Management Systems
in
Production Engineering
2012, No 4 (8), pp 15‐18
Abstract:
The paper presents the implementa on of Integrated Product Policy in Poland in the light of the European ac vi es. It analyses the EU laws within this scope. It assesses the progress of LCA implementa on, ecolabelling, ecotaxes, EMAS and green public procurement in Poland. It explains the reasons of slow IPP implementa on in Polish organisa ons. It mainly refers to the distribu on and promo on of ecolabelling, based on empirical research in Germany and Poland.
THE
ASSESSMENT
AND
USE
OF
INTEGRATED
PRODUCT
POLICY
IN
POLAND
INTEGRATED PRODUCT POLICY
Dynamic economic development and good economic results must be currently synchronised with ra onal exploi‐ ta on of natural resources as well as control of their conse‐ quences in the context of sustainable development. There‐ fore the EU Commission and EU membership countries ini‐ ated the development of Integrated Product Policy which is the element of implementa on of the strategy of build‐ ing the most dynamic and compe ve knowledge based economy [18].
The purpose of the work is the analysis of the current status of Integrated Product Policy implementa on in Po‐ land following the example of LCA, EMAS applica on, eco‐ labelling including the role of ecotaxes and green public procurements. A er the accession to the EU on 1 May 2004 Poland started to joined the process of implementa on of the EU environment policy. This process is dynamic howev‐ er it faces many obstacles.
Integrated Product Policy performs tasks applying the most appropriate poli cal tools to develop the most eco‐ logical products. The main goal is to diminish the nega ve influence on environment and more comprehensive sa s‐
fac on of the consumer's needs. IPP improves produced and designed products and promotes them among consum‐ ers [16].
On 18 June 2003 the Commission adopted its Communi‐ ca on: "Integrated Product Policy – building on environ‐ mental Life‐Cycle Thinking" [15] in 2009 "Report from the Commission to The Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Commi ee and the Com‐ mi ee of The Regions on the State of Implementa on of Integrated Product Policy" was developed which summa‐ rised the state of implementa on of this policy.
In Poland the Integrated Product Policy was established by the Minister of Environment in February 2005. It designs instruments suggested by the EU Commission to create new product policy [5]. Its tools encompass among others:
ecotaxes e.g. from petrol and diesel,
distribu on and promo on of ecolabelling [1], accoun ng which includes produc on costs also in
terms of LCA (life cycle assessment),
implementa on and applica on of EMAS (Eco‐ man‐ agement and Audit Scheme), agreement between authori es and companies,
providing access to environmental informa on relat‐ ed to the product to consumers,
distribu on of environmental declara ons for prod‐ ucts
applying green criteria for tenders financed from public resources.
Especially important for IPP are environmental manage‐ ment standards in a company ISO 14000, the goal of these standards was iden fica on of the basic requirements re‐ ferring to the environment management system. The norms are instruments suppor ng conscious ecological impact of the company beneficial for the environment. ISO
14000 is the only standard which provides the ground to issue the cer ficate of conformity of these norms of envi‐ ronment management. The basic requirements in this standard refer to such issues as: development of environ‐ mental policy, iden fica on of environmental aspects and
assessment of accompanying effect on the environment, monitoring and measurement of opera on ac vi es, inter‐ nal environmental audit, development and maintenance of environmental tasks, iden fica on and respec ng relevant
legal requirements.
According to the EU Commission assessment those in‐ struments make more greener products and services [18].
INSTRUMENTS OF INTEGRATED PRODUCT POLICY Dissemination and promotion of ecolabelling
The tool characteris c for Integrated Product Policy is providing specialist labelling on products packaging. This is called ecomarking or ecolabelling.
In green products the products the quan ty of raw ma‐ terial was significantly limited and moreover the raw mate‐
Anna ANDRYKIEWICZ, Arkadiusz SETERNUS, Justyna SŁONIMIEC, Arkadiusz TRZEŚNIEWSKI
University of Zielona Góra
16 Management Systems in Produc on Engineering 4(8)/2012 A. ANDRYKIEWICZ et al. — The assessment and use of integrated product policy in Poland
rials applied are less harmful for the environment. Addi on‐ ally the energy used in individual stages of the product was also minimised. Green product packaging is also limited to the necessary minimum (the packaging can be used again), or it is not used at all. Equally crucial for green products is also the fact of no tests conducted on animals [4].
According to A. Benaciak and W.Gaczek ecolabelling performs many func ons [3]:
informa ve – specifying characteris c features of the
product which make it different from the other mar‐ ket offer;
marke ng – confirming the product offer for consum‐
ers wai ng for them the least nega vely influencing the environment;
educa ve – providing alterna ve possibili es of han‐
dling with the product within all stages of its life cy‐ cle;
s mula on – increased companies interest in ecology
suppor ng ac vi es.
The Ecolabelling system was first introduced in Scandi‐
navian countries. Since 1989 the Scandinavian countries have the common label "Nordic Swan" which covers a group of 40 products. The products marked with this label have much less nega ve impact on the people and environ‐ ment. The first ecolabel was introduced on the market in
1978 a German ecolabel "Blue Angel" which informed about saving raw materials, In 1989 the Polish Center for Research and Cer fica on introduced the first Polish official ecolabel EKO‐ZNAK. Nowadays PCBiC grants 17 different ecolabels, based on the cr fica on of management systems
and products cer fica on, among others: Ecolabel, known
as Ecolabel Flower granted to ecological products in all EU countries [22]. It is possible to dis nguish 20 most im‐ portant ecolabels granted to the European products, among others: Blue Angel, Krav, Svanen, European Cer fi‐
cate.
Evalua ng the ecolabelling as instrument it is possible to state that it was well implemented into the IPP strategy. However it is necessary focus a en on to the problem of ecolabells awareness among customers.
Based on the research conducted in 2011 by students of Scien fic Circle of Eco‐Management of the University of Zielona Góra it is likely to declare that both Polish and Ger‐ man students have problems with recognising the eco‐ labels. The ques onnaires were distributed among the group of 200 students of the University of Zielona Góra and Chris an Albrecht University in Kiel. The most well known was the recycling mark. It was recognised by 92% of Polish and 94% of German students. However the students have problems with Ecolabels (16.5% of correct answers were provided by the students of the University of Zielona Góra and 22% of correct answers by university students in Kiel)or EMAS system mark (respec vely 18% and 25%). The aver‐ age number of total correct answers was 42% for Polish students and 49% for the German students [11].
Implementation and application of EMAS program A very important instrument implemented by IPP is Eco Management and Audit Scheme which plays a special role in improving environmental efficiency in many organisa‐ ons intended for broadly understood environment protec‐ on.
In 2002 the EU Commission ini ated the pilotage stage of EMAS. The first stage of the project provides the imple‐
menta on of EMAS system in five units of the EU Commis‐ sion in Brussels:
Secretariat General,
Directorate General for the Environment, Directorate General for Administra on, Directorate General for Informa cs, Office for Infrastructure and Logis cs.
In 2005 the program was implemented by the European Environment Agency and in 2009 the European Parliament in Strasbourg
The main goal of EMAS is to develop ecological manage‐ ment system in a company based on regular improvements in terms of produc on processes as well as management techniques. The goal can be achieved by preparing and im‐ plemen ng environmental policies and programs, con‐ sistent, material and regular assessment of the company opera on [15].
Developing and implementa on of the system of ecomanagement and EMAS audit in companies or ins tu‐
ons brings many profits among others [19]:
economic benefits – related to ra onalisa on of raw
materials consump ons; water and energy; could be also applied to recycling and contributes to costs re‐ duc on and possibili es to seek new savings areas, improvement of rela ons with local authori es – con‐
tributes to obtain,
public subsidies and decrease of administra ve bur‐ dens,
image of a supplier caring of natural environment – in the future more and more public ins tu ons would require from the suppliers the guarantee of the so called ecologically friendly products,
market shares increase, winning new markets – cus‐ tomers more o en,
look for ecologically friendly goods and services, improvement of the market value of the organisa on
– implemen ng EMAS facilitates growth of the mar‐ ket value of the organisa on in case of merger, taking over or sales,
modern management – EMAS system is currently the most modern system of managing the environment protec on issues.
Par cipa on in EMAS system is totally voluntarily. By joining the system the en ty is oblige to implement and maintain the environment management system, conduc ng regular audits and publishing informa on in environmental declara on. A er verifica on and approval of declara on
by independent, authorised environmental auditor the company applies for registra on to competent authority i.e. the Ministry of Environment in Poland with two governors. The District Office verifies the completeness and reliability of delivered documents and enters them to the district reg‐ ister. Then the informa on is submi ed to the Minister of Environment to enter it to the central register for further transfer to the EU register EMAS kept by the EU Commis‐ sion [20].
The legal background for EMAS in Poland is regula on no. 1221/2009 of 25 November 2009 o voluntary par cipa‐ on of the organisa on in the Eco‐management and Audit Scheme
Management Systems in Produc on Engineering 4(8)/2012 17 A. ANDRYKIEWICZ et al. — The assessment and use of integrated product policy in Poland
nia and Bulgaria had not entered the system and Romania registered only one organisa on. In 2009 Poland registered 16 organisa ons and 20 in 2010.
According to the research conducted by the associa on Klub Polskie Forum ISO 14000 the main obstacle in making decision about the system implementa on is insufficient knowledge about EMAS (this answer was marked by every
fi h respondent) and high costs of implementa on and maintaining the system in the company (19% of respond‐ ents). Companies also admit that the problem is lack of encouragement and support by the state for the organisa‐
on registered in EMAS and long and difficult registra on procedure. Almost half of the respondents believe that de‐ creased charge for economic use of the environment would make the system implementa on more a rac ve [8]. Ecotaxes
The next tool of Integrated Product Policy are ecotaxes also known as product charge.
According to the Organisa on for Economic Co‐ Opera on and Development) ecotax is a non‐returnable charge for the state imposed on the subject of taxa on [21]. It is one of the instruments of economic environment protec on. It defines and controls products charges which
on different stages of the product lice cycle are risky for the natural environment [7]. Ecotaxes are mainly imposed on the finished products although in some countries this tax is imposed on raw materials for produc on.
The difference between taxes and charges is based on the fact that the first supply the budget whereas the charg‐
es‐ecological assets intended for environment protec on. Ecotaxes and charges could be:
emission charges – payment for every pollu on unit in the environment. The charges depend on the quali‐ ty or quan ty of emission contaminated substances [9];
product charges‐imposed on products hazardous for the environment in the produc on, consump on or postproduc on and post‐consump on storing stage. The charges apply to products used or consumed on a massive scale [10];
user charges – encompass costs of collec ve disposal of pollu on or water supply. Charges are paid for environment protec on services or natural resources consump on;
administra ve charges for official services such as: a esta on, issuing permits or licences or searching ecological informa on by the administra ve body. The charges usually cover the costs related to the opera on of environment protec on ins tu ons [2]. Detailed product charges are determined by the Regula‐ on of the Minister of Environment based on the Act of entrepreneurs obliga ons regarding management of some waste and product charge. For example for 1 kilogram of plas c packaging the entrepreneurs have to pay PLN 2.73 but for 1 kilogram of wood packaging PLN 0.33. The charge for lubrica ng oil is PLN 2.07. The highest product charge is paid for used rubber res i.e. PLN 4.08 [14].
Eco‐charges supply the Na onal Fund of Environment Protec on and Water Management. According to the 2010 report real revenue amounted to PLN 2 328 664 000 K. The incomes for the use of environment and fines for exceeding
acceptable limit of environment pollu on amounted to 391 648 000. The budget of Na onal Fund of Environment Pro‐ tec on and Water Management was supplied with PLN 223 703 000 for exploita on and licences. Addi onally the
budget earned PLN 346 803 000 from recycling of ELVs. The Na onal Fund earned PLN 739 784 000 of income from charges and fines spent on suppor ng renewable sources of energy.
The revenue generated by product charges in the period of some waste management and charge reached PLN 3 718 000. The revenue from charges for gran ng licence for green gases and other substances emission and entry to the Na onal Court Register amounted to PLN 134 000. In 2010 PLN 198 000 was obtained from fines for not respec ng
regula ons on bio‐components and bio‐fuel turnover [17]. The EU Commission encourages implemen ng local and community fiscal measures. However its legisla on does not forces to specific ecotaxes solu ons.
