❯♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❡♥tr❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s
❈❧á✉❞✐❛ ❏♦s✐♠❛r ❆❜rã♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛
❛♦
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❞❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦
♣❛r❛
♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦
❞❡
❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛✿ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋❧á✈✐♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ❈♦rrê❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❈❆P❊❙
❯♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s
❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s
❊st❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛ ❞❛ t❡s❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❈❧á✉❞✐❛ ❏♦s✐♠❛r ❆❜rã♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❡♠ ✵✼✴✶✷✴✷✵✶✷✳
❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❏✉❧❣❛❞♦r❛✿
• Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋❧á✈✐♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ❈♦rrê❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮ ✲ ■▼❊✲❯❙P
• Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❆♥❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ❱✐❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ ✲ ■▼❊✲❯❙P
• Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❉é❜♦r❛ ❆❜❞❛❧❧❛ ❙❛♥t♦s ✲ ❯❋❇❆
• Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ▲ú❝✐❛ ❱✐❧❡❧❛ ▲❡✐t❡ ❋✐❧❣✉❡✐r❛s ✲ ❊P✲❯❙P
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❋❧á✈✐♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ❈♦rrê❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ♣♦r s✉❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♣❛❝✐✲ ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡s ❛♥♦s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r♦♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✱ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ♠❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤♦ ✉♠ ✐❞❡❛❧ ♠❛✐♦r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❆♥❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥❡st✐♠á✈❡❧ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❛q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s✳ ▼❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣rát✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♣♦r ♠❡ ♠♦str❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✈✐sã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛rt❡✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❧❛r❛✱ ❝♦♥t❛❣✐❛♥t❡ ❡ ❜❡❧❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ às ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛s ❆♥❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ❱✐❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦✱ ❉é❜♦r❛ ❆❜❞❛❧❧❛ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ▲ú❝✐❛ ❱✐❧❡❧❛ ▲❡✐t❡ ❋✐❧❣✉❡✐r❛s ❡ ❆♥❛ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r❛♠ ❛ t♦r♥❛r ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ ❝♦♥✈✐✈✐ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ▼✐rt❤❛ ▲✐♥❛ ❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③ ❱❡♥❡r♦ ❡ ❉✐❡❣♦ ▼✐r❛ ❉❛✈✐❞ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛✲ ❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ■▼❊ ❡ à ❯❙P ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡ à ❈❆P❊❙ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ ❈❧❛r❛✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ✜❧❤❛ ❘❛❢❛❡❧❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❛r✐❞♦ ❊❧✐❞✐❡r✱ ♣♦r ❡st❛r s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ❋❧á✈✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥✈❡r✲ s❛s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ t✐❛ ❉❛r❧✐✱ ♣♦r ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ àq✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡r ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r q✉❡ ♦ s♦♥❤♦✦
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ▼❡str❡✱ ❉r✳ ❈❡❧s♦ ❈❤❛r✉r✐✱ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦r ❡ ❝r✐❛❞♦r ❞❛ Pró✲❱✐❞❛✱ ♠❡✉ ❡t❡r♥♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦s✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ s✉st❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳
❆ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❧❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s q✉❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛♠ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s✱ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ tr♦❝❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛♥t❡r s✉❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳
❊♠ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ✉♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê✲ ♥❡❛s ✭▼■■❍✮✳ ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦✲ ♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s sã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠❛ ❛r✲ q✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ❊st❡s ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✏♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tê♠ ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✑✳ ❖s ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡tô♥✐✲ ❝♦s r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ❡ sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊❧❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ♣ré✲❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦s q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡✐❛♠ ❡ ♣❛✲ ❞r♦♥✐③❛♠ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐✲ t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ❖s ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡st❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r✱ ❞❡♣❡♥✲ ❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✲ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❖s ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠✉♥❞♦s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ▼■■❍ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✭♠✉s❡✉s✱ ❣❛❧❡r✐❛s✱ ❝♦❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳ ❚❡♥❞♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦s ♠✉s❡✉s é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠✉s❡✉s ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠♦s ♥❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠✉s❡✉s é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠♦s ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉s❡✉ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❯◆❊❙❈❖✳
✐✈
❊st❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ s❡r✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛rt❡ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② ❜❡❡♥ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s t♦ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ✉s❡rs✳ ❚❤✐s ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ s✉st❛✐♥❡❞ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❜② t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♥❡✇ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳
■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❡♥s✉r❡s t❤✐s ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❜❡♥❡✜ts s✉❝❤ ❛s✱ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❧❡❣❛❝② ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ st✐❧❧ ❛❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡✐r s②st❡♠s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ t❤✐s ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts t❤❛t st❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ❣✉✐❞❡ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✱ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐t✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ s②st❡♠s✳
■♥ ♦✉r ✇♦r❦✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ✭▼■❍■✮✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧s ❢♦r ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✲ ♦✉s ❛♥❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛❧s♦ ❞❡✜♥❡s ❛♥ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❆rt✐❢❛❝ts t♦ ❤❛♥❞❧❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ s②st❡♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❆rt✐❢❛❝ts ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❆rt✐❢❛❝ts✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ ✏♦❜❥❡❝ts t❤❛t ❝♦♥✈❡② ❛♥❞ ❤♦❧❞ ✉s❛❜❧❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✑✳ ❚❤❡ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❆rt✐❢❛❝ts ❛r❡ r❡❝✉rr✐♥❣ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ♣❛tt❡r♥s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ❢♦r ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ❛ ❤✐❣❤✲❧❡✈❡❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r ❛ s②st❡♠ ❞❡s✐❣♥✳ ❚❤❡② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛s ♣r❡✲❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ♣❛tt❡r♥s t❤❛t ❣✉✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ st❛♥❞❛r❞✐③❡ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ s❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❆rt✐❢❛❝ts ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣② ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts r❡❧❡✈❛♥t t♦ t❤❡s❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ✇❤♦s❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ❛❜str❛❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ✈❛r②✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❢♦r ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ✲ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ s♦♣❤✐st✐❝❛t❡❞ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥✱ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡t❛✐❧s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣②✳ ❚❤❡ ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥❛❧ ❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❆rt✐❢❛❝ts ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❧❛②❡r✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ✇♦r❧❞s✱ t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ ♣r♦♣❡r ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡s❡ ✉s❡rs✳
❇❡s✐❞❡s t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛s ❛ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ▼■■❍ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❤❡r✐t❛❣❡ ✭♠✉s❡✉♠s✱ ❣❛❧❧❡r✐❡s✱ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t♦rs✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳ ❍❛✈✐♥❣ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ♠✉s❡✉♠s ✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ s♦❝✐❡t②✱ ✇❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡❡♣❧② t❤❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✉s❡✉♠s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ❡❛❝❤ ♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✉s❡rs✳ ❲❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦ t❤❡ ❞✐r❡❝t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦✉r ♣r♦❥❡❝t✱ s✐♥❝❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♠♦♥❣ ♠✉s❡✉♠s ✐s ✈✐t❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ✇✐t❤ ✐ts ✉s❡rs ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r ✐ts ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡✱ ❛s ✇❡ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠✉s❡✉♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ❯◆❊❙❈❖✳
❚❤✐s ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ✉s❡ ✐s ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ s❡r✈❡s t♦ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ✉s❡ ✐♥ ❛rt ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❜② ✐ts ✉s❡rs✳
✈✐
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✺
✷✳✶ ❈r♦ss✲❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✶✳✶ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸✳✸ ▼✉♥❞♦s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✹✳✸ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✹✳✹ ■♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✹✳✺ ■♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ♥♦ ▼✉♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✹✳✻ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❈✐❞❛❞ã♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✺ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✺✳✶ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s ❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✺✳✷ ❖♣❡♥❑♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✺✳✸ ▲✐❣❤t✇❡✐❣❤t ❈♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s ✭▲❈❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✺✳✹ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❆rt Pr♦❥❡❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✺✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✈✐✐✐ ❙❯▼➪❘■❖
✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ✷✾ ✸✳✶ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡rá✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼■■❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ▼■■❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✹ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✺ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ✹✶
✹✳✶ ❖♣❡♥▼✉s❡✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❖ ▼✉s❡✉ ❞❡ ❆rt❡ ❈♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭▼❆❈ ❯❙P✮ ✹✷ ✹✳✶✳✸ ❖♣❡♥▼✉s❡✉♠ ▲✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✶✳✹ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❖♣❡♥▼✉s❡✉♠ ▲✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✷ P♦✉♣❛❱✐rt✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ P♦✉♣❛❱✐rt✉❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✺✺
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛s ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✷✳✶ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✸ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
❆❙❊❙ ❆✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r ❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❆❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ít✐♦s ❈❡❣❡ ❈♦♠✐tê ❊①❡❝✉t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦
❈❊❚■❈✳❜r ❈❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❈♦P ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ♦❢ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡
❡✲▼❆● ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❝❡ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❡✲P✐♥❣ P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ■❱ ■♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❱✐rt✉❛❧
