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Compensadores série de tensão em onda quadrada: aplicação na mitigação de afundamentos de tensão

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❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛

◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛✿ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ▼✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡

❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦

♣♦r

■❣♦r ❆♠❛r✐③ P✐r❡s

❚❊❙❊ ❆P❘❊❙❊◆❚❆❉❆ ❆❖ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆ ❈❖▼❖ ❘❊◗❯■❙■❚❖ P❆❘❈■❆▲ P❆❘❆ ❆

❖❇❚❊◆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ●❘❆❯ ❉❊

❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛

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❱❡♥❝❡r ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♠♣❡t✐r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦✉tr♦✳ ➱ ❞❡r✲ r♦t❛r s❡✉s ✐♥✐♠✐❣♦s ✐♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳

(3)

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛✳

❆♦ ♣r♦❢✳ ❇r❛③✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s✱ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

➚ ❉é❜♦r❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦s✳ ❆s ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐r♠ãs ❡ s♦❜r✐♥❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛✳

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❘❡s✉♠♦

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❆❜str❛❝t

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❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✶

✶✳✶ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ●❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✶✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✷✻

✷✳✶ ❈❙❚ ❝♦♠ ❆r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷ ❈❙❚ ❝♦♠ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡ s❡♠ ❆r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❉❱❘ ❈❊▼■● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❙■P❈❖◆✲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❆❱❈ ✲ ❆❝t✐✈❡ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❡r ❆❇❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✸ ❈❙❚ s❡♠ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡ ❆r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❋❛♠í❧✐❛ ❉②❙❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✸✳✷ Di2

P S ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✷✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙❤✉♥t ❞❡ ❆❧t❛ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❉✐r❡t❛ ❈✳❆✳✲❈✳❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥✈❡rs♦r ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✷✳✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

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✸ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✹✼

✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

✸✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❈✳❈✳✲❈✳❈✳ ❞❡ ❆❧t❛ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❆r♠❛③❡✲ ♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❈✳❈✳✲❈✳❈✳ ❞❡ ❆❧t❛ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ s❡♠ ❆r♠❛③❡✲

♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥✐✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❈é❧✉❧❛s ❡♠ ❈❛s❝❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❛♣s ❞♦ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r

❙❤✉♥t ♣♦r ▼❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❘❡t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✷✳✺ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✸ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙❤✉♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✸✳✷ P♦♥t❡ ❘❡t✐✜❝❛❞♦r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❇❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✸✳✸✳✹ ■♥✈❡rs♦r ❡ ❇②♣❛ss ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✸✳✹✳✶ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈✐❛ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❈❙❚ ❙❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ❡ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾

✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✽✸

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✹✳✷✳✸ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s ❘♦t❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❈❛s❝❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✹✳✸✳✷ P▲❈ ✶ ✲ ❙✐❡♠❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❘❡t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❛♣s

❞♦ ❚r❛♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙❤✉♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✹✳✸✳✹ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❈❛s❝❛t❛ ✲ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾

✺ ❯s♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ▼✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❡ ❚❡♥✲

sã♦ ✶✸✵

✺✳✶ ❉❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ▼✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✶✸✹ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶

✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ Pr♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ✶✹✸

✻✳✶ Pr♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺

❆ ●❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✶✹✻

(9)

(10)

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s

✸✳✶ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✈❡rs✉s ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✷ ❈✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

✹✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✹✳✷ ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦r ✉s❛❞♦ ♥❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❞❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛

◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❚♦♣♦✲

❧♦❣✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ r❡t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷

✺✳✶ ❉❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦s ♣♦r t❡♥sõ❡s s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ❡ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾ ✺✳✷ ❉❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦s ♣♦r t❡♥sõ❡s s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ❡ q✉❛s❡✲s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ✳ ✶✸✾

(11)

