P❘❖❋▼❆❚
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ P❛r❛♥á ✽✶✺✸✶✲✾✾✵✱ ❈✉r✐t✐❜❛✱ P❘❇r❛③✐❧Pr❡♣r✐♥t P❘❖❋▼❆❚ ✶ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✶✷ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♠❜r♦✱ ✷✵✶✹
❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ✈✐❛ ■◆❚❊❘◆❊❚✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠❛t✳✉❢♣r✳❜r
❚ÓP■❈❖❙ ❉❊ ❆❘■❚▼➱❚■❈❆✿ ❆
❙❊◗❯✃◆❈■❆ ❉❊ ❋■❇❖◆❆❈❈■
♣♦r
❚ó♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✿ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥✐❝❛ ❞❡
❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐
❆❧❧✐ss♦♥ ❈♦r❞❡✐r♦
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✲ ❯❋P❘
✵✶✾✵✽✶✲✾✾✵✱ ❈✉r✐t✐❜❛✱ P❘
❇r❛s✐❧
❡✲♠❛✐❧✿ ❛❧❧✐❝♦r❞❅❤t♦♠❛✐❧✳❝♦♠
✽ ❞❡ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠❡♥✲ t❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦s ❡①tr❛❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ P♦r ❡st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt❡♠ ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❛s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ r❡s♣♦st❛s✱ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s t❡♠❛s s❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s✱ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s r❡❝r❡❛t✐✈❛s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❈❤❛✈❡✿ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ✲ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✲ ❏♦❣♦s
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r é ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡①tr❛❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❙✉r❣✐✉ ❞❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♥ã♦ é s❡♠♣r❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❛r ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐ss♦ é ✉♠ ❞❡s♣❡r❞í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s t❛❧❡♥t♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡✐①❛❞♦s ❛ ♠❛r❣❡♠✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❡①tr❛❝❧❛ss❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ r❡❢♦rç♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♣❛r❛ s❛♥❛r ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡♠♦s ❛❧❣♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❈❛❜❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛
♥ã♦ é s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r✳ ❖ ✐❞❡❛❧ é q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❛ t♦❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s✐♠♣❛t✐③❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❡ q✉❡ ✈♦❧✉♥t❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ✐♥s❝r❡✈❛ ♥♦ ❝✉rs♦✳
❖s tó♣✐❝♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s sã♦✿ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✳ ❖s t❡♠❛s sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✐stór✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦t❛❣♦✲ ♥✐st❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ q✉❡ r❡♠❡t❡♠ à r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♥♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈❛✐ ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ às ❝♦♥✲ ❝❧✉sõ❡s✳ ◆♦ t❡①t♦✱ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡stã♦ ❝♦♠ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s✳ ❆ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ s❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛s✱ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❛♥❡①♦✳ ❇✉s❝❛♠♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛r ♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝✉r✐♦s❛ ❡ ❧ú❞✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ✉♠❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s tó♣✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛✉s❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♥q✉✐❡t❛çã♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ q✉❡ ✈á ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ às t✉r♠❛s r❡❣✉❧❛r❡s✳
❊♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♥♦ t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛rá s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r✲ ❣❛♥✐③❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ s❛❧❛✳ P♦ré♠✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡s❝❧❛r ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦r✳ ■❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ t✉r♠❛✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❡ ❝❛s♦ s❡❥❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣❡♥s❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣ré✲❝✉rs♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡rã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞❛s ❛s ❛r❡st❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳
✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
Pr♦❝✉r❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡ss❡s s❛❜❡r❡s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇r♦✉ss❡❛✉ ✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣❣ ✸✻✮ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❝❧áss✐❝❛
✧❛♣❛❣❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❡st❡s s❛❜❡r❡s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❛ s✉❝❡ssã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r❛♠ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❛ ✐♥tr✉sã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❞❡ q✉❡stõ❡s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦✲ ❣r❡ss♦s ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s s❡❝t♦r❡s✱ ❛ r❡❥❡✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❢❛❧s♦s ♦✉ ❞❡s❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s✱ ❡ ❛s ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s q✉❡r❡❧❛s ❛ s❡✉ r❡s♣❡✐t♦✳✧
❇✉s❝❛♠♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❥♦❣♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ss❡♠ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ♥♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s✱ ❝♦♥❥❡❝t✉r❛r✱ ✐♥t✉✐r✱ t❡st❛r ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❇r♦✉ss❡❛✉ ✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣❣ ✸✽✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡
✧✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❡①✐❣❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❛❥❛✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❡✱ ♣r♦✈❡✱ ❝♦♥str✉❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱
t❡♦r✐❛s✱ ♦s tr♦q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡ç❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡s à ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ r❡t✐r❡ ❞❡st❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❧❤❡ sã♦ út❡✐s✱ ❡t❝✳✧
❆ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ❤á ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❧❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❡ ❧á ❡stã♦✳ ❆ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ●♦♠❡s✱ ✭✷✵✵✽✱ ♣❣ ✶✻✵✮
✧❆ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ é ✐♥✈♦❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐❣♥♦s✿ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❈♦♥❞✐❧❧❛❝✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡rí❛♠♦s ❢❛③❡r ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦s ❛❧❣✉♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✱ s❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♠❛❣✐♥áss❡✲ ♠♦s ♥♦♠❡s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐❞é✐❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s✉♣õ❡ ❥á t❡r r❡❝❡♥✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦♠❡✳✧
❊s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❥♦❣♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s ❡rr♦s ❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡♥❝❡r✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❊♠❡r✐q✉❡ ✭✶✾✾✾✱ ♣❣ ✶✽✽✮
✧❝♦❧♦❝❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠á✲❧♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛✲ ❞♦s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❡st❛r ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛s✧
❚❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭✶✾✾✾✱ ♣❣ ✶✾✵✮ ❞✐③ ✧♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❡rr♦s ❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ s✉♣❡rá✲❧♦s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s✳✧
❯t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ é s❡r ❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❖♥✉❝❤✐❝ ✭✶✾✾✾✱ ♣❣ ✷✵✹✮
✧❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛r ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s ❡ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ s✐♠✉♥t❛♥❡❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳✧
✸ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦
✸✳✶ ❯♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✐stór✐❛✿ ❆ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ❡ ♦
♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦
❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ✭✜❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❇♦♥❛❝❝✐♦✮ ❢♦✐ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ■❞❛❞❡ ▼é❞✐❛✳ ◆❛s❝❡✉ ♣♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❡ ✶✶✼✵ ❡♠ P✐s❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
✐t❛❧✐❛♥❛s ❡ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t❡✈❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ✢♦r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ár❛❜❡✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❝❡❞♦✱ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ❢♦✐ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❡ ♥♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt♦✉ ♦ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ✶✷✵✷✱ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ❡s❝r❡✈❡✉ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛ ♠❛✐s ❝é❧❡❜r❡✱ ✧▲✐❜❡r ❆❜❛❝✐✧✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ q✉❛❧✱ ❛ ♥✉♠❡r❛çã♦ ❤✐♥❞✉✲ár❛❜❡ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛ ❖❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✳ ❖ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st✐❛ ♥♦ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦ ✧▲✐❜❡r ❆❜❛❝✐✧✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜✲ ❧❡♠❛ ❞♦s ❝♦❡❧❤♦s✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❢❛♠♦s❛ ❡ q✉❡✱ ❝✉r✐♦s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲s❡ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✳
✶✳ ❯♠ ❝❛✈❛❧❤❡✐r♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐✉ ✉♠ ❝❛s❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦❡❧❤♦s r❡❝é♠ ♥❛s❝✐❞♦s❀
✷✳ ❡st❡ ❝❛s❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦❡❧❤♦s ❞❡♠♦r❛ ✉♠ ♠ês ❡①❛t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❛ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❢ért✐❧ ❡ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠ês❀
✸✳ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛s❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦❡❧❤♦s ❢ért✐❧ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛s❛❧ ❞❡ ✜❧❤♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ês✱ ❛❝❡✐t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥s❛♥❣✉✐♥❡♦s❀
✹✳ ♦ ❝❛✈❛❧❤❡✐r♦ ❥❛♠❛✐s s❡ ❞❡s❢❛③ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝♦❡❧❤♦s q✉❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♠♦r✲ r❡♠❀
P❡r❣✉♥t❛✲s❡✿ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞♦③❡ ♠❡s❡s✱ q✉❛♥t♦s ❝❛s❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦❡❧❤♦s ♦ ❝❛✈❛❧❤❡✐r♦ ♣♦ss✉✐rá❄ ❊ q✉❛♥t♦s ♣♦ss✉í❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ês❄
▼ês ❈❛s❛✐s ❛❞✉❧t♦s ❈❛s❛✐s ❥♦✈❡♥s ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛s❛✐s
✶ ✵ ✶ ✶
✷ ✶ ✵ ✶
✸ ✶ ✶ ✷
✹ ✷ ✶ ✸
✺ ✸ ✷ ✺
✻ ✺ ✸ ✽
✼ ✽ ✺ ✶✸
✽ ✶✸ ✽ ✷✶
✾ ✷✶ ✶✸ ✸✹
✶✵ ✸✹ ✷✶ ✺✺
✶✶ ✺✺ ✸✹ ✽✾
✶✷ ✽✾ ✺✺ ✶✹✹
◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ t❡r♠♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ é ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❛♥t❡r✐✲ ♦r❡s✿
✷ ❂ ✶ ✰ ✶ ✸ ❂ ✷ ✰ ✶ ✺ ❂ ✸ ✰ ✷ ✽ ❂ ✺ ✰ ✸
✳✳✳
✶✹✹ ❂ ✽✾ ✰ ✺✺ ✳✳✳
❋♥✰✷ ❂ ❋♥✰ ❋♥✰✶
❊ss❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳
✸✳✷ ❯♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❡ ❤✐stór✐❛✿ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦
❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶✰♣✺
✷ ✱ ❝✉❥♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ é ✶❀ ✻✶✽✵✸✸✾✽✽✼✹✾✱ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❤✐st♦r✐✲
❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ á✉r❡❛ ♦✉ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✳ ❉✐③❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❳ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ✖❆❇ ♥❛ r❛③ã♦ á✉r❡❛ ✭t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✱ ❞✐✈✐♥❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♠ ❡①tr❡♠❛ r❛③ã♦ ♦✉ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ r❛③ã♦✮ s❡ ❳ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ✖❆❇ ❡ ❆❳✖
✖
❳❇ ❂ ✟ ❂ ✶✰ ♣
✺
✷ ❂ ✶❀ ✻✶✽✵✸ ✿ ✿ ✿✳ ❊st❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦
✭tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❣r❡❣❛ ✜ ♠❛✐ús❝✉❧♦✿✟✮ t❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çõ❡s s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s r❛♠♦s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ◆ã♦ sã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦s ♦s q✉❡ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ ❛rt❡s✱ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡ ❛♥❛t♦♠✐❛✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❤á ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ♥ã♦ ♣❛ss❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐t♦✳ ❉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢♦r♠❛ ❡st❡ é ✉♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❡ ❡♥✐❣♠át✐❝♦ q✉❡ ✈❛❧❡ ❛ ♣❡♥❛ s❡r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ é ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❞❡✐①❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✉❣❡stã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❤á ❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❬✶✸❪✱ ❬✶✹❪✳
