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Risco: repensando conceitos e paradigmas

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Acta Paul Enferm 2006;19(4):vi. Nursing has been concerned with the concept of risk since its

beginning. In the past, risk was identified with components technical-operative of nursing; therefore, emerging the following risk connotations: performance of nursing procedures, acquisition and transmission of diseases, safety in the workplace, and exposition to environment factors that might cause deterioration of health.

The word risk had many meanings over the years. The word risk was first registered in Spanish as “riesgo” in the XIV century, yet did not have the connotation of potential danger. Etiological studies of the word risk suggested that it was originated from the Latin word “resecum” which means “what cut” and was used to describe sea travel situations such as “danger hidden in the sea”. At that time the concept of possibility also appears in the literature, which led the discipline of epidemiology to use the concept of risk in a different way to mean probability or chance of an event to occur and magnitude of this occurrence. Since then this understanding of the concept of risk appears to be necessary to determine multiple factors that influence health and disease and the process of care.

Risk in healthcare is understood as the potential danger of the occurrence of an adverse effect to a factor that might affect the several aspects of the human being: physical, psychological, moral, intellectual, social, cultural, and spiritual. Measurement of risk is an essential strategy to identify and alter environmental, social, personal, and genetic factors that might threaten the health of the individual, family, and community. The emphasis on risk is a work philosophy to improve clinical thinking, health promotion, and the delivery of care. This constitutes an opportunity to integrate clinical practice and epidemiology as well as management and planning of care. Contribution of nursing research that poses hypotheses related to the concept of risk constitutes a paradigm shift that addresses values, customs, and improvement in nursing care, and promotion of well-being and quality of life of the individual, family, and community.

Pa r a d ig m Sh ift in t h e Et io lo g y o f

R is k

Desde tiempos antiguos de la actuación de la enfermería ha existido preocupación por el concepto de riesgo. Este aspecto era fácilmente identificable en el componente técnico operativo, destacándose las siguientes connotaciones de riesgo: realización de procedimientos; de adquirir y transmitir enfermedades; en la seguridad del trabajo, medio ambiente y en la exposición a factores potenciales que causen daños a la salud.

Existen varias versiones para el origen de la palabra riesgo. El primer registro de la palabra se remonta al siglo XIV, en castellano (riesgo), pero no poseía aun la connotación de peligro potencial. Los estudios etimológicos de la palabra riesgo sugieren que tenga origen en el latín resecum, “el que corta”, utilizada para describir situaciones relacionadas a los viajes marinos, como “peligro oculto en el mar”.En este momento surge también el concepto de posibilidad. Para la epidemiología el concepto de riesgo tiene un sentido diferente, matemático, o sea, la probabilidad de que un evento ocurra o no, combinando la magnitud de las pérdidas y ganancias involucradas en la acción realizada.

Desde entonces la comprensión de la concepción de riesgo es imprescindible para develar la determinación multifactorial del proceso salud-enfermedad-cuidado. Riesgo en salud es concebido como un peligro potencial de que ocurra una reacción concebida como adversa a la salud de las personas expuestas a él o aun la posibilidad de daño en diversas dimensiones como, física, psíquica, moral, intelectual, social, cultural o espiritual del ser humano.

La medida del riesgo es una herramienta esencial para el desarrollo del raciocinio clínico y de las prácticas de promoción y protección a la salud, y un medio para identificar atributos ambientales, sociales, individuales, colectivos, genéticos o adquiridos que constituyan amenaza para la salud de los individuos y la colectividad de modo a alterarlos, retirando en la medida de lo posible, sus determinantes. El enfoque de riesgo es una filosofía de trabajo de carácter esencialmente preventivo y es el fundamento para la programación de la asistencia a la salud. Constituye una oportunidad para integrar la clínica con la epidemiología, la administración y la planificación en salud.

La contribución de las investigaciones en enfermería que formulen hipótesis utilizando el concepto de riesgo y correlatos constituyen el eje norteador para la búsqueda de paradigmas que evidencien valores, costumbres, determinantes concretos para colaborar con la mejoría de la asistencia de enfermería, el bienestar y la calidad de vida de los individuos y la colectividad.

R ie s g o : r e p e n s a n d o co n ce p t o s y

p a r a d ig m a s

ED ITOR IAL

Mônica Antar Gamba

Profa. Adjunto da Disciplina de Enfermagem Saúde Pública e Administração aplicada à Enfermagem do Departamento de Enfermagem da Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP - São Paulo (SP), Brasil.

Eduarda Ribeiro dos Santos

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