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸ ❉❱❘ ✲ ❘❡st❛✉r❛❞♦r ❉✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✭❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ▼♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❉❱❘ ❈❊▼■● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✺ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❉❱❘ ❈❊▼■● ✲ s✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ✭♥í✈❡❧ ❜❛✐①♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛

❞❡ ❞✐stúr❜✐♦s✮❀ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛❀ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ✭❡s❝❛❧❛ s✐♥❛❧ ✶✿ ✶❱✴❞✐✈❀ s✐♥❛✐s ✷ ❡ ✸✿ ✶✺❱✴❞✐✈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❙■P❈❖◆✲❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✼ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐❉②❙❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❊sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ Di2

P S✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✷✳✾ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❝♦♠ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙❤✉♥t ❞❡ ❆❧t❛ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❬✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✶✵ ❋♦t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❡♥tr❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r s❤✉♥t ♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❞❡

❛❧t❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❈❙❚ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ✺ ❦❲✴✹✽✵❱ ❬✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✶✶ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❜✉❝❦ ❬✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✶✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❜♦♦st ❬✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✶✸ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❜♦♦st ❝♦♠ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦

❞❡ ❢❛s❡s ❬✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✶✹ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❬✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸

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✶✷

✷✳✶✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ✹✹

✸✳✶ ❊stá❣✐♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✷ ❊stá❣✐♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

✵✱✻ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✸ ❊stá❣✐♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

✵✱✻ ♣✉ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦ ♣♦r t❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛✳ ✭✶✮ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳✳ ✭✷✮ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❝✳❛✳ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭✸✮ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ✭✹✮ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✵✱✹ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✹ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❝✳❝✳✲❝✳❝✳ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛

❝♦♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❬✻❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❝✳❝✳✲❝✳❝✳ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✻ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❝✳❝✳✲❝✳❝✳ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛

s❡♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✼ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡♠ ❝❛s❝❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✽ ◆í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✴❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❢✉♥✲

❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✶✵ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❡♠ ❝❛s❝❛t❛✿ ♠♦❞♦s

❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✉❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✶✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✵ ✺✾ ✸✳✶✷ ❈✉st♦ ❡ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝é✲

❧✉❧❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✸ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ t❛♣s ❞♦

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✶✸

✸✳✶✹ ▼♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ t❛♣s ❞♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r s❤✉♥t ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r❡t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✶✺ ❱❡rsã♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❈❛s❝❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✶✻ ❱❡rsã♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✈✐❛ ❘❡t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ❡ ❙❡✲

❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ t❛♣s ❞♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r s❤✉♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✶✼ ❘✐♣♣❧❡ ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✸✵✵ ❱❆

❡♠ ✉♠ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✼ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✸✳✶✽ ❋✐❧♦s♦✜❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✸✳✶✾ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✽ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ✼✷ ✸✳✷✵ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r ❉❈❘ ❝♦♠ ❘❂✷✱✼kΩ❡ ❈❂✹✱✼µF ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸

✸✳✷✶ ❋✐❧✐s♦✜❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✸✳✷✷ ❈✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶

✹✳✶ ❚❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✽ ♣✉✿ ❆③✉❧ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣r♦✲ t❡❣✐❞❛❀ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✲ ❖♥❞❛ ✐♥❥❡t❛❞❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ r❡st❛✉r❛❞♦r❀ ❱❡r❞❡ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦❀ ▼❛rr♦♠ ✲ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛❀ Pr❡t♦ tr❛❝❡❥❛❞♦ ✲ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✶✱✵✺ ♣✉ ❡ ✵✱✾ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✷ ❚❡♥sõ❡s ♥♦s ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ r❡st❛✉r❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦

❞❡ ✵✱✽ ♣✉✿ ◆í✈❡❧ ✶ ✭✵✱✷ ♣✉ ✲ ❛③✉❧✮❀ ◆í✈❡❧ ✷ ✭✵✱✻ ♣✉ ✲ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✸ ❚❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✼ ♣✉✿ ❆③✉❧ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣r♦✲

t❡❣✐❞❛❀ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✲ ❖♥❞❛ ✐♥❥❡t❛❞❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ r❡st❛✉r❛❞♦r❀ ❱❡r❞❡ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦❀ ▼❛rr♦♠ ✲ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛❀ Pr❡t♦ tr❛❝❡❥❛❞♦ ✲ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✶✱✵✺ ♣✉ ❡ ✵✱✾ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✹ ❚❡♥sõ❡s ♥♦s ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ r❡st❛✉r❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦

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✶✹

✹✳✺ ❚❡♥sõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✻ ♣✉✿ ❆③✉❧ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣r♦✲ t❡❣✐❞❛❀ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✲ ❖♥❞❛ ✐♥❥❡t❛❞❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ r❡st❛✉r❛❞♦r❀ ❱❡r❞❡ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦❀ ▼❛rr♦♠ ✲ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛❀ Pr❡t♦ tr❛❝❡❥❛❞♦ ✲ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✶✱✵✺ ♣✉ ❡ ✵✱✾ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✻ ❚❡♥sõ❡s ♥♦s ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ r❡st❛✉r❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦

❞❡ ✵✱✻ ♣✉✿ ◆í✈❡❧ ✶ ✭✵✱✷ ♣✉ ✲ ❛③✉❧✮❀ ◆í✈❡❧ ✷ ✭✵✱✻ ♣✉ ✲ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✼ ❘✐❞❡✲❚❤r♦✉❣❤ ❞❡ ■♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❬✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✹✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❆ ✲

✵✱✽ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✾ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❆ ✲

✵✱✼ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✶✵ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❆ ✲

✵✱✻ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✶✶ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❇

✲ ✵✱✽ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✹✳✶✷ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❇

✲ ✵✱✼ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✶✸ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❇

✲ ✵✱✻ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✹✳✶✹ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❈ ✲

✵✱✽ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✶✺ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❈ ✲

✵✱✼ ♣✉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✹✳✶✻ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❈ ✲

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✶✺

✹✳✶✼ ❈♦♥t❛t♦r s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✻ ♣✉✳ ❙❡♠ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✹✳✶✽ ❈♦♥t❛t♦r s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✻ ♣✉✳ ❈♦♠ ❈❙❚ ❡♠

❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛✿ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣✐❝♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✶✾ ❈♦♥t❛t♦r s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✻ ♣✉✳ ❈♦♠ ❈❙❚ ❡♠

❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛✿ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r r♠s ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✹✳✷✵ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ▼■❚ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❇✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦

❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✹✳✷✶ ❚♦rq✉❡ ❞♦ ▼■❚ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❇✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡

✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✹✳✷✷ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ▼■❚ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❊ s❡♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠

❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✹✳✷✸ ❚♦rq✉❡ ❞♦ ▼■❚ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❊ s❡♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠

❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✹✳✷✹ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ▼■❚ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❈ ❝♦♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮

s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✹✳✷✺ ❚♦rq✉❡ ❞♦ ▼■❚ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❈ ❝♦♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠

❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✹✳✷✻ ❋❋❚ ❞❛s ❢❛s❡s ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛✿ ✭❛✮ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ s❡♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡

✭t✐♣♦ ❊✮ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ✭t✐♣♦ ❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✹✳✷✼ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡s ❡✜❝❛③❡s ❞♦ ▼■❚ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛♥❞♦

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✶✻

✹✳✷✽ ❚♦rq✉❡ ❞♦ ▼■❚ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✿ ✭❛✮ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ s❡♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ✭t✐♣♦ ❊✮ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡ ✭t✐♣♦ ❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✹✳✷✾ ▼♦t♦r ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❈♦♥tí♥✉❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r r❡t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✹✳✸✵ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❇✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠

❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✹✳✸✶ ❚♦rq✉❡ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❇✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦

❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✹✳✸✷ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❇✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠

❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✹✳✸✸ ❘♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❇✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦

❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✹✳✸✹ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❊ s❡♠ s❛❧t♦

❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✹✳✸✺ ❚♦rq✉❡ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❊ s❡♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠

❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✹✳✸✻ ❘♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❊ s❡♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠

❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✹✳✸✼ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛❞✉r❛ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❈ ❝♦♠ s❛❧t♦

❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✹✳✸✽ ❚♦rq✉❡ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❈ ❝♦♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠

❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✹✳✸✾ ❘♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❈❈ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❈ ❝♦♠ s❛❧t♦ ❞❡ ❢❛s❡✿ ✭❛✮ s❡♠

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✶✼

✹✳✹✵ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✵✱✼ ♣✉ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✶ ♥í✈❡❧✿ ❆③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡❀ ✈❡r❞❡ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛❀ r♦s❛ ✲ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶❀ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✹✳✹✶ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✵✱✼ ♣✉ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦

❝♦♠ ✶ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ✷ ❝✐❝❧♦s ♥♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✿ ❆③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡❀ ✈❡r❞❡ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛❀ r♦s❛ ✲ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶❀ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✹✳✹✷ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✵✱✼ ♣✉ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦

❝♦♠ ✷ ♥í✈❡✐s✿ ❆③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡❀ ✈❡r❞❡ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛❀ r♦s❛ ✲ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶❀ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✹✳✹✸ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✵✱✼ ♣✉ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦

❝♦♠ ✷ ♥í✈❡✐s✿ ❆③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡❀ ✈❡r❞❡ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛❀ r♦s❛ ✲ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶❀ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✹✳✹✹ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✵✱✺✽ ♣✉ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦

❝♦♠ ✷ ♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✷ ❝✐❝❧♦s ♥♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✿ ❆③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡❀ ✈❡r❞❡ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛❀ r♦s❛ ✲ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶❀ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✹✳✹✺ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✵✱✺✽ ♣✉ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦

❝♦♠ ✷ ♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✷ ❝✐❝❧♦s ♥♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✿ ❆③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡❀ ✈❡r❞❡ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛❀ r♦s❛ ✲ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶❀ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✹✳✹✻ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✵✱✺✽ ♣✉ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦

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✶✽

✹✳✹✼ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✵✱✼ ♣✉ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✷ ♥í✈❡✐s✿ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈✳ ❆③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡❀ ❆③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ♥♦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r ♥í✈❡❧ ✶❀ ❘♦s❛ ✲ ♦♥❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛❀ ❱❡r❞❡ ✲ ❜❛rr❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✹✳✹✽ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ P▲❈ ❙✐❡♠❡♥s✿ ❛③✉❧ ✲

s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦❀ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✲ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✹✳✹✾ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❘❡✜t✐✜❝❛✲

❞♦r ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❛♣s ❞♦ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙❤✉♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✹✳✺✵ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ r❡t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦✳ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭❝♦♠

❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✮✱ t❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞❛ ❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✐♥❥❡t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✭❡s✲ ❝❛❧❛✿ ✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✹✳✺✶ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ r❡t✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦✳ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭❝♦♠

❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✮✱ t❡♥sã♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝✳❝✳ ❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t♦r ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛ ❞♦ t❛♣ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✭❡s❝❛❧❛✿ s✐♥❛❧ ✶✿✶✵✵❱✴❞✐✈ ✷✿✷✵❱✴❞✐✈ ✸✿✸❆✴❞✐✈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✹✳✺✷ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ tr✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✹✳✺✸ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❈❛s❝❛t❛ ✲

❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✹✳✺✹ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❈❛s✲

❝❛t❛ ✲ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ✲ ■♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❞❡ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ✭❞❡♠✉❧✲ t✐♣❧❡①❛❞♦r✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✹✳✺✺ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✲ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❈❛s✲

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✶✾

✹✳✺✻ ❙✐♥❛✐s P▲▲✳ ❆③✉❧✿ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭✷❱✴❞✐✈✮✮❀ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦✿ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❱❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮✮❀ ❱❡r❞❡✿ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❱❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮❀ ❘♦s❛✿ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✹✳✺✼ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦ ✲ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✿ ❱❛❂✻✸✪✱ ❱❜❂✻✸✪

❡ ❱❝❂✽✷✪✳ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦✿ ❱❛ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮❀ ❆③✉❧ ✭❛trás ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮✿❱❜ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮❀ ❱❡r❞❡✿ ❱❝❀ ❘♦s❛ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮✿ ❙✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ✭✺❱✴❞✐✈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✹✳✺✽ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦ ✲ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✿ ❱❛❂✻✸✪✱ ❱❜❂✻✸✪

❡ ❱❝❂✽✷✪✳ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦✿ ❱❛ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮❀ ❆③✉❧ ✭❛trás ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦✮✿❱❜ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮❀ ❱❡r❞❡✿ ❱❝ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮❀ ❘♦s❛✿ ❙✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ✭✺❱✴❞✐✈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✹✳✺✾ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞♦ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❚r✐❢ás✐❝♦ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞♦ ✲ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦✿ ❱❛❂✻✸✪✱

❱❜❂✻✸✪ ❡ ❱❝❂✽✷✪✳ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦✿ ❱❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛❞❛ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮❀ ❆③✉❧ ❱❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭✺✵❱✴❞✐✈✮❀ ❱❡r❞❡✿ ❚❡♥sã♦ ♥♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ✭✷✵❱✴❞✐✈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽

✺✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❢❛s♦r❡s ✲ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✺✳✷ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✲ ✈❡rsã♦

♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✺✳✸ ❋♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❡ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ❖♥❞❛ ◗✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ✺✳✹ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♥❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ◗✉❛s❡✲❙❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ■ ❡ ◗✉❛s❡✲

❙❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽

❆✳✶ ●❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ✈❡rsã♦ ♠♦♥♦❢ás✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼ ❆✳✷ ●❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼ ❆✳✸ ●❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❝♦♠ P■❈ ❡ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❛r♦✱ ❡ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❞❡

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✷✵

❆✳✺ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ✵✱✼ ♣✉ ❞❛ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❆③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦✿ ❖♥❞❛ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛❀ ❘♦s❛✿ ❇❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ❞❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❆❚❳ ❞♦ P❈❀ ❆③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦✿ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✾ ❆✳✻ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✶ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ✵✱✹ ♣✉ ❞❛ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❆③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦✿ ❖♥❞❛ ❞❡

t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛❀ ❘♦s❛✿ ❇❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ❞❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❆❚❳ ❞♦ P❈❀ ❆③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦✿ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✾ ❆✳✼ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ P▲❈ ❙✐❡♠❡♥s✿ ❆③✉❧ ✲ ❚♦❞❛s s❛í❞❛ ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛s❀ ❱❡r❞❡

✲ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❛s s❛í❞❛s ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛❀ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✲ ✶ s❛í❞❛ ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✶ ❆✳✽ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ P▲❈ ❲❊●✿ ✭❛✮ ❡✐①♦ ② ❡♠ ❱❛❧♦r ❡✜❝❛③ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦

✭❱r♠s✮ ❡ ✭❜✮ ❡✐①♦ ② ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♣✉ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦❀ ❆③✉❧ ✲ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✷✷✵ ❱❀ ❱❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✲ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✶✷✼ ❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✷ ❆✳✾ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ s✉s❝❡♣t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❈♦♥t❛t♦r ❙✐❡♠❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✸ ❆✳✶✵ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦r ❋♦r❝❡▲✐♥❡✿ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛❀ ❛③✉❧

❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✹ ❆✳✶✶ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦r ❙▼❙✿ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛❀ ❛③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦

✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✺ ❆✳✶✷ ◆♦❜r❡❛❦ ❙▼❙ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✸✵ ♣✉✿ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡

❡♥tr❛❞❛❀ ❛③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛❀ r♦s❛ ✲ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r❡❝❡ss❛❞♦r❀ ✈❡r❞❡ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✻ ❆✳✶✸ ◆♦❜r❡❛❦ ❙▼❙ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✺✺ ♣✉✿ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡

❡♥tr❛❞❛❀ ❛③✉❧ ❡s❝✉r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛❀ r♦s❛ ✲ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r❡❝❡ss❛❞♦r❀ ✈❡r❞❡ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✻ ❆✳✶✹ ◆♦❜r❡❛❦ ❙▼❙ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❛ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✵✱✻✸ ♣✉✿ ❛③✉❧ ❝❧❛r♦ ✲ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡

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❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❞✐stúr❜✐♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ t❡♥sã♦ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s✱ r❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❆s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛s✱ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ r❡✲ s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✳

✶✳✶ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ●❡r❛✐s

❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡rr✉♣çõ❡s ♠♦♠❡♥tâ♥❡❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✾✷✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡✲ ❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s ❬✽❪✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rt❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦✱ ♦s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ❛♠✲ ❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✱ ❡st❡s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛r ❡♠ ❝✉st♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛✐s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ à ♣❛r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❊st❡s ❝✉st♦s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❡ r❡✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦✱ ❞❛♥♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛❞♦s✱ r❡❞✉✲ çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ❛tr❛s♦s ❡♠ ❡♥tr❡❣❛s ❡ ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s ❬✾❪✳ ◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ❡st✉❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r❡❥✉í③♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦

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✷✷

♣♦❞❡♠ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ❯❙✩ ✹✵✵ ❜✐❧❤õ❡s ♣♦r ❛♥♦ ❬✶✵❪✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♠♦♠❡♥tâ♥❡❛s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❯❙✩✺✱✸✴❦❲❤✱ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r❞❛s ❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❯❙✩✷✵✵ ♠✐❧ ❬✶✶✱ ✶✷❪✳

P❛r❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❤á ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s é ♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✭❈❙❚✮✱ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❛ s❡r ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛✳ ◆♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐stúr❜✐♦ ♥❛ t❡♥sã♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ✐♥❥❡t❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✲ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣ré✲❞✐stúr❜✐♦✳ ❆ ❝❛r❣❛✱ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ é ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳

❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ é ❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❆❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ■❊❊❊ ❬✶✸❪✱ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✵✱✶ ❡ ✵✱✾ ♣✉ ❝♦♠ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✵✱✺ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❡ ✶ ♠✐♥✉t♦✳ ❖ Pr♦❞✐st ✭Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❊❧étr✐❝♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❬✶✹❪✮✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ✽✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rt❛ ❉✉r❛çã♦ ✭❱❚❈❉✮✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡stã♦ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞❛s ✈ár✐❛s s✉❜❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❖✉tr♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❢❡t❛ ♦s ❝♦♥✲ s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s é ♦ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ tr✐❢ás✐❝♦ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ t❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ ♦✉ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ ❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✶✷✵o ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ♦✉✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s

s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ❬✶✺❪✳

❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r ❞❡s❡✲ q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❊st❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ é s❡✉ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❢♦❝♦✱ ❥á q✉❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à t❡♥sã♦✱ ♦ ♠❛✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s é ♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ✐rá tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♥❛ ♠✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳

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✷✸

♠é❞✐❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ▼❱❆ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡st❛✉r❛❞♦r ❉✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✭❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❘❡st♦r❡r ✲ ❉❱❘✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ✷ ▼❱❆❘

❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ t❡♥sã♦ ✶✷✱✹✼❦❱ ❬✶✻❪✳ ❙❡✉ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣r❡✈✐❛ ❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✱ ❡r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❡ ✉♠ ✜❧tr♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛✳ ❖ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❡ ✜❧tr♦ ✜❝❛✈❛♠ ❡♠ sér✐❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛✳

❈♦♠ ❛ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝❤❡❣♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ss❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r❡s ♥❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡♠ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❬✶✼❪✳ ■st♦ ❢❡③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❞✉③✐ss❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❙✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ s❡ ❞❛✈❛ ❡♠ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ t❡♥sã♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♣♦r ❈❙❚s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❛❝t♦s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦✱ ♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❡ s❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦ ❬✽✱ ✶✽✱ ✶✾✱ ✷✵✱ ✷✶❪✳

❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❆ t❡♥sã♦ ❛ s❡r ✐♥❥❡t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ✈✐s❛ ♦ r❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♣♦r s❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rt❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦✱ ❞✐s❝✉t❡✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r✳

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✷✹

✶✳✷ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s

❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ é r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r s❡ ❛ ♠✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à t❡♥sã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛✲ ❞r❛❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ t❡st❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳ P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♣♦ss❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❝✐t❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❛ s❡r ✐♥❥❡t❛❞❛ s❡rá ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡st❛s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ é ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r ♠♦❞✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ P❲▼ ❡ ✜❧tr♦ s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛✳

❍á ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳

■♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✶ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ✐♥❥❡t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛ ❬✻❪✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❝✳❝✳✲❝✳❝✳ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✐❞❡✐❛ ♦♣♦st❛ ❛♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦❝✉r♦✉ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r q✉❛✐sq✉❡r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐ss✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳

❊♠ r❡s✉♠♦✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✿

• ❯s♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡✲ q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦❀

• ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ r❡t✐r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❡ ♥❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r❀

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✷✺

• ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦❀

• ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛r❣❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛r❣❛s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝❛s ✭P▲❈ ❡ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✮ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s❀

• ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❈❙❚ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛❀

• ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ q✉❛s❡✲s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ t❡♥sã♦ ❡st❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ t♦❧♦♣♦❣✐❛ ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❝❛s❝❛t❛❀

✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡①t♦

❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦✱ ♠♦s✲ tr❛♥❞♦ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s✳

❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡✿ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛✲ ❞r❛❞❛✳ ◗✉❛tr♦ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛✳ ❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ é ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❙❚✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳

❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦s ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠♦♥t❛❞♦s ❡ t❡st❛❞♦s ♣r♦t❡❣❡♥❞♦ ❝❛r❣❛s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s✳

❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ ❡♠ ♦♥❞❛ q✉❛❞r❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✳

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❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦

❉❡s❞❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✭❈❙❚✮ s✉r❣✐❞♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ✈á✲ r✐❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s t♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ s✐♠✲ ♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡r✲s❡ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐✲ ❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛té ♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡st❛❞♦✲❞❛✲❛rt❡✳ ❆s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿ ❈❙❚ ❝♦♠ ❆r♠❛③❡♥❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡✱ ❈❙❚ ❝♦♠ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡ s❡♠ ❆r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❈❙❚ s❡♠ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❡ ❆r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦r ❙❤✉♥t ❞❡ ❆❧t❛ ❋r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❈♦♠♣❡♥✲ s❛❞♦r❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❝✳❛✳✲❝✳❛✳ ❡ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r sér✐❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r ♠✉❧t✐♥í✈❡❧✳

❖ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦ ✭❈❙❚✮ ✭✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✮ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ sér✐❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❬✷✷❪✱ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❛ s❡r ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛✳ ◆❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐stúr❜✐♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❈❙❚ é ✐♥❥❡t❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ♣ré✲❞✐st✉r❜✐♦✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ à ❝❛r❣❛ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛ s❡❥❛ ❛ ♠❛✐s

(27)

✷✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r ❙ér✐❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♥sã♦

❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ s❡✉ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ♦s ❈❙❚s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à t❡♥sã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s✿ ❛❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦✱ ✢✐❝❦❡r✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❆ t❡♥sã♦ ♥♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ é ❛ s♦♠❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛❞♦r✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛✱ ✐❞❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♣❛r❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✶ ♣✉ ✭❡q✉❛çã♦ ✷✳✶✮✳

Vcarga =Vrede+Vcomplementar ✭✷✳✶✮

Referências

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