❈❖▼❇■◆❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ▼Ú▲❚■P▲❆❙ ❆❇❖❘❉❆●❊◆❙
❉❊ ❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ P❆❘❆ ■◆❚❊❘P❘❊❚❆➬➹❖
❆◆❉❘❊❨ ❇■❈❆▲❍❖ ❙❆◆❚❖❙
❈❖▼❇■◆❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ▼Ú▲❚■P▲❆❙ ❆❇❖❘❉❆●❊◆❙
❉❊ ❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ P❆❘❆ ■◆❚❊❘P❘❊❚❆➬➹❖
❉❊ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❍■P❊❘❊❙P❊❈❚❘❆■❙ ❉❊
❙❊◆❙❖❘■❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❘❊▼❖❚❖
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡✲ q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❆r♥❛❧❞♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❜✉q✉❡rq✉❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉❛✈✐❞ ▼❡♥♦tt✐ ●♦♠❡s
❝
✷✵✶✸✱ ❆♥❞r❡② ❇✐❝❛❧❤♦ ❙❛♥t♦s✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳
❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❆♥❞r❡② ❇✐❝❛❧❤♦
❙✷✸✼❝ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s
❍✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❞❡ ❙❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❘❡♠♦t♦ ✴ ❆♥❞r❡② ❇✐❝❛❧❤♦ ❙❛♥t♦s✳ ✖ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ✷✵✶✸
①①✐✱ ✽✸ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾❝♠
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❆r♥❛❧❞♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❜✉q✉❡rq✉❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉❛✈✐❞ ▼❡♥♦tt✐ ●♦♠❡s
✶✳ ❙❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❘❡♠♦t♦✳ ✷✳ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ✸✳ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✳ ✹✳ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s✳ ✶✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✕ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✷✳ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✕ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✸✳ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✕
❚❡s❡s✳ ■✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳ ■■✳ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳ ■■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✿ ❏♦sé ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❛✈❛r❡s ❙❛♥t♦s ❆♥tô♥✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❇✐❝❛❧❤♦ ❙❛♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❏♦sé ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❛✈❛r❡s ❙❛♥t♦s ❡ ❆♥tô♥✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❇✐❝❛❧❤♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❡♠ ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❆r♥❛❧❞♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❜✉q✉❡rq✉❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ■♠❛✲ ❣❡♥s ✭◆P❉■✮ ❞❛ ❯❋▼●✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❉❛✈✐❞ ▼❡♥♦tt✐ ●♦♠❡s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✳ ❙❡♠ ❛ s✉❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❡ ❧♦♥❣❛s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s q✉❡ t✐✈❡♠♦s ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ ❡st❛r✐❛ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ❏éss✐❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥✲ t♦s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♠❡✉s ❞✐❛s ♠❛✐s ❢❡❧✐③❡s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❆❞r✐❛♥♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛r♦♥❛s ❛té ❛ ❯❋▼●✳
❆♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ◆P❉■✿ ❆❧❜❡rt♦✱ ❇r✉♥♦✱ ❈❛❡t❛♥♦✱ ❈áss✐♦✱ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡✱ ❍❡♥r✐❣✉❡✱ ❑❧❡❜❡r✱ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦✱ ❙❛♥❞r❛✱ ❙✉❡❧❧❡♥✱ ❚✐❛❣♦ ❡ ❱ír❣✐♥✐❛✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡✉ ❞❡✐①❛r❛♠ s✉❛s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✈✐❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦✲ r✐③♦♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ❡ss❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✿ ❈❧❛②s♦♥✱ ❘♦❞♦❧❢♦✱ ❆❧❝❡♠✐r✱ ❆é❝✐♦✱ ❊✈❡❧❧②♥✱ ❏✉❧✐❛♥❛✱ ●❧❛✉❜❡r✱ ❋❛❜rí❝✐♦✳
❆ ❋❆P❊▼■● ♣❡❧❛ ❜♦❧s❛ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✏❆ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥ã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛✳✑ ✭❈❛r❧ ❊❞✇❛r❞ ❙❛❣❛♥✮
❘❡s✉♠♦
❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r✲ ♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛✐s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ t❡rr❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ♥♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥✲ t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ t❡rr❡str❡ é ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦✱ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♠❛♣❛s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s é ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣✐①❡❧ ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡ç❛ ✉♠❛ r✐❝❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✱ ❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ s❡ ❢❛③ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às r❡✲ ❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠ tó♣✐❝♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❡ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛♠♦s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r r❡s✉❧✲ t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ♠❛♣❛s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ q✉❛tr♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❞✉❛s ❞❡❧❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜✲ ❝❛çã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✭❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✮ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞❛s ❞✉❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❞✉❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠ ♥❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❚rês ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛❞♦s✳ ❖s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s ✭❙❱▼✮ ❡ ❑✲◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r ✭❑◆◆✮ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ✭▼▲P✮ ❡✱ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❙❱▼ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✲❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✳ ❉♦✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳ ◆♦ss❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣❡s♦s sã♦ ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✭❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ❜② ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✭❲▲❈✲●❆✮✮✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ❙t❛❝❦✐♥❣✲❙❱▼✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦
♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❙t❛❝❦❡❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❙❱▼ ❝♦♠ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❇❛s✐s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❘❇❋✮ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s✿ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐✲ ♥❡s ❡ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s✳ ❋♦✐ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❲▲❈✲●❆ ♣r♦❞✉③ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❡s ♥❛s ❞✉❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❙t❛❝❦✐♥❣✲❙❱▼ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ▼❛❥♦r✐t② ❱♦t❡ ✭▼❱✮ ❡ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ r✉❧❡✳ ❈♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✶✵✪ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦✱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❲▲❈✲ ●❆ ❢♦✐ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣❡s♦s ót✐♠♦s✱ ♦✉ s✉❜✲ót✐♠♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s✱ s✉♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
■♥ t❤❡ ♣❛st ❢❡✇ ❞❡❝❛❞❡s ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❢♦r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s❡❞ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ❆ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ✐s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ ❤✉♥❞r❡❞s ♦❢ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧s✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❤❛♥♥❡❧ r❡❢❡rs t♦ ❛ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ✇❛✈❡❧❡♥❣t❤✳ ❙✉❝❤ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❧❡❛❞ ✉s t♦ ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ♦♥ ❊❛rt❤✬s s✉r❢❛❝❡✱ ❛♥❞ t❤✉s✱ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✳ ▲❛♥❞ ❝♦✈❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐s st✐❧❧ ❛ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡ t❛s❦✱ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ t❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ♠❛♣ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❣♦❛❧ ❛♠♦♥❣ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs✳ ❆❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♣✐①❡❧ ✐♥ ❛ ❤②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❤❛s ❛ ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ❥♦✐♥t ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❛♥❞ s♣❛t✐❛❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s r❡q✉✐r❡❞ ❞✉❡ t♦ ✐ts r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛♠♦♥❣ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t ♣✐①❡❧s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❥♦✐♥✐♥❣ s✉❝❤ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ✇✐❞❡❧② st✉❞✐❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡♥❡❞ t♦♣✐❝ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡♠♦t❡ s❡♥s✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ♠❡t❛✲ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❛✐♠✐♥❣ t♦ ♣r♦❝✉❝❡ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ t❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ♠❛♣s✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s ♣✉r♣♦s❡✱ ❢♦✉r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ t✇♦ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳ ■♥ ❛♥ ❛tt❡♠♣t t♦ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❣❛✐♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡❛❝❤ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❤❛s ✐ts ♦✇♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ✉s❡s ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢r♦♠ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♥❛t✉r❡✳ ❲❡ ✉s❡❞ t✇♦ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♦♥❧② s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✐♥❢♦ ❛♥❞ ❛♥♦t❤❡r t✇♦ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❜♦t❤ s♣❡❝tr❛❧✲s♣❛t✐❛❧ ✐♥❢♦✳ ❚❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✇❡r❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❙❱▼ ❛♥❞ ❑◆◆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡rs ✇❡r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝❧❛ss✐❢② s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❜❛s❡❞ ❞❛t❛✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ ▼▲P ❛♥❞✱ ♦♥❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥✱ ❙❱▼ ♦♥ s♣❡❝tr❛❧✲s♣❛t✐❛❧ ❜❛s❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳ ❚✇♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❢♦✉r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✇❡r❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ ❖✉r ✜rts ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♦♥ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ✭❲▲❈✮✱ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ❛r❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✭●❆✮ ✲ ❲▲❈✲●❆✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡✱ ❙t❛❝❦✐♥❣✲❙❱▼✱ ♣❡r❢♦r♠s ❛ ♥♦♥❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❙t❛❝❦❡❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ str❛t❡❣②✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❞♦ ✐t✱ t❤❡ ❙❱▼ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✇✐t❤ ❘❇❋ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❝❛rr✐❡❞ ♦✉t ✇✐t❤ t✇♦ ✇❡❧❧✲❦♥♦✇♥ ❞❛t❛s❡ts✿ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s ❛♥❞ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ r♦❜✉st♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡r✱ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ s✐③❡s ♦♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞✳ ■t ✇❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❲▲❈✲ ●❆ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ r❡s✉❧ts ♦♥ ❜♦t❤ ❞❛t❛s❡ts ✉s❡❞✱ ♦✇♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤❡st
❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❧❡✈❡❧s ❛♠♦♥❣ ❙t❛❝❦✐♥❣✲❙❱▼ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ▼❱ ❛♥❞ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ r✉❧❡✳ ❲✐t❤ ♦♥❧② ✶✵✪ ♦❢ tr❛✐♥✐♥❣ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ t❤❡ ❲▲❈✲●❆ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇❛s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧✱ ♦r s✉❜♦♣t✐♠❛❧✱ s❡t ♦❢ ✇❡✐❣❤ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇s ❛♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✱ ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡✱ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ t❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ♠❛♣s✱ ♦✈❡r❝♦♠✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ ❞r❛✇❜❛❝❦s ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❤✐♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✭❤✐♣❡r❝✉❜♦✮✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❛❜❛❧❦❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✲❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ▼❱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s s❡❣♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❚❛r❛❜❛❧❦❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵❛✮✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✶ P❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ✭❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ Pr♦✜❧❡ ✭❉P✮✮✳ ❈♦❧✉♥❛s sã♦ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜✲ ❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ c ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s sã♦ ♦s L ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦
❞❡ ❑✉♥❝❤❡✈❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❧✿ ❣r❛♥❞❡✱ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛❞♦✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛ r❡t❛♥❣✉✲
❧❛r ✲ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦✱ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛ t❡①t✉r✐③❛❞❛ ✲ ❝♦♠♣r✐❞♦✱ ✜♥♦✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡s❝✉r❛✳✳✳ ❘❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❋❛✉✈❡❧ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❊str✉t✉r❛♥t❡ ✭❊❊✮ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✹ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s tí♣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❘❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❲❡✐s❡ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✺ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❛ ♠✉t❛çã♦✳ ❘❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❲❡✐s❡ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜✲ ❝❛çã♦✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❇r✐❡♠ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❣❡♥♦♠❛ ❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❜❛♥❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s✱ ✶ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛
♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❡ ✵ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♥♦ ❤✐♣❡r❝✉❜♦✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❛❜❛❧❦❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ▼♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ Pr♦✜❧❡s ✭❊▼P✮ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❞✉❛s
❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✭P❈s✮✱ ❊❊ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ✹✱ ✻ ❡ ✽ ✭♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❊❊ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✷✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❢✉sã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦✈✐❞❛
♣❡❧♦ ❊▼P✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❋❛✉✈❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❜✐t str✐♥❣✳ ❉❡③ ❜✐ts ✭✐st♦ é✱ ❣❡♥❡s✮
sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡s♦✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ 210 = 1024 ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s
✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣❡s♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✹✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◗✉❛tr♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ três t✐✲ ♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❙t❛❝❦✐♥❣✲❙❱▼✳ ◆♦✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲
t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❛t❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s s❛í❞❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ✭♠❡t❛✲❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✮ ❡ ❡♥tã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛s ❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❙❱▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺✳✶ ❆✐r❜♦r♥❡ ❱✐s✐❜❧❡ ■♥❢r❛✲❘❡❞ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r ✭❆❱■❘■❙✮ ✲ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s✳ ✹✻ ✺✳✷ ❘❡✢❡❝t✐✈❡ ❖♣t✐❝s ❙②st❡♠ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r ✭❘❖❙■❙✮ ✲ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡st❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✻✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❛♣❛s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲ ❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ✭❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✶✮ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❲▲❈✲●❆ ❡ ❙t❛❝❦✐♥❣✲❙❱▼✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛❣❡♥s✳
❖ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ✭✯✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❖✈❡r❛❧❧ ❆❝❝✉r❛❝② ✭❖❆✮ ❞❛s ✸✵ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❡ ❛s ❜❛rr❛s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ✭❈■✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✻✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❛♣❛s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞♦ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛
❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲ ❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ✭❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✶✮ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❲▲❈✲●❆ ❡ ❙t❛❝❦✐♥❣✲❙❱▼✳ ✻✸ ✻✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛✲
❣❡♥s✳ ❖ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❛st❡r✐s❝♦ ✭✯✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❖❆ ❞❛s ✸✵ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❡ ❛s ❜❛rr❛s ✈❡rt✐❝❛✐s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛♦ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ ❈■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✻✳✺ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à ❝❧❛ss❡ ●r❛ss✴P❛st✉r❡ ❞♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s✱
❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✻✳✻ ▼❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à ❝❧❛ss❡ ●r❛ss✴P❛st✉r❡ ❞♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s✱
♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❲▲❈✲●❆ ♥♦s três ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ ✻✾ ✻✳✼ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❲▲❈✲●❆ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ❣❡r❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❍✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦
❞❡ ❈❤❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✸✳✶ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ❡r♦sã♦ ❡ ❞✐❧❛t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ t♦♥s ❞❡ ❝✐♥③❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✺✳✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ♣♦r ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✺✳✷ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ♣♦r ❝❧❛ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✻✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✶ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✸✵ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✷ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✸✵ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✻✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✸ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✸✵ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✻✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✶ ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✸✵ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✻✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✷ ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✸✵ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✻✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✸ ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✶✵✪ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛
tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ✸✵ ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✻✳✼ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮ ♣❛r❛ tr❡✐♥❛r ✭✶✵✪✮ ❡ t❡st❛r ✭✾✵✪✮ ♥♦
■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✻✳✽ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮ ♣❛r❛ tr❡✐♥❛r ✭✶✵✪✮ ❡ t❡st❛r ✭✾✵✪✮ ♥♦
P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❝rô♥✐♠♦s
❆❆ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❆❝❝✉r❛❝②
❛✲▼❘❋ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋✐❡❧❞s
❆■❙ ❆✐r❜♦r♥❡ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r
❆❱■❘■❙ ❆✐r❜♦r♥❡ ❱✐s✐❜❧❡ ■♥❢r❛✲❘❡❞ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r
❈❆ ❈❧❛ss ❆❝❝✉r❛❝②
❈■ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✜❛♥ç❛
❈❘❋ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋✐❡❧❞s
❉❇❋❊ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❊①tr❛❝t✐♦♥
❉❋❈ ❉❛t❛ ❋✉s✐♦♥ ❈♦♥t❡st
❉❋❚❈ ❉❛t❛ ❋✉s✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❈♦♠♠✐tt❡❡
❉P ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ Pr♦✜❧❡
❊❊ ❊❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❊str✉t✉r❛♥t❡
❊▼ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
❊▼P ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ▼♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ Pr♦✜❧❡s
❋❊●❆ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❊①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜② ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s
●❆ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s
●❉❆ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
●❘❙❙ ●❡♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ❙♦❝✐❡t②
❍■❆❚ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ■♠❛❣❡ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❚♦♦❧❜♦①
❍❙❊● ❍✐❡r❛❝❤✐❝❛❧ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥
■❈❆ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
❑❋❉❆ ❑❡r♥❡❧ ❋✐s❤❡r ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
❑◆◆ ❑✲◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r
❑◆❲❋❊ ❑❡r♥❡❧ ◆♦♥♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❊①tr❛❝t✐♦♥
❑P❈❆ ❑❡r♥❡❧ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
▲■❇❙❱▼ ❆ ▲✐❜r❛r② ❢♦r ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s
▲❉❆ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
▲❖P ▲✐♥❡❛r ❖♣✐♥✐♦♥ P♦♦❧
▼❈❙ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s
▼❱ ▼❛❥♦r✐t② ❱♦t❡
▼❘❋ ▼❛r❦♦✈ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋✐❡❧❞s
▼▲ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ▲✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞
▼▼ ▼♦r❢♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
▼P ▼♦r♣❤♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ Pr♦✜❧❡
▼▲P ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
▼❙❙❈ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❙♣❡❝tr❛❧✲❙♣❛t✐❛❧ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❡r
▼❙❋ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❙♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ ❋♦r❡st
◆▲P❈❆ ◆♦♥❧✐♥❡❛r Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
◆◆ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s
◆■P❆▲❙ ◆♦♥❧✐♥❡❛r ■t❡r❛t✐✈❡ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s
◆❲❋❊ ◆♦♥♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❊①tr❛❝t✐♦♥
❖❆ ❖✈❡r❛❧❧ ❆❝❝✉r❛❝②
P❈ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧
P❈s ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s
P❈❆ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
P▲❙ P❛rt✐❛❧ ▲❡❛st ❙q✉❛r❡s
P❘ Pós✲❘❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦
❘❇❋ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❇❛s✐s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❘❇❋◆◆ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❇❛s✐s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s
❘❡❣✲❆❇ ❘❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❡❞ ❆❞❛❇♦♦st
❘❡❣✲❘❇❋◆◆ ❘❡❣✉❧❛r✐③❡❞ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❇❛s✐s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s
❘●❇ ❘❡❞✲●r❡❡♥✲❇❧✉❡
❘❖❙■❙ ❘❡✢❡❝t✐✈❡ ❖♣t✐❝s ❙②st❡♠ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r
❘❋❙ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥
❘◆ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r♦♥❛❧
❘◆❆ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r♦♥❛❧ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧
❙■❍ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❍✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧
❙▼❈ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ▼✉❧t✐s♦✉r❝❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❡r
❙❘ ❙❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❘❡♠♦t♦
❙❱▼ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s
❙❱❉❙❙ ❙✐♥❣✉❧❛r ❱❛❧✉❡ ❉❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ❇❛♥❞ ❙✉❜s❡t ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥
❲▲❈✲●❆ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ▲✐♥❡❛r ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ❜② ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✈✐✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✐①
❆❜str❛❝t ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❝rô♥✐♠♦s ①✈✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ✾
✷✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊s♣❡❝tr❛✐s✲❊s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✷ ■♥❝♦r♣♦r❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✷✵
✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❑✲◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✶✳✷ ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❈♦♥s❡♥s✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✸ ▼♦r❢♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹✳✶ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹✳✷ ●❡♥♦♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✹✳✸ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✹✳✹ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✹✳✺ ▼✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✸✶
✹✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✶✳✶ P✐①❡❧✇✐s❡✲❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❋❊●❆✲❑◆◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❊▼P✲▼▲P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✶✳✹ ❙♣❡❝❊♠♣P▲❙✲❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❲▲❈✲●❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❙t❛❝❦✐♥❣✲❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✹✺
✺✳✶ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❍✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✺✳✷ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✷✳✶ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❚❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✷✳✷ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✸✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛s ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✸✳✷ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✹ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ✺✻
✻✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✶✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✻✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✻✳✸ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✼✶
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✼✹
P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s
❆ s❡❣✉✐r é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
❆rt✐❣♦s ❡♠ P❡r✐ó❞✐❝♦s
• ✶✳ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❆✳ ❇✳❀ ❆✳ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❆✳ ❞❡ ❆✳❀ ▼❡♥♦tt✐ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s ❢♦r ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❉❛t❛ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥✳ ■❊❊❊ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❙❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❚♦♣✐❝s ✐♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❊❛rt❤ ❖❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ✭❏❙❚❆❘❙✮✱ ✈♦❧✳ ✻✱ ♥✳✸✱ ♣♣✳ ✕✳
❆rt✐❣♦s ❡♠ ❈♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s
• ✶✳ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❆✳ ❇✳❀ ❆✳ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❆✳ ❞❡ ❆✳❀ ▼❡♥♦tt✐ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✶✷❛✮✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❡r ♦❢ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❡rs ❯s✐♥❣ ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s❡❞ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ■♠❛✲ ❣❡s✳ ■❊❊❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ●❡♦s❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s✐♥❣ ❙②♠♣♦s✐✉♠ ✭■●❆❘❙❙✮✱ ♣♣✳ ✹✶✹✻ ✲✹✶✹✾✳
• ✷✳ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❆✳ ❇✳❀ ❈❊▲❊❙✱ ❈✳ ❙✳ ❋✳ ❙✳❀ ❆✳ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❆✳ ❞❡ ❆✳❀ ▼❡♥♦tt✐ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✶✷❝✮✳ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s❡❞ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ■♠❛❣❡s✿ ❆ ❋✐❧t❡r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✉s✐♥❣ ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❛♥❞ ❈❧✉st❡r ❱❛❧✐❞✐t②✳ ❚❤❡ ✷✵✶✷ ■♥t❡r✲ ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ■♠❛❣❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ❱✐s✐♦♥✱ ❛♥❞ P❛tt❡r♥ ❘❡❝♦❣✲ ♥✐t✐♦♥ ✭■P❈❱✬✶✷✮✱ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✷✱ ♣♣✳ ✻✼✺✕✻✽✶✳
❆rt✐❣♦s ❡♠ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣s
• ✶✳ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❆✳ ❇✳❀ ❆✳ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❆✳ ❞❡ ❆✳❀ ▼❡♥♦tt✐ ❉✳ ✭✷✵✶✷❜✮✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❆♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ❢♦r ❆❝❝✉r❛❝② ■♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❘❡♠♦t❡ ❙❡♥s❡❞ ❍②♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ■♠❛❣❡s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❝rô♥✐♠♦s ✷
❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲♦r❦s❤♦♣ ♦❢ ❚❤❡s❡s ❛♥❞ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥s ✭❲❚❉✮ ✐♥ ❙■❇●❘❆P■ ✷✵✶✷ ✭❳❳❱ ❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ●r❛♣❤✐❝s✱ P❛tt❡r♥s ❛♥❞ ■♠❛❣❡s✮✳ ♣♣✳ ✺✹✕✺✾✳ ✶
✶❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡♠✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✷❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ▼✳❙❝✳ ♥♦ ❲❚❉✲❙■❇●❘❆P■ ✷✵✶✷✿
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❙❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❘❡♠♦t♦ ✭❙❘✮ é ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲ çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ✭t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ s♦❧❛r r❡✢❡t✐❞❛✮ à ❧♦♥❣❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✭Pr❛s❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❊♠ ❙❘ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ t❡rr❡str❡ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛ ❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ár❡❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ t❡rr❛ ❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉r❜❛♥♦✱ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✱ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ s✐❧✈✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❡t❝✳ ✭Pr❛s❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❈❤❛♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❖ ✐♠❛❣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦s❝ó♣✐❝♦✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ é ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❤♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛ ♣♦r ✐♠❛❣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✱ t❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ t❡rr❡str❡ ✭P❧❛③❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ◆♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✽✵✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❏❡t Pr♦♣✉❧s✐♦♥ ▲❛❜♦r❛t♦r② ❞❛ ◆❆❙❆✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♥♦✈♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❯♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❆✐r❜♦r♥❡ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r ✭❆■❙✮✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆✐r❜♦r♥❡ ❱✐s✐❜❧❡ ■♥❢r❛✲❘❡❞ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r ✭❆❱■❘■❙✮✱ ❡ss❡ s❡♥s♦r ❝♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥é✲ t✐❝♦ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❞❡ 0,4µm à 2,5µm ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❡ 10nm ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s
❞❡ ❞✉③❡♥t♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ✭●r❡❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
■♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡③❡♥❛s ❛té ❝❡♥t❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❜❛♥✲ ❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ✭❚❛r❛❜❛❧❦❛✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ P❧❛③❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✱ ♦✉ ❝❛♥❛❧✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡✢❡❝tâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣✐①❡❧✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦✱ t❡♠♦s ❡♥tã♦ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s✱ ♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❤✐♣❡r❝✉❜♦ ✭❈❤❛♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♣✐①❡❧✱ ♦✉ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✈ár✐❛s ❛ss✐♥❛t✉r❛s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s✱ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛s sã♦ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ✐❧✉str❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❤✐♣❡rs♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✭❤✐♣❡r❝✉❜♦✮✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❚❛r❛❜❛❧❦❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✳
❙❡♥s♦r ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❆❧t✐t✉❞❡tí♣✐❝❛ ❊s♣❡❝tr❛❧❋❛✐①❛ ◆ú♠❡r♦❞❡ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✭❦♠✮ ✭µm✮ ❜❛♥❞❛s ✭♠❡tr♦s✴♣✐①❡❧✮
❆■❙ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✹ ✶✱✷ ❛ ✷✱✹ ✶✷✽ ✽ ✭●♦❡t③ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✺✮
❆❘❈❍❊❘ P❛tr✉❧❤❛ ✷ ✵✱✺ ❛ ✶✱✶ ✺✶✷ ✺ ✭❙t❡✈❡♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ❆ér❡❛ ❈✐✈✐❧
❆❱■❘■❙ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✷✵ ✵✱✹ ❛ ✷✱✺ ✷✷✹ ✷✵ ✭●r❡❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮
❉❆■❙ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✲ ✵✱✹ ❛ ✶✷✱✸ ✼✾ ✺ ✭▼✉❡❧❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷✮
❍❨❉■❈❊ ▼✐❧✐t❛r ❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✻ ✵✱✹ ❛ ✷✱✺ ✷✶✵ ✸ ✭❘✐❝❦❛r❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✸✮
❍②▼❆P ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✷ ✵✱✹✺ ❛ ✷✱✺ ✶✷✻ ✺ ✭❈♦❝❦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ❈♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s
❍②♣❡r✐♦♥ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ✼✵✺ ✵✱✹ ❛ ✷✱✺ ✷✵✵ ✸✵ ✭P❡❛r❧♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ❊s♣❛❝✐❛❧
❘❖❙■❙ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ✶✵ ✵✱✹✸ ❛ ✵✱✽✻ ✶✶✺ ✶✱✸ ✭●❡❣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❍✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❤❛♥❣ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✺
♣♦r s❛té❧✐t❡s à ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✱ ♠é❞✐❛ ♦✉ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ✭P❧❛③❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❡①♣❧♦✲ r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ✭❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✮ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s t❡r✲ r❡str❡s ✭❈❤❛♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ Pr❛s❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳ ❯s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛ é ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❛♣ós ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❉❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♠❛♣❛ t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❡ss❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✐♠❛✲ ❣❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛♣ós r♦t✉❧❛r ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣✐①❡❧s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❛ t❡♠át✐❝♦✳ ❊♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✶ ❡ ✸✵ ♠❡tr♦s ♣♦r ♣✐①❡❧ ✭❈❤❛♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ■ss♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♦❜✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ P♦r ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✈✐s❛♠ ❛ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♠❛✐s ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ✭❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✲ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✮ ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡✈❛r ♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦s ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭❈❤❛♥❣✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ P❧❛③❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ Pr❛s❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✻
♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s ✭❙❱▼✮ ❝♦♠ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❇❛s✐s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✭❘❇❋✮✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ❞♦✐s ♠é✲ t♦❞♦s✳ ◆♦ss❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉❛❧ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠❜✐✲ ♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ❞❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❉❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ▲✐✲ ♥❡❛r ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ❜② ●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✭❲▲❈✲●❆✮ ✭❙❛♥t♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❛✱❜✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✱ ♥♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ●❆ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡s♦s ót✐♠♦s✱ ♦✉ s✉❜✲ ót✐♠♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✭❙t❛❝❦✐♥❣✲❙❱▼ ✮ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❙t❛❝❦❡❞ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭❲♦❧♣❡rt✱ ✶✾✾✷✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛❧t❛ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st❛ ❛♦ ❥✉♥t❛r ❛s s❛í❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❜❛s❡✱ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❘✱ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❙❱▼ ❢♦✐ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✏❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦✑ ✭♠❡t❛✲❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r✮✳
❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ■♥❞✐❛♥ P✐♥❡s ❡ P❛✈✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐t② ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❆❱■❘■❙ ✭●r❡❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮ ❡ ❘❡✢❡❝t✐✈❡ ❖♣t✐❝s ❙②st❡♠ ■♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❙♣❡❝tr♦♠❡t❡r ✭❘❖❙■❙✮ ✭●❡❣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ✭▼❛❥♦r✐t② ❱♦t❡ ✭▼❱✮ ❡ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ r✉❧❡✮ t❛♠✲ ❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦
❆♣❡s❛r ❞♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ss❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝✲ ♥✐❝❛s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♠✉❧t✐❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ sã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✭❝❛♥❛✐s✮ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s✳ P♦r ❡ss❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣❧♦✲ r❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ❢✉sã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛❜❡rt♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ t❡♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❡s ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ✭❋❛✉✈❡❧✱ ✷✵✵✼❀ ❚❛r❛❜❛❧❦❛✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ▲✐❝❝✐❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❚❛r❛❜❛❧❦❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✵❛❀ Pr❛s❛❞ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶❀ ❙❛♥t♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✷❛✱❜✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✼
❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦✳ ◆♦ ❉❋❈ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♥ã♦ ❡r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛ ❢✉sã♦ ❞❛s ❝✐♥❝♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛✜♠ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ♠❛♣❛s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✭▲✐❝❝✐❛r❞✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♠❛s ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝♦✱ ▼❱✳ ■♥s♣✐r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ ✐❞❡✐❛✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈✐s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r✲ t❛♥t♦✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❢✉sã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ♦❜t❡r í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❉❛❞❛s ❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
✶✳ ❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❝❛♥❛✐s✱ ❜❛♥❞❛s✱ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛✲ s❡❛❞❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✳
✷✳ ❯♥✐r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✳
✸✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❡ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
✹✳ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
✺✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
✻✳ Pr♦❞✉③✐r ♠❛♣❛s t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s✳
✶✳✸ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❆♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s✲ s❡rt❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠✿
✶✳ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ✭s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✮ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ●❆ ❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✽
✸✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ●❆ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣❡s♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✲ ❜✐♥❛çã♦ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s à ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦✳
✹✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝✲ tr❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦
◆❡st❛ r❡✈✐sã♦✱ tr❛t❛r❡♠♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣✐①❡❧ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✲❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❡♥tr❡ ♣✐①❡❧s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s t❛♠❜é♠ é ❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ❊✱ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛♠♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤②♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦✳
✷✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊s♣❡❝tr❛✐s
❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♥s♦r✐❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♠♦t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ rót✉❧♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣✐①❡❧s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ P✐①❡❧✇✐s❡✳ ◆❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣✐①❡❧ é✱ ❡♥✲ tã♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡ s❡✉ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ss❛ ❛♠♦s✲ tr❛ ✭❚❛r❛❜❛❧❦❛✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ♦✉ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛r❡♠ ❛ ❡ss❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ s❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ✭P❧❛③❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❆♦ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝✲ tr❛✐s ▼❡❧❣❛♥✐ ✫ ❇r✉③③♦♥❡ ✭✷✵✵✹✮❀ ❈❛♠♣s✲❱❛❧❧s ✫ ❇r✉③③♦♥❡ ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉ír❛♠ q✉❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❦❡r♥❡❧✱ ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❦❡r♥❡❧✲tr✐❝❦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝❛③❡s q✉❡ ♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ▼❡❧❣❛♥✐ ✫ ❇r✉③③♦♥❡ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❙❱▼ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❤✐♣❡r❡s♣❡❝tr❛✐s
