❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❑♦♥❡❝t
❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t
❘ô♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ◆✉♥❡s
❘ô♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ◆✉♥❡s
❑♦♥❡❝t✿ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆♥❞ré ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ✕ ❯❋❘◆ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ✕ ❉■▼❆♣
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ s♦❜ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❑♦♥❡❝t✿ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❆♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❘ô♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ◆✉♥❡s ❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆♥❞ré ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ✲ ❉■▼❆♣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ✲ ❯❋❘◆
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❞❡ ▼✐r❛♥❞❛
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ✲ ❉■▼❆♣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ✲ ❯❋❘◆
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❙❡❧❛♥ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ✲ ❉■▼❆♣ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡ ✲ ❯❋❘◆
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆♥❞ré ▲✉ís ❞❡ ▼❡❞❡✐r♦s ❙❛♥t♦s
❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ P❡r♥❛♠❜✉❝♦ ✲ ❯❋P❊
❑♦♥❡❝t✿ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛
❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t
❆✉t♦r✿ ❘ô♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ◆✉♥❡s ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✭❛✮✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆♥❞ré ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t ✭♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❑✐♥❡❝t✮ ✈❡♠ s❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥✲ t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ▼é❞✐❝❛✱ ❘❡✲ ❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡✉ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✿ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ ❊♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ▼✐✲ ❝r♦s♦❢t tê♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❡✈✐t❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛✲ ❢♦r♠❛ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s ❢♦r❛♠ t❡st❛❞♦s ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛✲ ❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❡①tr❛r✐r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥❡❧❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳
❑♦♥❡❝t✿ ❛ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ❑✐♥❡❝t
❆♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
❆✉t❤♦r✿ ❘ô♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ◆✉♥❡s ❆❞✈✐s♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆♥❞ré ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠ ✭♦r s✐♠♣❧② ❑✐♥❡❝t✮ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✜❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✐s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❧② s❤♦✇♥ ❛s ♣❛rt ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦♥ ❛r❡❛s ♦❢ ▼❡❞✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❘❡❛❧✐t② ♦r ❡✈❡♥ ❢♦r ✐ts ❜❛s✐❝ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ♣✉r♣♦s❡✿ t❤❡ ❊♥t❡rt❛✐♥♠❡♥t ✐♥❞✉str②✳ ❲✐t❤ ✐ts ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t♦♦❧s ♦✛❡r❡❞ ❜② ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ♣r❡s❡♥ts t♦ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛✈♦✐❞❡❞✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ♦✛❡r❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❑✐♥❡❝t ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠✱ t♦ ❛ss✐st ✉s❡rs ✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠✱ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ✐t ✇❛s t❡st❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❜② ✉s❡rs✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡st✲s❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r❡✈✐❡✇s ❣❛♠❡s ❢♦r ❑✐♥❡t✱ t♦ ❡①tr❛❝t t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts t❤❛t ✇❡r❡ t❤❡ ❜❛s✐s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s
✶ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❑✐♥❡❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✼
✷ ✵ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✾
✸ ❏♦❣♦ ▼❛st❡r▼✐♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✻
✹ ❏♦❣♦ ❙♦❧❡tr❛♥❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✺ ❏♦❣♦ ❈♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✽
✻ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♥✉s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✷
✼ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈â♠❡r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✷
✽ ❉❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✾ ❊sq✉❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❑♦♥❡❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✶✵ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ s❡♠ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✶✶ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✼
✶✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❑♦♥❡❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✽
✶✸ ❋♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✶✹ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❙❉❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✼
✶✺ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✽
✶✻ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❡rsõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✾
✶✼ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ① ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ r❡❛❧ ✲ ●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵
✶✽ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ① ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ r❡❛❧ ✲ ●r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✵
✶✾ ❯s❛r✐❛ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✶
✷✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✶
