❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦
❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦
❆❞r♦❛❧❞♦ ▲❛③♦✉r✐❛♥♦ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ❇♦r❣❡s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛
❛♦
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
♣❛r❛
♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦
❞❡
▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝♦ ❉✐♠❛s ●✉❜✐t♦s♦
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈◆Pq
❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦
❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦
❊st❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✷✸✴✵✶✴✷✵✶✹✳ ❯♠❛ ❝ó♣✐❛ ❞❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳
❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛✿
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝♦ ❉✐♠❛s ●✉❜✐t♦s♦ ✭♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮ ✲ ■▼❊✲❯❙P
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❛ ❘♦❝❤❛ ❘❡✈❡r❜❡❧ ✲ ■▼❊✲❯❙P
D❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ ♠❡✉s ❛✈ós ❇rí❣✐❞❛ P❡r❡✐r❛✱ ❙❛✉❞♦ P✉t✐✱
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ ❢é ❡ ❢♦rç❛✱ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❡ ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛♣♦✐♦s ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ▼❛r❝♦ ●✉❜✐t♦s♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ❛❥✉❞❛✱ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡s♣❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✳ ❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ▼❛r❦✉s ❊♥❞❧❡r✱ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❘❡✈❡r❜❡❧ ❡ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❇❛t✐st❛ ♣❡❧❛s r✐q✉íss✐♠❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✳ ➚s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛ ▲● ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳ ❆♦ ■▼❊✲❯❙P ❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❆♦ ❉r✳ ❈❤✐❤✲❍❡♥❣ ❑❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ✜③ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝✐t❡✐ ✲ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❝❛❜❡r ♥❡st❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s✱ ♠❛s ❝❛❜❡♠ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠❡♥t❡✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❇❖❘●❊❙✱ ❆✳ ▲✳ ▼✳ ❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ t♦❦❡♥ r✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦✳ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✶✷✵ ❢✳ ❚❡s❡ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✸✳
❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭❲❚❘P✮ é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈ê q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❧✐♠✐✲ t❛❞❛ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪✳ ❲❚❘P ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ♥ós ✭❡st❛çõ❡s✮ q✉❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❛♥❡❧✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♥❡❧ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡✉s♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❡♠ ❛♥❡❧ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❡①t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❲❚❘P ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛✱ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡✉s♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛♥é✐s s❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ P❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ❡ t❡st❛♠♦s ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ❲❚❘P ✉s❛♥❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ✲ ◆❙✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ▼❆◆❡t✱ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦✱ ❛♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♥é✐s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❇❖❘●❊❙✱ ❆✳ ▲✳ ▼✳ ❆ Pr♦♣♦s❛❧ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✳ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✶✷✵ ❢✳ ❚❡s❡ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✸✳
❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❲❚❘P✮ ✐s ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ▼❡❞✐✉♠ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ t❤❛t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ r❡s❡r✈❡❞ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❧❛t❡♥❝② ❬❊r❣✵✷❪✳ ■t ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡s ♦r st❛t✐♦♥s str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ✐♥ r✐♥❣ t♦♣♦❧♦❣②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡s ✐♥ ❛ r✐♥❣ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s ❧❛t❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❛ ♥♦❞❡ r❡✉s❡ t♦❦❡♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❲❚❘P t❤❛t ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❧❛t❡♥❝②✱ t✐♠❡ ♦❢ t♦❦❡♥ r❡✉s❡ ❛♥❞ ❞❛t❛ ❢♦r✇❛r❞✐♥❣ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ r✐♥❣s ✐♥ ❛ ▼❆◆❡t✶✱ ✇✐t❤♦✉t s✉❣❣❡st✐✈❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❡♥❡r❣② ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞
❛♥❞ t❡st❡❞ ♦✉r ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲❚❘P ✐♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ✲ ◆❙✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣✱ ▼❆◆❡t✱ ▼❡❞✐✉♠ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧✱ ❘✐♥❣ ♦❢ r✐♥❣s✳
✶❘❡❞❡ s❡♠ ✜♦ ♠ó✈❡❧
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✺
✷✳✶ ❘❡❞❡s ❆❞ ❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡✐s ✲ ▼❆◆❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✷ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♥❡❧✿ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❤❛♥❣ ✫ ❘♦❜❡rts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✸✳✶ ❊❧❡✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✸ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦ ✾