✸✳✸ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s
❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✸✳✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✿
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✶ ❆s s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛s r❛③õ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡r❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✳
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✷ ❋✐①❛❞♦ ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ♠ ✕ ✶ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♥ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✱ ❋ ✭♥✮ é ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❋ ✭♠✮✳
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✸ ❆ s♦♠❛ ❞❡ ♥ t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉✲ ❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r✿ ❙♥ ❂ ❋ ✭♥ ✰ ✷✮ ✶❀
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✹ ❖ ♥✲és✐♠♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r✿
❋ ✭♥✮ ❂ ✣♥
♣ ✺✳
❉❡ ❢❛t♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❢❛r❡♠♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❢♦❣❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦✳ ❆ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❬✶✺❪
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✶ ❆s s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛s r❛③õ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡r❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✳
❊♥tr❡❣✉❡ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ✶✾ ❡ ♣❡ç❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣r❡❡♥✲ ❝❤❛♠ ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✱ s❡♥❞♦✿
♥✿ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦✳ ❋♥✿ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ♥✳
❋♥ ✶✿ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ♥ ✶✳ ❋ ♥
✭❋ ♥ ✶✮✿ ❘❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ♥ ❡ ♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛ ❡❧❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛ ♥ ✶✳
❋❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛té ♦ ✶✺✍ t❡r♠♦✱ ✐ss♦ ❥á é ♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐✲
♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r✳ ❆ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦r❛✳
♥ ❋♥ ❋♥ ✶ ❋❋♥
♥ ✶
✶ ✶ ✲
✷ ✶ ✶ ✶
✸ ✷ ✶ ✷
✹ ✸ ✷ ✶✱✺
✺ ✺ ✸ ✶✱✻✻✻✻✻✻✻✻✻ ✳ ✳ ✳
✻ ✽ ✺ ✶✱✻
✼ ✶✸ ✽ ✶✱✻✷✺
✽ ✷✶ ✶✸ ✶✱✻✶✺✸✽✹✻✶✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✸✹ ✷✶ ✶✱✻✶✾✵✹✼✻✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✺✺ ✸✹ ✶✱✻✶✼✻✹✼✵✺✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✽✾ ✺✺ ✶✱✻✶✽✶✽✶✽✶✽✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✹✹ ✽✾ ✶✱✻✶✼✾✼✼✺✷✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✸✸ ✶✹✹ ✶✱✻✶✽✵✺✺✺✺✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✼✼ ✷✸✸ ✶✱✻✶✽✵✷✺✼✺✶ ✳ ✳ ✳
✶✺ ✻✶✵ ✸✼✼ ✶✱✻✶✽✵✸✼✶
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❖ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❄
❘❡s♣♦st❛✿ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛✲s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❆ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❤❡❣❛r❄
❘❡s♣♦st❛✿ ❆s s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛s r❛③õ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡r❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✳
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✷✿ ❋✐①❛❞♦ ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ♠ ✕ ✶ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♥ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✱ ❋ ✭♥✮ é ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❋ ✭♠✮✳
P❡ç❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❢❛ç❛♠ ♦ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛✿ ♥✿ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ✳
❋♥✿ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ♥✳
♥ ❋♥
✶ ✶
✷ ✶
✸ ✷
✹ ✸
✺ ✺
✻ ✽
✼ ✶✸
✽ ✷✶
✾ ✸✹
✶✵ ✺✺
✶✶ ✽✾
✶✷ ✶✹✹
✶✸ ✷✸✸
✶✹ ✸✼✼
✶✺ ✻✶✵
✶✻ ✾✽✼
✶✼ ✶✺✾✼ ✶✽ ✷✺✽✹ ✶✾ ✹✶✽✶ ✷✵ ✻✼✻✺ ✷✶ ✶✵✾✹✻
❈♦♥s✉❧t❡ ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❡ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❛ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s t❛❜❡❧❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❋ ✭♥✮ ♣❛r❛ ♥ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✸ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✺✳
♥ ✸ ✻ ✾ ✶✷ ✶✺ ✶✽ ✷✶
❋✭♥✮ ✷ ✽ ✸✹ ✶✹✹ ✻✶✵ ✷✺✽✹ ✶✵✾✹✻
♥ ✺ ✶✵ ✶✺ ✷✵
❋✭♥✮ ✺ ✺✺ ✻✶✵ ✻✼✻✺
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✶✳✸ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❋ ✭✸✮ ❡ ❋ ✭✻✮✱ ❋ ✭✾✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✷✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✺✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✽✮✱ ❋ ✭✷✶✮❄ ❊ ❡♥tr❡ ❋ ✭✺✮ ❡ ❋ ✭✶✵✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✺✮✱ ❋ ✭✷✵✮❄
❘❡s♣♦st❛✿ ❋ ✭✻✮✱ ❋ ✭✾✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✷✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✺✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✽✮✱ ❋ ✭✷✶✮ sã♦ t♦❞♦s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❋ ✭✸✮✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❋ ✭✶✵✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✺✮✱ ❋ ✭✷✵✮ sã♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❋ ✭✺✮✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✶✳✹ ❆ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❤❡❣❛r❄
❘❡s♣♦st❛✿ P❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✱ ❝♦♠ ♠ ✕ ✶✱ ❋ ✭♥✮ é ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❋ ✭♠✮✳
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✸✿ ❙♦♠❛ ❞❡ ♥ t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r✿ ❙♥ ❂ ❋ ✭♥ ✰ ✷✮ ✶❀
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✶✳✺ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s s♦♠❛s✿
❛✳ ❙✺✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❋ ✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❋ ✭✺✮✳ ❘❡s♣♦st❛✿
❋ ✭✶✮ ✰ ❋ ✭✷✮ ✰ ✿ ✿ ✿ ✰ ❋ ✭✺✮ ❂ ✶ ✰ ✶ ✰ ✷ ✰ ✸ ✰ ✺ ❂ ✶✷
❜✳ ❙✽✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❋ ✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❋ ✭✽✮✳ ❘❡s♣♦st❛✿
❋ ✭✶✮ ✰ ❋ ✭✷✮ ✰ ✿ ✿ ✿ ✰ ❋ ✭✽✮ ❂ ✶ ✰ ✶ ✰ ✷ ✰ ✸ ✰ ✺ ✰ ✽ ✰ ✶✸ ✰ ✷✶ ❂ ✺✹
❝✳ ❙✶✹✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❋ ✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❋ ✭✶✹✮✳ ❘❡s♣♦st❛✿
❋ ✭✶✮✰❋ ✭✷✮✰✿ ✿ ✿✰❋ ✭✶✹✮ ❂ ✶✰✶✰✷✰✸✰✺✰✽✰✶✸✰✷✶✰✸✹✰✺✺✰✽✾✰✶✹✹✰✷✸✸✰✸✼✼ ❂ ✾✽✻
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✶✳✻ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❋ ✭✼✮ ❡ ❙✺✱ ❋ ✭✶✵✮ ❡ ❙✽✱ ❋ ✭✶✻✮ ❡ ❙✶✻❄
❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞❛✿ ❋ ✭✼✮ ❂ ✶✸ ❡ ❙✺ ❂ ✶✷❀ ❋ ✭✶✵✮ ❂ ✺✺ ❡ ❙✽ ❂ ✺✹❀ ❋ ✭✻✮ ❂
✾✽✼ ❡ ❙✶✻ ❂ ✾✽✻✳ ❆s s♦♠❛s sã♦ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ t❡r♠♦
s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✶✳✼ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳
❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞❛✿ ❆ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ♥ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ é✿
❙♥ ❂ ❋ ✭♥ ✰ ✷✮ ✶✿
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✶✳✽ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❙✷✶✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❙✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❙✭✷✶✮✳
❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞❛✿ ❙✷✶ ❂ ❋ ✭✷✶ ✰ ✷✮ ✶✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❙✷✶ ❂ ❋ ✭✷✸✮ ✶✱ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛
t❛❜❡❧❛ t❡♠♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛té ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ✷✶✱ ♣♦ré♠ t❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❋ ✭✷✸✮ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❡ é ❋ ✭✷✷✮ ✰ ❋ ✭✷✶✮ ❡ t❡♠♦s ❋ ✭✷✷✮ ❂ ❋ ✭✷✶✮ ✰ ❋ ✭✷✵✮✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❋ ✭✷✷✮ ❂ ✶✵✾✹✻ ✰ ✻✼✻✺✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❋ ✭✷✷✮ ❂ ✶✼✼✶✶✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦ ❋ ✭✷✸✮ ❂ ✶✼✼✶✶ ✰ ✶✵✾✹✻ ❂ ✷✽✻✺✼✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ❙✷✶❂ ✷✽✻✺✼ ✶❀ ❙✷✶❂ ✷✽✻✺✻✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✶✳✾ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❙✸✵✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❙✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❙✭✸✵✮✳
❆ s♦♠❛ ♣❡❞✐❞❛ é ❙✸✵ ❂ ❋ ✭✸✵ ✰ ✷✮ ✶✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❙✸✵❂ ❋ ✭✸✷✮ ✶✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s r❡♣❡t✐r
♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❋ ✭✸✷✮ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ s♦♠❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ ❢❛r❡♠♦s ❛ss✐♠✳
❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞❛✿ ❆ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❡stã♦ é ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ é ❞❡♠♦r❛❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ✐ss♦ é ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ P✹✿
Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✹ ❖ ♥✲és✐♠♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r✿
❋ ✭♥✮ ❂ ♣✣♥ ✺ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❋ ✭✸✷✮ ❂ ✶❀✻✶✽✵✸✹✸✷
♣
✺ ✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❋ ✭✸✷✮ ✘❂ ✷✶✼✽✸✵✾❀ ✹✽✺✱ ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s q✉❡
❋ ✭✸✷✮ ❂ ✷✶✼✽✸✵✾✳ ❱♦❧t❛♥❞♦ à q✉❡stã♦ ✹✿✶✿✾✱ t❡♠♦s✿ ❙✸✵❂ ✷✶✼✽✸✵✾ ✶ ❂ ✷✶✼✽✸✵✽
❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✸✳✷ ❖ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦ ❡ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳
❖ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦ s✉r❣❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❡♠ ♠é❞✐❛ ❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ r❛③ã♦✳ ❊❧❡ é ❛ss✐♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r✲s❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ss❡ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧t✉r❛✱ ♦❜té♠✲s❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿
❖s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❆❊❋❇ ❡ ❈❉❊❋ sã♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✳ ◆❡st❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✈❛♠♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ❞❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ q✉❛❞r✐❝✉❧❛❞♦✳
❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❊♥tr❡❣❛r ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ q✉❛❞r✐❝✉✲ ❧❛❞♦✳ ❖r✐❡♥tá✲❧♦s ❛ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ❖s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s s❡rã♦ ♠♦♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛✲ ❞♦s ❝✉❥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠✲ ♣❧♦✿
✎ ♥♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ✉♠✳
✎ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❞♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ✉♠✳
✎ ♥♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ♦s ❞♦✐s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❞♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ❞♦✐s✳ ❊ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡✳
◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♦s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥❝❛✐①❡♠ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❆❣♦r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r ♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s q✉❛tr♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐á✲❧♦s ❢❛ç❛ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✿
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✷✳✶ ◗✉❛✐s ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞♦s❄
❘❡s♣♦st❛✿ ◗✉❛rt♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✺ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✸ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳ ◗✉✐♥t♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✺ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✽ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳
❙❡①t♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✶✸ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✽ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❱♦❝ê ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✐❛✱ s❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r✱ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s❄ ❙❡ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❢♦r ❛✜r♠❛t✐✈❛✱ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s três r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳
❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❙✐♠✱ ♣♦✐s sã♦ ♦s s✉❝❡ss✐✈♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳ ❆ss✐♠ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦s três ♣ró①✐♠♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s s❡rã♦✿
❙ét✐♠♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✶✸ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✷✶ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳ ❖✐t❛✈♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✸✹ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✷✶ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳ ◆♦♥♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✸✹ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✺✺ ✉✳♠ ❞❡ ❛❧t✉r❛✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✷✳✸ ■♥❞✐q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✿
❘❡s♣♦st❛✿ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✶❂✶ ❂ ✶ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✷❂✶ ❂ ✷
❚❡r❝❡✐r♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✸❂✷ ❂ ✶❀ ✺ ◗✉❛rt♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✺✸ ❂ ✶❀ ✻✻✻ ✿ ✿ ✿ ◗✉✐♥t♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✽❂✺ ❂ ✶❀ ✻ ❙❡①t♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✶✸❂✽ ❂ ✶❀ ✻✷✺
❙ét✐♠♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✷✶❂✶✸ ❂ ✶❀ ✻✶✺✸✽✹✻✶✺ ✿ ✿ ✿ ❖✐t❛✈♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✸✹❂✷✶ ❂ ✶❀ ✻✶✾✵✹✼✻✶ ✿ ✿ ✿ ◆♦♥♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ✻✺❂✹✹ ❂ ✶❀ ✻✶✼✻✹✼✵✺✽ ✿ ✿ ✿
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❖ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s❄
❘❡s♣♦st❛✿ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r q✉❡ à r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❥á ✈✐♠♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✷✳✺ ◗✉❛❧ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦❄ ❘❡s♣♦st❛✿ P♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛✲ ❞♦s ❝✉❥❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠✱ ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♠✱ ❛♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐✲ ❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳
❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✸✳✸ ❆ ♠á❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐
❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r é ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✲ st✐❣❛r ❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞✐ss♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛r t❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✈❛♠♦s ♣r❡✲ ❝✐s❛r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦❧❤❛✱ ♣♦r ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❞❡③ ❧✐♥❤❛s ♥✉♠❡r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✶✵✳
❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✿ P❡ç❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛♠ ✉♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❣✉❡ ❛ ❡st❡ ✉♠ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶❀ ✻✶ ❛♥♦t❛❞♦✳ ❉ê ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✉♠❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❞❡③ ❧✐♥❤❛s ♥✉♠❡r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✶ ❛ ✶✵✳ P❡ç❛ ❛ ❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛♠✱ ❡♠ s❡❝r❡t♦✱ ❞♦✐s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ❡ ♦s ❝♦❧♦q✉❡♠ ✉♠ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ✉♠ ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✳ ❙♦❧✐❝✐t❡ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡♠ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❧✐♥❤❛s ✭✸❛ ❡ ✶✵❛✮ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦
❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳
P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿
✶❛ ✺
✷❛ ✶✷
✸❛ ✶✼
✹❛ ✷✾
✺❛ ✹✻
✻❛ ✼✺
✼❛ ✶✷✶
✽❛ ✶✾✻
✾❛ ✸✶✼
✶✵❛ ✺✶✸
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r✱ t❡♠♦s ❞♦✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝✉r✐♦s♦s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❊st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡r r❡✈❡❧❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
✎ ❆ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❞❡③ t❡r♠♦s é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ sét✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦r ✶✶✳
✎ ❖ q✉♦❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❞é❝✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♥♦♥❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛s❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛✐s✱ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶❀ ✻✶✳
◆♦t❡ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❞❡③ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s é ✶✸✸✶ q✉❡ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ sét✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ✶✷✶ ♣♦r ✶✶✳ ❖ q✉♦❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ✺✶✸✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♥♦♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ✸✶✼✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛s❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛✐s é ✶❀ ✻✶✳ ❯s❡ ❡ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞♦s tr✉q✉❡s ✐r❡♠♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ♣♦rq✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✳
❖ tr✉q✉❡
P❡ç❛ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ s♦♠❛r ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❛s ❞❡③ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ r❡✈✲ ❡❧❡♠ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳ P❡r❣✉♥t❡ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❛ sét✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ❢❛ç❛ ❛s ❛❞✐✈✐♥❤❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ ✐❞❡❛❧ é q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡st❡❥❛ ❤á❜✐❧ ♥❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦r ✶✶ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❞❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ✐st♦ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠ ♠✐stér✐♦ ♠❛✐♦r✳ ◆❡st❛ ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s é ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ t✉r♠❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝✉r✐♦s❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❡③ ♣❛r❛ ✧❛❞✐✈✐♥❤❛r✧✳ ❙♦❧✐❝✐t❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞✐✈✐❞❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❛ ♥♦♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ q✉❡ r❡✈❡❧❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞♦ ❛té ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝❛s❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡rá ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶❀ ✻✶✳ ❊s❝r❡✈❛ ❡ss❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❞r♦✳ ❊st❡ é ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡ ❛❜r✐✲❧♦ ❡ s✉r♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠❡♥t❡ ❧á ❡st❛rá ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✶❀ ✻✶✳
❉❡s✈❡♥❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠✐stér✐♦✿
❈♦♠♦ ❡stá ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❣r❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❝❤❛♠❡ ❞❡ ① ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡ ❞❡ ② ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✭✸❛ ❛ ✶✵❛✮ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳
✶❛ ①
✷❛ ②
✸❛ ① ✰ ②
✹❛ ① ✰ ✷②
✺❛ ✷①✰✸②
✻❛ ✸①✰✺②
✼❛ ✺①✰✽②
✽❛ ✽①✰✶✸②
✾❛ ✶✸①✰✷✶②
✶✵❛ ✷✶①✰✸✹②
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❙♦♠❡ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ✶❛ ❛ ✶✵❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳
❘❡s♣♦st❛✿
①✰②✰①✰②✰①✰✷②✰✷①✰✸②✰✸①✰✺②✰✺①✰✽②✰✽①✰✶✸②✰✶✸①✰✷✶②✰✷✶①✰✸✹②
❂ ✺✺① ✰ ✽✽②
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✳✸✳✷ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ✺✺ ❡ ✽✽ sã♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✶✶✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r✱ ✺✺① ✰ ✽✽② ❂ ✶✶✭✺① ✰ ✽②✮✳ ◗✉❡♠ é ✺① ✰ ✽②❄ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❤❡❣❛r❄
❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞❛✿ ✺① ✰ ✽② é ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ sét✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳ P♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❞❡③ t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ sét✐♠♦ t❡r♠♦✱ ❜❛st❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ♥❛ sét✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦r ✶✶✳
❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ tr✉q✉❡ é ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ s❡r ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ é r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ❡s♣❡r❛r q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ✸✳✶ ❉❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡③ t❡r♠♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ é ♦❜t✐❞♦ s♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞♦✐s t❡r♠♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ t❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ q✉♦❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♥♦♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ é✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛s❛ ❞❡❝✐♠❛✐s✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶❀ ✻✶✳
❋❛r❡♠♦s ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛✿ ❙❡ ❛❀ ❜❀ ❝ ❡ ❞ sã♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s t❛✐s q✉❡ ❛
❜ ❁ ❞❝✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❛✰❝❜✰❞ ❡stá ❡♥tr❡ ❛❜ ❡ ❞❝✳
❱❛♠♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r ❡ss❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡✿ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ✸✳✶
❛
❜ ❁
❝
❞ ✭✸✳✸✳✶✮
♦❜t❡♠♦s ❛❞ ❁ ❜❝✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛❜ ✰ ❛❞ ❁ ❛❜ ✰ ❜❝✱ q✉❡✱ ❛♣ós ❢❛t♦r❛çã♦✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡✲♥♦s ❛✭❜ ✰ ❞✮ ❁ ❜✭❛ ✰ ❝✮✿
❉✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ♣♦r ❜✭❜ ✰ ❞✮✱ ❝❤❡❣❛♠♦s à ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛
❜ ❁ ❛ ✰ ❝ ❜ ✰ ❞✿ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱
❛ ❜ ❁
❝ ❞
♦❜t❡♠♦s ❛❞ ❁ ❜❝✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛❞ ✰ ❝❞ ❁ ❜❝ ✰ ❝❞✱ ❛♣ós ❢❛t♦r❛çã♦✱ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡✲♥♦s ❞✭❛ ✰ ❝✮ ❁ ❝✭❜ ✰ ❞✮✳
❉✐✈✐❞✐♥❞♦ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ♣♦r ❞✭❜ ✰ ❞✮✱ ❝❤❡❣❛♠♦s à ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❛ ✰ ❝
❜ ✰ ❞ ❁ ❝
❞✿ ✭✸✳✸✳✷✮
❉❡ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❡ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s✿ ❛ ❜ ❁ ❛ ✰ ❝ ❜ ✰ ❞ ❁ ❝ ❞✿
❱♦❧t❡♠♦s à ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ tr✉q✉❡✳ ❖ q✉♦❝✐❡♥t❡ ❛ s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ é
✷✶① ✰ ✸✹② ✶✸① ✰ ✸✹② ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ✷✶ ✶✸ ❂ ✶❀ ✻✶✺✸✽✹ ✁ ✁ ✁ ✸✹ ✷✶ ❂ ✶✻✶✾✵✹✼ ✁ ✁ ✁ ❛ss✐♠✱ ✷✶ ✶✸ ❁ ✸✹ ✷✶ ✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✱ ✷✶① ✶✸① ❁ ✸✹② ✷✶②✿
▲♦❣♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ t❡♠♦s ✷✶①
✶✸① ❁
✷✶① ✰ ✸✹② ✶✸① ✰ ✷✶② ❁
✸✹② ✷✶② ❞♦♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s✱
✭✸✳✸✳✸✮ ✶❀ ✻✶✺✸✽✹ ✁ ✁ ✁ ❂ ✷✶✶✸
❂ ✷✶①✶✸① ❁ ✷✶① ✰ ✸✹②✶✸① ✰ ✷✶②
❁ ✸✹②✷✶② ❂ ✸✹✷✶ ❂ ✶❀ ✻✶✾✵✹✼ ✁ ✁ ✁
♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ q✉♦❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡stá ❡♥tr❡ ✶❀ ✻✶✺✸✽✹ ✁ ✁ ✁ ❡ ✶❀ ✻✶✾✵✹✼✱ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r♠♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞✉❛s ❝❛s❛s ❞❡❝✐♠❛✐s ❡❧❡ é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶❀ ✻✶✳
✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s
✹✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐ ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡
♦✉r♦
✶✳ ❯♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❝r❡s❝❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ r❡❣r❛✿
◆❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ s❡♠❛♥❛ ❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❛ ❝r❡s❝❡r ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❣❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♣ós ❝r❡s❝❡r ♣♦r ❞✉❛s s❡♠❛♥❛s✱ ❡ss❡ ❣❛❧❤♦ ❞❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❣❛❧❤♦ ♣♦r s❡♠❛♥❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♥♦✈♦ ❣❛❧❤♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❛ ❝r❡s❝❡r✱ ❡ ❛♣ós ❝r❡s❝❡r ♣♦r ❞✉❛s s❡♠❛♥❛s ❞á ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❣❛❧❤♦ ♣♦r s❡♠❛♥❛✳
❛✳ ❋❛ç❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❛♣ós ❝✐♥❝♦ s❡♠❛♥❛s ♣❛ss❛❞❛s ❞♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❜✳ ❘❡s♣♦♥❞❛ q✉❛♥t♦s ❣❛❧❤♦s t❡r❡♠♦s ❛♣ós s❡✐s✱ s❡t❡ ❡ tr❡③❡ s❡♠❛♥❛s✳ ✷✳ ❖s t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦✱ sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s s♦♠❛♥❞♦ ♦s
❞♦✐s t❡r♠♦s ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❙❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❞❡③ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ss❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ é ✹✹✶✶✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♦ s❡①t♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ é ✷✹✽✳ ◗✉❛❧ é ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛❄
✸✳ ❆ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦ ♠❡❞❡ ✺✺ ❝♠✳ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛❧t✉r❛❄ ✹✳ ❈❛❧❝❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ✹✵ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳
✺✳ ❆ ❛❜❡❧❤❛ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♥❛ s✉❛ ❝♦❧♠❡✐❛✳ ❊❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ♦✉ ♣❡❧❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✶ ♦✉ ♣❡❧❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✷ ❡ ♠♦✈❡✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❝✉❥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ s❡❥❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❛♦ s❡✉✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❤á ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❤❡❣❛r à ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✶❀ ❞✉❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r à ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✷✿ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✈✐❛ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✶✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✸✱ ♣♦❞❡ ✐r ❞❡ ✶ ♣❛r❛ ✷ ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ♣❛r❛ ✸✱ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✶ ♣❛r❛ ✸✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✷ ♣❛r❛ ✸✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❤á três ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❤á ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❛té à ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♥❄
✺ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
❬✶❪ ❇❘❖❯❙❙❊❆❯✱●✉②✳ ■♥✿ ❉✐❞át✐❝❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❏❡❛♥ ❇r✉♥✳ ❚r❛❞✉çã♦✿ ▼❛r✐❛ ❏♦sé ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦✳ ▲✐s❜♦❛✿ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳ ✸✺✲✶✶✸✳
❬✷❪ ❊▼❊❘■◗❯❊✱ P❛✉❧♦ ❙✳✳■♥✿ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❈♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ❡ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r❛✿ ▼❛r✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❱✐❣❣✐❛♥✐ ❇✐❝✉❞♦✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❯◆❊❙P✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✶✽✺✲✶✾✽✳
❬✸❪ ❖◆❯❈❍■❈✱ ▲♦✉r❞❡s ❞❡ ❧❛ ❘✳✳■♥✿ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❈♦♥✲ ❝❡♣çõ❡s ❡ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦r❛✿ ▼❛r✐❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❱✐❣❣✐❛♥✐ ❇✐❝✉❞♦✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❯◆❊❙P✱ ✶✾✾✾✱ ♣✳ ✶✾✾✲✷✶✽✳
❬✹❪ ●❖▼❊❙✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▲❛✉r❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s✳✿ ◗✉❛tr♦ ✈✐sõ❡s ✐❧✉♠✐♥✐st❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❉✐❞❡r♦t✱ ❉✬❆❧❡♠❜❡rt✱ ❈♦♥❞✐❧❧❛❝ ❡ ❈♦♥❞♦r❝❡t✳ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛s✱ ❙P✿ ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❞❛ ❯◆■❈❆▼P✱ ✷✵✵✽✳
❬✺❪ P✐t♦♠❜❡✐r❛✱ ❏✳ ❇✳✿ ❖ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❊✉❝❧✐❞❡s✳ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✭❘P▼✮✱ ❙❇▼✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✶✾✽✾✳
❬✻❪ ❍❊❋❊❩✱ ❆❜r❛♠♦✳✿ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✳ ✷✳❡❞✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ❙❇▼✱ ✷✵✶✶✳
❬✼❪ ❇❖❨❊❘✱ ❈❛r❧ ❇✳✳✿ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✷✳ ❡❞✳ ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❊❞❣❛r❞ ❇❧✉❝❤❡r✱ ▲❚❉❆✳
❬✽❪ ❋❖▼■◆✱ ❉♠✐tr✐❀ ●❊◆❑■◆✱ ❙❡r❣❡②❀ ■❚❊◆❇❊❘●✱ ■❧✐❛✳✿ ❈ír❝✉❧♦s ▼❛t❡♠át✐✲ ❝♦s✿ ❆ ❊①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❘✉ss❛✳ ❚r❛❞✉çã♦✿ ❱❛❧ér✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ■ór✐♦✳ ❘✐♦ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦✿ ■▼P❆✱ ✷✵✶✷✳
❬✾❪ ❘♦q✉❡ ❘❖◗❯❊✱ ❚❛t✐❛♥❛✳✿ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❩❛❤❛r✱ ✷✵✶✷✳ ❬✶✵❪ ❙❚❊❲❆❘❚✱ ■❛♥✳✿ ❆❧♠❛♥❛q✉❡ ❞❛s ❈✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡s ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❩❛❤❛r✱
✷✵✵✽✳
❬✶✶❪ ❙❚❊❲❆❘❚✱ ■❛♥✳✿ ■♥❝rí✈❡✐s P❛ss❛t❡♠♣♦s ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ❊❞✐t♦r❛ ❩❛❤❛r✱ ✷✵✶✵✳ ❬✶✷❪ ●❆❘❉◆❊❘✱ ▼❛rt✐♥✳✿ ❉✐✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✴ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❇r✉♥♦
▼❛③③❛✳ ✸✳❡❞✳ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✿ ■❇❘❆❙❆✱ ✶✾✾✽✳
❬✶✸❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴♣♦rt❛❧✳♠❡❝✳❣♦✈✳❜r✴s❡❜✴❛rq✉✐✈♦s✴♣❞❢✴❊♥s▼❡❞✴❡①♣❡♥s♠❛t❴✐✐❝❛♣✹✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✶✹❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❜✐t✳♣r♦❢♠❛t✲s❜♠✳♦r❣✳❜r✴①♠❧✉✐✴❜✐tstr❡❛♠✴❤❛♥❞❧❡✲ ✴✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✴✺✶✺✴✷✵✶✶❴✵✵✹✶✶✳ ❴P❆❇▲❖❴❘❖❇❊❘❚❖❴❉❊❴❙❖❯❙❆❴◆❊❚❖✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✶✺❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠❛t✳✉❢♠❣✳❜r✴ ❡s♣❡❝✴♠♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛sP❞❢✴▼♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛❴❏✉r❛♥❞✐r✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✶✻❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡❞✉❝✳❢❝✳✉❧✳♣t✴❞♦❝❡♥t❡s✴♦♣♦♠❜♦✴s❡♠✐♥❛r✐♦✴❡✉❝❧✐❞❡s✴❡✉❝❧✐❞❡s✳❤t♠✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✶✼❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✉✛✳❜r✴❝❞♠❡✴r③❛✴r③❛✲❤t♠❧✴r③❛✲♣❛✐♥t✐♥❣s✲ ❜r✳❤t♠❧✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✶✽❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❝♠✉♣✳❢❝✳✉♣✳♣t✴❝♠✉♣✴♠❝s✐❧✈❛✴❍▼❚P✽✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✶✾❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❣❛③❡t❛✳s♣♠✳♣t✴❣❡t❆rt✐❣♦❄❣✐❞❂✸✼✸✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✷✵❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❜✐t✳♣r♦❢♠❛t✲s❜♠✳♦r❣✳❜r✴①♠❧✉✐✴❜✐tstr❡❛♠✴❤❛♥❞❧❡✲
✴✶✷✸✹✺✻✼✽✾✴✺✺✽✴✷✵✶✶✳ ❴✵✵✹✻✷❴●■❙❊▲■❴❉❯❆❘❉❖❴▼❆❈■❆◆❖❴❈❆▼P❖❙✳♣❞❢❄s❡q✉❡♥❝❡❂✶✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✷✶❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✉❡s❜✳❜r✴♠❛t✴❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✴❚r❛❜❛♠♦♥♦❣r❛✜❛✴✷✵✶✸✴❉✐♥❣✉✐st♦♥✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✷✷❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴❧❡❣❛✉ss✳❜❧♦❣s♣♦t✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴✷✵✵✾✴✵✻✴♦✲❣❡♥❡r❛❧✲❡✲♦✲ t❡♦r❡♠❛✲❝❤✐♥❡s✲❞♦s✲r❡st♦s✳❤t♠❧✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✷✸❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✐❧❧✉♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥s✳♥❝t♠✳♦r❣✴❧❡ss♦♥✳❛s♣①❄✐❞❂✻✺✺✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✷✹❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♥❝t♠✳♦r❣✴✉♣❧♦❛❞❡❞❋✐❧❡s✴▲❡ss♦♥s❴❛♥❞❴❘❡s♦✉r❝❡s✴♠t✷✵✶✷✲ ✵✽✲✸✹❛✳♣❞❢✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❬✷✺❪ ❉✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♥❝t♠✳♦r❣✴♣✉❜❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✴❛rt✐❝❧❡✳❛s♣①❄✐❞❂✶✾✾✵✵✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❡♠✿ ✷✺✴✶✵✴✷✵✶✹✳
❆♥❡①♦
❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✿ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳
◆❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r t❡♠♦s ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✿
♥✿ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦✳ ❋♥✿ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ♥✳
❋♥ ✶✿ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ r❞❡♠ ♥ ✶✳
❋♥
❋♥ ✶✿ ❘❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ♥ ❡ ♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛ ❡❧❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛ ♥ ✶✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦r❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝♦❧✉♥❛✱ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❛ ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛✳
♥ ❋♥ ❋♥
✶
❋♥
❋♥ ✶
◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✿ ❖ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ♣❡❧♦ s❡✉ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛❄
◗✉❡stã♦ ✷✿ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❤❡❣❛r❄ ❋❛ç❛ ♦ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
♥✿ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ✳ ❋♥✿ t❡r♠♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ♥✳
◆ ❋✭♥✮ ✶
✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✽ ✾ ✶✵ ✶✶ ✶✷ ✶✸ ✶✹ ✶✺ ✶✻ ✶✼ ✶✽ ✶✾ ✷✵ ✷✶
❈♦♥s✉❧t❡ ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❡ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❛ ❛s t❛❜❡❧❛s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❋ ✭♥✮ ♣❛r❛ ♥ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✸ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✺✳
◆ ❋✭♥✮
◆ ❋✭♥✮
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✿ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❋ ✭✸✮ ❡ ❋ ✭✻✮✱ ❋ ✭✾✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✷✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✺✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✽✮✱ ❋ ✭✷✶✮❄ ❊ ❡♥tr❡ ❋ ✭✺✮ ❡ ❋ ✭✶✵✮✱ ❋ ✭✶✺✮✱ ❋ ✭✷✵✮❄
◗✉❡stã♦ ✹✿ ❆ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❤❡❣❛r❄ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✺✿ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s s♦♠❛s✿
❛✳ ❙✺✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❋ ✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❋ ✭✺✮✳
❜✳ ❙✽✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❋ ✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❋ ✭✽✮✳
❝✳ ❙✶✹✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❋ ✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❋ ✭✶✹✮✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✻✿ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❋ ✭✼✮ ❡ ❙✺✱ ❋ ✭✶✵✮ ❡ ❙✽✱ ❋ ✭✶✻✮ ❡ ❙✶✻❄
◗✉❡stã♦ ✼✿ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✽✿ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❙✷✶✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❙✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❙✭✷✶✮✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✾✿ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❡ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❙✸✵✱ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❙✭✶✮ ❛♦ ❙✭✸✵✮✳
❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❖ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦ ❡ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐
❖s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❝✉❥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳
✎ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✶ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ✶✳
✎ ◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ✶ ❞♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ✶✳
✎ ◆♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ♦s ❞♦✐s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ✶ ❞♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ✷✳ ❊ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡✳
◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ♦s q✉❛❞r❛❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥❝❛✐①❡♠ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✳ ◆❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ q✉❛❞r✐❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❞❡s❡♥❤❡ ♦s ♣ró①✲ ✐♠♦s q✉❛tr♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✿ ◗✉❛✐s ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞♦s❄
◗✉❡stã♦ ✷✿ ❱♦❝ê ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✐❛✱ s❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r✱ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s❄ ❙❡ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❢♦r ❛✜r♠❛t✐✈❛✱ ✐♥❞✐q✉❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s três r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✳
◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✿ ■♥❞✐q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s✿
Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿
❚❡r❝❡✐r♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ◗✉❛rt♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ◗✉✐♥t♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ❙❡①t♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ❙ét✐♠♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ❖✐t❛✈♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿ ◆♦♥♦ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦✿
◗✉❡stã♦ ✹✿ ❖ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞♦s ❧❛❞♦s ❞♦s r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s❄
◗✉❡stã♦ ✺✿ ◗✉❛❧ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♦✉r♦❄
❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✿ ❆ ▼á❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐
❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❡♠ s❡❝r❡t♦ ❞♦✐s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ❡ ♦ ❝♦❧♦q✉❡♠ ✉♠ ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ ✉♠ ♥❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳ ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❧✐♥❤❛s ✭✸❛ ❛ ✶✵❛✮
❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❜♦♥❛❝❝✐✳
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✼✍
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✶✵✍
P❡r❣✉♥t❛s✿ ✭❙ó r❡✈❡❧❡ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢♦r ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✮
❛✳ ◗✉❛❧ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❛ sét✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛❄
❜✳ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦s q✉❡ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❞❛ ✶❛ ❛té ❛ ✶✵❛ ❧✐♥❤❛❄
❝✳ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝✐♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥♦♥♦❄ ❉❡s✈❡♥❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠✐stér✐♦
❈♦♠♦ ❡stá ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❣r❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥✐✲ ❝✐❛✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❝❤❛♠❡ ❞❡ ① ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ❞❡ ② ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✭✸❛ ❛ ✶✵❛✮ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s
❧✐♥❤❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳
✶✍ ①
✷✍ ②
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✶✵✍
✶✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❞❛ ✶❛ ❛ ✶✵❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳
✷✳ ◆♦t❡ q✉❡ ✺✺ ❡ ✽✽ sã♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✶✶✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s❝r❡✈❡r✱ ✺✺① ✰ ✽✽② ❂ ✶✶✭✺①✰✽②✮✳ ◗✉❡♠ é ✺①✰✽②❄ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝❤❡❣❛r✳