✷✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ s♦❜r❡ ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s
✶ ❏♦❣♦s ♠❛✐s ✈❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❑✐♥❡❝t ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✵
✷ ❏♦❣♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❑✐♥❡❝t ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✶
✸ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❡ ❡q✉✐♣❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✵
✹ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹
✺ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹
✻ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ s✐❣❧❛s
❯❋❘◆ ✕ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ◆♦rt❡
❉■▼❆♣ ✕ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❙❉❑ ✕ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❑✐t
■❉❊ ✕ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❊♥✈✐r♦♠❡♥t
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♣✳ ✶✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✷
✷ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣✳ ✶✸
✷✳✶ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸
✷✳✶✳✶ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✸
✷✳✶✳✷ ❙❉❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✹
✷✳✶✳✸ ❆P■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺
✷✳✶✳✹ ■❉❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✺
✷✳✶✳✺ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✻
✷✳✷ ❑✐♥❡❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✼
✷✳✸ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t ❙❉❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✶✽
✷✳✹ ❖✉tr♦s ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❡ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❊①✐st❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵
✷✳✹✳✶ ❖♣❡♥ ❑✐♥❡❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✵
✷✳✹✳✷ ❖♣❡♥◆■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✶
✷✳✹✳✸ ●❊▼■◆■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✷
✷✳✹✳✹ ❑✐♦s❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✷
✷✳✹✳✺ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑✐♥❡❝t ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✸
✷✳✹✳✻ ❉❡♣t❤❏❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✸
✷✳✹✳✼ ❖✉tr❛s ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✸
✸✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✸✳✶✳✶✳✶ ▼❛st❡r♠✐♥❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✺
✸✳✶✳✶✳✷ ❙♦❧❡tr❛♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✻
✸✳✶✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✼
✸✳✶✳✶✳✹ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✽
✸✳✶✳✷ ▲❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✷✽
✸✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✸
✸✳✶✳✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✺
✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣✳ ✸✾
✹✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✸✾
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣✳ ✹✸
✺✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✸
✺✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✹✻
✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ♣✳ ✺✸
✼ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣✳ ✺✺
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✲✲ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣✳ ✺✾
❆✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✺✾
❆✳✷ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✵
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ✲✲ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♣✳ ✻✷
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❈ ✲✲ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❑♦♥❡❝t ♣✳ ✻✹
❈✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✹
❈✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
❈✳✸✳✶ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✺
❈✳✸✳✷ ❈â♠❡r❛ ❘●❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✻
❈✳✸✳✸ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥✉s✭▼❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦tõ❡s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✼
❈✳✸✳✹ P♦s❡s ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✽
❈✳✸✳✺ ❉r❛❣ ❛♥❞ ❞r♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ♣✳ ✻✾
✶✶
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ❑✐♥❡❝t é ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❳❜♦① ✸✻✵ ❡ ❳❜♦① ❖♥❡✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ Pr✐♠❡ ❙❡♥s❡✳ ❋♦✐ ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❊❯❆ ❡♠ ✹ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵ ❡ ❝❤❡❣♦✉ ❛♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡♠ ✶✽ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛♥♦✱ ✐♥♦✈❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❝♦♠ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡r ❡♠ ♠ã♦s ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✴❥♦②st✐❝❦✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦str♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❣❛♠❡r✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ●✉✐♥♥❡ss ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❡♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ✭●❯■◆◆❊❙ ❲❖❘▲❉ ❘❊❈❖❘❉❙✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❖ r❡❝♦r❞❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡♦✉ ♥♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ✻✵ ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✈❡♥❞✐❞❛s ♦✐t♦ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ✶✸✸✳✸✸✸ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦r ❞✐❛✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t s❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡✉ ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❞♦ ❊♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❱✐sã♦ ❈♦♠♣✉✲ t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ▼é❞✐❝❛✱ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❋✐s✐♦t❡r❛♣✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♥♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ✜s✐♦t❡r❛✲ ♣ê✉t✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡s ♥❡✉r♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✭❘♦❝❤❛✱ ❉❡❢❛✈❛r✐✱ ❇r❛♥❞ã♦✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❆ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ✐♥✈❡st❡ ❡♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ▼é❞✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✳ ❙✉❛ ❛❧❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❘❡s❡✲ ❛r❝❤ ✭❤tt♣✿✴✴r❡s❡❛r❝❤✳♠✐❝r♦s♦❢t✳❝♦♠✴✮✱ t❡♠ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠é❞✐❝♦s ✭■◆◆❊❘ ❊❨❊✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ✭❈❘■▼■◆■❙■✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ✭❑❖◆❚❙❈❍■❊❉❊❘✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ✭●▲❖❈❑❊❘✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ✭❨❊✱ ✷✵✶✸✮ ✭❩■❑■❈✱ ●▲❖❈❑❊❘✱ ❈❘■▼■◆■❙■✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
✶✷
❏á ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❉❡s❦t♦♣ ❡ ✇❡❜✱ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❡ss❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ▲❡✈❛✲s❡ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛r ❡ss❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡♠ ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✳ ❖ ❙❉❑ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦✱ t❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✈❡♥❤❛♠ ❛ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣❛❞rõ❡s r❡♣❡t✐❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉♠ ♠❡♥✉✱ r❡❝♦✲ ♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡st♦s✱ ❡t❝✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s r❡♣❡t✐❞♦s sã♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ ❡ sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✳ ❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈✐s❛✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ r❡❞✉③✐r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st✐✉ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❛❞♦t♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ três ❥♦❣♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦t♦r ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❑✐♥❡❝t ✭❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦✱ ❢r❛♠❡ ❜✉✛❡r ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦✱ ❞r❛❣ ❛♥❞ ❞r♦♣✱ ❡t❝✮✳ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r q✉❛✐s ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s s❡r✐❛♠ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❢♦✐ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ t❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çã♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t s❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙❉❑✱ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
✶✸
✷ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ três s❡çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❡♠❜❛s❛♠❡♥t♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❙❉❑✱ ■❉❊✱ ❆P■ ❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✱ ♣♦r ✈❡③❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡rr♦♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳
❆ s❡çã♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❣❡st✉❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❑♦♥❡❝t✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❙❉❑ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♦✉tr♦s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✳
✷✳✶ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❙❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ❙❉❑✱ ❆P■✱ ■❉❊ ❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s✳ ❊ss❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐t✉❛r ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦
●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐✲ ❝❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ❊ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡ r❡❢❡r❡♠ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ às ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❙❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✜❝❛ ❝❧❛r♦ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
✶✹
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇✉s❝❤♠❛♥♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ Pr❡❡ ✭✶✾✾✺✮ ❡ P✐♥t♦ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡ s✉❜s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ♦s ❝♦♥str✉t♦r❡s ❜ás✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐á✲❧♦s✳
P❛r❛ ▼❛♥♥ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ♦s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❥á ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡✲ ❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳ ❊ss❡s ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦s sã♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❉❛♥t❛s✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❚♦❞❛s ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❝✐t❛❞❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ♣❛rt❡♠ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦✱ ♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢❛✲ ♠í❧✐❛✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢✉t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❡ss❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ❙❉❑
❙❉❑ ✭❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❑✐t✮ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ♣♦r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❯♠ ❙❉❑ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✭▲✉❝❡♥❛✱✷✵✶✷✮✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❱❡r❛ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ✉♠ ❙❉❑ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ r❡s♣❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✿
• ▼♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❖ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❙❉❑ ❞❡✈❡
s❡r ♣❡q✉❡♥♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r t❡♥❤❛ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡✳
• ❘❡✉s♦✿ ❖s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙❉❑ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡①t❡♥sí✈❡✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r
♣♦ss❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦✱ r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❛ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣♦❞❡r s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❛r❡❢❛s✳
• ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝♦♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✿ ➱ ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❙❉❑ ❞✐s♣♦✲
✶✺
s❡r ♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ❆P■s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ■st♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♠❛♥té♠ ❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❑♦♥❡❝t✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐s♣♦✲ ♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❙❉❑ ❑✐♥❡❝t ❢♦r ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✳
✷✳✶✳✸ ❆P■
◆♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ♦✉ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✱ ❢❛③❡♠ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡ç❛ ❡st❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡ é✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ ❆P■ ✭❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✮✭▲✉❝❡♥❛✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳
❯♠❛ ❆P■ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦✉ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ✭❡①✳ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r ❥❛♥❡❧❛s ❡ í❝♦♥❡s✮✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r t✉❞♦ ❞♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ✭❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❱❡r❛✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❖ ❙❉❑ ❑✐♥❡❝t ❢♦r ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ ♣r♦✈ê ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❆P■s✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✳ ❊❧❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ❆P■s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞♦ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦✱ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦✱ ❡t❝✳
✷✳✶✳✹ ■❉❊
■❉❊ ✭■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✮✱ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♣♦rt✉❣✉ês ✧❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦✧✱ é ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r✳ ❆s ■❉❊s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ ❡❞✐t❛r ❝ó❞✐❣♦s✱ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t ♣❛r❛ ❞❡st❛❝❛r s✐♥t❛①❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛r t❛r❡❢❛s r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s ✭◆♦✉r✐❡✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❊❧❛s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐③❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ♥♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❘❡❤♠❛♥ ❡ P❛✉❧✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
✶✻
• ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❣rá✜❝❛✳
• ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✳
• P♦❞❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳
• ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦ ❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ❝❛rr❡❣❛r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡✳
• ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❞❡ t❡st❡ r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s✳
• P❛❞rã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❑♦♥❡❝t ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ■❉❊ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❙t✉❞✐♦✱ ✈❡rsã♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛ ✷✵✶✵✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❙❉❑ ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ■❉❊✳
✷✳✶✳✺ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛
❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ❝❧❛ss❡s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛s ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s✿ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ❝❤❛♠❛ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡❧❛s✳✭❋❡rr❡✐r❛✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
◆❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❡ ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❛s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ❥á sã♦ ♣ré✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ✭❙✐❧✈❛✱✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛③ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛♥❞♦ ❡ s❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ ✐♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞á ❢♦rç❛ ❛♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦s ❡①t❡♥sí✈❡✐s ✭▼❛❧❞♦♥❛❞♦✱ ❇r❛❣❛✱ ●❡r♠❛♥♦ ❡ ▼❛s✐❡r♦✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
✶✼
✷✳✷ ❑✐♥❡❝t
❖ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛rt❡s✿ ✉♠❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❱●❆ ✱ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ✸❉✱ ♠✐❝r♦❢♦♥❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲✈❡t♦r✐❛❧ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ▼♦t♦r✐③❛❞❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❍❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❑✐♥❡❝t ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆✉t♦r ❉❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦
❆ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❝♦r❡s ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡♠ ❘●❇✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥❞♦ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✱ ✈❡r❞❡ ❡ ❛③✉❧ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝❛♣t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✻✹✵①✹✽✵ ❛ ✸✵ q✉❛❞r♦s ♣♦r s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t ❡stá ❝❛♣t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ r❡❛❧✳