✸✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✸✳✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✷✳✷ ❆❧♦❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✷✳✸ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✷✳✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐ssã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✸ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✸✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✸✳✹ ❖✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✹ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✶✺
✹✳✶ ❆ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✹✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✈✐✐✐ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✹✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✹✳✹ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛♥é✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✹✳✺ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✹✳✻ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹✳✼ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✹✳✼✳✶ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✹✳✼✳✷ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✺ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✷✼
✺✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✺✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✺✳✸ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❚♦❦❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✺✳✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✸✸
✻✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✻✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✻✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✻✳✸✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✻✳✸✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✻✳✸✳✸ ❆tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✻✳✸✳✹ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✻✳✸✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✻✳✸✳✻ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✹✸
✼✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✼✳✷ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❋✉t✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✼✳✷✳✶ ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✼✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
❆ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✹✼
❆✳✶ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s q✉❛❞r♦s ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
❇ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✺✶
❇✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❝r✐❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
❇✳✶✳✶ ✇tr♣✳❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
❇✳✶✳✷ ✇tr♣✳❝❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
❇✳✶✳✸ ✇tr♣❴♣❛❝❦❡t✳❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
❇✳✶✳✹ ♥♦❞❡✳❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
❇✳✶✳✺ r✐♥❣✉t✐❧s✳❤ ❡ r✐♥❣✉t✐❧s✳❝❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
❇✳✶✳✻ ✉t✐❧s✲❝♦♥st❛♥ts✳❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
❇✳✷ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❛❧t❡r❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
❇✳✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❈✰✰ ❡ ♦ ▼❛❦❡✜❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ✐①
❇✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
❇✳✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❚❈▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
❇✳✸✳✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
❇✳✸✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦ ◆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
❈ ❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ♦❝✉❧t♦ ❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❡①♣♦st♦ ✻✶
❉ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ♥♦ ◆❙ ✻✸
❊ ❆s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ✻✺
❊✳✶ ❆♠♦str❛ ❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
❊✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
❊✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
❆❈❑ ❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
❆❝❦■ ■♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡
❆❖❉❱ ❆❞✲❤♦❝ ❖♥ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❱❡❝t♦r
❆P ❆❝❝❡ss P♦✐♥t
❆❲❑ ❆❧❢r❡❞ ❱✳ ❆❤♦✱ P❡t❡r ❏✳ ❲❡✐♥❜❡r❣❡r ❡ ❇r✐❛♥ ❲✳ ❑❡r♥✐❣❤❛♥
❇❙ ❇❛s❡ ❙t❛t✐♦♥
❜♣s ❜✐ts ♣❡r s❡❝♦♥❞
❈❇❘ ❈♦♥st❛♥t ❇✐t ❘❛t❡
❈❚❙ ❈❧❡❛r ❚♦ ❙❡♥❞
❉❆ ❉❡st✐♥❡ ❆❞❞r❡ss
❉❆❘P❆ ❉❡❢❡♥s❡ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ Pr♦❥❡❝ts ❆❣❡♥❝②
❉❈❋ ❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❈♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❡✈❲❚❘P ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❋❈ ❋r❛♠❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧
●❙▼ ●❧♦❜❛❧ ❙②st❡♠ ❢♦r ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
■❇▼ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✉s✐♥❡ss ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡
■❊❊❊ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs
❑❜♣s ❑✐❧♦❜✐ts ♣❡r s❡❝♦♥❞
▲❆◆ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
▼❆❈ ▼❡❞✐✉♠ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥tr♦❧
▼❆◆ ▼❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
▼❆◆❡t ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❆❞✲❤♦❝ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
▼❜♣s ▼❡❣❛❜✐ts ♣❡r s❡❝♦♥❞
①✐✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❆❇❘❊❱■❆❚❯❘❆❙
▼■❇ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❇❛s❡
◆❆▼ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❆♥✐♠❛t♦r
◆♦◆ ◆✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♥♦❞❡