In Europe the highest taxes are imposed on well‐ developed countries, mainly in Scandinavia. Denmark has ecotax the so called pipeline tax and its unusual characte depends on the water consumed by households. Norway introduced coal and sulphur tax which occurs when coal or sulphur is used. Germany has also well developed ecotaxes and it imposed taxes on combusted fuel and consumed electrical energy.
Green public procurements
Green public procurement refers to the policy in which public en es include eco requirements to the procure‐ ment process (gran ng public procurement) and seek for solu ons minimising nega ve impact of products and ser‐ vices on the environment and the en re product life‐cycle and facilitate the development and dissemina on of envi‐ ronmental technologies. This defini on covers situa ons when the ordering party adds one or more environmental factors on such stages on the tender procedure as: specify‐ ing need, defining the order subject, preparing technical
specifica ons, selec ng the order criteria or form of order
execu on. The goal of green public procurements is to re‐ spect in the broadest possible scope the environmental issues in the tender procedures [12].
In 2006 the Public Procurement Office analysed 400 public procurement offers and only 16 of them included ecological aspects. The procurements referred to cars, wa‐ ter consump on and technologies applied to construct sewage treatment plant. In 2009 out of 600 of analysed procurements 60 were green. [13]. The number of green public procurements increases but comparing to the other EU countries it is s ll much lower.
The tender policy in line with the sustainable develop‐ ment rules significantly affect the number of green procure‐
ments.
Life – cycle assessment
LCA is a technique to assess environmental impact asso‐ ciated with all the stages a product's life. The EU Parliament and Council issued a decision no. 1600/2002/EC of 22.07.2002 which established the sixth community environ‐ mental program. It is directed to key tasks and priori es of environment protec on based on the assessment of natu‐ ral environment and tendencies including urgent issues which require the Community management. The program should support adding the environment protec on prob‐ lems to all EU Community policies and facilitate the achievement of sustainable development on current total EU territory and in the future its increase area [6].
18 Management Systems in Produc on Engineering 4(8)/2012 A. ANDRYKIEWICZ et al. — The assessment and use of integrated product policy in Poland
environment from the point of view of their life‐cycle per‐ spec ve. They were ini ated by: Leiden University, TNO from Netherlands, Danish Technical University, Flemish Ins tute for Technological Research (VITO).
The research conducted at such universi es based on the American input‐output model enabled to develop the total life‐cycle assessment for over 500 products [16]. LCA problems are also analysed by Polish scien sts. The re‐ search is used by the Ministry of Environment Protec on and eco organisa ons.
SUMMARY
Since the last decade Poland has implemented IPP rules determined by the EU ins tu ons. The Ministry of Environ‐ ment Protec on established regula ons which enable or‐ ganisa ons and entrepreneurs to use LCA, ecolabelling EMAS system and green public procurements.
Ecolabelling is well known and applied, confirmed by
scien fic research. Evalua ng the ecolabelling as instru‐
ment it is possible to state that it was well implemented into the IPP strategy. Small number of EMAS implementa‐ on (20 organisa ons in 2010) is the result of lack of en‐ couragement and support by the state as well as high cost of implementa on and difficult registra on procedure. Or‐ ganisa ons and companies believe that EMAS would be more a rac ve if charges and taxes for economic use of the environment would be lower for those who implemented the system. The small number of green tenders results from lack of legisla on which would oblige to formulate green procurements. Similarly to Poland as well as the Nether‐ lands, Denmark and Belgium it is required to nominate a leading university to provide full LCA analysis for many products.
Further IPP research is necessary. It will be useful to increase the involvement of Polish organisa ons in compa‐ nies in the excu ons of EU ac ons.
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[21] h p://www.oecd.org [22] h p://www.pcbc.gov.pl
Artykuł w polskiej wersji językowej dostępny na stronie internetowej czasopisma.
The ar cle in Polish language version available on the web‐ site of the journal
Anna Andrykiewicz Arkadiusz Seternus Justyna Słonimiec Arkadiusz Trześniewski University of Zielona Góra
Scien fic Group of Eco‐Management