❖s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ✸❉ sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ♦s r❛✐♦s ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦s✳ ❊❧❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s❡♥s♦r ❈▼❖❙✱ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ❛ ❧✉③ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❡❧étr✐❝❛s q✉❡ s❡ tr❛❞✉③ ❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞❛s ❝â♠❡✲ r❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✳ ❏✉♥t♦s✱ ❡ss❡s s❡♥s♦r❡s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛r ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ✸❉✱ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✱ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❡ ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s s❡♠ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❛ ♦❧❤♦ ♥✉✳
❖ ▼✐❝r♦❢♦♥❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲✈❡t♦r✐❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♠✐❝r♦❢♦♥❡s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✐s♦❧❛r ❛s ✈♦③❡s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s s♦♥s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧❡s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❝❛♣t❛r ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❡ ✈♦③ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❛ ♣♦✉❝♦s ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦✳
✶✽
r❡❧❤♦ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛❥✉st❛r ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❡♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ❑✐♥❡❝t s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✳
❖ ❑✐♥❡❝t ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡s✱ ❡❧❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛r ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦✳ ▲♦❣♦ ♥❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t ♠❛♣❡✐❛ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛❥✉st❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s s✉❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ❡st❡❥❛ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❡❧❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠❛ ré♣❧✐❝❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❡♠ ✸❉ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♠❛♣❡❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❢❛❝✐❛✐s✳ ❖ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♣♦rt❛r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❡❧❡ ✜❝❛✳
✷✳✸ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t ❙❉❑
❖ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t ❙❉❑ ✷✳✵ é ❛ ♠❛✐s ♥♦✈❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ❦✐t ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡✳ ❖ ❙❉❑ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✱ ❛♠♦str❛s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❛♠ à ✈♦③ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❡ ❣❡st♦s✳ ❆ ✈❡rsã♦ ✷✳✵ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡♠ ✶✵✽✵♣✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞♦ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦ ❡ ♥♦✈❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✳
❖ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t ❙❉❑ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❤✉♠❛♥❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r♦st♦✱ ❡sq✉❡❧❡t♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡st✉❛❧✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❡ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡s❝❛♥❡❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❑✐♥❡❝t ❋✉s✐♦♥✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❙❉❑✳ ❊①♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡♥s♦r✐❛✐s ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✿ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝❡ss❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❡ ❞♦ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❜✉✛❡rs ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s ❝❛♣t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝â♠❡r❛✳
✶✾
s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✿ ❈✰✰✱ ❈ ★✱ ♦✉ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❇❛s✐❝✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ✵ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✶✵✵❧♦♦♣✳❝♦♠✴ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✴❝♦♠❡❛♥❞♦✲❛✲✉s❛r✲♦✲s❞❦✲❞♦✲❦✐♥❡❝t✴
✷✵
✷✳✹ ❖✉tr♦s ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❡ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❊①✐st❡♥t❡s
◆❡ss❛ s❡çã♦ s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✉❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✳ P❛r❛ ✐❧✉str❛r ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠✳
✷✳✹✳✶ ❖♣❡♥ ❑✐♥❡❝t
❖♣❡♥❑✐♥❡❝t é ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ✐♥✲ t❡r❡ss❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❢❛③❡r ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❳❜♦① ❑✐♥❡❝t ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ■♥❝❧✉✐ ♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐✈❛r✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❞♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ ❞r✐✈❡rs ❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❆P■ q✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❡♠ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ▲✐♥✉① ❡ ❖❙ ❳✳ ❆ ❆P■ t❡rá ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✴♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✿
• ❈
• C+ +
• ✳◆❊❚ ✭❈ s❤❛r♣✴❱❇✳◆❊❚✮
• ❏❛✈❛ ✭ ❏◆❆ ❛♥❞ ❏◆■✮
• ❏❛✈❛s❝r✐♣t
• P②t❤♦♥
• ❈ ❙②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
• ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ▲✐s♣
❙✉❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❖♣❡♥❑✐♥❡❝t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s t❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆P■ ❞♦ ❖♣❡♥❑✐♥❡❝t ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝r✉❛✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❡♠ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s út❡✐s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ❡♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿
✷✶
• ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦r ❝♦r♣♦r❛❧
• Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡
• ❙♦♠ ✸❉
• ❈❛♥❝❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ á✉❞✐♦
• ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥✉✈❡♥s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s
• ❘❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✸❉
• ❆❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ●P❯
❈❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❡ é ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡ r❡q✉❡r ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐s✲ t❛s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s✱ t❡st❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♠❡s❡s ♦✉ ❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛r ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❛ss✐♠✱ t❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣♦♣✉✲ ❧❛r✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❢❛✈♦r✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❑✐♥❡❝t q✉❡ ♥ã♦ q✉❡r❡♠ r❡str✐♥❣✐r✲s❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✳
✷✳✹✳✷ ❖♣❡♥◆■
❖♣❡♥◆■ ♦✉ ❖♣❡♥ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✭■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❆❜❡rt❛✮ é ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❧✉❝r❛t✐✈❛ ❢♦❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛r ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦✲ s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ❡ss❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳
❆ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ❡♠ ◆♦✈❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ t❡♥❞♦ s❡✉ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✵✽ ❞❡ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠❡♠❜r♦s é ❛ Pr✐♠❡❙❡♥s❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ♣♦r trás ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ♠♦t♦r❛ ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡ ❳❜♦① ✸✻✵✳
❊♠ ❞❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵✱ ❛ Pr✐♠❡❙❡♥❡✱ q✉❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✉ ♦ s❡♥s♦r ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦✱ ❧❛♥ç♦✉ s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❞r✐✈❡rs ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛❜❡rt❛ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ◆■❚❊✳
✷✷
t❛r❛♠ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❖♣❡♥◆■✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ✭❋❆■❘❍❊❆❉✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
❆ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❞♦ ❖♣❡♥◆■ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❆P■s ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛❜❡rt❛✳ ❊ss❛s ❆P■s ❞❡✈❡rã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❛❝❡ss❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛✲ t✉r❛❧ ✭❱■▲▲❆❘❖▼❆◆✱ ❘❖❲❊✱ ❙❲❆◆✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❆s ❆P■s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛✿
• ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈♦③ ❡ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❡ ✈♦③
• ●❡st♦s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s
• ❈❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦r♣♦r❛❧
✷✳✹✳✸ ●❊▼■◆■
●❡▼✐◆✐ é ✉♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♠✲ ♣❛tí✈❡❧ ♣♦ss❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❛t✉❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡①✲ ♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ t✐r♦ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡ss♦❛✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❥♦❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♠♦✉s❡ ❡ t❡❝❧❛❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❥♦❣❛❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❡ ✈♦③ ❡ ♠♦✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ✭❚❊❖❋■▲❖✱ ◆❖●❯❊■❘❆ ❡ ❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
●❡▼✐◆✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❑✐♥❡❝t ❙❉❑ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❡ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✷✵ ❣❡st♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❝♦✳ ❚♦✲ ❞♦s ♦s ❣❡st♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛✈❛♠ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ s❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❡st❛✈❛ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ❛❜❛✐①♦✱ ♥❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ❛trás ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❛ ❞♦ ❙❉❑ ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✳
✷✳✹✳✹ ❑✐♦s❦
✷✸
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①✐❜✐çõ❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛çã♦ é ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❣❡st♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥❛✈❡❣❛r ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✭❇❖❍❆❑✱✷✵✶✸✮✳
✷✳✹✳✺ ▼✉❧t✐✲❑✐♥❡❝t ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦
❯♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t s✉♣♦rt❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐✲ ♥❛❞❛ ár❡❛✳ ❊ss❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦ss❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❑✐♥❡❝ts✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ s❡❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥✲ t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❖♣❡♥◆■ ❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ P②t❤♦♥✱C+ + ❡ ❈★ ✳
✷✳✹✳✻ ❉❡♣t❤❏❙
❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✇❡❜ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❆P■ ❞♦ ❙❉❑ ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ♣❛r❛ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t✳ ❙✉❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ é ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t✱ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❑✐♥❡❝t s❡♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳
✷✳✹✳✼ ❖✉tr❛s ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s
❊①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ♠❛♥✉s❡✐♦ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣r♦✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❙❉❑ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✇r❛♣✲ ♣❡rs ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛s ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✭❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t❏▲✐❜ ♣❛r❛ ❏❛✈❛ ❡ ♦ ❉❡♣t❤❏❙ ♣❛r❛ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t✮✱ ♦✉tr❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❈▲◆❯■ ❏❛✈❛ ✈❛✐ ❛❧é♠✱ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❛❜str❛❡♠ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝â♠❡r❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜t❡r ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦r ❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦✳
✷✹
❚❛♠❜é♠ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❑✐♥❡❝t ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❖ ❑✐♥❡❝t❏❙✱ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t ❡ ❍❚▼▲✺✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❦t♦♣✱ ✇❡❜ ❡ ♠ó✈❡✐s✳ ❊❧❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ ♠♦✈❡r✱ ❡s❝❛❧❛r ❡ r♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✳
✷✺
✸ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❑♦♥❡❝t
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❑♦♥❡❝t ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❡ q✉❛✐s ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦ss✉✐✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳
✸✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
P❛r❛ ❞❛r ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❢♦✐ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ ❞❡ três ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✭❥♦❣♦s✮ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❑✐♥❡❝t✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ✭❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ t✐♣♦s✮ ❝♦♠✉♥s ❛ ❡❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦r ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ três ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠✐♥✐ ❣❛♠❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ sã♦ ❡❧❡s✿ ▼❛st❡r♠✐♥❞✱ ❙♦❧❡tr❛♥❞♦ ❡ ❈♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦✳
✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s três ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s q✉❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❜❛s❡ à ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❑♦♥❡❝t✳
✸✳✶✳✶✳✶ ▼❛st❡r♠✐♥❞
✷✻
r❛♥❞♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✿ ❏♦❣♦ ▼❛st❡r▼✐♥❞✳
❖ ❥♦❣♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣✐♥♦s ❝♦❧♦r✐❞♦s ✭♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♥❤❛ ❡ ❞♦s ♣❛❧♣✐t❡s✮✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣✐♥♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ✭❜r❛♥❝♦s ❡ ♣r❡t♦s✮ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✜❧❡✐r❛s ✭❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ t❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❛ s❡♥❤❛ ❡s❝♦♥❞✐❞❛✮✳
P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❝♦♠❡❝❡✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ s❡♥❤❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣✐♥♦s ❝♦❧♦r✐❞♦s✱ s❡❥❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❡ ❡s❝♦♥❞✐❞❛ ✭s❡❥❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♦✉ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r✮✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛❧♣✐t❡ ❞❡ s❡♥❤❛✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ r❡❝❡❜❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣✐♥♦s ❜r❛♥❝♦s ❡ ♣r❡t♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦ss❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s✉❛ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✐r ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ♦ s❡✉ ♣❛❧♣✐t❡✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦r ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞❛ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♥t♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦✱ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠ ♣✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❝♦r ❜r❛♥❝❛✳ ❖s ♣✐♥♦s ♣r❡t♦s sã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦❧♦❝♦✉ ♥♦ s❡✉ ♣❛❧♣✐t❡ ❡stá ♥❛ s❡♥❤❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡rr❛❞❛✳
❆ ✈✐tór✐❛ ❛♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r é ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❜té♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣✐♥♦s ❜r❛♥❝♦s ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ s❡♥❤❛✳ ❈❛s♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ✭✜❧❡✐r❛s✮ ❡st♦✉r❡✱ ♦ ❥♦✲ ❣❛❞♦r ♣❡r❞❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❞❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r q✉❛❧ s❡♥❤❛ ❢♦✐ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦♥❞✐❞❛✳
✸✳✶✳✶✳✷ ❙♦❧❡tr❛♥❞♦
✷✼
❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐s♣õ❡ ❞❡ três ❜♦tõ❡s✱ sã♦ ❡❧❡s✿ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r r❡s♣♦st❛ ✭✈❡r✐✜❝❛ s❡ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡stá ❝♦rr❡t❛✮✱ ♣✉❧❛r ✭♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✐❣♥♦r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ s❛❧t❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛✮ ❡ ❧✐♠♣❛r ✭♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❧✐♠♣❡ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❞❛ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛❝❤❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r ❡rr♦s✮✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✿ ❏♦❣♦ ❙♦❧❡tr❛♥❞♦✳
P❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❢♦✐ ❡st✐♣✉❧❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❝♦♠ ♣♦♥t✉❛çã♦ ♥✉❧❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❝❡rt♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❣❛♥❤❛ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡rr♦ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡r❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ♣♦♥t♦✳ ❆♦ ✜♠ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ é ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ ✈❡♥❝❡❞♦r s❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❜t✐✈❡r s❡t❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s✳
✸✳✶✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♥❡❝t❛♥❞♦