◆❙ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t♦r
❖❚❝❧ ❖❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❚♦♦❧ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
P❈❋ P♦✐♥t ❈♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
P❉❯ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ❉❛t❛ ❯♥✐t
P❘P❈ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❈♦♥t❛t♦
◗♦❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡
❘❆ ❘✐♥❣ ❆❞❞r❡ss
❘❚❙ ❘❡q✉❡st ❚♦ ❙❡♥❞
❘❚❘ ◆❙ r♦✉t✐♥❣ ❧❛②❡r
❙❆ ❙♦✉r❝❡ ❆❞❞r❡ss
❙❡q ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡
❚❝❧ ❚♦♦❧ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❚❝❧❈▲ ❚♦♦❧ ❝♦♠♠❛♥❞ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✇✐t❤ ❈❧❛ss❡s
❚❍❚ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❍♦❧❞✐♥❣ ❚✐♠❡
❚❘❚ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘♦t❛t✐♦♥ ❚✐♠❡
❚❚▲ ❚✐♠❡ ❚♦ ▲✐✈❡
❯❉P ❯s❡r ❉❛t❛❣r❛♠ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❯▼❚❙ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❙②st❡♠
❲▼❆◆ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ▼❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❲▲❆◆ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❲❚❘P ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s
ε ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡st❛♥t❡✳
Θ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✐çã♦✳
∆t❡✈ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r t♦❦❡♥✳ ∆t ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭❛tr❛s♦✮ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡
✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❡♠✐ss♦r❛ ❡♥✈✐❛ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r❛ r❡❝❡❜❡ ♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥✈✐❛❞♦✳
θr ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥✳
θ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥✳
npacote ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s✳
Rn ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❆♥❡❧ ❞❡n ♥ós✳ ❊①✳R12✱ ❛♥❡❧ ❞❡ ✶✷ ♥ós✳
N nV m ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❱❛r❛❧ ❞❡n♥ós ❡m♥ós ♥♦ ✈❛r❛❧✳
❊①✳N12V4✱ ❱❛r❛❧ ❞❡ ✹ ♥ós ❡ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡s♣❛❧✲
❤❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s s✉❜✲❛♥é✐s✳
✐♥✐t✐❛❧❱❛❧✉❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ♥♦ ◆❙✳ ❊♥❡r❣②▼♦❞❡❧ P❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ♥♦ ◆❙✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❆♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♥é✐s ✷✲♥í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✷✳✶ ❉✉❛s r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✷ ❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✸✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✷ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✸✳✸ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❛✐❞❛ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✹ ❱ár✐♦s ❛♥é✐s ❬❊r❣✵✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✹✳✶ ❆♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♥é✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✹✳✷ ❱❛r❛❧ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✹✳✸ ❆♥❡❧ ❘ ♣❡♥❞✉r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✈❛r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✹✳✹ ❆♥❡❧ ✉♥✐tár✐♦ ❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✹✳✺ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✐❞s ❡♠ ❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✻ ❆❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ ❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✼ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ♥ó ❘ ♥♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✹✳✽ ■♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❱ ❛♦ ✈❛r❛❧ P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✹✳✾ ❙❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ♥ó ❆ ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❘ ❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹✳✶✵ ❙❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✹✳✶✶ ❘❡❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❛♣ós ❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ♥ó ❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✺✳✶ ✉♥✐♦♥ ❝♦♠ ❝❛❜❡ç❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✺✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ♣♦r ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✺✳✸ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✻✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❚❘❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✻✳✷ ●rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ t❛①❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠ ✶✵✱ ✸✵ ❡ ✺✵ ♥ós ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✻✳✸ ●rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✻✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✻✳✺ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ P❘P❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✻✳✻ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✻✳✼ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✻✳✽ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡st❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✻✳✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥♦s ✶✵✵ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✻✳✶✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥♦s ✶✵ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
①✈✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
✼✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✼✳✷ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❡❧ ❡♠ ✈❛r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
❇✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❚❈▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
❇✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ◆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
❈✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ♦❝✉❧t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❞❡ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✹✳✶ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❞♦ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❞❡ ❛♥❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✺✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✻✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ às t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❉♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡✱ t❡♠♦s t✐❞♦✿ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡s ✭❇❙✮ ♥❛ t❡rr❛ ❡ ♦s ❢♦❣✉❡t❡s ❡♠ ✈✐❛❣❡♠ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡t❛ t❡rr❛❀ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s ❞❡ t❡❧❡❢♦♥✐❛ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❡ s♠❛rt♣❤♦♥❡s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s❀ t❛❜❧❡ts✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦rtá✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛❞❛s ❞✐❛ ❛♣ós ❞✐❛s✳ P❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ à ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛✱ t♦❞❛s ❡ss❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s sã♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✳
❉❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡✱ ❞✐③❡♠♦s q✉❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ s❡♠ ✜♦ é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r❡♠✱ ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r❡♠ ❡✴♦✉ r❡❝❡❜❡r❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ s❡♠ ❝❛❜❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉✐❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ r❡❞❡ ❲❲❆◆ ✭❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❲✐❞❡ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✮ ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠ó✈❡❧ ♦✉ ❲▲❆◆ ✭❲✐r❡❧❡ss ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✮ ✇✐✲✜✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡q✉✐♣❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❜❧✉❡t♦♦t❤✳
❆ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ s❡♠ ✜♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠ó✈❡❧✮ ♦✉ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❜❧✉❡t♦♦t❤✮✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ♣♦r s❛té❧✐t❡s✱ ❛♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡ r❡❝❡♣çã♦✱ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡ ❇❙✱ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❆P ❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ♠ó✈❡✐s ✭♥ós✮✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❙❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❞♦s ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥ã♦✲t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ❢❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡rá ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❏á ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ s❡♠ ✜♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡st❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛✳ ❙❡ ✉♠ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❝❛✐r ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡rá ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❆❧✐ás✱ ♥❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s ✭r♦t❡❛❞♦r❡s✮ ❝♦♠ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ❊ss❛s r❡❞❡s ❛❞✲❤♦❝ sã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❤❛❥❛ r❡❞❡s ✐♥✲ ❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ t❡❧❡❢♦♥✐❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✮ ❬❍▼❉❉✵✹❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦s✳
❖s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ♥ós ✭❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ ❝✉rt♦ ❡ ❛ ❜❛t❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❝❛r❣❛✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✱ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛✱ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ós✱ ❡ ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛✱ sã♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ s❡♠ ✜♦ ♠ó✈❡❧✳
P❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s tê♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ▼❆◆❡ts ✭❘❡❞❡s ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡✐s s❡♠ ✜♦✮✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❲❚❘P ✭❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮ ❢♦✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦✳
❲❚❘P é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✱ ❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s ✭♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡st❛çã♦✱ ♥ó✱ ♥ó✱ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ sã♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦s✮ ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ✉♠❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛
✷ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✶
❞❡ ❛♥❡❧✳ ❆ ❡st❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧ r❡❝❡❜❡ t♦❦❡♥ ❞❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛ ❡❧❡ ♥♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❡ ♣❛ss❛ t♦❦❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❛ ❡❧❡ ♥♦ ❛♥❡❧✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❉r✳ ❉✉❦❡ ▲❡❡ ❡ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡r♦✉ ✈ár✐♦s ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❉r✳ ▼✉st❛❢❛ ❊r❣❡♥✳
❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✽✵✷✳✶✶ r❡s♦❧✈❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❉❈❋ ✭❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❈♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥✮ ❡✴♦✉ P❈❋ ✭P♦✐♥t ❈♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❋✉♥❝✲ t✐♦♥✮ ❬■❊❊✵✼❪✱ ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ✭✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ♦❝✉❧t♦ ❈✮ ✐♠♣❧❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❘❚❙ ✭❘❡q✉❡st✲❚♦✲❙❡♥❞✮ ❡ ❈❚❙ ✭❈❧❡❛r✲❚♦✲❙❡♥❞✮❀ ❲❚❘P✱ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡✈✐t❛ ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣r♦✈ê q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳ ❊ss❛s ◗♦❙ sã♦ ❜❡♥é✜❝❛s ❛♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ r♦❞❛♠ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛❞✲❤♦❝ s❡♠ ✜♦✳ ❲❚❘P é r♦❜✉st♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❡ ❞á s✉♣♦rt❡ às t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✢❡①í✈❡✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó s❡r ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ✭♥❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❡st❛r ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✮ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❞✐â♠❡tr♦ ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❝r❡s❝❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥ó ❧❡✈❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛r t♦❦❡♥ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝r❡s❝❡✱ ❡ ❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥✲ t❛r✳ P❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❡✈❲❚❘P ✭❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧✮✳
C
J P
D B
M
A G
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L N C
Anel C
Ane D
Varal A
Anel A
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❆♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♥é✐s ✷✲♥í✈❡❧
❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡✈❲❚❘P é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ❡♠ ❲❚❘P ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♥ós ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♥é✐s✱ ❡ ❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ❡ ❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛✱ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ❡♠ ❛♥❡❧ ❝r❡s❝❡✳ ❙❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛ ❲❚❘P✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ é ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♥é✐s ❡♠ ✷✲♥í✈❡❧✶ ✭✜❣✉r❛✶✳✶✮✳ P❛r❛ t❡st❛r ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦ ❡✈❲❚❘P
♥♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r✱ t❡st❛♠♦s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✹ ▼❖❚■❱❆➬➹❖ ✸
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
Pr♦✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❝♦✲❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛❡r♦♥❛✈❡s ♥ã♦ tr✐♣✉❧❛❞❛s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ rí❣✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛✱ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❡ r❛♣✐❞❡③ ♥❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✶✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧
❖ ♥♦ss♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦ ❛ ❲❚❘P ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡✐s✳
✶✳✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
Pr♦✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❲❚❘P✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛✿
• ♠❡♥♦s t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥
• r❡❞✉③✐r ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦
• ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♥é✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳
❙❡♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é✿
• Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠
t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♥❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♥é✐s✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖ r❡st♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✷✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡✐s ✲ ▼❆◆❡ts✳ ❆s s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às r❡❞❡s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉✲ t✉r❛❞❛s❀ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ s✉❝✐♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❬trs✾✽❪ ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❬▲❆P+✵✶❪❀ ❡ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❧í❞❡r ❞❡ ❈❤❛♥❣
✹ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✳ ❊ss❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦✿ r❡❞❡s ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡✐s✱ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ ❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♥❡❧✳
❘❡❞❡s ❛❞✲❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡✐s sã♦ r❡❞❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ t❡r ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ✭❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r❡♠ ❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛r❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❡ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳
P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠♦s ❛tr✐❜✉✐r r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♥ós ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♥❡❧✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❥✉st♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡✐çã♦✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ tó♣✐❝♦✳
✷✳✶ ❘❡❞❡s ❆❞ ❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡✐s ✲ ▼❆◆❡ts
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❉✉❛s r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
❘❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ♦✉ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ✭❛✮ é ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❊❧❛ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❯▼❚❙ ✭s✐st❡♠❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠ó✈❡❧✮✱ ●❙▼ ✭❙✐st❡♠❛ ●❧♦❜❛❧ P❛r❛ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ▼ó✈❡❧✮✱ ❡t❝ ❬❚❚✵✻❪✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✭✷✳✶ ❛✮✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ s❛❧t♦ ✭❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❛ s❛té❧✐t❡ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❡ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❡ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s✮ é s❡♠ ✜♦✱ t♦❞♦ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ r❡♠❡t❡♥t❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❝♦♥t❛❝t❛r ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣♦❞❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❞❡st✐♥♦✱ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ r❡❞❡ é ♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊♠ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ss❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✭❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛✮✱ s❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛r ❡stá ú❧t✐♠❛ ✜❝❛
✻ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❖❙ ❇➪❙■❈❖❙ ✷✳✷
✐♥♦♣❡r❛♥t❡✳ ❯♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ✭❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❡ ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛✮ à r❡❞❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r é r❡❞❡ ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡❧✳
❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡❧ ✷✳✶ ✭❜✮ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♠ó✈❡✐s ✭♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡s✲ s❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥ê♦s✮ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡♥❧❛❝❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈❡r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ✜①❛
❬❍▼❉❉✵✹❪✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s❡♠ ✜♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ✷✳✶ ✭❛✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st❛çã♦ s❡ ❝♦✲
♠✉♥✐❝❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ♦✉ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ✉♠❛ ▼❆◆❡t✱ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ✜①❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s✳
❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ▼❆◆❡t ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✷ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ P❛❝❦❡t ❘❛❞✐♦ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❞❛ ❉❆❘P❆ ❬❍▼❉❉✵✹❪✳ ❆s s✉❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s s✉s❝✐t❛r❛♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡♠ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡s❣❛t❡ ❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❛str❡ ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❤♦stís✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠❡❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✾✵ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ é q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✜❝♦✉ ❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡st❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♣♦ss✉❡♠✳
❊♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ss❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ♦✉ ✉s✉❢r✉✐r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡✱ s❡ ❛✉t♦✲❝r✐❛✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜r❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♥ós✱ s❡ ✐♥t❡✐r❛ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t♦✉✱ ♦ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❝♦♠♦ r❡♠❡t❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡st✐♥♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ r♦t❡❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ♥ós ❝♦♠ ár❡❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ✐♥❛❧❝❛♥çá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡st✐♥♦s✳
❊ss❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ▼❆◆❡t s❡❥❛ ♠✉❧t✐s❛❧t♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡r ♠✉❧t✐s❛❧t♦✱ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♠ó✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❞❡ ▼❆◆❡t✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s ❥á ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r♠♦s ❜❡♠ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ✜①❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ r❡❞❡ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✱ q✉❡ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s t❡♠ ♣r♦✈❛❞♦ s❡r ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❬❚❚✵✻❪✱ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❛❞ ❤♦❝ s❡♠ ✜♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡st❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦❀ t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❛✉t♦✲❝r✐❛r✱ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❡ ❛✉t♦✲❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛r❀ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❞✐s♣❡s❛s ❝♦♠ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡ ❡ ❝❛❜❡❛♠❡♥t♦❀ ❡ tê♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
✷✳✷ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣
❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ■❇▼ ♥♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ♦✐t❡♥t❛✳ ❊ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡✱ ❢♦✐ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s♦ ♥❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ■❊❊❊ s♦❜ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✺ ❬trs✾✽❪✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❬trs✾✽❪✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ é ✉♠ ❛♥❡❧✳ ◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❡str❡❧❛ ✭❜✮ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛✱ ❡ ✉♠❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❛♥❡❧ ✭❛✮ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❧ó❣✐❝❛✳
✷✳✸ ❆▲●❖❘■❚▼❖ ❉❊ ❊▲❊■➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❆◆❊▲✿ ❖ ❆▲●❖❘■❚▼❖ ❉❊ ❈❍❆◆● ✫ ❘❖❇❊❘❚❙ ✼
a) Estrutura lógica b) Estrutura física
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣
❡st❛çã♦✳ ◆❛ ✜❣✉r❛✷✳✷✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❤♦rár✐♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛❧❡rt❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦ é ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r❡❞❡❝❡ss♦r ❡ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥ó ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛ ♦ t♦❦❡♥ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦✱ ❢❛③ ❛s ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ t♦❦❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♣♦✐s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛r ♦ t♦❦❡♥✳ P♦ré♠✱ s❡ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ r❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠ t♦❦❡♥ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ t✐✈❡r ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r✱ ❧✐❜❡r❛ ♦ t♦❦❡♥ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ♣♦ss❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❬trs✾✽❪✱ ✉♠❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ r❡t❡r ✉♠ t♦❦❡♥ ❛té q✉❡ ❡❧❛ t❡r♠✐♥❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♦s ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✜❧❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✳
P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✈♦③ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✱ é ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❛❝♦r❞♦ ♠út✉♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡✳
❚❛♠❜é♠✱ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛ sã♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡st❛✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✳
❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❡♠ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ é ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ▲❆◆ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ár❡❛ ♠❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥❛ ✭▼❆◆✮✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦✱ ♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭❬❈❈❍✵✼❪✮ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦✱ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦✐ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✼✳
✷✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♥❡❧✿ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❤❛♥❣ ✫ ❘♦❜❡rts
❊st❡ ❬❚❙✵✷❪ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ s✉♣õ❡ q✉❡✿
• ♦s ♥ós ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♥❡❧✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ❧♦❝❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡
❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ♥♦ s❡✉ ❛♥❡❧✳
• ❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s sã♦ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ✭s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❤♦rár✐♦✱ ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❝❛s♦✮
✽ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❖❙ ❇➪❙■❈❖❙ ✷✳✸
• q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♥ó ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ✉♠❛ ❡❧❡✐çã♦✳
❯♠❛ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ■❉s ❞❡ ♥ós✳ ❊✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ é ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❊✭■❉✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡✮✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡t❡❝t❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❧í❞❡r ❛t✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✿
• ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥stró✐ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❊✭■❉✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡✮✱ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ❡ss❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ s✉❝❡ss♦r✳
• q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✉❝❡ss♦rsr❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡❧❡✐çã♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ♦ ■❉ ♥❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠
❝♦♠ ♦ ■❉ ❞❡❧❡ ✭s✮✳
• s❡ ♦ ■❉ ❞❡❧❡ ✭s✮ ❢♦r ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ♦ ■❉ ♥❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛✱ s ❝♦♥stró✐ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠
❊✭■❉ ❞❡ s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡✮ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞❡❧❡✳
• s❡ ♦ ■❉ ❞❡❧❡ ❢♦r ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ♦ ■❉ ♥❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛✱ ❡❧❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛
♦ s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞❡❧❡✳
• s❡ ✉♠ ♥ó r❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ■❉ ❞❡❧❡✱ ❡♥tã♦ ❡❧❡ é ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❧í❞❡r✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❡♥✈✐❛
✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞❡❧❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ é ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❧í❞❡r✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ✈♦❧t❛r ❛ ❡❧❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✐çã♦✳
◆♦t❡✿ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ■❉ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó é ú♥✐❝♦✱ ♦ ♥ó ❡❧❡✐t♦ s❡rá ú♥✐❝♦✳
✷✳✸✳✶ ❊❧❡✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r❡♠♦s ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ ✭s❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✮✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞♦s ♥ós✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ✭♦✉✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐♦✮✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡♠♦sID ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó✱ε❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ó ❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ µ(RA, ID, ε)✳ ❖♥❞❡✱ RAé ♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ ❡ID é ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞♦ ♥ó✱
♥♦ ❛♥❡❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦rε❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛t✉❛❧✳
❯♠ ♥ó ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❧❡✐çã♦ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ µ(RA, ID, ε)✳ ❖♥❞❡RA é ♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r
❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ♦♥❞❡ ❡stá ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❡❧❡✐çã♦✳ ID é ♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡❧❡ ❡ ε é ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡st❛♥t❡ ♥❡❧❡✳ ❆♣ós
❣❡r❛r ❡st❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠✱ ❡❧❡ ❡♥✈✐❛✲❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞❡❧❡✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥ó r❡❝❡❜❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ µ(RA, ID, ε)✱ ❡❧❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ s❡ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧ ❝♦♠
❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ RA✳ ❙❡ s✐♠✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ε❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♠ ε❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠✳ ❙❡ ε❧♦❝❛❧ ❢♦r ♠❛✐♦r✱ ❡❧❡ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠❛
♥♦✈❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ µ(RA, ID, ε) ❝♦♠ ID ❡ ε ❞❡❧❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ RA✱ ❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ❡st❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦
s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞❡❧❡✳ ❙❡ ε❧♦❝❛❧ ❢♦r ♠❡♥♦r✱ ❡❧❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞❡❧❡✳ ❙❡ ε ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ ε ♥❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r❡♠ ✐❣✉❛✐s✱ ✉s❛♠✲s❡ IDs ❝♦♠♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❛t❡✳ ■✳❡✳✱ s❡ID ❧♦❝❛❧
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸
Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦
◆❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s s❡çõ❡s✱ ❢❛r❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❚♦❦❡♥ ❘✐♥❣ s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭❲❚❘P✮ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ❲❚❘P ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❇❡r❦❡❧❡② ❬▲❆P+✵✶❪
❧✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❉r✳ ❉✉❦❡ ▲❡❡✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❙✉❝❡❞❡r❛♠ ♦✉tr❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❬▲P❱+✵✷❪ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s
✈❡rsõ❡s ♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s ❉r✳ ▼✉st❛❢❛ ❊r❣❡♥ ♣r♦❞✉③✐✉ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ q✉❡ s❡r✈❡ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✸✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s
❖s t❡r♠♦s ✭❡ ❛s s✉❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✮ ♥♦ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
✶✳ q✉❛❞r♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✐ts q✉❡ é ♣❛ss❛❞❛ à ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ✜s✐❝❛✳
✷✳ ❆s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❡ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✐♥❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✸✳ ♥ó ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥❡❧ é ♦ ♥ó ❝✉❥♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r é t❛♠❜é♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧✳
✹✳ ✉♠ ♥ó r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♠ó✈❡❧✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r✱ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r s✐♥❛✐s✳ ❆s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❡st❛çã♦✱ ♥ó❞♦ ❡ ♥ó s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦s ✭♥ã♦ só ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✮✳
✺✳ ♣r❡❞❡❝❡ss♦r ❡ s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❳ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♥ós ❞❡ q✉❡♠ ❳ r❡❝❡❜❡✱ ❡ ❛ q✉❡♠ ♦ ❳ ♣❛ss❛ ✉♠ t♦❦❡♥✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✻✳ ✏❛♥❡❧ ♣ró♣r✐♦✑ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❛♥❡❧ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s s✉❝❡ss♦r ❡ ♣r❡❞❡❝❡ss♦r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♥ó sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✭■❉✮ ❝♦rr❡t♦s ✭✈✐❞❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❬❊r❣✵✷❪ s❡çã♦ ✶ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✵✮✳
✼✳ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ é ♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛✳
✽✳ ❯♠ t♦❦❡♥ é ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♥ó ❡♠ ♥ó ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♠❡✐♦ ❬trs✾✽❪✳ ❆s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✏t♦❦❡♥✑ ❡ ✏t♦❦❡♥ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦✑ s❡rã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ✐♥❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳
