❍✉❛r❛❝❛ ❱❛r❣❛s✳
①①①①
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✿
❖s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✲ P❈◆s s♦❜ ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛r
q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦✳ ✹
✸ ❈♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ❳ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ✶✷
✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✶✾
✹✳✶ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✹✳✷ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❇❛s❡ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✸ ❆ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✹✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✳
■♥ú♠❡r♦s sã♦ ♦s r❡❧❛t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❛♥t♦ às ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛r✲ t✐❞❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡s♣❡r♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭P❈◆s✮ ❡♠ ❇r❛✲ s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✹✷✮✱ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❚❡❝✲ ♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ t❡♠ ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ✳
❬✳✳✳✳❪ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛s ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ◆❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦✲ ❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ t❡♠ ❝❛rát❡r ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ♣ró♣r✐❛✱ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥✈❡♥çã♦✳ ❈❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❛ s❡ s✐t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♥❞♦✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❡♠ ❡str❡✐t❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t♦❞♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❡❧❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✳
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r❡st❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛❞♦t❛r ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ✐st♦ s❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ✈✐✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✲❛❧✉♥♦✳
✷
P♦ré♠✱ ❡ss❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ❢❛❝❡ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧✐❣✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐✲ ♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡✱ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❞♦t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡❝♥✐❝✐st❛✱ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s ❡①♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ❝♦♠ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s s❡♠ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ é ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛❞❛✳ ❆❝r❡❞✐t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s tê♠ ❡♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞❡s♣r❡♣❛r♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✱ ❛ ✐♥❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧❣✐❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲ çã♦ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ♦ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❧✐❞❛✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s P❈◆s ❡♠ ❇r❛s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✹✹✮ t❡♠♦s ✿
❬✳✳✳❪ ❖✉tr♦ t❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s é ❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡st❡❥❛ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ às ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲ çõ❡s✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❛❧❣é❜r✐❝♦ ❞❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛r ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❣rá✜❝♦s✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r♦ss❡❣✉✐rá s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❛s ❝❛r✲ r❡✐r❛s ❞✐t❛s ❡①❛t❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ss❡❣✉r❛❞♦ sã♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s✱ ❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✏❡①❝❧✉í✲ ❞♦s✑ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ é ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✏❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✑ ♦✉ ♥❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ é ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ss❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✲s❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✳
✸
♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s✳
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦✭❚❈❈✮ tr❛③ ❡st❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉✲ çã♦✳
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦s P❈◆s ❡✱ s♦❜ ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛r q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦✱ ✐♥st✐❣❛ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡❧❡ s♦❜ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✳
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦❝❡♥✲ t❡s✱ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡❥❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ✭P❘❖❋▼❆❚✮✳
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧✱ ❞♦s ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s ❞♦ ▼✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ■♣❛t✐♥❣❛✴▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✳❇✉s❝❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡♥tr❛✈❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s P❈◆s ❡ ❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛tr❛❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❡♠ ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳❚r❛t❛ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♦s ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s q✉❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ❛ r❡❛❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥♦ ❜✐♥ô♠✐♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✴❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ s❡ t♦r♥❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♠♦♥ó❧♦❣♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❛❧❛✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡s❝✉t❛♠ ❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠ ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❞✐t♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥çã♦ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛✿
❖s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s
◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✲ P❈◆s s♦❜ ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛r
q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈♦
P❛r❛ ❢❛❧❛r ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ s✉❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠✳ ❙❡✲ ❣✉♥❞♦ ■♠❡♥❡s ❡ ▲❡❧✐s✭✶✾✾✽✱ ♣✳✸✶✻✮ ❡ss❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ t❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✿
P❛❧❛✈r❛ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦ ✭tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✮ ❡ ♠❡tr✐❛ ✭♠❡❞✐❞❛✮✳ ➱ ✉♠ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❡st✉❞❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦s ♦✉ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ❛ ♣❛r✲ t✐r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡ss❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❆s r❛③õ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s sã♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ss❡s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s✱ ❡t❝✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡♥s✐♥❛r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❇♦②❡r✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳✶✵✽✮✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡✿
✺
❆ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s r❛♠♦s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ só ❤♦♠❡♠ ♦✉ ♥❛çã♦✳ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛s r❛③õ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❧❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s t✐♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡✲ ❧♦s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ❡❣í♣❝✐♦s ❡ ❜❛❜✐❧ô♥✐♦s✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛✱ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ♣ré✲❤❡❧ê♥✐❝♦✱ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦✱ ✉♠ t❛❧ ❡s✲ t✉❞♦ s❡r✐❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✏tr✐❧❛t❡r♦♠❡tr✐❛✑✱ ♦✉ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧í❣♦♥♦s ❞❡ três ❧❛❞♦s ✭tr✐❧át❡r♦s✮✱ ❞♦ q✉❡ ✏❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✑✱ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦s ❣r❡❣♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ✭♦✉ ❛r❝♦s✮ ♥✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦r❞❛s q✉❡ s❡ s✉❜t❡♥❞❡♠✳ ❆s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ❝♦r❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ♦✉ ✐♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s✱ ❡r❛♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❞♦s ❣r❡❣♦s ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❍✐♣ó❝r❛t❡s✱ ❡ é ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ❊✉❞♦s❝♦ t❡♥❤❛ ✉s❛❞♦ r❛③õ❡s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✲ t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ t❡rr❛ ❡ ❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ s♦❧ ❡ ❞❛ ❧✉❛✳
❉❡s❞❡ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ♠❛✐s r❡♠♦t♦s ❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡s✲ t✉❞♦ ❡ ✉s♦✳ ❆ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é s❡♠♣r❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡rr❛s ❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s✳ ❆✐♥❞❛✱ ❇♦②❡r✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳✶✶✵✮ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❡①♣❧✐✲ ❝✐t❛✿
❬✳✳✳❪ ❆r✐st❛r❝♦ s❛❜✐❛ q✉❡ ♥✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞♦ ❛r❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛r❝♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐ ❞❡ ✶✽✵♦♣❛r❛ ✵♦✱
❛♣r♦①✐♠❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ✶✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ q✉❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❍✐♣❛r❝♦ ❡♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♥✐♥❣✉é♠ t✐♥❤❛ t❛❜✉❧❛❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❛r❝♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦r❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ â♥❣✉❧♦s✳ ❋♦✐ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❆♣♦❧ô♥✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r✲ s❡ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞♦ ❛ ❍✐♣❛r❝♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ✐st♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ à ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❞❛s ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡✉s ♣r❡❞❡❝❡ss♦r❡s✳
P♦r ❡st❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢♦✐ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡s✲ t✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✳ ❍♦♠❡♥s q✉❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❡ ❡st✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛s r❛③õ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❝❛❞❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦✳
✻
❈♦♠♦ ♦s ❤✐♥❞✉s✱ ♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ár❛❜❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❛♠✲s❡ ❛ s✐ ♠❡s♠♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛strô♥♦♠♦s ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❞❡❞✐❝❛✈❛♠ ✐♥✲ t❡r❡ss❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ à tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝r❡❞✐t❛r ❛ ❡❧❡s ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❡✐s ❢✉♥çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡ ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡①✐st❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❛♥t✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❛té ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✳
❈❡rt✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ t❡♠á✲ t✐❝❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛s ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❛♦s P❛râ✲ ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❤✐stó✲ r✐❝♦ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s✿
❆s ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❛♦s P❛rã♠❡tr♦s ❈✉r✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠✱ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✶✷✸✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ t❡♠át✐❝❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✿
❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦❀ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ q✉❛❧✲ q✉❡r❀ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈♦❧t❛✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s✱ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❈♦♠✲ ♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧✲ t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳
❆ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✸♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦
✼
❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡✮ t❡♠ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ✶ r❛t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳
❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❡s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s✱ ❢r✉t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♥♦rt❡❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❛ ▲❡✐ ❞❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❇ás✐❝❛s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❥♦✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❢♦ss❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳
P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ✈❛❧❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r ❙❡❜❛st✐❛♥✐✭✶✾✾✾✮ ♥♦s ❢❛③ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡✿
❬✳✳✳❪ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ r❡✈❡st✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡s ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛s✱ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛✐s ❡ ❛t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✑✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❧❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣✉❡ à ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛t❡✲ ♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ✐♠♣❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❡ s❡♠ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡s ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛✐s ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s ♠♦str❛r ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✲❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❝r❡♥ç❛ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s é ❢r✉t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥✐st❛ ❡ ❡✉r♦❝❡♥tr✐st❛ ❞❡st❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ◆ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♠❛s ❝❛❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥stró✐ ❛ s✉❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳❈♦♠♦ ❡st❛✲ ♠♦s ♠❡r❣✉❧❤❛❞♦s ♥✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ tr❛③ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❜❛❣❛❣❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❣♠❛ ❞❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛✱ s♦♠♦s ❧❡✈❛❞♦s ❛ ♦❧❤❛r ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♦✉tr♦✱ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♥♦ss♦ s❛❜❡r✳
①
❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✕ P❈◆s sã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ q✉❡ ❡stá tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦✳
✽
P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ q✉❡ ♦ r❡♠❡t❛ ❛♦ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡✲ tr✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ à r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ s✉❣❡r❡ ✉♠ ♣❡♥s❛r t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝r✐❛çõ❡s t❡❝♥♦❧ó✲ ❣✐❝❛s✳ ❆s ❖r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❈♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❛♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉✲ ❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✱ ❇r❛s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✶✷✷✮✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♠ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ss❡❣✉r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❡s♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱❛ss✐♠✿
❖ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ss❡❣✉r❛❞♦ sã♦ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡✲ tr✐❛ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡ ❛t❡r às ❢✉♥çõ❡s s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦ ❡ t❛♥✲ ❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❡st✉❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈♦❧t❛ ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❡ à ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❤✐stór✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡s✲ t✉❞♦ ❞❡st❡ t❡♠❛ é ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡r s✐❞♦ r❡s♣♦♥✲ sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s é♣♦❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❛s ♥❛✈❡❣❛çõ❡s ♦✉✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❛ ❆❣r✐♠❡♥✲ s✉r❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❤♦✲ ♠❡♥s s❡ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ s❡ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦✳
❊✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s✱ r❡♠❡t❡✲s❡ à ❛str♦♥♦♠✐❛✳
❖ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ s❡♥♦✱ ❝♦ss❡♥♦✱ ❡ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s tr✐❣♦♥♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳
◆♦t❛✲s❡✱ q✉❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❣✉ç❛❞♦✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛r ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳
❆ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❛ s❡✉s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
✾
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▼✐❣✉❡❧ ❡ ▼✐♦r✐♠✭✷✵✵✺✱ ♣✳✶✺✻✮ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❡ ❛❜✉s♦ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ss❡ s❡r r❡❝♦rt❛❞❛ ❡ ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ ❤♦♠❡♦♣❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❊❧❡s ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♠ q✉❡✿
❬✳✳✳❪ ❤✐stór✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐r ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❡✱ ♠❛✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥st✐✲ t✉í❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✜♥s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r✈ê♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❆ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✐♥t❡r✈✐♥❞♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ à ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦✲ ♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s s✉❣❡r✐♠♦s ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ◆✐❡❧❝❡ ▼✳ ▲♦❜♦ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ✭P❯❈ ❙P✮ q✉❡ tr❛③ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❣ê♥❡s❡ ❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❆ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ◆✐❡❧❝❡ ❞✐✈✐❞✐✉ s❡✉ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❡♠ s❡t❡ ♣❛rt❡s✿ ❆s r❛í③❡s ❞❛ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡✲ tr✐❛❀ ❆ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ●ré❝✐❛❀ ❆ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❍✐♥❞✉s❀ ❆ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦s ➪r❛❜❡s ❡ ❞♦s P❡rs❛s❀ ❆ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ➪r❛❜❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❊✉r♦✲ ♣❡✉s❀ ❆ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♥❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❱ ❡ ❆ ❚r✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ■♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❆✐♥❞❛✱ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ Pr❛❞♦✭✶✾✾✵✱ ♣✳✸✸✮ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡✿
✶✵
◆♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ Pr❛❞♦✭✶✾✾✵✮ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛✲s❡ ♦ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ❈r✐❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❤✐stór✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♥♦✈❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♥♦✈❛s t❡♦r✐❛s é ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❥❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❖✉tr❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❈✉r②✭✷✵✵✼✱ ♣✳✶✸✮ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❡rr♦s✿
❬✳✳✳❪ q✉❡♠ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❝❡rt♦s ♠♦str❛♠ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s❛❜❡❄ ❊ q✉❡♠ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ♦s ❡rr♦s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ s❛❜❡❄ ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡♣❡t❡ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ s❡❥❛ ❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✱ t❡♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❞❡✲ t❡❝t❛r ❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❡♥s❛ ❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦✱ q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❡❧❡ tr❛③ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳❆ss✐♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ tr❛③✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✱ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ♣❡rt♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❞á ❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳
▲♦❣♦✱ ♦s ❡rr♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ◗✉❛✐s ❛s r❛③õ❡s ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ♣❡♥s❛r ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦❄ ❙ã♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❢❡✐t♦s✳ ❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✳ ❯♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❥❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s✉❣❡r✐r ♥♦✈❛s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳ ❯♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❡rr♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ❆♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❡rr♦s ❝♦♠❡t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❛❧✉♥♦s ❋❡❧t❡s✭ ✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳✼✺✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ q✉❡✿
❖ ❡rr♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛ss✉♠✐r✱ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❛s sér✐❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡rr♦s sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✉♣❡r❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❡rr♦ ❡ ♦ ❛❝❡rt♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
❖ ❡♥s✐♥♦ é ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ é ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ é ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ❆ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ é ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
✶✶
♣r♦❢❡ss♦r é ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦ ❛ ✉s❛r ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦❄ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦✭✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳✾✮✿
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦✲ ♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❡①✐❣✐❞♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥✲ t❡♠♣❧❛ ❛ ♣❧✉r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡♠✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ❛♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s✳
❙❡♥t❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲❛s✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ sã♦ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ✜❝❛♠ ♦❜s♦❧❡t♦s ♣♦r ♥ã♦ t❡r❡♠ ♠ã♦✲❞❡✲♦❜r❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦♣❡rá✲❧♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸
❈♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ❳ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦
❈♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠♦s ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s q✉❡ ♠❡r❡❝❡♠ r❡✢❡①ã♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ♥❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞✐s✲ ♣õ❡ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ✭✉♠ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❝♦♠ ✈ár✐♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡♠ ❡ s❛❜❡ ✉s❛r✳
❉❡❧♦✉rs✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❛♥t♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛ s❡r ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛✳
❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦✭✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳✷✸✮ ❛✜r♠❛ ✿
❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✭❡♠ ✈❡③ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐✲ ❧❛s✮✿♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ❛❝❡ss❛r✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❡t❛ s✐❣♥✐✲ ✜❝❛t✐✈❛✳
❯♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞❛ ❣❡r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛❧t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ✿ ✏■♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡❀ s❡ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❲❡❜q✉❡st ❡♥❣❛❥❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✑✳ ❊ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛
✶✸
❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐rá ✏❋❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✿ ❲❡❜q✉❡sts ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s s❡ ✈❡❥❛♠ ❡ ❛t✉❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❛ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛✑✳
❋✐♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ❞❡ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦✭✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳✷✸✮ ❡❧❡ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ✿
❋❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❞❡ s❛❜❡r❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s✿ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s tí♣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ✇❡❜ ✭❛❜❡rt❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❧✐✈r❡✱ ❣r❛t✉✐✲ t❛s✳✳✳✮ ❲❡❜q✉❡sts ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✳
❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛té ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✉s❛r ❞❛s ✇❡❜q✉❡sts ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✐♥t❡r❛✲ çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❈♦♠ ❡st❡ ♦❧❤❛r✱ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ✭✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳✶✻✮ ❝✐t❛✿
❍♦❥❡✱ ♦✉tr❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r é ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡✐♥✈❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ ❛❝❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣r❡✈✐s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✳ ❈❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦ ❡①❛♠❡ ❝rí✲ t✐❝♦ ❞❡ s✐ ♠❡s♠♦✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡ ❛♥s❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✲ s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
❉❡s❝♦❜r✐r✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r s❡✉s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ s❡ r❡✐♥✈❡♥t❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✳
❖❜✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▲❡✈②✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳✵✾✮✿
➱ ❝❡rt♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ é ✉♠❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ q✉❡ ❤á ❝✐♥❝♦ ♠✐❧ ❛♥♦s s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥♦ ❢❛❧❛r✴❞✐t❛r ❞♦ ♠❡str❡✱ ♥❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ♠❛♥✉s✲ ❝r✐t❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡✱ ❤á q✉❛tr♦ sé❝✉❧♦s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✉s♦ ♠♦❞❡r❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ s✉♣õ❡ ♦ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤á❜✐t♦ ❛♥tr♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♠✐❧❡♥❛r ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♥♦s✳
✶✹
❝❤❡❣❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞❛ q✉❡ tr❛rá ❣r❛♥❞❡s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛✲ çã♦✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❇r❛s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✹✾✮✿
❊♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✱ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✱ ❡stá ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✱ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✐♥str✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ❡ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜✲ ❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❡ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳
❆ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó✲ ❣✐❝♦s✱ ♣♦✐s sã♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❡ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦s ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✳
❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ●r❛✈✐♥❛ ❡ ❙❛♥t❛r♦s❛✭✶✾✾✽✱ ♣✳✶✷✷✮✿
◆ã♦ é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣❡♥s❛r ♥✉♠ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s ✈ã♦ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛r s✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛♦ ♣❡♥s❛r ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ❛ t❡r ♣❛✲ ♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝❛♣❛✲ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉♦✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤♦❥❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛❞❛s✳ ❊ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❙❛✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡r♦s r❡♣❡t✐❞♦r❡s ❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦✲ ❝í♥✐♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛rã♦ ❛ s❡r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼♦r❡✐r❛✭✷✵✵✹✮ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡st❡❥❛ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❞✐✈✉❧❣✉❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
✶✺
✏❬✳✳✳❪ ❡ss❡ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥ã♦ t❡✈❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♥❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ r❡✈❡rt❛♠ ❡st❡ q✉❛❞r♦✳✑
◆♦t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❚✉❞♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❜♦♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ♠♦str❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s❀ ♣❡❧❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r❀ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r q✉❡❜r❛r ♦s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛ ♥♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡stát✐❝❛✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ■♠❜❡r♥ó♠✭✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳✻✶✮✿
❖s ❢✉t✉r♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ♣r❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛s tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ s✉r✲ ❣✐♥❞♦ ♥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡r r❡❝❡♣t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛❜❡rt♦s ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ♣❧✉r❛❧✐st❛s✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r s✉❛s ❛t✉❛çõ❡s às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✳ ❍á ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ✉r❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛t✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳
❊①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♦❧❤❛r ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s✐stê♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳■❳✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ✐♥s✐st❡ ♥✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ s❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳■ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❳❳✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ t♦❞♦ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ à s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
➱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛rá r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦✲ r❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ s❡♥t✐r❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛✳
✶✻
❘❡ss❛❧t❛♠ ❛q✉✐✱ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❞♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ♠❡s✲ tr❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❘❡ss❛❧t❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡①✐st❡ ❤á ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❛r❡♥t❛ ❛♥♦s✱ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡ ❥á ♣r♦❞✉③✐✉ ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❡stá ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❡ ❧✐✈r♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛✱ ♠❛s ❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛té ❛❣♦r❛ t❡✈❡ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳ ➱ ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛ss♦❝✐á✲❧❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳
❖ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡❜r✉ç❛r✲s❡ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♦❧❤❛r✳ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛✲♦ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛✳ ❖ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐rá ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛çã♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛rá ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s❡rá s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❝❤ã♦ ❞❡ s❛❧❛✳
❆✐♥❞❛✱ ❖st❡r♠❛♥♥ ❡ ❘❡③❡♥❞❡✭✷✵✵✾✱ ♣✳✻✾✮✱ ❛✜r♠❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜s✲ s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡✈❡r❛✿
❬✳✳✳❪ t❡r ❝❛rát❡r ❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦✲ ❝❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦✱ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❉❡✈❡rá✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❡st❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ s❡❥❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ s❡❥❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♥♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦✳
P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦s ❛ s❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡✲ r❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ s✉❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛✲s❡ ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛t✉❛✳
❈♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r r❡✈❡r s✉❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s s❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ r❡✢❡t✐rá ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳
✶✼
❊♥t❡♥❞❡r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ t❛❧ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧❡✈❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ♥❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❞❛r ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♥❛s❝❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✳
❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ▲✉❞❦❡✭✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳✽✮✱ ❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❧❡✈❛ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛✿
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛r❡♠✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❡♠✱ ❝r✐t✐❝❛r❡♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡✲ r❡♠ s✉❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣rát✐✲ ❝❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ♥ã♦ é s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ r❡✢❡t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉✲ ③✐r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠✱ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ s❡r ✉♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛✱ ✐♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦✱ ❞♦ ❛t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❜r✉ç❛r✲s❡ ♦✉tr❛ ✈❡③ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✱ ❡♥❝✉rt❛ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♦ s❡♣❛r❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛r✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦✉tr❛s ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ à ❧✉③ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ s✉r❣❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣♦r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛❞♦s✱ ❛♠♣❧✐❛♠✲s❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❝r✐❛♠✲s❡ ♥♦✈♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛♠ ♦ s❛❜❡r s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ót✐❝❛✱ ❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❊ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉❞❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❊ t✉❞♦ s❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✉❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ tr❛③❡r ❢♦r♠❛s ♦✉ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ s❡✉ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ é ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛s r❛③õ❡s q✉❡ s❡✉ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✳ ❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✳
❊ss❡ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛s t❡♦r✐❛s✱ ♠❛s ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ♥❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ár❡❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❉❡✈❡ s❡r t❡st❛❞♦ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♥❛s❝❡r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✶✽
◗✉❛❧ s❡r✐❛ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛❄ ◗✉❛❧ s❡r✐❛ ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❛ tr✐❣♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛❄ ❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ❇r❛s✐❧✭✷✵✵✵✱ ♣✳✻✾✮ ♣r❡❝♦♥✐③❛♠ q✉❡ ✏❆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❡r❝❡❜❛♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦✑✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s
✹✳✶ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡③✲s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ■♣❛✲ t✐♥❣❛✴▼● ❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♥♦♠❡♥✲ ❝❧❛t✉r❛s✿ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ✈✐s✐t❛❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❆✱ ❇✱ ❈✱ ❉ ❡ ❊✳
◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛s ✐♥s♣❡çõ❡s ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛r ❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✳ ❆s ❡s❝♦❧❛s s❡ ❞✐s♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♥❛s r❡✉♥✐õ❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çõ❡s✱ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s✱ s❛❧❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❡♠ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s à ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❛♠ ❛♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ❛ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✱ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥♦✭✷✵✶✹✮ ❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ✭✷✵✶✺✮✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ r❡❧❛t♦ ❞❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s✱ ♣r♦❝✉r♦✉✲s❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❡ ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❤♦❧íst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛ ❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❧❡t✐✈❛✳
✷✵
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❥á ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❈♦♠✉♠ ✭❈❇❈✮✳✕
❖ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❈♦♠✉♠ ✕ ✭❈❇❈✮✶ ✱ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❊s✲
t❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦❧♦❝❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ ❡t❛♣❛s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❖ ❈❇❈ ✈✐s❛ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ✉♠ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳
❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ é ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐✲ ❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s tê♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❞✉❛s ❞❡ss❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣❡r✐❢❡r✐❛s ✭❡s❝♦❧❛s ❝♦♠ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐♦❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✮ ♦✉tr❛s três s❡❥❛♠ ❡s❝♦❧❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✷ q✉❡ ❥á ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠
❞♦ P❉P ✕ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❞❡ ●❉P✸ ✕ ●r✉♣♦s ❞❡
❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❊ss❡s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦✲ ♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❞✐s♣õ❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ Pr♦❥❡t♦ P♦❧ít✐❝♦ P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝ó♣✐❛s ✜é✐s ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛♥❞♦ tã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛❧t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ é ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ❈❇❈✱ é ✉♠ ✐♥str✉✲ ♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡✐❛ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❊st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❝❛❜❡♥❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ s❡✉ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉tá✲❧♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛✳
◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❧❡t✐✈♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ✶❈❇❈✿ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
✭❙❊❊✲▼●✮ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♦s P❈◆ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊❧❡ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♠í♥✐♠♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛ é r❡❣✉✲ ❧❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✻✻✻ ❞❡ ✵✼ ❞❡ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✺✳
✷❖ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❊❘✭❊s❝♦❧❛s ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✮ é ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛❞❛
❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❧❡♠❛✿ ✏❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✑✳ ✭▼■◆❆❙ ●❊❘❆■❙✱ ✷✵✵✹✱ ♣✳ ✸✸✮
✸●r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ✭●❉Ps✮✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣r❡✲
