Ifl
0
p4Q
r Technical ArJcleDesenvolvimentos da
biopolpa
ao
no
Brasil
Biopulping developments
in
Brazil
Autorl
trsthor Andre Ferraz
0 0 N 0
a
W G
C
Pala rras
shave
Biodegrada
ao
damadeira biopo
17a
ao
celuloselignina polpa
epaps
RESUMO
A
biopolparrao
eumatecnologia cuja aplica
ao pods
servantajosa
parapolpa
ao
mecanicaouquim
ice Elaapresenta beneficios taiscomo
produczao
depolpa
maisresistente
economia deenergia
oudeprodutos
quimicos
Esteartigo
apresenta uma vireo deconjunto
dos recentes trabalhos no sentido de desenvolver processor debiopolparzao
nohrasil
fornecendo tambeminforma
oes
relevantes sobre o desenvolvimento dabiopolpa
ao
em escala mundialFo rambiotratadoscavacosde madeira deEiecalyptus grandts
comCeriporiops7s subvernrisporca
Hamaplanta
photo
comcapacidade
de 50 te usados paraproduzir polpas
TMPeCTMPem escala industrial Foram observadas economies de
energia
de ate 1Re 27naprodu
ao
depolpas
TMP e CTMPcom grau de refino de 450470 CSFCanadian
Standard
Freeness Apesar
deresultarprodu
ao
clepolpas
BioTh
Pmaisescuras
branqueamento
deumestagia
com5de
H2O
foi suficiente paraaprimorar
osvalores de alvurade
polpas
BioTMPe de controlspara 70ioe 72ISOrespectivamente
Acompreensaodos
mecanismos debiopol
pa
ao
tambem e relevanteporquepoderiam
serselecionadasespecies fungicas
mais resistentesecompetitivas
combase Humprojeto
orientadopara afun
ao depurar
ao
No que se refers asalterarzoes quimicas
na madeira induzidaspelo
fungo esforros
recentes assinalaram doffs diferentestipos
detransforma
ao
da madeira Umenvolve intensedespoli
merizar
aa
delignina
em curtosperiodos
debiotratamenta
enquanto 0 outro indica que
rear
oes
deesterificar
ao
de ozalato secretadopelo fungo
Hascadeias depolissacarideos
Keywor
cls
Biopulping
cellydrrseli
s
is pazlp
arrdtcxtertivrrrrd
Bicrdegrcxrlaticrn
a srRacr
Biopulping
is atechnology
whichapplication
can beadvantageous
to mechanicalor chenriealpulp
ing
Itpresents
Benefits
suchas the creationof
stron
ger
pulp
as wellasenemy orchemicalssrnsings
Thispapergives
anoverviewof
the recentefforts
todevelop Biopulping
processes inBrazilas well asprovides
criticalinfor
mation
onBiopulping
devel opment worldwideEarcalyptus g
andis
woodchips
have been Biatreated byCeriporiopsi
s
suBvermispo
rainaSOtonBiopulping pilot
plant
and usedtoproduce
T121 and CT2pulps
on amill scaleLTp
to 1 acrd 27enemysavings
hcneBeen obsefedfor prodarcing
45040CSFreeness TMP and CTMPpulps Despite
darker BioTIIIPpulps
areproduced
one
stage
bleaching
with 5H
Oz
wassufficient
toimprove
Brightness
valuesto 0and 72irfor
Bio T11fP ccnd eontrolpulps respectively tnderstanding
Biopulping
mechanismsis also relevantBecause
more resistantand carrspetitive
fungal
species could be selected with Basis on afunction
directed
screening project
sfar
as the chemicalchanges
inducedBy
thefungus
in woodareconcerned
recentefforts
havepointed
orrtfor
twodi
er
ent
types
of
wood
trcrnsforrnations
Oneof
them involves intenselignin
depolym
erizrxtion
in short biotreatmentperiods
while the other indicates dratesterificcrtion
eactionsof
oxalate secretedBy
thefungus
onthepolysac
charides drains increase thewatersaturationpoint
Reterencias dos Autores Aathorsreferences
EscoladeEngenhariatleLoreneUniversitlatle tle SaoPaulo Lorene SP Brasil Larena
sfngrneerrngSchool San Pauln StateUnrversrty LvrenaSP Brazrl Autorcorrespondents Corespondrrgathor
AFerraz EscolatleEngenhariatleLorene Universitlatle tle SaoPauloCP11612602810LoreneSP Brasil
Phone
elevam o
ponto
desatura
ao
deagua
das fibrasEspera
se
queambas as
transforma
oes
afetem asligac
oes
fibrafibra econsegtiientemente a resistencia fisica da madeiraINTRDDU
AD
A
biopolparao
eopre
tratamento fungico
decavacosdemadeira
projetado
comp umprocessodefermenta
ao
deestado
solido
Paraaproclurao
depolpas
mecanicaouquimica
Oprocessoe direcionado a
produCao
depolpas
parafabricarao
de
papel
demenordemanda deenergia
paraodesfibramentorefinarao
oueconomia cleprodutos quim icon
bemcomp me lhorespropriedades
de resistenciaOconceito debiopolpa
ao
sebaseianacapacidade
dealguns fungus
dedecomposiCao
Branca formar coloniasedegradar
seletivamentealignina
damadeira deixando
deltamaneira
a celulose relativamente intacta Ha necessidade decertascondiCOes
de processo eexigencias
deprojeto
para se obter o efeito debiopolpa
ao
1
Abiopolpacao pode
serrealizada em biorreatares de diferentestipos
inclusivepilhas
de cavacos a ceuaberto
clependendo
das necessidades domicrorganismo especifico
para a
obtenrao
dos resultados estabelecidos Durante aetapa
do biotratamento deveriasermantidoumelevado teorde umidade
aproximadamente
noponto desaturar
ao
dasfibras
nos cavacosdemadeira
issoafim deassegurarotima forma
ao
de coloniasepenetra
ao
de hifasfungicas
O graude
assepsia
deveriasercontrolado
para assegurarcoloniza
ao
bemsucedida da madeira
pela linhagem fungica especifica
usada clependendo
desuaresistencia acontaminar
ao
etambem
capacidade
decompetir
com abiotamicrobiana existents nos cavacosde madeiraOutro
topico
relevante refersse acompreensao
das mecanismos debiopolpar
ao
uma vez quepoderiam
ser selecionadasespecies fungicas
mail resistentesecompetitivas
combase em
projeto
direcionado para afunr
ao depurar
ao
A
degrada
ao
eoumodificarao
seletivas delignina
nativana madeirapoifungus
dedecomposi
ao
Brancapode
facilitara suaremo
ao
ouamolecimentonoprocessodepolpaCao
subsegiiente Contudo
o grau deremor
ao
delignina
duranteopre
tratamento fungico
nao esta relacionadocom aeconomia deenergia
napolpaCao
biomecanica2
3
nem com oaumentodas velocidades de
deslignifica
ao
observado napolpar
ao
orgunosoly 4
e noprocessokraft Dados obtidos deum a unicaespecie fungica
oude diversasespecies
consideradasconjuntamente
indicamque naohaum acorrela
ao
Claraentre aeficiencia dabiopolpa
ao
e asperdas
depesoaudecompo nentes damadeiraNumaprimeira abordagem pode
se
pustu lar quemodificaroes morfologicas
damadeira
ou aremo
ao
dealguns
compunentes secundarios damadeira
tailComo resinasoupolifenois
extrativos
poderiam
serresponsaveis
pelos
beneficios dabiupolpa
ao
Naoobstantemodifica
aes
superestruturais
damadeira
que resultam em aumento deporosidade
eremor
ao
de extrativossaousualmenteprogresof
thefibers
Bothiransf
or
rriations
areexpected
toaffect
thefiber
fiber
bonding and consequently
thephysical
resistanceof
woodINTI
OflIlCTION
I3iopulping
is ilrefungal
pretreatmentof
woodchips designed
as asolidstateferrnentatiore
pro
cess
for production
of
mechanical orchemicalpulp
Theprocess isdirected towardsproduction ofpulp
s
for pcxper
rnaking
with decreased energyr
equire
rnerats
for defiber
ingirefinireg
orwith chemicalsavings
as wellasimproved strength
properties
The conceptof biopulping
isbasedon theability
oj
some
whiterot
fungi
tocolonize anddegrade
selectively
lignin
inwoodthereby
leaving
celluloserelatively
intact There arecertcxin process conditions and
design
requirements
necessarytogain
abiopulping
effect IJ
Biopulping
can be carriedoutinbioreacfors
of
different
types
including
openchip piles
depending
onthe requirementsof
theparticular
microorganism would Iecxve
for
optimal
resultsHigh
nsoisture content at about the
fiber
saturationpoint
should be
kept
in woodchips during
the biotreatrrsentstep
to ensureanoptimal
colonization andpenetration of
fungal h3rphae
Thedegree
of
asepsis
should be controlledto ensure cx
successful
wood colonizationby
theparticular fungal
strainused depereding
onits resistanceagcxinst
contamination andability
to corrzpete with the microbial biota availableinthe wood
chips
Another
relevantsubject
is to understand biopulping
mechanisms
since more resistantandcompetitive
fungal
species
could be selected withbasison a
jixnction
directed screening project
Theselective
degradation
acedormodification
of
na tivelignin
in tivoodby
tivhiterotjixngi
canfcxcilitate
itsremovalor
softening
in asrrbsecluent pulping
process
Ho
a
ever
the extentof lignin
removalduring fungal
pretreatmentis notrelatedtotlaeenergy savingsin biomeehanical
pulping
2
3J
or to the increase indelignificatiore
rcxfes observedin
organasoly
4J
arrdkraft pulping 5J
Data obtainedfrom asingle fungal
species
orj
om
severalspecies
consideredcxltogetleer
indicate that thereis reoclear correlation bettiween the
biopulping f
ficiencv
and the woodweight
orcomponent
losses safirst
approach
itcarebepostulated
thatmorphological
woodmodifications
orremovexlof
somerrrinorwood comfroreents such as resins or
poly
phenols
extractives
could beresponsible for
thebiopulping benefits
Nevertheless
ultrastructurcxl oodrrrodifications
that resultinporosit
increase0 a N
O x
W
sivasem
funrao
dotempo
debiodegrada
ao
aopasso queos beneficios dabiopolpa
ao
nao osao5
Resultadosrecentesassinalam boas
correla
oes
entreosbeneficios dabiopolpar
ao
e aintensedespolimeriza
ao
dalignina
observada durante osestagios
iniciais do biotratamento da madeiraporfungos
seletivos dedecomposi
ao
branca7
esterificar
ao
deoxalato
produzida
pelo
fungo
nasfibres
aumentao panto desaturarao
des fibres eesta bem correlacionadaaeconomies deenergia
observadas napolpar
ao
biomecanica3
Este
artigo
forneceumavisaogeral
dos recentes desen volvimentos dabiopolpar
ao
realizada numaplanta
piloto
comcapacidade
de50 texistente noBrasil
bem comade novasmetodologias
depolpa
ao
de amostras de madeira biotratadas Tambem sao discutidos progresses emrelar
ao
aosmecanismos envolvidosnatransforma
ao
decomponentes
da madeirapelo fungo
debiopolparao
o Csubvermispora
usadonamaioria des vezes0 0 N 0
a
W G
C
Processamento de TMPeCTMP de
Eucalyptusgrandis
biotratado em
planta
piloto
comcapacidade
de 50 t Foram avaliados cavacos de madeira de Egr
undis
biotratados comC
subvermtspora
numapilha
decavacos de 50 tParaprocessamento
de TIvIP eCTMPem escala industrial8
9
Paraumdosensaios
o consumodeenergia
pare
produzir polpas
com 450470 CSF sobcondi
oes
de processamento de TMP e CTMPfoi reduzido em 1e27 respectivamente
hs
polpas bio
TMP produzidas industrialmente
eram maisescuras quea TMPde controle9
enquantoa CTMPapresentava valores de alvura semelhantes em ambos os casos
8
Na TIv1P foi observadaredu
ao
de ate 16pontos
de alvuraparaaspolpas preparadas
naspesquisas
daplanta
piloto 9
Todavia
foi interessante notar quequando
abioTMP de E
grandis
foi submetida abranqueamento
comperoxido
arearao
decontrole
emquebiopolpa
tratadacom acidopentacetico
de
triamina
dietilenica
foi embebida em alcalipH 11
e emseguida
lavada emague proporcionou
aumentoda alvura inicial da bioT1VIF de44 pare 55 ISOInversamente
o mesmo tratamento teve efeito debranque
amento
insignificante
na TIvIPde controleFigure 1
Esteresultado indica queuma
frarrao
dos cromoforospresentee
embiopolpas
e facilmente removivelpormeio de umsimples
tratamentoalcalino Comidenticascargasde
peroxido
abioTMP obteve mais
pontos
debranqueamento
doqueaspolpas
de controleNoentantoaalvura final desbiopolpas
erasempre
ligeiramente
inferior a alvura despolpas
decontrole
indepenclentemente
dacargadeperoxido aplicada
Parao caso debranqueamento
deumestagio
com5deperoxido
dehidrogenio
osvalores de ahuraeramde70ede72
para
abioTMPe as
polpas
decontrole
respectivamente
Dosagens
mais altas deperoxido
tiveramumefeitonaasignificativa
na alvura final de ambas aspolpas
Figure 1
andextractives removal are
usually
Progressive withbiodegradation
time whereas thebiopulping
benefits
are notf5
Recent resarltspoint
outfor
good
correlations betweenbiopulping benefits
andintense
lignin depolyrneri
ation
observedduring
the initial stagesof
tivood biotreaimentby
selective whiterot
fungi
J
Esterification of
oxalateproduced
by
the
fr
r
gars
tothe
fibers
improves
thefiber
saturation
point
and correlates well with energysavings
observed in biomechaniealpulping
f3J
Thisraper
n
ovides
anoveriewoftl
e
recentadvances
of biopulping perrfor
rned
ona 0tonpilot
plant
establishedinBrazil
as well as on nearrrrethodologies
for
pulping
biotreated oodsamples
1dvarcesonthe mechanisms involvedinwoodcom ponenttransformation by
themostly
usedbio
ulpir
g
fungus
Csubvermispor
isalso discussedT t
IP axd CT1LIP
processing
of
Eucalyptus grrrn
ks
biotreatedorr aSOtonpilot plant
E
gr
ar
dis
woodchips
bioirecrtedhv C subvermispora
in al1tonchip pde
have been evaluatedfor
T2P and CT2P processing on amill scale8 9
For oneof
thetrials
energyconsumption
under TlIP and CTwIP
processing
conditionswere reduced
by 1 c43o and27
respectively for producing
pulps
with 45047D CSFIndustrially
produced
bioT1IIPpulps
weredark erthan controlT121f9
wl2ile CT1V1Fpresented
similarbrightness
values inboth cases8J
In 711P areduction
of
upto 16brightness
points
hers been observedfor
thepulps prepared
on thepilotplant
studiesj9
However itwasinteresting
tonote that when bioTMPfrom
Egrandis
wassubmitted toperoxide bleaching
the control reaction inwhich DTPAtreated
biopulp
was soaxedinalkalipH
11 and then washedinwaterprovided
anincrease in initial bioT1IPbrightness front
4to S ISOConversely
thesametreatmenthadanegligible
bleaching effect
on the control711PFigure
l
This result indicates thatafraction of
thecl
romophores
presentinbiopulps
areeasily
remrnableby
asimple
alkaline treatmentl4t identicalperoxide loads
bio T111Pgained
rnorebleaching
points
t1an t1e controlpulps
However
thefinal brightness
of
thebiopulps
wasalways slightly
lotiver than thebrightness
of
the control
pulps
regardless
of
theperoxide
charge
applied
Forone
stage
bleaching
with Schydrogen
peroxide
brightness
values were 70 and12
for
bioT
2P and control
pulps respectively Higher
Testes de fotorreversao e de reversao
termica
reali zados em TMPe bioTMPbranqueadas
mostraramque a bioTMPeramais estavel durante asprimeiras
horas defotoamarelecimento
emcomparar
ao
com a TMP de cantrole9
Porexemplo
bioTIvLP
branqueada
comal vurainitialde 6ioperdeu
18pontos
de alvuraap6s
1 hora defotorreversao enquanto
a TIviP decontrole
com a mesmaalvurainitial
perdeu
24
pontos
durante o mesmoperiodo Contudo
umafotorreversao
prolongada
resultou emvalores de alvura seme80
a
70a
60
a
50
polpanaotratada
40
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Cargadepernxida dehidrogenio
pesolpesobasepolpa
Figura
1Respostas
dobranqueamento
depolpas
termomecanicas preparadas
apartir
decavacnsde madeira de Egrandis
naoiratadoscirculos vazios
a biotraiados comGsubvermispnra circulos pretos
lhantesParaambasas
polpas
Figure
iEieaching
responses of tirerrromechanicalpulps
Photo and thermal
reversion tests
perfor
rned
onbleached T1lIP and bio
T1
IPshowed that bio
T1lIPwere more stable
during