▲❈❈ ▲✐❣❤t✇❡✐❣❤t ❈♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❈❛❧❝✉❧✉s
▼■■❍ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ▼■❍■ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❍❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s ■♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❖❙❈■P ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❡ss❡ Pú❜❧✐❝♦
P❘❖❉❊❙P ❈♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❙■❙P ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❙▲❚■ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ▲♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦
❙❖❆ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❙❡r✈✐❝❡✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✮ ❙❖❆P ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❆❝❝❡ss Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❚■❈ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✭■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✮
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ❆❣❡♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠♦✈❡r✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✶ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✷✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ♠♦✈❡r ❞❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✸ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❣rá✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s três ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦
❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✺ P❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ❈✐❞❛❞ã♦ ✲ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❳ ❊①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✻ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❬❇♦❣✵✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡rá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡rá✈❡❧ ❡ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐t② ♦❢ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ▼■■❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ▼■■❍ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❖♣❡♥▼✉s❡✉♠ ▲✐t❡ ✲ ❇✉s❝❛ ❡ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊①♣♦s✐çã♦ ◆❛ Pá❣✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ❛✉t♦r ♦✉ ♦❜r❛✳ ❆ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥ ❞✐s♣❛r❛ ♦s r❡s✲ ♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ❜✉s❝❛s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❈♦P✳ ❙❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ❆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ❛ Pá❣✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ é ❝r✐❛❞❛✴❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛s ♦❜r❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛ s✉❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛✱ q✉❛✐s ♦❜r❛s ❡❧❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ✈❡r ✏❡①♣♦st❛s✑✳ ❖ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ❊①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ é ❣❡r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✷ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❖♣❡♥▼✉s❡✉♠ ▲✐t❡ ✲ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❖❜r❛ ❡ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❘❡❞❡s
❙♦❝✐❛✐s ❆♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❊①♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠❛ ♦❜r❛ ❡ t❡r ❛❝❡ss♦ às ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❛ ♦❜r❛✳ ❖ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✱ ✈❡r ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥ ❞✐s♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❡st❡s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡ r❡t♦r♥á✲❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❖♣❡♥▼✉s❡✉♠ ▲✐t❡ ✲ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❲❡❜ ❙✐t❡s ❯♠
❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❈♦P✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦s ♣r♦t♦✲ ❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s♣❛r❛r ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ♦❜r❛ ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞♦ ▼✉s❡✉ ❞❡ ❆rt❡ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭▼❆▼✮ ❡✱ r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❞❛ ♦❜r❛✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛r ♥♦ s✐t❡ ❞❛ ❇✐❡♥❛❧ ❞❛s ❆rt❡s ❞❡ ❙P q✉❛✐s ♦❜r❛s ❞❡st❡ ❛✉t♦r ❡st✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❛ ♠♦str❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✹ ❖♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❈♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❖♣❡♥▼✉s❡✉♠ ▲✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✺ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❖♣❡♥▼✉s❡✉♠ ▲✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✻ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❖♣❡♥▼✉s❡✉♠ ▲✐t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
①✐✐ ▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦s✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ s✉st❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳
❆ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❧❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s q✉❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛♠ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s✱ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ tr♦❝❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛♥t❡r s✉❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳
❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❡①✐st✐r✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭✇♦r❦✢♦✇s✮ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ✭♦✉ s❡t♦r ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✮ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❡st❡s ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ✭❝r♦ss✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s✮✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ❊st❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❡ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❜r❡ s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳
❊♠ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ✉♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê✲ ♥❡❛s ✭▼■■❍✮✳ ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦✲ ♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s sã♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥ ❬❈❞❙✶✶❪✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✳ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ t❛♠✲ ❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r♦ss✲♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ❬❞❙❱❉+✶✷❪✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡r ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝á✈❡❧✱ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ✉s❛r ❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡♠ ❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦✷✳✷✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦✲ ♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ❊st❡s ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✏♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tê♠ ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✑✳ ❖s ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡tô♥✐❝♦s r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛r ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ❡ sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❊❧❡s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡✲ t✉r❛✐s ♣ré✲❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦s q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡✐❛♠ ❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛♠ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ❖s ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♥t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡st❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✲ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦✱ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♦♥✲ t♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❖s ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠ ❝♦♠
✷ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✶
❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠✉♥❞♦s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼■■❍ s❛t✐s❢❛③ q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦✿
• ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦❀
• ❛❞❛♣t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ à ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s❀
• ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ♣r✐✈❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡❀
• s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳
❆❝r❡❞✐t❛♠♦s q✉❡✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ▼■■❍✳
❉♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✱ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛✱ sã♦ q✉❡stõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦✈❡r q✉❛❧q✉❡r s❡r✈✐ç♦✴✐♥✲ t❡r❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡r ❡st❡s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥✱ ❛t✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✳
P❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s✱ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s
❆ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❢♦✐ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s P♦✉♣❛t❡♠♣♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳
❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞♦ P♦✉♣❛t❡♠♣♦ s✉r❣✐✉ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✹✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❝❛♥❞✐❞❛t♦ ❛ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛❞♦r✱ ▼ár✐♦ ❈♦✈❛s✱ ♣r♦♣ôs ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❞❡ s❤♦♣♣✐♥❣ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❬P❛✉✵✸❪✳ ❖ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✺ ❢♦✐ ♠❛r❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❡r❞♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❡st❛t❛❧✱ s❡♠ ♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r♦♠❜♦ ♥♦s ❝♦❢r❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✳ ❆ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥❛❞♦r ❢♦✐ ❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❡st❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t♦✉ ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ t♦t❛❧ ♥❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s✳ ■♥✐❝✐♦✉✲s❡✱ ❡♥tã♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ P♦✉♣❛t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡♥❝❛❜❡ç❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✭P❘❖❉❊❙P✮✱ ❡♠ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s s❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡ ♦s ór❣ã♦s ❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ♣r❡st❛✈❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❛♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✾✼ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ P♦✉♣❛t❡♠♣♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛✲ ❞❡s✱ ❥á ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ t♦t❛❧✳ ❖ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ P♦✉♣❛t❡♠♣♦ ❡st❛✈❛ ❡♠ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ✉♠ rá♣✐❞♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ✭♥❛ ❡s❢❡r❛ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❤✉♠❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ s❡♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s ór❣ã♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ t✐✈❡r❛♠ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛❥✉st❡s ♠í♥✐♠♦s ❡♠ s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ♣❛ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛✈❛♥ç♦✉✲ s❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡st❡s ór❣ã♦s✱ ♣♦r ❢♦rç❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ✐♥❡✈✐tá✈❡❧ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❧❣♦ ✐♥é❞✐t♦ ♥♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❛té ❡♥tã♦✳
❆ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ P♦✉♣❛t❡♠♣♦ ♠♦str♦✉ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s s✐stê♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡ ✐♥♦✈♦✉ ♣❡❧❛ ♦✉s❛❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❛❣✐r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❛ s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✿ ♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ P♦✉♣❛t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ór❣ã♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ♣r❡st❛çã♦ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ❡ ♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❛ ♣r❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳
✶✳✹ ❋❖❘▼❯▲❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆ ✸
❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠✉s❡✉s✱ ♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❛rt❡ ❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡st❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ♥❛s ❡①♣♦s✐çõ❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ♦❜r❛s ❞❡ ❛rt❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❢ís✐❝♦s ✭♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉s❡✉s ❡ ❣❛❧❡r✐❛s✮ ❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❡s♣❛ç♦s✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s sã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛s✳
❈♦♠ ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❲❡❜✱ ❛ ♠í❞✐❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠✉s❡✉s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞❡st❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♠✉✐t❛s ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ■♥✐✲ ❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♠✉s❡✉s ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♠❛♣❛s ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♠✉s❡✉✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❡①♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡♠ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝♦♠♣r❛s ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡①♣♦s✐çõ❡s✳ ❘❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠✉s❡✉s ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ♥❛ ❲❡❜ ♦ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❛❝❡r✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✳
