❆♥á❧✐s❡ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ P❛rt❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ❉✐s❝♦s ❞❡ ❆❝r❡çã♦ ❡♠ ❊str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❈❧áss✐❝❛s
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✲ ❯❋▼● ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ✲ ■❈❊① Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ P❛rt❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ❉✐s❝♦s ❞❡ ❆❝r❡çã♦ ❡♠ ❊str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❈❧áss✐❝❛s
P❛✉❧✐♥❡ ❚❡❧❧❡s ▼❝●✐♥♥✐s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r❛✳ ❙í❧✈✐❛ ❍❡❧❡♥❛ P❛✐①ã♦ ❆❧❡♥❝❛r✱ ❯❋▼● ❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✱ ❯❋❙❏
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❚ít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❆str♦❢ís✐❝❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❡ ✐r♠ã♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✳ ❙❡♠ ✈♦❝ês ❡✉ ♥✉♥❝❛ t❡r✐❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ❙í❧✈✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s✱ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ ♠❛♥t❡r s❡♠♣r❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❝❡rt♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦✱ ♠❡✉ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♠❡✉ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♠✐❣♦✱ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤❡✐r♦✱ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦ ❡ ♠❡✉ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ✜❝♦✉ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦ ❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♠❡ ❞❡✐①♦✉ ❞❡s✐st✐r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥❝♦♥tá✈❡✐s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛✳ ➚s ❛♠✐❣❛s ❞♦ ❈❙❆✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ ❡✉ s❡✐ q✉❡ ♣♦ss♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♥t❛r✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✳ ❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ✼ ❱❡r❞❡✱ ♣❡❧❛s r✐s❛❞❛s ❡ ♣♦r ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ✉♠ ❧✉❣❛r tã♦ ❜♦♠✳ ❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❛str♦❢ís✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❜♦♥s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣♦r ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ✉♠ ót✐♠♦ ❧✉❣❛r ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r✳ ❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❲❛❣✉✐♥❤♦✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ❣♦st❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❛str♦♥♦♠✐❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❉♦③❡✱ à ❑✐✇✐ ❡ à ▼✐❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❢❛③❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ♥♦s ❧♦♥❣♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❉r✳ ❏érô♠❡ ❇♦✉✈✐❡r ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s❡✉s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ ➚ ◆❛tá❧✐❛ ▲❛♥❞✐♥✱ ♣♦r ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s❡✉s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ à ◆❛t❤á❧✐❛ ❋♦♥s❡❝❛✱ ♣♦r ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r s❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝♦s✳ ❆♦ ❉r✳ ●á❜♦r ❋ürés③✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s✱ ❡ ❛ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❈◆Pq✱ à ❈❛♣❡s✱ à ❋❆P❊▼■● ❡ à ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ♥❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❈♦❘♦❚ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ àq✉❡❧❡ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é t❡♥t❛r r❡♣r♦❞✉③í✲❧❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♦❝✉❧t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦s❢❡r❛ ❡st❡❧❛r ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✳ ❊st❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦✱ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr♦t❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❛ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢❡r❛ ❡st❡❧❛r ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✳
❯♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛ t✐♣♦ ❆❆ ❚❛✉ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❜r✐❧❤♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✲ st❛♥t❡✱ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❝✉❥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ q✉❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠♦s ❝❛✉s❛r ❡st❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♦❝✉❧t❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛s ❝✉r✲ ✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s✳ P❛r❛ ✐st♦✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐s❝♦✲❡str❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❡ ❞♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rr♦t❛çã♦✱ s✉❜❧✐♠❛çã♦ ❡ tr✉♥❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐s❝♦ ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ❡st❛ s✉♣♦s✐çã♦ é ✈✐á✈❡❧✳
❯s❛♠♦s ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛s ❞❡st❛s ❡str❡❧❛s✳ ■♥s❡r✐♠♦s ❡st❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐❞❛❞❡s ❜♦❧♦♠étr✐❝❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❏ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r s✉❛s ♠❛ss❛s ❡ r❛✐♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❡r✐♦❞♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ vs❡♥i❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s✱ ❡st✐♠❛♠♦s ❛s ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❆ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❧❡✐ ❞❡ ❑❡♣❧❡r ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐s❝♦✳
❈♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♦ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❝❛❞❛ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❛③✐♠✉t❛❧ ❞❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉③❡♠✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ r❛✐♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❡❧❛ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ h/Rd ∼ 0.18✱ ♠❛s ♦s ♠í♥✐♠♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ♠♦str❛♠ ❛❧t✉r❛s ❞❡s❞❡ ✵✳✵✹Rd❛té ✵✳✸✵Rd✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛té ✼✵✪ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦✱ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❞✐❛s✳ ❊st❡s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠♦str❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ é ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐s❝♦ ❡ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢❡r❛ ♥❡st❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳
❯s❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❝❤❛s q✉❡♥t❡s ❡ ❢r✐❛s ♣❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞❡
■■
❞✉❛s ❡str❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ❢♦t♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❇❱✭❘■✮c s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡❛ às ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚✳ ❆ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❝❤❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ s❡r ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❝❛rt❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦✐s ❝❛s♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❲❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❤❡r❡ ❈♦❘♦❚ ❧✐❣❤t ❝✉r✈❡s ♦❢ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ st❛rs t❤❛t s❤♦✇ s✐♠✐❧❛r ♣❤♦t♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r t♦ t❤❛t ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ st❛r ❆❆ ❚❛✉✳ ❚❤❡ ❣♦❛❧ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡s❡ ❧✐❣❤t ❝✉r✈❡s ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦❝❝✉❧t❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r ❆❆ ❚❛✉✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❛♥ ✐♥♥❡r ❞✐s❦ ✇❛r♣ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛❧❧② ♦❜s❝✉r❡s t❤❡ st❡❧❧❛r ♣❤♦t♦s♣❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤✐s ✇❛r♣ ✐s ❛ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ❞✐s❦ r❡❣✐♦♥✱ ♥❡❛r t❤❡ ❝♦✲r♦t❛t✐♦♥ r❛❞✐✉s✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❡❞ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s♣❤❡r❡✱ ❛s ✐s ♣r❡❞✐❝t❡❞ ❜② ♠❛❣♥❡t♦❤②❞r♦❞✐♥❛♠✐❝ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳
❆♥ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✲❧✐❦❡ ❧✐❣❤t ❝✉r✈❡ ✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜② ❛ r♦✉❣❤❧② ❝♦♥st❛♥t ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❜r✐❣❤t♥❡ss ❧❡✈❡❧✱ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t❡❞ ❜② ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝ ♠✐♥✐♠❛ t❤❛t ✈❛r② ✐♥ ✇✐❞t❤ ❛♥❞ ❞❡♣t❤ ❢r♦♠ ❝②❝❧❡ t♦ ❝②❝❧❡✳ ❚♦ ❧❡❛r♥ ♠♦r❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ❞✐s❦ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✇❡ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦❝❝✉❧t❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❧✐❣❤t ❝✉r✈❡s✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❞♦ t❤✐s✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡ st❛r✲❞✐s❦ s②st❡♠✬s ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛ss ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐✉s ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛r✱ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦✲r♦t❛t✐♦♥ r❛❞✐✉s✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❡ ✇❛r♣ ✐s ❧♦❝❛t❡❞✳ ❆♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦✲r♦t❛t✐♦♥✱ tr✉♥❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ s✉❜❧✐♠❛t✐♦♥ r❛❞✐✐ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❞✐s❦s s❤♦✇s t❤❛t t❤✐s ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❛❧✐❞✳
❲❡ ✉s❡❞ s♣❡❝tr❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡s❡ st❛rs✬ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s✳ ❲❡ t❤❡♥ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s✱ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❜♦❧♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐t② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❏ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ st❛r✱ ✐♥t♦ ❛♥ ❍❘ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠ t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡✐r ♠❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐✐✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ♣❡r✐♦❞s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞♦❣r❛♠✱ ❛♥❞ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢vsini❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♣❡❝tr❛✱ ✇❡ ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ t❤❡ s②st❡♠s✬ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❑❡♣❧❡r✬s t❤✐r❞ ❧❛✇ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦✲r♦t❛t✐♦♥ r❛❞✐✉s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❞✐s❦✳
❑♥♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦✲r♦t❛t✐♦♥ r❛❞✐✐ ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠s✬ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❡ ✇❡r❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❡❛❝❤ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❧✐❣❤t ❝✉r✈❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧②✱ s♦ ❛s t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ✇❛r♣ ❤❡✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ ❛③✲ ✐♠✉t❤❛❧ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ t❤❛t ❜❡st r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ✐t✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❛t✐♦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✇❛r♣✬s ❤❡✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❛❞✐✉s ❛t ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐t ✐s ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ✇❛sh/Rd∼0.18✱ ❜✉t t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ♠✐♥✐♠❛ s❤♦✇ ❤❡✐❣❤ts ♦❢ ✵✳✵✹Rd ✉♣ t♦ ✵✳✸✵Rd✱ ✈❛r②✐♥❣ ✉♣ t♦ ✼✵✪ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❝②❝❧❡s✱ ✐♥ t✐♠❡✲s❝❛❧❡s ♦❢ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❞❛②s✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡s ❤♦✇ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ❞✐s❦ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ st❡❧❧❛r ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s♣❤❡r❡ ✐s✳
❲❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛ s♣♦t ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❛tt❡♠♣t t♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ❧✐❣❤t ❝✉r✈❡s ♦❢ t✇♦ st❛rs t❤❛t ❤❛❞ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s ❇❱✭❘■✮c ❛♥❞ ❈♦❘♦❚ ♣❤♦t♦♠❡tr②✳ ❚❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② t❤❛t ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤♦t ♦r ❝♦❧❞ s♣♦ts ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ st❛rs ✐s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡✐r ♣❤♦t♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r
■❱
✇❛s ❞✐s❝❛r❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ❝❛s❡s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❘❡s✉♠♦ ■
❆❜str❛❝t ■■■
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ❱■■■
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ■❳
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❆ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✸ ❆❝r❡çã♦ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✸✳✶ ❆❆ ❚❛✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✹ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚ ✶✵
✷✳✶ ❖ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❈♦❘♦❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❊str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠♦r❢♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚ ❡ ❞♦ ❙♣✐t③❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✷✳✺ ❱✸✺✹ ▼♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✷✵
✸✳✶ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❖s ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡st❡❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✷ ❋♦t♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❋♦t♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❈♦❘♦❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❋♦t♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❇❱❘■ ❞♦ ❖❜s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞♦ P✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❉✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✸ ❖ r❛✐♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ❱■
✸✳✸✳✶ ❘❛✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❧✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❡✐r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❘❛✐♦ ❞❡ tr✉♥❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✹✹
✹✳✶ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♦❝✉❧t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✺✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘ ♣❛r❛ ❡str❡❧❛s ♥❛ P❙P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❖ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❡st❡❧❛r ❥♦✈❡♠ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✹ ❆❝r❡çã♦ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✺ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢❡r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❊❚❚❈ ❡ ♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦✳ ✼ ✶✳✻ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✼ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚ ❞♦❜r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❢❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ ❊str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ❞❡ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❈♦❘♦❚ ❡ ♦ ❙♣✐t③❡r✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✺ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❱✸✺✹ ▼♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✶ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❈❛✐ ✻✺✵✾ ◦
A ❡ s✉❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠logg ❡ T❡❢✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❋❡✐ ✻✺✹✼✳✻ ◦
A ❡ s✉❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ logg ❡ T❡❢✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✸ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ✵✷✷✸✾✽✵✻✾✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✹ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ✵✷✷✸✾✽✶✽✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✺ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ✵✷✷✸✾✾✶✽✸✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✻ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ✵✹✵✵✵✵✼✽✵✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘ ❞❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ t✐♣♦ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✽ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚ ❞❛s ❡str❡❧❛s t✐♣♦ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✾ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚ ❡ ❞♦ ❖P❉ ♣❛r❛ ✵✷✷✸✾✼✻✼✹✼ ❡ ✵✷✷✸✾✽✵✷✻✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✶✵ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞♦ ❖P❉ ❞❡ ✵✷✷✸✾✼✻✼✹✼ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❝❤❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✶✶ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞♦ ❖P❉ ❞❡ ✵✷✷✸✾✽✵✷✻✹ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❝❤❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶✷ ❊s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ✵✷✷✸✾✺✾✻✶✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✸ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❡ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❊❚❚❈ ❡ ❛ ♠❛ss❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦
r❛❞✐❛t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✶ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❆❆ ❚❛✉r✐ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ❱■■■
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ▲✐♥❤❛s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛ T❡❢ ❡logg ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✸ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ Tef ❡ logg ❝♦♠ ♦s três ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦
❡st❡❧❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ Tef ❡ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s três ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡
❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✺ P❡rí♦❞♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡str❡❧❛s t✐♣♦ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✻ ❘❛✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❧✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡str❡❧❛s t✐♣♦ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦
❝❡♥ár✐♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✼ ❘❛✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❜❧✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❡✐r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡str❡❧❛s t✐♣♦ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s
❝❛s♦s ❡①tr❡♠♦s ❞❡ QR= 1 ❡ QR= 10✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✽ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s
t✐♣♦ ❆❆ ❚❛✉ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡Rtrunc < Rco✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡str❡❧❛s t✐♣♦ ❆❆ ❚❛✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦❧❛♣s♦ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❣ás ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✳ ❖ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡st❛s ♥✉✈❡♥s ✈❛r✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛q✉❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡ ✶ ♣❝✶ ❡ ♠❛ss❛s ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✶✵ ♠❛ss❛s s♦❧❛r❡s ✭M⊙✮✱ ❛té ❛s ♥✉✈❡♥s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❣✐❣❛♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛ss❛s ❞❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ 106
M⊙ ❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ♣❝✳ ❖
❣ás ♥❡st❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡✱ ♥❛ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✜❧❛♠❡♥t❛r✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡♥s♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ✭❍❛rt♠❛♥♥ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
P❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ❣ás ❞❡♥s♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♠ ❝♦❧❛♣s♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧ s✉♣❡r❡ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ tér♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❣ás ❡ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♦♣õ❡♠ ❛♦ ❝♦❧❛♣s♦ ❣r❛✈✐✲ t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❝❛✐ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡str❡❧❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞✐s❝♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ r❡❞♦r✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ q✉❡ é ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛❞♦ à ❡str❡❧❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s❡ ❢❛③ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡st❡ ❞✐s❝♦✳
■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❝✐r❝✉♥st❡❧❛r✱ ❛❜s♦r✈❡♥❞♦ t♦❞❛ ❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛ ❢❛s❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✉r❛r ❛té ✶✵✵ ♠✐❧ ❛♥♦s✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦✲❡str❡❧❛ ✭❍❛rt♠❛♥♥ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ s❡ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛ ♥♦ ❞✐s❝♦✱ ♦ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ s❡ ❞✐s♣❡rs❛ ❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ é ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛❞❛✳ ◆❡st❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢❛s❡✱ ❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ♠✐❧ ❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❧❤ã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦s✱ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛ ❚ ❚❛✉r✐✱ s❡ s✉❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❢♦r ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ 2M⊙ ✭❏♦②
✶✶ ♣❝≈3
.26❛♥♦s✲❧✉③≈3.09×10 16
♠
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r✿ ❛✮ ♥✉✈❡♠ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❝♦♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡♥s♦s❀ ❜✮ ❝♦❧❛♣s♦ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦❀ ❝✮ ♣r♦t♦✲❡str❡❧❛✱ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♥♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❡ ✈❡♥t♦s ❡st❡❧❛r❡s❀ ❞✮ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦t♦✲❡str❡❧❛❀ ❡✮ ú❧t✐♠♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r❀ ❢✮ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❧❛♥❡tár✐♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✳ ✶ ❯❆≈1,5×108❦♠✳
✶✾✹✺✮✱ ❡ ❞❡ ❆❡✴❇❡ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❣✱ s❡ s✉❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❡st✐✈❡r ❡♥tr❡ 2M⊙ ❡ 10M⊙ ✭❍❡r❜✐❣ ✶✾✻✵✮✳
❈♦♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦ ❞✐s❝♦ s❡ ❞✐s♣❡rs❛✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❧❤ã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐sí✈❡❧✳ ●r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ é ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ❡str❡❧❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❛❝r❡çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡❥❡t❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦s ♦✉ ❥❛t♦s ❡st❡❧❛r❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦❛❣✉❧❛r ❡ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❧❛♥❡tár✐♦ ✭❍❛rt♠❛♥♥ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
✶✳✶ ❆ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘ ♣❛r❛ ❡str❡❧❛s ♥❛ ♣ré✲s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✭P❛❧❧❛ ✫ ❙t❛❤❧❡r ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦♥t✐❧❤❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♠♦str❛ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❡str❡❧❛s s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛✳ ❆s ♦✉tr❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ♠♦str❛♠ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❛ss❛✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛s s♦❧❛r❡s✳ ❖s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥❛q✉❡❧❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦✳
♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ♥❡st❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡♠ q✉❛❧ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❡❧❛ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✭❙P✮✳ ❊str❡❧❛s q✉❡ tê♠ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢✉sã♦ ♥✉❝❡❧❛r ❡stã♦ ♥❡st❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❡str❡❧❛ q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡stá s♦❢r❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥tr❛çã♦ ❣r❛✈✐t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❡♠ s❡✉ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ s❡❥❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛ ♣ré✲❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✭P❙P✮ ✭■❜❡♥ ✶✾✻✺✮✳ ❊st❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❛✐♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❙P ❞❡ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❛ss❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❡♥♦r❡s✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❛s ❡str❡❧❛s P❙P ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ✭q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡♥çã♦ ♠♦str❛ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✮✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘ ❝♦♠ ❡str❡❧❛s P❙P ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛s0.6M⊙ ❛ 6M⊙✳
❙❡♠ ❛ ❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ♥♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ s✉❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘ ♠✉❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❊str❡❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❛✐①❛ ✭❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ∼ 0.8M⊙✮ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✹
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛rá ♥❛ ❙P■❩✳
❊str❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛ss❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ 0.8M⊙ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s r❛❞✐❛✲
t✐✈♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ♥❛ ❙P✳ ❖ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❛té ❛s s✉❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s✉❛s ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡ç❛♠ q✉❛s❡ ❝♦♥s✲ t❛♥t❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡❧❛s s❡❣✉❡♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s q✉❛s❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr✐❧❤❛s r❛❞✐❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❛té ❛t✐♥❣✐r❡♠ ❛ ❙P■❩✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r é ❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ é ❛ s✉❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❊str❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛ss❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ 3M⊙ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❢❛s❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈❛ ♥❛ P❙P✱ ♣♦✐s ❛♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❡♠
✈✐sí✈❡✐s✱ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r❡♠ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘✱ ❡❧❛s ❥á ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ r❛❞✐❛t✐✈♦✳ ❊str❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❛ss❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ 8M⊙ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❢❛s❡ P❙P✱ ♣♦✐s
q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❥á ❡stá ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐❞r♦❣ê♥✐♦ ♥♦ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ✭▲❛❞❛ ✶✾✾✾✮✳
❖ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❍❘ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✈ár✐❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ♠❛ss❛✱ r❛✐♦ ❡ ✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s à ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ❡♠❜❡❜✐❞♦s✳ P♦r ✐ss♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ só s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ ❡str❡❧❛s ♣ré✲❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❛s ❥á sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈á✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✳
✶✳✷ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹
❯♠❛ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r ♠❛✐s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s é ♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❥♦✈❡♠ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❙♦❧ ❡ à ❜❛✐①❛ ❡①t✐♥çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❧❛r ♥❛ s✉❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ✭❉❛❤♠ ✷✵✵✽✮✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥✉♠❡r♦s♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥tí♠❡tr♦s ❛té r❛✐♦s✲❳✱ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡ ♣ré✲ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳
◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ▼♦♥ ❖❇✶ ❡ ❡stá ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✼✻✵ ♣❝ ❞♦ ❙♦❧ ✭❙✉♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼✮ ♥♦ ❜r❛ç♦ ❡s♣✐r❛❧ ❞❡ ❖r✐♦♥✳ ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❡ ❡stá ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ ♥✉✈❡♥s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❣r❛✉s ♥♦ ❝é✉✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✷✵ ♥✉✈❡♥s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❛ss❛ ❡♥tr❡ 102 ❡
104
M⊙ ✭❖❧✐✈❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹ é
❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ♥❛ ♣ré✲❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❆ ❡ ❇ ♥❛ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡ ✐❞❛❞❡ ③❡r♦ ❡ ❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❞❡ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❖✼ ❱✱ ❙ ▼♦♥✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❧✉♠✐♥♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✽✺✵✵ ✈❡③❡s ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ ❙♦❧✱ ❡ ❝✉❥❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛ ♦ ❣ás ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ❆ ✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✸ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❛♥♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐só❝r♦♥❛s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ♠❛ss❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ é ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✺ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❛♥♦s ✭❉❛❤♠ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✿ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❡st❡❧❛r ❥♦✈❡♠ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❚✳❆✳ ❘❡❝t♦r ❡ ❇✳❆✳ ❲♦❧♣❛ ✭◆❖❆❖✴❆❯❘❆✴◆❙❋✮ ♥♦ ❲■❨◆ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t♦r②✱ ❑✐tt P❡❛❦✱ ❆r✐③♦♥❛ ✭❊❯❆✮✳ ❆ ❡str❡❧❛ ❜r✐❧❤❛♥t❡ ❧♦❣♦ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ é ❙ ▼♦♥✳ ❖ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦ ❬❖ ■■■❪✱ ♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❛❧❛r❛♥❥❛❞♦ ❍α ❡ ♦ ❛③✉❧ ✈✐♦❧❡t❛ ❡♥①♦❢r❡ ❬❙ ■■❪✳ ❆ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ t❡♠ ❞✐♠❡♥ssõ❡s ❞❡ 0.75◦
×1◦✳
❝♦♠ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❍α✱ ♥❛ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❡str❡❧❛s✱ ❥❛t♦s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❍❡r❜✐❣✲❍❛r♦✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳
❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ r❛✐♦s✲❳✱ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ❍α❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ♥❡st❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✻✵✵ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❜❛✐①❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛ ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡✲ r❛❞♦ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❞❡ ♥✉✈❡♥s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✷✸✵ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦s ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ s✉❜✲❡st❡❧❛r✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❙ ▼♦♥ ❡ ❛ ♥❡❜✉❧♦s❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❡✳ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡✲ r❛❞♦ ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✶✵✵✵✳ ❊st✉❞♦s ♥♦ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❡ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♠✐❧✐♠étr✐❝❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❛♠ ❞✉❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r✱ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ■❘❙✶ ❡ ■❘❙✷✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✻
❊♠ ♠❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽ ❡st❡ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❈♦❘♦❚ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✷✸ ❞✐❛s ✐♥✐♥t❡rr✉♣t♦s✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❢♦t♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❡ ❆❡ ❞❡ ❍❡r❜✐❣✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ❞❡st❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❡ t❡st❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦✳
✶✳✸ ❆❝r❡çã♦ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢ér✐❝❛
❊♥tr❡ ❛s ❡str❡❧❛s P❙P ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ♠❛ss❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡ ❍α❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦rt❡ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❢♦t♦s❢❡r❛ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ✉❧tr❛✈✐♦❧❡t❛ ❛té ❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✳ ❊st❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ✭❊❚❚❈✮✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐á✲❧❛s ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡st❛s ❢♦rt❡s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦❥❡ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❢r❛❝❛s ✭❊❚❚❋✮✳ ❚❛♥t♦ ❛s ❊❚❚❈ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ❊❚❚❋ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ r❛✐♦s✲❳✳ ❋♦rt❡s ❝❛♠♣♦s ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✶ ❦● ❡ ✸ ❦● ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❊❚❚❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❩❡❡♠❛♥ ✭❏♦❤♥s✲❑r✉❧❧✱ ❱❛❧❡♥t✐ ✫ ●❛✛♦r❞ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠❛r❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❊❚❚❈ q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❞❛s ❊❚❚❋ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡st❡❧❛r✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ❢♦✐ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ♠❛❣✲ ♥❡t♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡st❡❧❛r✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ s✉♣õ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❢♦rt❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛♥❣ét✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❊❚❚❈ s❡❥❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐♣♦❧❛r ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✳ ❆ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢❡r❛ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ tr✉♥❝❛ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥st❡❧❛r ♥♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛ s✉♣❡r❛ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❝r❡çã♦✳ ❖ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✐♦♥✐③❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❧✐ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❝❛✐ ♥❛ ❡str❡❧❛ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛t✐♥❣❡ ❛ ❢♦t♦s❢❡r❛ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡♠ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡❞❛ ❧✐✈r❡✱ r❡s✉❧✲ t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❛♦s ♣ó❧♦s ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ♠❛♥❝❤❛s q✉❡♥t❡s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡st❡❧❛r✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ é ❡❥❡t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦ ✭❈❛♠❡♥③✐♥❞ ✶✾✾✵✱ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✹✮✳ ❖ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ♥♦ ✉❧tr❛✈✐♦❧❡t❛ é ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥♦s ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ❡ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧❛r❣❛s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛♠ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦✳ ❆s ❧✐✲ ♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❢♦t♦s❢❡r❛ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ♥♦ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡♠❡❧❤♦ é ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❡ r❡❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥st❡❧❛r✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✹✿ ❆❝r❡çã♦ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢ér✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ é ❞✐♣♦❧❛r✱ ❛ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢❡r❛ tr✉♥❝❛ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s r❛✐♦s ❡st❡❧❛r❡s✳ ❖ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✐♦♥✐③❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝❛✐ ♥❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ ❛♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛ ❢♦t♦s❢❡r❛ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡♠ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡❞❛ ❧✐✈r❡✱ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ♠❛♥❝❤❛s q✉❡♥t❡s ♥❛ s✉❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ é ❡❥❡t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝♦✳ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠❡♥③✐♥❞ ✶✾✾✵✮
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✻✿ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❜r✐❧❤♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ r❡❧❛t✐✲ ✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠í♥✐♠♦s q✉❛s❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❛té ✶✳✹ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡s✳ ❆ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦s ♠í♥✐♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦✳
✶✳✸✳✶ ❆❆ ❚❛✉
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❡st❛r ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ▼❍❉ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❆❆ ❚❛✉ ✭❇♦✉✈✐❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✾✱ ✷✵✵✸✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ três ❝❛♠♣❛♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✾✾✺ ❡ ✷✵✵✼✱ s✉❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s❝♦♣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❞✉❛s ❞❡st❛s ❝❛♠♣❛♥❤❛s✳ ❋♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❜r✐❧❤♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐❞♦ ♣♦r q✉❡❞❛s q✉❛s❡ ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛té ✶✳✹ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✽✳✷ ❞✐❛s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✻✮✳ ❆ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦s ♠í♥✐♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡✲ r❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦✱ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞✐❛s ✭❇♦✉✈✐❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❊st❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦✐ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ à ♦❝✉❧t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦t♦s❢❡r❛ ❡st❡❧❛r ♣♦r ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❝✐r❝✉♥st❡❧❛r✱ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❝✐r❝✉♥st❡❧❛r ❞❡ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ▼❍❉ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢❡r❛ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ t❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❇♦✉✈✐❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❧✉③ ❞❡ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ❡ ❛ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢❡r❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞❛ r❡s✉❧t❛ ♥❛ ❡❧❡✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ♥❛s ❞✉❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣ó❧♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡stá ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ♦♣t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡s♣❡ss❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❤❡♠✐s❢ér✐♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③ ❛s ♦❝✉❧t❛çõ❡s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ✭❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✼✮✳ ❖ ❞❡s❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦❝✉❧t❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝✉rt♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✾
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✼✿ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✿ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✸❉ ❞❡ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦❤✐❞r♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❑✉❧❦❛r♥✐ ✫ ❘♦✲ ♠❛♥♦✈❛ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❆s ❧✐♥❤❛s ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦rµ✱ ❡ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦rΩ✱ ❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ❞✉❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣ó❧♦ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡stá ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦✳
➚ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✿ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❆❆ ❚❛✉✱ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s❢❡r❛ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♦❝✉❧t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇♦✉✈✐❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳
s❡ ❡❧❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛ ✉♠ ❝❛s♦ ❡①❝❡♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✐st♦✱ ❡r❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣♦ss✉✐r ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❜♦❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦❜t❡r ❡st❡s ❞❛❞♦s só ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛♠♣❛♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❥♦✈❡♠ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❈♦❘♦❚✱ q✉❡ ♦❜t❡✈❡ ❢♦t♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦✱ ❝♦❜r✐♥❞♦ ✈ár✐♦s ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s s❡rá ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❆❆ ❚❛✉ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ❡ s❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ s✉❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❡str❡❧❛s✳
✶✳✹ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚
✷✳✶ ❖ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❈♦❘♦❚
❖ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❈♦❘♦❚ ✭❈♦♥✈❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❘♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛r② ❚r❛♥s✐ts✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈❡♥tr♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ❋r❛♥ç❛ ✭❈◆❊❙✮ ❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢r❛♥❝❡s❡s✱ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❡✉r♦♣❡✉s ❡ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❖ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❢♦✐ ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✷✼ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻ ❡q✉✐♣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✼ ❝♠ ❞❡ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❝♦♠ ✹ ❈❈❉s s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❧✉③✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦ ✈❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❢♦t♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ s❡♠ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛ t❡rr❡str❡ ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦✉ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞✐❛✲♥♦✐t❡✳ ❙✉❛ ór❜✐t❛ é ♣♦❧❛r ❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t✐t✉❞❡ ❞❡ ✽✾✻ ❦♠✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❡q✉❛t♦r✐❛❧✳ ❖ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦ ♣❛ss❛ q✉❛s❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛s❝❡♥sã♦ r❡t❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❛ ✻❤✺✵♠ ✭❛♥t✐✲❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ●❛❧á①✐❛✮ ❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❛ ✶✽❤✺✵♠ ✭❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ●❛❧á①✐❛✮✳ ❉✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛♦ ❛♥♦✱ ❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❧✉③ ❞♦ ❙♦❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦✱ ❡❧❡ é ♠✉❞❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡st❛s ♠❛♥♦❜r❛s✱ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❥♦✈❡♠ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹ ❢♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝✉rt♦s ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚✳
❙❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s sã♦ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛str♦ss✐s♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r ♣♦r ♥♦✈♦s ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s ❡①tr❛✲s♦❧❛r❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s t❡❧úr✐❝♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ s✉❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ✐♥✐♥t❡rr✉♣t❛s ♣♦r ❧♦♥❣♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ♦ t♦r♥❛♠ ✐❞❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈♦❘♦❚ ✶✶
✷✳✷ ❖❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹
❖ t❡❧❡s❝ó♣✐♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❈♦❘♦❚ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹ ✐♥✐♥t❡rr✉♣t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✼ ❛ ✸✵ ❞❡ ♠❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽✳ ❱✐♥t❡ ❡ três ❞✐❛s ❢♦r❛♠ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❜r✐r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣❡rí♦✲ ❞♦s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✸ ❛ ✹ ❞✐❛s✳ ❚r❡③❡♥t♦s ❡ ✉♠ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡❞✐❞♦s s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❈❈❉ q✉❡ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛s ❡①tr❛s♦❧❛r❡s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ❛té ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ✶✽ ♥♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❘✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦s
P❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❡str❡❧❛s ❥♦✈❡♥s✳ ❆ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❍α ❡♠ ✶✵✪ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❝r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❍α❡♠ ✶✵✪ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✷✼✵ ❦♠✴s ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❍α ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ✶✵A◦ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ✭✈❡r s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✷✮✳
▲❛♠♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦t♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❍α ❡♠ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹ ❡ ❝❛t❛❧♦❣❛r❛♠ ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦s✳ ❊str❡❧❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ✐♥❞í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❥✉✈❡♥t✉❞❡✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦r✲♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ■c vs✳ ✭❘c✲■c✮ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❡st❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ♣ré✲❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛❧✳ ❈♦♠ ✐st♦✱ ▲❛♠♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❛♠ ❡str❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦✳ ❊str❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ▲❛♠♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦r✲❝♦r ✭❘c✲❍α✮ vs✳ ✭❘c✲■c✮ ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❣✐❣❛♥t❡s ❞✐st❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥t❛♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❛♠♦str❛✳ ●✐❣❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞✐♦ q✉❡ ❑✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✭❘c✲❍α✮ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ❡str❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ❡str❡❧❛s ❚ ❚❛✉r✐ ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ❡ ❢r❛❝❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✭❘c✲❍α✮ ♠❛✐♦r ❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ❡str❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ ◆♦ t♦t❛❧✱ ✺✽✾ ❡str❡❧❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❡ ◆●❈ ✷✷✻✹✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ▲❛♠♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❈♦❘♦❚✳