tlse
r
st
hours
ofphoto yelloN
ing
whencompared
tocontrol T
1P
9J
Forexample
bleached bio Ptiiiih 63 initialbrightness
lost ISbright
nesspoints
after
1 hourofphoto
reversion
while control7 11P with tlae
carne iraitial
brightness
lost24points
during
the sameperiod Howe
er
p
olonged photo
never
siora resultedinsimilar
AbioTMP
perdeu
menosprepared
fromuntreated
vpencircies
andG
subvermispn
briglatnessvalues
jotpontos
de alvura cloclue a rahiotreated Egrandis
woodchips
black
filled
circles
both ulas BioTl2P lostT1vIP de
controle
do inicio aofim dos testesdereversaotermicaDiagram
asdareversaoda alvura em
func
ao
da alvura initialpermitem
umaampla
visao da estabilidade da alvura daspolpas
estudadas Combase nesses
graficos Figura 2
fica claro quea estabilidade da ahura daTIviP de controleedabioTIvIPbranqueadas
emrela
ao
a fotorreversao erasemelhante
enquanto abioTMP eraligeiramente
mais estavel emrelac
ao
areversaotermica doque aT1viP de controle0 60
A
O 55
rn
Q 50
a
Qry 45
i
40ro
ad 35
a
3040 50 60 70 80
Alvura initial ISD
p
less
brightness points
than controlT1IPthroughout
the thermalreversion testsPlots
of brightness
reversionas afunction
of
initial
brightness
permit
abroadviewof
thebr
ight
nessstability
of
the stradiedpulps
Basedontheseplots Figure
2
it is clear that thebrightness
stab ilitt of
bleached control and bioTMPtophoto
rever
sionwere
similar
while bioTRIPwasslightly
more stable tothey
rnal
reversion
than controlT1IPR U
3D 25
m u
O
a 20
o
L V S
v
ro 10
m
5
d
a
0
30 50 70 80
Alvura inieialIISO
r
0 a N
0 x
Figura
2 FotorreversaoA
a reversao termicaB
da alvura emiungao
de niveis de alvura initialempolpas
TMP branw
queadas
compernxida
preparadas
apartir
decavacnsde madeira de Egrandisnaa
tratados
circulos abertos
abiotratadoscom G
subvermispnra circulos pretos
Figure
2 PhatnA
and thermalreversion8
ofbrightness
as afunctian vt initialbrightness
levelsinperoxide
bleached
TliiPPolpas
bioCTMP de Egrandis
Polpas
bio
CT
Il
produzidas
industrialmente
ateestadatanaoforam avaliadascom
detalhes
masforam estudadaspolpas preparadas
emlaboratoriaapartir
deEgrcandis
bio tratadasnumbiorreator de100 L por 15dins Amostrasbiotratadas e controles naoinoculados foram
pre
cozidos
em sulfito alcalinoe
pos
refinados
emmoinho JokroEstesimples procedimento
demonstrousereficiente para aprodu
ao
depolpas
CTNIP compropriedades
de resistencia semelhantes as observadas empolpas
CTIdPproduzidas
industrialmentea
partir
deEgrandis
Orendimento total dapolpa
aquantidade
depolpa rejeitada
e osniveis dograude refino dapolpa
saoapresentados
naTabela 1Orendimento total dapolpa
variou de7ioa76emfunr
ao
dotempo
derefino As
biopolpas apresentaram
m enorrendim ento total do queaspolpas
decontrole
paraperiodos
de refino semelhantes Par outro
lido
asbiopolpas
fibrilavam maisrapidamente
econtinhammenoresquantidades
derejeitos Comparando
se os rendimentos dapolpa
com base em niveis de refinosemelhantes
verificaseque os rendimentos dapolpa
cramsemelhantes emambos oscasosUma
rapida fibrilagao
dasbiopolpas poderia
representar
aumento naprodutividade
doprocessaoueconomia de
energia
duranteaetapa derefino
ja
que seria necessariomenortempo derefina
ao
paraatingir
ograu de
drenagem desejado
Porexemplo
paraatingir
um0 0 N 0
a
w G
C
Bio
CT
1IPPtclps fror
a
Egratidis
Indust
iallproduced
bioCTMPpulps
ere not evalatatelin details todate
bast labrrepar
ed
pulps from
Egr
andis
biotreatedin a 100Lbioreactor
for
1 Sdays
werestudiedj8J
Biotreatedsamples
and noninoculated controls werepre cookedin alkalinesulfite
andpost
refined
in a Jokro mill Thissirnple procedtr
re
showed to beefficient
toproduce
CTMPpulps
withstrength
properties
similar to that observedinindustrially
produced
CTIIPpaa
lps
from
Egrandis
Totalpulp
yield
amountof rejected pulp
andfreeness pulp
levelsarepresented
in Table 1 Totalpulp yield
variedfrorrs
8to7iuoas afunction
ofthe beating
time Thebiopulps presented
lower totalpulp
yield
than the controlpulps
atsimilarrefining
periods
On the other hand thebiopulps
fibril
latedmorerapidl3
and contairsed loweramoaentsof rejects
Thenpulp
yields
arecornpar
ed
atsimilar
refining
leti
els
pulp yields
weresimilar inboth cases
Rapid
fibrillation of
thebiopulps
couldrepresent
increases in theprocessthroughput
orenergysavings
during
therefining
step since a reducedheating
tiarae is necessary toachieve adesiredfreeness
letiel Forexarrrple
toachieve 400Tabela 1 Rendimento de
polpa
ao
quantidade
derejeitos
a grau defibrila
ao
depolpas CTMP preparadas
apartir
decavacosde madeira de
Eucatyptusgrandis
naotratadasa biofratadosTabie 1
Prr
pirtg yield
amount etrejects
anddegree
at fibrillation of TNiPpulps prepared
tram untreated and biotreatedEucalyptus grandis
wandchips
E
grandis
naotratado Fgrandis
biotratado ttreated
ranr
is
iataaadr
randis
Tempo
de refinomin
Rendimento totalRejeitos
CSF Rendimento totalRejeiios
CSFeeatin
timemin
a
p
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lo
lo
mL
Total
ieict
Rejects
CSF Totalgrield
Rejects
CSFa
r
o
nr
1
rQlo
rm
30
86
8
33
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70884
9
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60
84
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6 0479
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4 24Jl
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120
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8
0 43277
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0 32312J r3 0 432 776 0 623
135
78
3
0 323 760
0 2531J
grau cle
drenagem
de 400mL
apolpa
de controlerequeria
125min de
refina
5o
enquantoabiopolpa requeria
somente95 min
tempo
de refino reduzidaem24
4s
propriedades
de resistencia depolpas preparadas
apartir
deamostrasbiotratadas durante 15 dinsestaorepresentadas
naFigura
3Os indices cle resistencia atrarao
dabiopolpa
aumentaram
significativamente
24
3
e62comgraus derefinaCao
de630 mL e430mL
respectivamente
enquanto aresistenciaaorasgomelhorousomente parapolpas
comgraus derefina
ao
inferioresa500 mL25
comgrau de refino de 320mL
Os indices de estouroeram semelhantes paraambasas
polpas
Graficos detra
ao
versusrasgoFigura
3D
indicaram claramenteque asbiopolpas
apresentaammelhorespropriedades
deresistencia doqueaspolpas
decontrole
ja
que foram obtidos indices detra
ao
mais altosemtodaafaixa deindices de rasgo Scottetul
10
aualiando umprocessodeTMPde doffs
estagios
emescalalaboratorial
para Egrandis
biotratado
obsenaramque aeconomic deenergia
para produzirpolpas
com umgraude refino de400 mL erade 17roeque
polpas bio
TIvIP comparadas
com aspolpas
decontrole
so
z 50
o ck
40
a 30 a c
ZO
700 500 300 100
Grau de refinacaomL
3
Y z
a a
1
0
700 500 300 100
Grau derefinaaomL
rraL
offi
eeness
the controlpulp r
ee
uired
125 minof beating
while thebioplpp
required only
95 minbeating
time redarcedb 24iv
Str
eragth
propertiesofpulps
prepared
fr
om
1
S
d
el hiotreated
samples
areshown inFigure
3
Biopulp
tensile indexes increasedsignificantly
24
3
and 62at 630 mL and 430 mLof
fi
eeness
r
espectivell
J
while tearstrength
unproved onlvfor pulps
ithfreeness
values below 500 mL25i
o
at320 mLof
fi
eeness
Burst indexes weresimilcrr
for
botl2pulps
Tensileversus teargraphs Figure
3D cle
arly
indicated that thebiopulps presented
bette
strength
p
operties
thanthe control
pulps
sincehigher
tensile indexes e re obtainedfor
tlae entire rangeof
tearindexes Scottet alf10
evaluating
alabscaletwo
stage
TllIPprocess
for
biotreated Egrandis
observed that energysavingfor
producing pulps
with 400 rnLoffreeness
wits1
and bioT111Ppulps
presented
doubled tensile andtear indexes hen6
z 5
t
o
y
m
a
3
ua c
2
700 500 300 100
Grau derefinaraomL
60
as
z 50
aM
try Sr
m 40
z
a
s 1i 30
sw
c
20
3 4 5 fi
Indite derasgo
mN
m
Ig
Figura
3Propriedades
de resistencia depolpas
CTMP
preparadas
emescala laboratorialapartir
decavacos de madeira deEucalyptus grandis
naairatadossimbolos abertos
a biofratadossimbolos pretos
Figure
3trengtlr lrrolaerties
at CT1lr1Ppulps prepared
anlabscale trcna rtntreatedopen sytnbnls
and biotreatedblack
tilledsymbols
Fuealylltrrs grandis
wendchips
r
0 a N
O x
W
exibiam indices de
trarrao
ederasgodugsvezesmais altosEssamaior resistencia das
biopolpas
vempermitiraprepara
ae
de misturas depolpas
paraprodur
ao
depapel
tissue usandose80de bioTMPesomente 20de
polpa
kraftbranqueada
aoinves datipica
proporr
ao
de5050usada compolpas
TMPconvencionais Notarode
polpas
CTMPdeEgrandis
os uumentosnas
propriedades
de resistencianao foram taesignificativos
quantoosobservadosnaTIvIPParafins decompararao polpas
bioCTMPcom umgrau derefinaCao
de 400 mLapresentaram indices detrac
ao
ederasgo com melhoria de6e13 respectivamente Figure
3
0 0 N 0
a
W G
C
Mecanismos de
biopotpagao
Emboraa
tecnologia
debiopolpar
ao
tenha lido avaliada em estate industrial1
9
10
seus fundamentosquimicos
ebioquimicos
aindanaoforam totalmentecompreenclides
Em
gerul
osefeitos benefices dopre
trutamente
da madeira comfungus
dedecomposirrao
Brancasaeobtidosnosestagios
iniciais dabiodegradur
ao
sendoasperdas
depeso inferio res a5l
Duranteperiodos
debiodegrada
aobreves
de uma semana dedurar
ao
cavacosde madeira biotratadostornam
semais metier e mais faceis de serem
rompidos
aolongo
das eixos das fibras Este efeito de amolecimentotemcenstituidoabasepara uma
proposic
ao
initial depre
tratamentobiologico
de caacosde madeiraparapolparao
mecanica
1
Nupolpac
ao
mecanica
cavacos de madeirasae
desagregados
em refinadores de discos paraproduzir
fibras settere
bem
fibriladas adequadas
paraafabricac
ao
depapel
O processoenvolve demanda intensive deenergia
e aqualidade
dapolpa depende
de diversasvariaveis
inclusive daconfigura
ao
dosrefinadores
duespecie
du madeiraedo nivel de refinedesejado
Destemode
cavacosde madeiraque seseparamaoLongo
das fibras medianteaplicar
ao
demenorforr
u
mecanicapouparium energia
eproporcionariam polpas
mais
resistentes simplesmente
porqueasfibras sofreriam mends dunes duranteasetapas
de refineA
despeito
deumample
processodepesquisa
aoLongo
da ultimadecade
muitasquestoes
continuumpendentes
Por que cavacosde madeira biotratados facilitam os
processorde
polpa
aoQuaffs
saeasaltera
oes quimicas
induzidaspele fungo
na madeira queproporcionam
o efeito de amolecimentosupracitado Quaffs
saeosagentes
bioquimicos
envolvidos Haumfator isoladoqueerespon savelpeter
beneficios dabiopolparao
No que concerne usulterar
oes quimicas
induzidaspelo fungo
numadeira
estudosrecentes tem assinalado doffs diferentestipos
detransformarao
da madeiraUm envolve intensedespolime
riza
ao
dalignina
emperiodos
de biotratamento decurtadurarrao
6
7
11
enquanto 0 outro indite quereacroes
deesterifica
ao
de oxalate secretadopelo fungo
nascadeias depolissacarideos
aumentamoponto desaturac
ao
deague
des fibras
3
Espera
se
que embusastransforma
oes
afecompared
to controlpulps
Thisirnpr
oved
strength
of
hiopulps
allosthe preparationofpulp
blendsfor
tisszepaperproduction
using
b0obioTMP ar2d only 20 bleached1
aft
pulp
instead thetypical
505Q used iith conventional TllPpulps
In the caseof
CTMPgulps
of
Egrandis
increases in the
str
ength
properties
tiverenotassignificant
asobservedfor
T111P Forcomparison
purposes bioCTil1Ppulps
with 400 mLof
fi
ee
rae
ss
presented
tensile andtearindexesimproved
by
6 and 1respectively Figure i
Meclaaraisms are
biopulpiraa
Although biopulping technology
has been evaluatedon mill scalejl 9 IOJ
its chemical and biochemical bases asenotcompletely
under stood Ingeneral
thebeneficial effects
of
wood pretreatment with whiterotfingi
areobtainedof theearly
stages
of biodegradation weight
lossesbeing
lower than 5l
J
YVithinbiodegradation
periods
as slaortas oneweek
biotrecrted woodchips
becomesofter
andeasier todisrupt along
the
fiber
axes Thissoftering effect
has been the basisfor
initialproposal of biological
pretreat
ment
ofwood chips
for
mechanicalpulping IJ
In mechanicalpulping
woodchips
aredisrupted
in diskrefiners
toproduce
free
and wellfibrillated
fibers
sreitablefor
papermaking
Theprocess isenergy intensiveand
pulp
qualify
depends
on sev eral vuriablesincluding
tlaerefiners design
woodspecies
and the desiredrefiring
level In thiscxv wood
chips
thatdisrupt along fibers by
requiring
Zess mechanical strain wouldsaeenergyand
provide
strongerpulps simply
becausefibers
wouldsuffer
less darnageduring refining
stepsDespite
extensiveinvestigation
overthe
last decade manyquestions still remainY
hy
biotreat ed ioodchips facilitate pulping pr
ocesses
bfhat areflee cherniccrlchanges
induced b fleefungus
inwood that
provide
t1eaforementioned
softening
of
fect
Yhatarethe biochemicalagents
involved Is thereasingle factor responsible for
tlebiop
arlping ben
fits
14s fc
r
as the ehemiccclchanges
inducedby
thefungus
inwoodareconcerned
recenttforts
havepointed
outfor
ttirodifferent
types
of
woodtr
ansforn2ations
Oneof
them involvesintense
lignin depolvmerization
in shortbiofreatment
per
iods
6
IIJ
while the other indicates t1atesterification
reactionsof
oxalate secretedby
thefungus
onthepolysaccharides
chains increase the wafer safuration
point
of
thetem a
ligac
ao
fibsfibseconsequentemente
aresistencia fisica da madeiraObviamente
essasaltera
oes
daestru turadamadeira nao saoeventosisaladase amodifica
ao
glabal
na estruturaesuperestrutura
damadeira afetaria o comportamento de cavacosde madeirabiadegradadas
duranteospracessosdepolparao
mecanicaouquimica
Umfato que requer
atenr
aa
adicional e a falta de carrelarao
entre osbeneficios dabiopolpac
ao
e agrandeza
daperda
depeso oude componentes damadeiraPorexemplo
o grau de
remo
ao
delignina
duranteopre
tratamento
fungico
nao esta relacionado com aecanamia deenergia
no processa de
palpa
ao
biomecanica2
3
nem com o aumentodes velocidades dedeslignificar
ao
observadasnapolpa
ao
organosoly
4
epolparao
kraft5
Dados obtidos apartir
de umauniteespecie
defungo
ou de diversasespecies
consideradasconjuntamente
indicamque naoha umacarrela
ao
clamentreaeficiencia dabiopalpa
ao
e asperdas
de peso oudecomponentes
damadeira2
Uma
ample
remoc
ao
de extrativos durante a biodegrada
ao
damadeiraparalguns fungos
dedecamposi
ao
branca deveriaproporcianar alguma redurao
no alcali necessarioParaa cozimentopar processo kraftE
bem canhecidoo fato de que extrativos damadeira
resinas e gruposacetila saoresponsati
eis
porconsumo de alcali na fare initial dapolparao
kraft12
Aremogao
de ex trativospade
resultar emcanais de resinadesobstruidos
facilitandoapenetrar
ao
do licor ereduzindoo cansuma de alcali ativoporcomponentes nao
ligninas
Comefeito
estebeneficiotem sido referidocomo
justificative
pareo condicionamentoenvelhecimento
decavacosdemadeira
bemcomoParaa biatratamento decavacos
pelo fungo
naodegradador
delignina Ophtostorrzu piltfer
um 13
14
Experimentos
depolpac
ao
com cavacosde madeira livres de extrativos tem sido uteispare avaliar melhor os beneficios daremoCao
de extrativos durante abiapolpa
c
ao
Os teoresdelignina
residualempolpas preparadas
apartir
de amostrassemextrativossaointermediariosentreoscontroles
indecompostos
e amostrasbiotratadaspor Csubverrnisporu 5
oquesignifica
que arema
ao
deextra tivos facilita apolpa
aopelo
processo kraftsubsegiiente
Todavia
istonao cansegueexplicar
todos as beneficios observados napolpaCaa
par processobio
kraft
uma vezque atemesmo umaamostra sem extrativos
preparada
medianteextraraa
emetanol
nao edeslignificada
taofacilmente quanta as amostras biotratadas O grau de
remoraa
de extrativos durante abiopolpaCao
corrobora estaconclusao ja
que de forma semelhante asperdas
delignina perdas
de extrativossaoprogressives
emfun
ao
da tempo debiodegradarao
ao passo que os beneficios da biatratamentonao asao5
Ids
alteraroes
induzidas em cavacos de madeiraqueproporcionam
beneficios pare processor depolpar
ao
affect
thefiber
fiber
bonding and
consequently
the
physical
resistanceof
woodObviousl
thesechanges
in woodstrarctarre arenotisolated eventsand the overall
change
in the woodstructure and ultrastructure tiuorrldoffect
the behaviorof
biodegradedwood
chips
during
mechanical orcheryai calpulping
processesOne
fact requiring
additionalattention is the lackof
correlation between thebiopulping
benefits
and the extentof
woodweight
orcomponent
losses Forexample
the extentof
lignin
removalduring
fungal
pretreatmentis notrelatedtotheenerg
savings
in biomechanicalpulping
Z3J
or to the increase indelignification
rates observedin
organosoly
4J
andk
r
aft pulping
fSJ
Data obtainedfrom
crsingle fungal
species
orfrom
sev eralspecies
consideredaltogether
indicate that thereis rso clear correlcrtion beeen thebiopulp
ing
efficiency
and the woodweigl2t
orcorrrponent
lossesjZ
JJ
Extensive removal
of
extractivesdur
ir
g
tivoodbiodegradation
by
somewhiterotfungi
shouldprovide
somereduction inthe alkali neededfor
the
craft cooking
Itis well known that woodex tractives resins andacet3
l
groups areresponsible
for
alkaliconsumption
in the initialphase of kraft
pulping 12J
Extractives removalcan resultinunobstructedresin
canals
facilitating
theZiquor
penetr
ation
andreducing
the activealkali consurrrptiora b non
lignin components Actually
t1isbenefit
has beenreportedfor
seasoning
of
woodchips
aswell asfor
woodcl2ips
biotreatmentby
thenon
lignin degrader
fungus
Ophiostoma
pilif
erum
f13
14
Pulping
experiments
withextractive
free
woodchips
have beenusefir
l
tobetter evaluatethe
benefits
of
extractivesremovalduring biop
arlping
Tlie residuallignin
contents inpulps
prepared
from
extractivefi
ee
samples
areintermediatebetYVeen the
undecuved
controls andsamples
biotreated
by
Csuhverrnispora
fSJ
which means thatextractivesremovalfacilitates
the subsequent
kraft pulping
Hoti
i
ever
it cannotexplain
all the
benefits
observedinbio
kraftpaslping
since even asample
without extractivesprepared
by
ethanol extraction is notdeligr
ified
aseasily
as the hiotreatedsamples
The extentof
extrac tives removalduring biopulping
corroborates thisconclusion
sincesirrrilcrrly
tolignir2
losses
extractive losses are
progressive
tivithbiodegra
dation time whereas the
benefits of
the biotreatmentarenot
0 a N
O x
W
mecanicosnao sao necessariamente as mesmas
requeri
das pare apolpa
ao quimica E
relevante observer queembora
esteja
correlacionadaaosbeneficios envolvidosnapolpaCao
biomecanica3
naoseespera queaesterificarao
de oxalatonasfibras apresente um claro beneficio pare ypolpar
ao
por processokraft
porqueos esteres de oxalato consumiriamparcela
do alcali ativo usado noprocesso de cozimentoNuma outra area de
atividade
fairecentementereferido ofato dequealgumas
faixas deradiy
ao
noinfravermelhoproximo
NIRj
da madeirase alteramsignificativamente
em
periodos
debiodegrada
ao
detartyextensao tailComo de4 dies15
EssayalteraCOes
day intensidades de faixasNIRprovam
quemodifica
aes
estruturaisemcomponentes da madeira tem inicioem
estagio
muitoincipiente
doprocessode
biodegradac
ao
Mais relevante eofato dequefaixasNIR
podem
refietirnao somentealtera
oes
nasliga
oes
covalentes de companentes damadeira
maytambemmodifica
oes
naligar
ao
entreasfibras
taiscomopontes
dehidrogenio E possivel
quealterar
oes
secundariasemliga
oes
dehidrogenio
entresuperficies
de fibrassejam
responsaveis pelo
efeito de amolecimento observadoem ca vacosde madeira biatratadosporfungos
dedecomposi
aa
Branca
quefacilityorompimento
damatrizlignocelulosica
pormeio de refinadores de discosToday estas
observac
oes experimentais
enfatizam o fato de que astransformaroes
que ocarrem na madeira durante abiodegradaCao precisam
serinvestigadas
emdetalhe
sequisermos
chegar
yumadescrir
ao
abrangente
daquimica
dabiopalpacao
0 0 N 0
a
w
C
Observagoes
finaisA
avaliar
ao
industrial decavacosde madeira biotra tados tomCsubvermr
spora
nameplenty
photo
de 50t de
capacidade
demonstrou que economies deenergia
equivalentes
podem
serobtidasnybiopolpac
ao
emescyla laboratoriale industrial No que se refere asalteragoes
quimicas
induzidaspelo fungo
namadeira
esforr
os
recentesassinalam doffs cliferentes
tipos
detransforma
ao
da madeira Um deles envolve intensedespolimeriza
ao
da
ligniny
emperiodos
de biotratamento detartyduryc
ao
enquanto 0 outro inditeque
rearoes
deesterificaCao
de oxalato secretadopelo fungo
naycadeias depolissacari
deos aumentamoponto
desaturar
ao
cleague
des fibrasPresume
sequeambasas
transfonna
oes
afetem aliga
ao
entre as fibras e consequentemente a resistencia fisica da madeiraAGRAUECIMENTOS
Expressam
se agraclecimentos
pelo
suporte
financeiro cancedidoporE
PESP CNPq
CAPESe MelhoramentosPapeis
LtdaThe
changes
induced inwoodchips
drat pro videbenefits
for
mechanicalpulping
processes arenotnecessarily
the same onesrec
rr
ired for
chemicalpulping
Itisrelevant to notethat althouglr correlating
with thebenefits
in hiome chcrnicalpulping 3 esterificatior2
of
oxalate tothe
fibers
is notexpected
topresent
a clear benefit for kraft pulping
because the oxalateestersouldconsume
part
of
the active allali usedinthe
cooking
processIn anotlrer
fi
ont
it lras beenrecenily
repor
ted
thatBorne near
infra
red
11rIR
bandsfrom
woodchange significantly
inhiodegrudation periods
as shortas 4
days
fl JJ
Thesechanges
inRIR handintensities prove that structuredchanges
inwood components initiate very
early daring
biodegradation
lore relevantis that NIR bands canreflect
notonly
changes
in the covalent bondsof
ood components but alsochanges
infiber
fiber
bonding
suchashydrogen bridges
Itispossible
thatminor
changes
inhydrogen bonding
betweenfiber
surfaces
would beresponsible
by
thesoften
ingeffect
observedin woodchips
biotreatedby
hiterot
fungi
thatfacilitates disruption of
thelignocellulosic
matrixby
diskrefiner
s
All these
exper
imentcd
observationsempha
size that the wood
transforrnatiorrs
occurring
during
biodegradation
needtobeexplored
in detailsif
we are toarrive atacomprehensive description
of
thebiopulpirrg
ehemistr
Finnl rernnrks
Rill evaluation
of
woodchips
biotreatedby
C
srcbvermispora
ona50tonpilot
plant
dem onstrated dratequivalent
energysavings
can beobtained
in lab acrd millscalebiopulping
Asfar
as the chemicalchanges
inducedby
thefungus
in YIOOdare
COrrCer
ned
YeCerrtef
Orts
lralepOrntE
d
out
for
twodi
ererrt
typesof
woodtransforma
tions Qne
of
them involves intenselignin
depo
lymer
ization
insh
or
t
biotreatmerrtperiods
tivhile the other indicates thatester
ification
reactionsof
oxalate secreted
by
thefungus
on thepolysaccha
rides chains increase the water saturationpoint
of
thefibers
Bothtransformations
areexpected
toaffect
the
fiberfiber bonding
and
corrsec
rr
ently
the
plr
sical
resistunceof
woodACKNOWLfDGEMfNTS
REFERENCIAS
1
AkhtarM
BlanchetteRA Myers G
Kirk K4n overviewof
biorrrechanicalpulping
research InYoung R
AkhtarM
editorsEnvir
orrrentallyfr7endly technologiesfor
thepulp
and paperindustry
NY JohnWiley
orielSons1998 p 30983
2
LeathamGF 1Vlyers GC y
egner
TH1990
Bivrnechanicalpulping of
aspenchips Energy savings resulting
from
differentfungal
treatmentsTappi
J 735
1972003
HuntCKenealy
WHorn EHoutman C2004
Abtopulping
naechantsrncreationof
acidgroupsonfiber
Holzforschung
584
4343494
FerrazA MendonCa R
Silva FT2000 t
rganosoly delignification of
white and brownrottedEucalyptus
grandis
hardwood 7Chem Technol Biotechnol 751
18245 J Mendon
a
R GuerraA FerrazA2002 Delignification ofPinus
taeda woodchips
treated withCeriporiopsis
subvermisporafor
preparinghigh yield kraft pulps
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4114186
GuerraAMendonrra
R Ferraz A2002
Characterizationofthe
residuallignins
in Pinustaedabiodegraded by
Ceripor
aop
sissubvermispora by
usingin situ Cu0 oxidation andDFRC methodsHolzforschung
562
1571607
GuerraA
FerrazA
LuF Ralph
J2004
Straictirral chcaracterazcatronoflignin during
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Ceriporiopsis
subvermispora Appl
Enairon Microbiol 707
407340788
GuerraAMendon
a
R Ferraz A2005
Biochenairnechanicalpulps from
Eucalyptus grandis
strength
properties
bleaching
andbrightness
stability
J Wood Chem Technol254
2032169J
GuerraA
PavanPC
FerrazA2006 Bleaching brightness stability
andchemical characteristicsofEucalyptus
grandis
bio
TRIP pulps prepared
inabiapulping pilot plant Appita
7 595
41241510
ScottGM
AkhtarM Swaney RE
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