P❡sq✉✐s❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞♦s ♠✉s❡✉s✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ ♦❜t❡r ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♦❜r❛s ❞❡ ❛rt❡ ❡ s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❛rt✐st❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧❛s ❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♦❜r❛ ❞❡ ❛rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ s❡❥❛ ❡❧❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ♦✉ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❞❛ ár❡❛ ♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❛rt❡✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ P♦✉♣❛t❡♠♣♦✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❡ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♠í❞✐❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❛ ❡st❛ ♥♦✈❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❝✉❧t✉r❛✐s✳
❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ t❡s❡ ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ✐♥t❡r♦✲ ♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ s❡❣✉r❛ ❡ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✭❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♥í✈❡❧ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✮ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧✱ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛ ❡ ✐♠❡rs✐✈❛✳
P♦r q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s r❡❛✐s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♥❡st❛ t❡s❡ ✉♠ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞♦s ♠✉s❡✉s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞♦s ♠✉s❡✉s ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❡✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❞❡s✲ ❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ♦ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ t❡s❡✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ s✉❣❡r✐♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ P♦✉♣❛t❡♠♣♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✳
✶✳✷ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛
❖ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡stá ❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✿
✶✳ ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❛s ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s❀
✷✳ ❈♦rr❡t♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡st❛s ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s❀
✸✳ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s❀ ✹✳ ❋❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s❀ ✺✳ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
✶✳ ❉❡✜♥✐r ✉♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ✭▼■■❍✮❀
✷✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s❀ ✸✳ ❉❡✜♥✐r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ tr❛❢❡❣❛♠ ♥♦s ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ❞❡♥tr♦✴❡♥tr❡
✹ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✳✺
✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ é ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ■♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❍❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ✭▼■■❍✮✳
❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦✿
✶✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✴✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s✴s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✈✐r✲ t✉❛✐s✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡st❛s ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s❀ ✷✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐✲
çõ❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s❀
✸✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❯s♦✿ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦✷✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❝♦♠ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ t❡s❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t❛✳
• ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣rát✐❝♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s
◆❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜✲ ❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③á✲❧♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝r♦ss✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇✱ q✉❡ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♠❛✐s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦✳
◆❛ s❡çã♦✷✳✷❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r✈✐r ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ✐r❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r✳
◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✸❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✲ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ q✉❡ ❡❧✉❝✐❞❛ ❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛♠♦s ❛❧✐♥❤❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✱ s✉❛s ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ q✉❛❧ s❡rá ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ◆❛s s❡çõ❡s✷✳✹✳✹❡✷✳✹✳✺❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ sã♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦✷✳✹✳✻❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✷✳✺❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ♥♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳
✷✳✶ ❈r♦ss✲❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❲♦r❦✢♦✇s
❊♠ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ tr❛t❛♠♦s ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ ♣r❡st❛r s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ♣♦ss❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s t❡♥❤❛♠ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ❡❧❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❡st❛r ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✜♥❛❧ s❡❥❛ s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦✳
❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇ sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ✭❬❍♦❧✾✺❪✮✳ ❈♦♠ ❡st❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❡stã♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❡ q✉❡♠ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✳
❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦s ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✭♦✉ s❡t♦r ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✮ ♥ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❡st❡s ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ✭❝r♦ss✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s✮✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s✳
❊st❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❡ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ ❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❜r❡ s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳
▼✉✐t❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r♦ss✲♦r❣❛♥✐s❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ✇♦r❦✢♦✇s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡✱ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❈♦rrê❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ♣r♦♣ôs ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❏❛♠❙❡ss✐♦♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦✲
