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The Comprehension Process of Audit and Accounting Culture through the Academic Environment

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✓ ✔ ✔ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✢ ✜ ✣ ✒ ✟

✓ ✔ ✔ ✕ ✤✁ ☎ ✝☛☎ ✎ ✥ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✦

✦ ✧ ✣ ✙ ✒ ✓ ✔ ✔ ✕

★ ✩

✗ ✘ ✙ ✚

✜ ✢ ✜ ✣

✪ ✎ ✆ ✄ ✫ ✓✫ ✒ ✕ ✁ ✬ ✗ ✒ ✗ ✘ ✭ ✜ ✒ ✮ ✮ ✬ ✣ ✭ ✛ ✚ ✘

F. Dobre, A.F. Popa, E. !urlea

Florin Dobre, Adriana Florina Popa, Eugeniu •urlea

✯ ✰ ✱ ✲ ✳ ✴ ✰ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺ ✻✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✻✸✽ ✾ ✿ ❀ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✾ ❁ ✻✴ ❂ ✸✳ ❃ ✻✱ ✷ ❄ ❅ ✾ ❁ ✵ ✺ ✻✵

❆ ❇ ❈ ❉ ❊ ❋ ● ❉

❍ ✰ ✻■✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✾ ✶❏ ✵ ✺ ✻❑ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■

✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✱ ✺ ✸✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✱ ✶ ✼ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✳ ✷ ✸✾ ❁ ✱ ✶❄ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏

✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✿ ✾ ✴ ✳ ✷ ✱ ❃ ✾ ✺ ✰ ✱ ■▲ ✻✺ ❏ ✵ ■■ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏

✳ ✷ ✱ ✶ ✷ ▼ ◆ ✵ ✻✺ ■✽ ❄ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✵ ✸✱ ✷ ❖ ✻✸✰ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✻✷

▲ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✵ ✶ ✱ ❃ ❄ ❃ ✻✷ ✴ ■✾ ✷ ✱ ❃ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❄ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✵ ❁ ✱ ✸✻❁ ✱ ❄ ✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ▲ ✶ ✱ ✸✱ ❃ P ✽ ✻✸✷

✶ ✱ ✴ ✱ ✻✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✷ ✱ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✷ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✽ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✰ ✾ ✿ ✳ ✷ ✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ▲ ✶ ✱ ✸✷ ✸✰ ✱

✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✶ ✾ ✿✿ ✱ ✶ ✷ ◗ ✳ ❃ ❏ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✾ ▲ ✻✺ ✻✾ ✺ ✷ ❄ ❃ ✱ ▲ ✱ ✺ ❃ ✷ ✾ ✺

✾ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✱ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✸✻ ✵ ■ ✿ ✶ ✵ ❁ ✱ ❖ ✾ ✶ ❘ ❄ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✻✷ ✵ ✴ ✾ ❁ P ✻✺ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✾ ✳ ✶

✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■❄ ❃ ✱ ✼ ✱ ■✾ ▲ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✵ ■ ✻✺ ✸✱ ■■✱ ✴ ✸✳ ✵ ■ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❖ ✾ ✶ ❘

✶ ✱ ■✵ ✸✱ ❃ ✱ ❙ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✻✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✷ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✽ ✸✶ ✻✱ ✷ ✸✾ ▲ ✾ ✻✺ ✸ ✾ ✳ ✸ ✰ ✾ ❖

✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸✷ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✸✾ ✾ ❃ P ✽ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱

✵ ✴ ✵ ❃ ✱ ❁ ✻✴ ✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✰ ✾ ❖ ❘ ✺ ✾ ❖ ■✱ ❃ ❏ ✱ ❏ ✵ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ❃ ✳ ✶ ✻✺ ❏

✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ✴ ✽ ✴ ■✱ ✴ ✵ ✺ P ✱ ✸✶ ✵ ✺ ✷ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✸✾ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ▼

❚ ❯ ❱ ❲ ❳ ❊ ❨ ❈ ❩ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ❄ ✵ ✴ ✵ ❃ ✱ ❁ ✻✴

✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸❄ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ❄ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ❄

▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱

❬ ❭ ❉ ❊ ❳ ❨ ❪ ● ❉ ❫❳ ❭

Accounting history’s lesson shows us how two different

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✱ ❃ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❃ ✱ ✼ ✱ ■✾ ▲ ✱ ❃ ❃ ✳ ✶ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✻❁ ✱

✸✰ ✱ ❴ ✺ ❏ ■✾

❂ ✵ ❙ ✾ ✺ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✷ ✽ ✷ ✸ ✱ ❁ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸ ✰ ✱ ❀ ✳ ✶ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✸ ✻✺ ✱ ✺ ✸✵ ■ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏

✷ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✸❖ ✾ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ❁ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ P ✽ ✷ ✾ ❁ ✱ ✵ ✳ ✸✰ ✾ ✶ ✷ ✵ ✷ P ✱ ✻✺ ❏ ✶ ✻✼ ✵ ■✷ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✽ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✻✶ ✴ ✳ ❁ ✷ ✸✵ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✷ ✸✰ ✱ ✽ ✵ ▲ ▲ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✴ ✵ ✺ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✼ ✻❃ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✸✾

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❛ ▼ ❜ ✾ P ✶ ✱ ❄ ❴ ▼ ❛ ❝ ✾ ▲ ✵ ❄ ❀ ▼

!urlea

❞ ❡

❃ ✱ ✼ ✱ ■ ✾ ▲ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ❄ ✻✺ ✼ ✵ ✶ ✻✾ ✳ ✷ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✷ ✾ ✿

✾ ✶ ❏ ✵ ✺ ✻❑ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❄ ✿ ✾ ■■✾ ❖ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✽ ❃ ✱ ✷ ✻❏ ✺ ✱ ❃ P ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✷ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✷ ❄ ✻✺

✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✸✸✱ ❁ ▲ ✸ ✸✾ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✷ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✷ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✷ ✶ ✱ ❏ ✵ ✶ ❃ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱

✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✶ ✱ ❵ ✳ ✻✶ ✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✷ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✻✵ ■ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✳ ✷ ✱ ✶ ✷ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✱ ❄

✻✸ ✻✷ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✱ ✺ ✸✻✵ ■ ✸✾ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶✷ ✸✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✽ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✵ ❃ ✱ ❁ ✻✴

✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✻✷ ✶ ✱ ✼ ✱ ✵ ■✱ ❃ ✵ ✺ ❃ ▲ ✳ ✸ ✻✺ ✸✾ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ✷ ❄ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✸✰ ✻✷ ❘ ✻✺ ❃ ✾ ✿

✱ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✴ ✵ ✺ ✻✺ ✿ ■✳ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ P ✾ ✸✰ ❢ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸

✾ ✺ ✱ ▼ ❴ ✴ ✸✳ ✵ ■■ ✽ ❄ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ✷ ❏ ✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ❃ ✳ ✶ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ✴ ✽ ✴ ■✱ ✴ ✵ ✺

❃ ✱ ✿✻ ✺ ✻✸✱ ■✽ ✻✺ ✿ ■✳ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✸✸✻✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✰ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✸✻✾ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✵ ✴ ✸✷ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱

✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✾ ❁ ✻✴ ✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ▼

❣ ❋ ❉ ❯ ❊ ❫❋ ❤❈ ❋ ❭ ❨ ❣ ❯ ❉ ✐ ❳ ❨ ❈

❥✺ ✾ ✶ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✸✾ ✱ ✷ ✸✵ P ■ ✻✷ ✰ ✵ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✺ ✱ ✴ ✸✻✾ ✺ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃

▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✸ ✻✾ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✱ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ❏ ✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✻✸✽ ❄ ✵ ✴ ✾ ❁ ▲ ■✱ ❙

❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✺ ✵ ✻✶ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✷ ❖ ✱ ■■❢ ✱ ✷ ✸✵ P ■✻✷ ✰ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ✿✻✱ ■❃ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✴ ✰ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✴ ✰

❁ ✱ ✸✰ ✾ ❃ ✾ ■✾ ❏ ✽ ✻✷ P ✵ ✷ ✱ ❃ ✾ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✵ ✴ ✸ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸✷ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✸✾ ✾ ❃ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱

bachelor’s and master’s cycle can heavily influence

✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✸✸✻✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✾ ✿

✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ❖ ✾ ✶ ❘ ✻✺ ❏ ▲ ■✵ ✴ ✱ ▼ ◆ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ❄ ✸✰ ✱ P ✱ ✰ ✵ ✼ ✻✾ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ❁ ✻✷ ❃ ✱ ✿ ✻✺ ✱ ❃

P ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸✷ ✱ ✷ ✸✵ P ■✻✷ ✰ ✱ ❃ P ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ❁ ▲ ✵ ✺ ✽ ❖ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✽ ❖ ✾ ✶ ❘ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✺ ✵ ✻✶ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✷ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ❦ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ❄ ❧ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ❁

P ✱ ✻✺ ❏ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✺ ✱ ❃ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ❄ ❖ ✰ ✻■✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✾ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✴ ■✾ ✷ ✱ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱

✴ ■✾ ✷ ✱ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶✱ ✳ ✷ ✱ ❃ ✵ ✷ ✸✰ ✱ ✽ ✾ ✿ ✿✱ ✶ ✵ ✿ ✵ ✴ ✻■ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✽ ✾ ✿ ✷ ✳ ❁ ❁ ✵ ✶ ✻❑ ✻ ✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱

✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ❄ ❖ ✰ ✻■✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✺ ✱ ❃ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✳ ✷ ✱ ❃ ✵ ✷ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ▲ ✾ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✻✷ ✺ ✾ ✸

✶ ✱ ✷ ✸✶✻ ✴ ✸✱ ❃ P ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ❏ ✻✼ ✱ ✺ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❄ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✱ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✺ ✸■✽ ❄ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✻✷ ✸✰ ✱

▲ ✾ ✷ ✷ ✻P ✻■✻✸✽ ✾ ✿ ✿✶ ✱ ✱ ❁ ✵ ✺ ✻✿ ✱ ✷ ✸✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ✾ ❖ ✺ ✾ ▲ ✻✺ ✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃

❃ ✱ ✼ ✱ ■ ✾ ▲ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✷ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✺ ✵ ✻✶ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✷ ✴ ✾ ❁ ▲ ■✱ ✸✱ ❃ P ✽ ♠ ♥ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✿ ✶✾ ❁

✸✰ ✱ ❛ ✵ ✴ ✳ ■✸ ✽ ✾ ✿ ❴ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻ ✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ◆ ✵ ✺ ✵ ❏ ✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ❥✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ ❂ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✷ ❄ P ✾ ✸✰

✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸ ✰ ✱ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶ ❏ ✶ ✵ ❃ ✳ ✵ ✸✱ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ❏ ✶ ✵ ❃ ✳ ✵ ✸✱ ❃ ✾ ✺ ✱ ♦ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷

✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✵ ■✶ ✱ ✵ ❃ ✽ ✰ ✵ ❃ ✵ P ✵ ✴ ✰ ✱ ■ ✾ ✶ ❃ ✱ ❏ ✶ ✱ ✱ ♣ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ▲ ✾ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✻✼ ✻❃ ✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✸❖ ✾ ❏ ✶ ✾ ✳ ▲ ✷ ❄ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✰ ❖ ✻✸✰ ❡ ♠

✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ▲ ✾ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ P ✾ ✸✰ ✿ ✶✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✳ ✶ ✵ ■ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✳ ✶ P ✵ ✺ ■✾ ✴ ✵ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ ✷

✵ ✷ ✺ ✾ ❃ ✻✷ ✴ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✽ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ❁ ✷ ✰ ✾ ✳ ■❃ P ✱ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✼ ✻❃ ✱ ❃ ▼ ❥ ✸ ✻✷ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃

that the academia’s environment mitigates the

❃ ✻✿ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✷ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺

✷ ✾ ✴ ✻✵ ■ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✺ ✻✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ P ✾ ✸✰ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✷ ✰ ✾ ✳ ■❃ ✵ ✴ ✰ ✻✱ ✼ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✵ ❁ ✱

✵ ❁ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸ ✾ ✿ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ▼ ❴ ✷ ✵ ✿ ✵ ✴ ✸❄ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✻✶ ✷ ✸ ❏ ✶ ✾ ✳ ▲ ✾ ✿ ✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ✼ ✻✱ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❄

q r s ✰ ✵ ✼ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ✰ ✾ ❁ ✱ ❃ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✺ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✻✺ ✶ ✳ ✶ ✵ ■ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✵ ❄ ❖ ✰ ✻■✱ ✸✰ ✱ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✴ ✱ ✺ ✸✵ ❏ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✷

■✾ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ❃ ❏ ✶ ✾ ✳ ▲ ❄ ✵ ✷ ✾ ✺ ■✽ ❧ ✷ ✸ ✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✷ ✴ ✵ ❁ ✱ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✳ ✶ ✵ ■

✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ❄ ✾ ✶ ✻✺ ✾ ✸ ✰ ✱ ✶ ❖ ✾ ✶ ❃ ✷ ❄

q

s

(3)

The comprehension process of audit and accounting culture………

❞ ❧

❴ ✺ ✾ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✻❁ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✵ ✺ ✸ ✱ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✾ ✿ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✴ ✰ ✻✷ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷

❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✵ ■■ ❅ ✾ ❁ ✵ ✺ ✻✵ ✺ ✷ ❄ ✵ ✷ ❖ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✺ ✸✱ ❃ ✸✾ ✱ ✷ ✸ ✵ P ■✻ ✷ ✰ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ✵ ✸✸✻✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱

❖ ✾ ✶ ❘ ✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✵ ❖ ✾ ✳ ■❃ P ✱ ✵ ✷ ✶ ✱ ❏ ✵ ✶ ❃ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏

▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✾ P ◗ ✱ ✴ ✸✻✼ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✱ ✸ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✻✷ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✵ ✶✴ ✰ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✵ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ P ✵ ✷ ✱ ❃ ✾ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✵ ✴ ✸

✸✰ ✵ ✸ ❖ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✺ ✸✱ ❃ ✸✾ ✱ ✷ ✸✵ P ■ ✻✷ ✰ ✵ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✺ ✱ ✴ ✸✻✾ ✺ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱

✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸✷ ✾ P ✸✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ❃ ✳ ✶ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✾ ✷ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✰ ✾ ❖

✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✱ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✴ ✾ ✳ ■❃ P ✱ ▲ ✾ ✻✺ ✸✱ ❃ ✾ ✳ ✸ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ❖ ✾ ✶ ❘ ✻✺ ❏ ▲ ■✵ ✴ ✱ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ❃ ✵ ✸✵ ❖ ✵ ✷ ✴ ✾ ■■✱ ✴ ✸✱ ❃ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ P ✱ ❏ ✻✺ ✺ ✻✺ ❏ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ❡ ♥ q ❡ ✵ ✴ ✵ ❃ ✱ ❁ ✻✴

✽ ✱ ✵ ✶ ❄ P ✽ ✷ ✱ ■✱ ✴ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✶ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✾ ❁ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ P ✾ ✸✰ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ✴ ✽ ✴ ■✱ ✷ ▼

t

❫❉

❊ ❋ ❉ ❪ ❊

❯ ✉

❯ ❲

✯ ✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✺ ✱ ✴ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✴ ✵ ✺ ✺ ✾ ✸

P ✱ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✻✱ ❃ ❄ ✵ ✷ P ✾ ✸✰ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ❁ ✰ ✵ ✼ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ❁ ✵ ✻✺ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✼ ✻✸ ✽ ✶ ✱ ■✵ ✸✱ ❃ ✸✾ ✸ ✰ ✱

✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✻✵ ■ ✷ ✸✵ ✸✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✵ ■✽ ❑ ✱ ❃ ✴ ✾ ❁ ▲ ✵ ✺ ✽ ▼ ❛ ✳ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ❁ ✾ ✶ ✱ ❄ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱

▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✻✺ ✿ ■✳ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✺ ✷ ✸✻✸✳ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✷ ✽ ✷ ✸ ✱ ❁ ✷ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱

✿ ✵ ✴ ✸✾ ✶ ✷ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✻✺ ✿ ■✳ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✱ ❁ ✱ ✶ ❏ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✼ ✵ ✶ ✻✾ ✳ ✷ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸ ✻✺ ❏ ✷ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✷ ❄

✵ ✷ ❖ ✱ ■■ ✵ ✷ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✷ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✷ ✸✰ ✱ ❁ ✷ ✱ ■✼ ✱ ✷ ❄ ✰ ✵ ✼ ✱ ❃ ✱ ✴ ✻✷ ✻✼ ✱ ■✽

✻✺ ✿ ■✳ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✷ ✾ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❏ ✵ ✺ ✻❑ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸

▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ♦ ◆ ✻✰ ✵ ■✴ ✻✳ ✴ ❄ ❡ ♥ ♥ r ♣ ▼

❥ ✺

q

r

♠ ❄ ◆ ✵ ✳ ✸❑ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶ ▲ ✻✺ ✺ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✵ ▲ ✻❃ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✼ ✱ ✺ ❃ ✶ ✵ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✴ ✵ ■■✽

✴ ✰ ✵ ✺ ❏ ✱ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ P ✳ ✷ ✻✺ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✻✺ ❖ ✰ ✻✴ ✰ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✱ ❙ ✻✷ ✸✷ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱

✷ ✴ ✻✱ ✺ ✸✻✿ ✻✴ ❁ ✵ ✺ ✵ ❏ ✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ❖ ✻✸✰ ✻✸✷ ✱ ❁ ▲ ✰ ✵ ✷ ✻✷ ✾ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✴ ✰ ✵ ✺ ❃

✸✰ ✱ ✵ ▲ ▲ ■✻✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✼ ✵ ✶ ✻✾ ✳ ✷ ❵ ✳ ✵ ✺ ✸✻✸✵ ✸✻✼ ✱ ❁ ✱ ✸✰ ✾ ❃ ✷ ✻✺ ❃ ✱ ✴ ✻✷ ✻✾ ✺ ❁ ✵ ❘ ✻✺ ❏ ❄ ✸✰ ✱

✱ ❙ ▲ ✵ ✺ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❏ ✵ ✺ ✻❑ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❄ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✸ ✻✺ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✾ ❁ ✻✴ ✵ ✺ ✵ ■✽ ✷ ✻✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸ ✰ ✱

✻✺ ✺ ✾ ✼ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ❁ ✱ ✸✰ ✾ ❃ ✷ ✾ ✿ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✳ ❁ ✳ ■✵ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✴ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✺ ❏ P ✳ ✷ ✻✺ ✱ ✷ ✷

❃ ✵ ✸✵ ✰ ✵ ❃ ✷ ✻❏ ✺ ✻✿ ✻✴ ✵ ✺ ✸ ✻❁ ▲ ■✻✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻ ✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✻❁ ✱

✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✽ ✷ ✸✻■■ ❃ ✾ ✺ ✾ ❖ ✵ ❃ ✵ ✽ ✷ ▼

❴ ✷ ✲ ✵ ✽ ✾ ✳ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ■ ▼ ♦ ❡ ♥ q q ♣ ✾ P ✷ ✱ ✶✼ ✱ ❃ ❄ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸

▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✸✻✺ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✾ ✷ ✸✶ ✳ ❏ ❏ ■✱ ❖ ✻✸✰ ✸✰ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✾ P ■✱ ❁ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✻✸ ✽ ✾ ✿

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✷ ❄ ✻✺ ■✻❏ ✰ ✸ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ❃ ✻✿ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✺ ✱ ✱ ❃ ✷ ✾ ✿ ✼ ✵ ✶ ✻✾ ✳ ✷ ✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✻✵ ■

✷ ✸✵ ✸✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✶ ✱ ✵ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✸✶ ✳ ✸✰ ✿ ✳ ■ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✷ ▼

❴ ✷ ✱ ❁ ▲ ✰ ✵ ✷ ✻ ❑ ✱ ❃ P ✽ ❂ ✵ ■✸✱ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✈ ✱ ❖ ✻✷ ♦ ❡ ♥ q q ♣ ❄ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✴ ✰ ✰ ✵ ✷ ✷ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✺

✸✰ ✵ ✸ ❃ ✻✿ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✷ ✻✺ ✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✻✵ ■ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ✷ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✶ ✻✱ ✷ ✰ ✵ ✼ ✱

✴ ✾ ✷ ✸✷ ✵ ✷ ✷ ✾ ✴ ✻✵ ✸✱ ❃ ❖ ✻✸ ✰ ✸✰ ✾ ✷ ✱ ❃ ✻✿ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✷ ▼ ❛ ✾ ✶ ✱ ❙ ✵ ❁ ▲ ■✱ ❄ ✇ ✰ ✾ ✻ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✈ ✱ ✼ ✻ ✴ ✰

♦ q ❦ ❦ q ♣ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✼ ✻❃ ✱ ✱ ✼ ✻❃ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ❃ ✻✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✻✸ ✽ ✴ ✵ ✺ ✵ ✿ ✿ ✱ ✴ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷

✾ ✿ ✻✺ ❃ ✻✼ ✻❃ ✳ ✵ ■ ✻✺ ✼ ✱ ✷ ✸✾ ✶ ✷ ① ❖ ✰ ✻■✱ ❂ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✵ ❏ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✺ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✲ ✻❃ ❃ ■✱ ♦ q ❦ ❦ ♠ ♣ ✷ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✸✰ ✵ ✸

(4)

❛ ▼ ❜ ✾ P ✶ ✱ ❄ ❴ ▼ ❛ ❝ ✾ ▲ ✵ ❄ ❀ ▼

!urlea

❞ ②

✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✱ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ▼ ◆ ✾ ✷ ✸ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✱ ✺ ✸■✽ ❄ ✵ ✷ ✷ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✺ P ✽ ❂ ✵ ■✸✱ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✈ ✱ ❖ ✻ ✷

♦ ❡ ♥

q q

♣ ❄ ③ ✵ ✶ ✵ ❁ ✵ ✺ ✾ ✳ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❅ ✵ ✱ ❃ ✽ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥ ② ♣ ❄ ❴ ✷ ✰ P ✵ ✳ ❏ ✰ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❝ ✻✺ ✴ ✳ ✷ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥

q

❃ ✱ ❁ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✸✶ ✵ ✸✱ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ❃ ✻✿ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✷ ✻✺ ✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✻✵ ■ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃

✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✵ ✺ ✸ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✾ ✳ ✸✴ ✾ ❁ ✱ ✷ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✶ ✻✱ ✷ ✴ ✵ ✺

✵ ❃ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✱ ■ ✽ ✵ ✿ ✿ ✱ ✴ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✾ ✿ ✷ ✱ ✴ ✳ ✶ ✻✸✻✱ ✷ ✵ ✺ ✵ ■✽ ✷ ✸✷ ▼ ❅ ✱ ✴ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✻✱ ✷

✰ ✵ ✼ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✸✻ ✺ ✳ ✱ ❃ ✸✾ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ■✳ ❃ ✱ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✻✵ ■ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✻✺ ❏ ❃ ✻✿ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✱

✺ ✾ ✸ ❏ ✾ ✻✺ ❏ ✵ ❖ ✵ ✽ ▼ ✇ ✰ ✵ ✸✰ ✵ ❁ ✱ ✸ ✵ ■ ▼ ♦ ❡ ♥ q ♥ ♣ ❄ ✈ ✱ ❖ ✻✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❂ ✵ ■✸✱ ✶ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥ r ♣ ❄ ④ ✾ ✺ ✱ ✷

✵ ✺ ❃ ❍ ✾ ■✺ ✻❑ ✱ ✶ ❄ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❧ ♣ ❄ ❃ ⑤❴ ✶ ✴ ✽ ❄ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥

q

♣ ❄ ✈ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✾ ✺ ⑥ ③ ✱ ✺ ✺ ✽ ❄ ♦

q

❦ ❦ ❦ ♣ ❄ ✵ ■■ ✴ ✻✸✱ ❃

P ✽ ❂ ✵ ■✸✱ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✈ ✱ ❖ ✻ ✷ ♦ ❡ ♥

q q

♣ ❄ ✷ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✸✻■■ ✷ ✻❏ ✺ ✻✿ ✻✴ ✵ ✺ ✸

❃ ✻✿ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✷ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✻✵ ■ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ✷ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✶ ✻✱ ✷ ▼

◆ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ❄ ❝ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✷ ✴ ✳ ✈ ▼❄ ⑦ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✵ ❢ ⑧ ✱ ❏ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✴ ✳ ◆ ▼ ❜ ❄ ❴ ✺ ✻✴ ✵ ❢ ❝ ✾ ▲ ✵ ❄ ❴ ▼ ♦ ❡ ♥ q ♥ ♣

✶ ✱ ✼ ✱ ✵ ■ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✻❁ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✵ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✾ ✿ ▲ ✶ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ❁ ▲ ✵ ✺ ✽ ✵ ✷ ✸✰ ✱

✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ✷ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✼ ✻❃ ✱ ❃ P ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✸✻✾ ✺ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺

✶ ✱ ✼ ✱ ✵ ■ ✱ ❃ P ✽ ✸ ✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✸✱ ✵ ❁ ▼ ❂ ✻❁ ✻■✵ ✶ ✻❃ ✱ ✵ ❖ ✵ ✷ ❃ ✱ ✼ ✱ ■✾ ▲ ✱ ❃ P ✽ ❂ ✸✵ ✺ ✻■✵ ❄ ⑨ ❄ ❴ ❄

❝ ✾ ▲ ✵ ❄ ❴ ▼ ❛ ❄ ❥ ✷ ▲ ✵ ✷ ❄ ❂ ▼ ♦ ❡ ♥

q

❡ ♣ ✵ ✷ ✸✰ ✱ ✽ ✱ ❁ ▲ ✰ ✵ ✷ ✻❑ ✱ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✵ ▲ ✶ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✻✵ ■

✶ ✱ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✻ ✺ ❏ ✾ ✿ ✿✱ ✶ ✷ ✶ ✱ ■✱ ✼ ✵ ✺ ✸ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✸✵ ✻✺ ✵ P ■✱ ❃ ✱ ✼ ✱ ■✾ ▲ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✾ ✿

■✵ ✶ ❏ ✱ ❅ ✾ ❁ ✵ ✺ ✻✵ ✺ ✴ ✾ ❁ ▲ ✵ ✺ ✻ ✱ ✷ ▼

❍ ✰ ✻■✱ ✻✸ ✴ ✵ ✺ P ✱ ✵ ✶ ❏ ✳ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✵ ✷ ❥ ❛ ❅ ❂ P ✵ ✷ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✻✵ ■ ✷ ✸✵ ✸✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷

P ✱ ✴ ✾ ❁ ✱ ❁ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✾ ❁ ❁ ✾ ✺ ❄ ❜ ✾ ✳ ▲ ✺ ✻❘ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✯ ✷ ✵ ❘ ✳ ❁ ✻✷ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥ ② ♣ ▲ ✾ ✻✺ ✸ ✾ ✳ ✸ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱

✿ ■✱ ❙ ✻P ✻■✻✸✽ ✾ ✿ ✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ▲ ✶ ✱ ✸✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✸✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ❖ ✻✸✰ ✻✺ ❥ ❛ ❅ ❂ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ P ✻■✻ ✸✽ ✾ ✿ ✵ ✺ ✽

✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✶ ✽ ✸✾ ✴ ✵ ✶ ✼ ✱ ✾ ✳ ✸ ✳ ✺ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸✵ P ■✱ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✾ ✿ ▲ ✵ ✶ ✸✻ ✴ ✳ ■✵ ✶ ❥ ❛ ❅ ❂ ✷ ✸✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✶ ❃ ✷

❖ ✻■■ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✸✻✺ ✳ ✱ ✸✾ ■✱ ✵ ❃ ✸✾ ❃ ✻✿ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻ ✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ✷

✾ ✳ ✸✴ ✾ ❁ ✱ ✷ ✵ ❁ ✾ ✺ ❏ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✶ ✻ ✱ ✷ ▼

❴ ✷ ✷ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✺ P ✽ ❛ ✻✺ ✴ ✰ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❞ ♣ ❄ ⑨ ✶ ✵ ✽ ▲ ✶ ✾ ▲ ✾ ✷ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✺ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✳ ■❃ P ✱ ✴ ✰ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✱ ✶ ✻❑ ✱ ❃ P ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ▲ ✾ ✷ ✻✸✻✾ ✺ ✻✺

✶ ✱ ■ ✵ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ ✸✾ ✿ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ✷ ❄ ❖ ✰ ✻✴ ✰ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✻✺ ✴ ✻▲ ✵ ■ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ✷ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✷ ✳ P ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ⑩ ❝ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■✻✷ ❁ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✷ ✸✵ ✸✳ ✸✾ ✶ ✽

✴ ✾ ✺ ✸✶ ✾ ■ ① ✹ ✺ ✻✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✻✸ ✽ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✿ ■✱ ❙ ✻P ✻■✻✸✽ ① ✇ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✱ ✶ ✼ ✵ ✸✻✷ ❁ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✾ ▲ ✸✻ ❁ ✻✷ ❁ ①

❂ ✱ ✴ ✶✱ ✴ ✽ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✳ ✷ ✸✶ ✵ ✺ ✷ ▲ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✽ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✿ ✻✶ ✷ ✸ ✸❖ ✾ ✶ ✱ ■✵ ✸✱ ✸✾ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ✸✰ ✾ ✶ ✻✸ ✽ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✴ ✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ❄ ❖ ✰ ✻■✱ ✸ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ❃ ✸❖ ✾ ✶✱ ■✵ ✸✱ ✸✾ ✸✰ ✱

❁ ✱ ✵ ✷ ✳ ✶✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❃ ✻ ✷ ✴ ■ ✾ ✷ ✳ ✶✱ ✾ ✿ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ✸ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✶ ✽ ■✱ ✼ ✱ ■ ▼

In one of his studies “Th

✱ ✶ ✾ ■✱ ✾ ✿ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ ✻✺

reproducing the accounting profession”, Duncan (2002) examines the

✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✸❖ ✾ ✻✺ ✷ ✸✻✸✳ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ⑩ ✾ ✺ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✵ ❃ ✱ ❁ ✻✴ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✾ ✺ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■❄

✸✶ ✽ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✾ ✷ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❖ ✰ ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✻✶ ✷ ✸ ✾ ✺ ✱ ✻✷ ❃ ✾ ❁ ✻✺ ✵ ✸✱ ❃ P ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✾ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✾ ✺ ✱ ▼

❶ ✻✷ ✾ ▲ ✻✺ ✻✾ ✺ ✻✷ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✻✷ ✵ P ■✱ ✸✾ ✻❁ ▲ ✾ ✷ ✱ ✻✸✷ ✼ ✻✷ ✻ ✾ ✺ ✾ ✿

(5)

The comprehension process of audit and accounting culture………

❞ ♠

they “attempt to usurp, exclude and establish monopoly over the field’s

reproduction and type of power effective in it” (Everett, 2002).

✯ ✰ ✱ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ✷ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✻✸✷ ❁ ✾ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✺ ✺ ✾ P ✻ ■✻✸✽ ✾ ✺ ■✽ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✸✶ ✻P ✳ ✸✱

✸✾ ❃ ✻✷ ❏ ✳ ✻✷ ✱ ❄ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✳ ✷ ■✱ ❏ ✻✸✻❁ ✻❑ ✱ ❄ ✻✺ ✵ ❁ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ P ✸■✱ ❖ ✵ ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✶ P ✻✸✶ ✵ ✶ ✻✺ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✾ ✿

✸✰ ✱ ❃ ✻✷ ✸ ✶✻P ✳ ✸ ✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ▲ ✾ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ▲ ✶ ✻✼ ✻■✱ ❏ ✱ ✷ ❖ ✰ ✻✴ ✰ ▲ ✱ ✶ ▲ ✱ ✸✳ ✵ ✸ ✱ ✷ ✻✸✷ ✱ ■✿

✸✰ ✶ ✾ ✳ ❏ ✰ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✾ ✴ ✻✵ ■■ ✽ ✳ ✺ ✱ ✼ ✱ ✺ ✵ ■■✾ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✷ ✴ ✰ ✾ ✾ ■ ✸✻✸■✱ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❃ ✱ ❏ ✶ ✱ ✱ ✷

(Bourdieu and Passeron, 1990). Bourdieu’s work (cited by Duncan,

❡ ♥ ♥ ❡ ♣ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✸✶ ✻P ✳ ✸✱ ✷ ✸✾ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✸✵ ✺ ❃ ✻✺ ❏ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ■✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✵ ✺ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺

✷ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✸✾ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✾ ✴ ✻✱ ✸✽ ▼ ◆ ✵ ✺ ✽ ✾ ✿ ✰ ✻✷ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸✷ ✰ ✱ ■▲ ✳ ✷ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✸✵ ✺ ❃ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✵ ✺

education system “contributes to reproducing the structure of the

distribution of cultural capital and, through it, the social structure”

♦ ✲ ✾ ✳ ✶ ❃ ✻✱ ✳ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❝ ✵ ✷ ✷ ✱ ✶ ✾ ✺ ❄ q ❦ ❦ ♥ ♣ ▼

✯ ✳ ✴ ❘ ✱ ✶ ♦ q ❦ ❦ ♠ ♣ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✷ ✸ ✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✱ ✺

as „meaning

makers” not only through their reading and writing, but also through

✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ▲ ✶✱ ✸ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✵ ✴ ✸✷ ❄ ❖ ✰ ✻■✱ ❍ ✵ ✺ ❏ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❞ ♣ ▲ ✾ ✻✺ ✸✷ ✾ ✳ ✸ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱

✸✱ ✵ ✴ ✰ ✻✺ ❏ ✷ ❘ ✻■■✷ ❁ ✻❏ ✰ ✸ ✺ ✾ ✸ P ✱ ✶ ✱ ✵ ❃ ✻■✽ ✸✶ ✵ ✺ ✷ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✵ P ■✱ ✵ ✴ ✶ ✾ ✷ ✷ ▲ ✾ ▲ ✳ ■✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✾ ✿

✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✽ ▲ ✱ ✷ ✾ ✿ ✷ ✴ ✰ ✾ ✾ ■✷ ✾ ✶ ▲ ✶ ✾ ❏ ✶ ✵ ❁ ✷ ▼

✯ ✵ ❘ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✱ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ❄ ❖ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✺ ✸✱ ❃ ✸✾ ✱ ✷ ✸✵ P ■✻✷ ✰ ✻✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✻ ✷ ✵

✴ ✾ ✺ ✺ ✱ ✴ ✸✻✾ ✺ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸✷ ❏ ✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✳ ✺ ✻✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✻✸✽ ❄ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✵ ✺ ❃

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❄ ✻✺ ✴ ✵ ✷ ✱ ✾ ✿ ▲ ✾ ✷ ✻✸✻✼ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ▲ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✱ ❄ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱

✱ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✻✺ ✿ ■✳ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ P ✾ ✸✰ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✷ ▼

❷ ❯ ❈ ❪ ❤❉ ❈ ❋ ❭ ❨ ❨ ❫❈ ● ❪ ❈ ❈ ❫❳ ❭

❴ ✿ ✸✱ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ❃ ✵ ✸✵ ✰ ✵ ✷ P ✱ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✾ ■■✱ ✴ ✸✱ ❃ ❄ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✵ ■✽ ❑ ✱ ❃ ✵ ✺ ❃

✻❁ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✵ ✺ ✸ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ■✳ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ❖ ✵ ✷ ❃ ✱ ✼ ✱ ■✾ ▲ ✱ ❃ ▼ ◆ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ❄ ✵ ✷ ✴ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✶ ❃ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✾

✸✰ ✱ ❃ ✱ ❏ ✶ ✱ ✱ ✾ ✿ ✶ ✱ ■✱ ✼ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✷ ✱ ✷ ✸✵ P ■✻✷ ✰ ✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✾ ✶ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✸✾ ✰ ✵ ✼ ✱ ✵ P ✱ ✸✸✱ ✶

✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✸✵ ✺ ❃ ✻✺ ❏ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱

students’

✵ ✸✸✻✸✳ ❃ ✱ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✼ ✻❃ ✱ ❃ ✸✾ ✾ ✳ ✶ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✼ ✱ ✵ ■✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱

✿ ✾ ■■✾ ❖ ✻✺ ❏ ✷ ✱ ✴ ✸✻✾ ✺ ▼ ❴ ✷ ✵ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✱ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✺

ce, the first question was “How

❁ ✵ ✺ ✽

✽ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✰ ✵ ✼ ✱ ✽ ✾ ✳ P ✱ ✱ ✺ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✽ ✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✷ ✳ P ◗ ✱ ✴ ✸✷ ❸

✯ ✰ ✱

✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✻✼ ✻❃ ✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✾ ■■✾ ❖ ✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✵ ✶ ✸✷ ⑩ ■✱ ✷ ✷ ✸✰ ✵ ✺ ✵ ✽ ✱ ✵ ✶❄

q

❢ ❡ ✽ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✷ ❄

❧ ✽ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✷ ❄ ② ✽ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✷ ❄ ❁ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✵ ✺ ② ✽ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✷ ❄ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✴ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✸✸✶ ✻P ✳ ✸✱ ❃ ✸✾ ✸✰ ✱ ❁

(6)

❛ ▼ ❜ ✾ P ✶ ✱ ❄ ❴ ▼ ❛ ❝ ✾ ▲ ✵ ❄ ❀ ▼

!urlea

❹ ❋ ❇ ❤❯ ❭ ❳ ❺ ❻ ❺ ❅ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ✾ P ✸✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ✿✻✶✷ ✸ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺

❼ ❽ ❾ ❿➀ ➁➂ ➃ ➄ ➅

❾ ❿ ❿ ➀ ➆ ➇ ➃ ➄

❾ ➇ ➉ ➊

❾ ➇ ➉ ❿ ➋

❾ ➇ ➉ ❿ ➌

❾ ➇ ➉ ❿ ➍

➂ ➉ ❾ ➀➆ ➇ ➃

❾ ➇ ➉ ❿

➎ ➃ ❿➏ ❾➉ ❿ ✢ ✭ ✘ ✭ ✢ ✭ ✢ ✭ ✘

❾ ➉ ➑ ❾ ➃ ➀ ➇ ➒ ❾ ✭ ✘ ➓ ✗ ✘ ➓ ✜ ✘ ➓ ✜ ✘ ➓ ✗ ✘ ➓

➔ → ➣ ↔ ↕ ➙ ➛ ➜ ➝ ☎ ✠ ✁ ✡ ✮ ☛✝✆ ➞ ☛✁ ☎

❴ ✷ ✻✸ ✴ ✵ ✺ P ✱ ✷ ✱ ✱ ✺ ❄ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✸✰ ✻✶ ❃ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✿ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✸✰ ✽ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✱

r ♥ s ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ✼ ✻✱ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✽ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺

✶ ✱ ❏ ✵ ✶ ❃ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✷ ✻✷ ✶ ✱ ■✱ ✼ ✵ ✺ ✸ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✴ ✾ ✶ ✻✺ ❏ ✻✷

q ➟

♥ ❄ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❞ ❡

s

✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ■✵ ✶ ❏ ✱ ✷ ✸ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ❃ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❖ ✵ ✷ ⑩

❶ ✾ ❖ ❃ ✾ ✽ ✾ ✳ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ❘ ✺ ✾ ❖ ■✱ ❃ ❏ ✱

❏ ✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ▲ ✵ ✶ ✸✻✴ ✻▲ ✵ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✸✾ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✷ ✻✷ ❸

✯ ✰ ✱

▲ ✾ ✷ ✷ ✻P ■✱ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ✱ ❙ ▲ ✱ ✴ ✸✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ① ✵ ✷ ✱ ❙ ▲ ✱ ✴ ✸✱ ❃ ① ✺ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ■ ①

below expectations; I don’t know.

❹ ❋ ❇ ❤❯ ❭ ❳ ❺ ➠ ❺ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✶✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ✾ P ✸✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ❃ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺

❼ ❽ ❾ ❿➀➁➂ ➃

➊ ➡ ➢

➂ ➃ ➤➀

➃ ➂ ➏

➦ ❾

➂ ➏ ➀➆ ❾

❾ ➧ ➨ ❾ ➑ ➀ ➇ ➀ ➁➂

➃ ❿ ➩

➂ ➉

➎ ❿

❾ ➧ ➨ ❾ ➑ ➀ ❾

➫ ➭ ❾ ➉ ➀ ➆ ❾

❾ ➧ ➨ ❾ ➑ ➀ ➇ ➀ ➁

➂ ➃ ❿

➎ ➃ ❿➏ ❾➉ ❿ ✜ ✢ ✭ ✣ ✦ ✭ ✙

➐ ❾ ➉ ➑ ❾ ➃ ➀ ➇ ➒ ❾ ✙ ➓ ✭ ✘ ➓ ✜ ✧ ➓ ✭ ✚ ➓ ✜ ✗ ➓

➔ → ➣ ↔ ↕ ➙ ➛ ➜ ➝ ☎ ✠ ✁ ✡ ✮ ☛✝✆ ➞ ☛✁ ☎

✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ▲ ✾ ✻✺ ✸ ✾ ✳ ✸ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ❁ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✵ ✺ ➟ ② s ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ▲ ✾ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✵ ✶ ✱

✴ ✾ ✺ ✸✱ ✺ ✸ ❖ ✻✸✰ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ P ✸✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ❃ ✳ ✶ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■

✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✴ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✻ ✷ q ♠ q ❄ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ r ♥ ▼② s ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✰ ✻❏ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✸ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✸✰ ✻✶ ❃ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❖ ✵ ✷ ⑩

❶ ✾ ❖ ❖ ✾ ✳ ■❃ ✽ ✾ ✳ ✵ ▲ ▲ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✻✵ ✸✱ ➯✶ ✵ ✸✱ ✸✰ ✱

✶ ✱ ■ ✵ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ❄ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸

(7)

The comprehension process of audit and accounting culture………

❞ ❞

❋ ❇ ❤

❯ ❭ ❳ ❺ ➲ ❺ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ✾ P ✸✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✿✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ❧ ✶❃ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺

❼ ❽ ❾ ❿➀ ➁➂ ➃ ➋

➡ ➢

➂ ➃ ➤➀

➥ ➃ ➂ ➏

➦ ❾

➂ ➏ ➀ ➆ ❾

❾ ➧ ➨ ❾ ➑ ➀ ➇ ➀ ➁➂ ➃ ❿

➂ ➉

➎ ❿

❾ ➧ ➨ ❾ ➑ ➀ ❾

➫ ➭ ❾ ➉ ➀ ➆ ❾

❾ ➧ ➨ ❾ ➑ ➀ ➇ ➀➁

➂ ➃ ❿

➎ ➃ ❿➏ ❾ ➉ ❿ ✢ ✧ ✭ ✣ ✢ ✗ ✘

➐ ❾ ➉ ➑ ❾ ➃ ➀ ➇ ➒ ❾ ✭ ✘ ➓ ✚ ➓ ✜ ✧ ➓ ✭ ✘ ➓ ✧ ✘ ➓

➔ → ➣ ↔ ↕ ➙ ➛ ✁ ➝ ☎ ✠ ✁ ✡ ✮ ☛✝✆ ➞☛✁ ☎

❴ ✷ ✻✸ ✴ ✵ ✺ P ✱ ✷ ✱ ✱ ✺ ❄

s

✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✻✷ ✵ ✰ ✻ ❏ ✰

✶ ✱ ■✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✰ ✻▲ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸✷ ❏ ✵ ✻✺ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✳ ✺ ✻✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✻✸✽ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✻❁ ✻■✵ ✶

▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✾ ❁ ✱ ✰ ✾ ❖ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✺ ✱ ✴ ✸ ✱ ❃ ❖ ✻✸✰ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶

✵ ✺ ❃ ▲ ✾ ✻✺ ✸ ✾ ✳ ✸ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✻✷ ✵ ✰ ✻❏ ✰ ✱ ❙ ▲ ✱ ✴ ✸✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✳ ✺ ✻✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✻✸ ✽ ❖ ✻■■ ✴ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃

✸✰ ✱ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✺ ✱ ✱ ❃ ✵ ✸ ✵ ❖ ✾ ✶ ❘ ✻✺ ❏ ▲ ■✵ ✴ ✱ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✴ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✻✷ q ❧ ♠ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷

r ❞ ▼♠ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✰ ✻❏ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✸ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✿ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✸✰ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❖ ✵ ✷ ⑩

❍ ✰ ✻✴ ✰ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✾ ■■✾ ❖ ✻✺ ❏ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ✷ ❃ ✻❃

✽ ✾ ✳ ✿ ✻✺ ❃ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✱ ✻✼ ✱ ❃ ❃ ✳ ✶ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ■✱ ✴ ✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✷ ❸

✯ ✰ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ⑩ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■✻✷ ❁ ❄ ✳ ✺ ✻✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✻✸ ✽ ❄ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✱ ✶ ✼ ✵ ✸✻✷ ❁ ❄ ✷ ✱ ✴ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✽ ▼

◆ ✳ ■✸✻▲ ■✱ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✱ ✶ ❁ ✻✸✸✱ ❃ ❄ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✷ ✵ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✱ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✺ ✾ ✷ ✴ ✾ ✶ ✱ ❖ ✵ ✷

✴ ✵ ■✴ ✳ ■✵ ✸✱ ❃ ▼

❹ ❋ ❇ ❤❯ ❭ ❳ ❺ ➳ ❺ ❅ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ✾ P ✸✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✿✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ② ✸✰ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺

❼ ❽ ❾ ❿➀➁➂ ➃ ➌

➐ ➉ ➂ ➵ ❾ ❿ ❿➁➂ ➃ ➇

➁ ❿

➍ ➸

➃ ➁➵ ➂ ➉

➁➀

➈ ➺

➂ ➃ ❿ ❾ ➉ ➭ ➇ ➀➁ ❿

➍ ➻

❾ ➑ ➉ ❾ ➑

➎ ➃ ❿➏ ❾ ➉ ❿

✢ ✘ ✧ ✢ ✧ ✘ ✜ ✚

❾ ➉ ➑ ❾ ➃ ➀ ➇ ➒ ❾ ✭ ✘ ✘ ➓ ✦ ✘ ➓ ✚ ✘ ➓ ✣ ✙ ➓

➔ → ➣ ↔ ↕ ➙ ➛ ✁ ➝ ☎ ✠ ✁ ✡ ✮ ☛✝✆ ➞☛✁ ☎

❴ ✷ ✻✸ ✴ ✵ ✺ P ✱ ✷ ✱ ✱ ✺ ❄ ✵ ■❁ ✾ ✷ ✸ ✱ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✽ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸ ✻✷ ❃ ✱ ✸✵ ✻ ■✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✶

✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ✱ ✺ ✼ ✻ ✶✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ❄ ✵ ✷ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✸✾ P ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏

✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✽ ✵ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✺ ✸✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✽ ✷ ✸ ✱ ❁ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✿ ✻✿ ✸✰ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❖ ✵ ✷ ⑩

❜ ✾ ✽ ✾ ✳ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏

✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✱ ✻✼ ✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✿ ✵ ✴ ✳ ■✸✽ ✻✷ ✳ ✷ ✱ ✿ ✳ ■ ✻✺ ✽ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✴ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✱ ✶ ❸

✯ ✰ ✱

answers were definitely no, no, I don’t know, yes, certai

✺ ■ ✽ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷

(8)

❛ ▼ ❜ ✾ P ✶ ✱ ❄ ❴ ▼ ❛ ❝ ✾ ▲ ✵ ❄ ❀ ▼

!urlea

❹ ❋ ❇ ❤❯ ❭ ❳ ❺ ➼ ❺ ❅ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ✾ P ✸✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✿✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ♠ ✸✰ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺

❼ ❽ ❾ ❿➀ ➁➂ ➃ ➽ ➾

❾➵ ➁➃ ➁➀ ❾

➃ ➂

➡ ➢

➂ ➃ ➤➀

➥ ➃ ➂ ➏ ➚

❾ ❿

❾ ➉ ➀ ➇ ➁➃

➎ ➃ ❿➏ ❾ ➉ ❿ ✘ ✘ ✜ ✗ ✘ ✗ ✣

➐ ❾ ➉ ➑ ❾ ➃ ➀ ➇ ➒ ❾ ✘ ➓ ✘ ➓ ✙ ➓ ✧ ✘ ➓ ✢ ✧ ➓

➔ → ➣ ↔ ↕ ➙ ➛ ✁ ➝ ☎ ✠ ✁ ✡ ✮ ☛✝✆ ➞ ☛✁ ☎

✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✼ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ❁ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✵ ✺ ❦ ♥

s

✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷

interviewed considered that the information received among their years’

✾ ✿ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✻✱ ✷ ✻✷ ✳ ✷ ✱ ✿ ✳ ■ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ✿ ✳ ✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✱ ✶ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✴ ✾ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ♠ ② s ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱

✰ ✻❏ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✸ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✻❙ ✸✰ ➪ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❖ ✵ ✷ ⑩

✇ ✵ ✺ ❖ ✱ ✸✵ ■❘ ✵ P ✾ ✳ ✸ ✵ ✺ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻ ✺ ❏

✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺

❸ ❖ ✻✸✰ ✽ ✱ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✺ ✾ ✵ ✷ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ▼

❋ ❇ ❤

❯ ❭ ❳ ❺ ➶ ❺ ❅ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ✾ P ✸✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✿✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱

r

✸✰ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺

❼ ❽ ❾ ❿➀ ➁➂ ➃ ➹

❾ ❿

➎ ➃ ❿➏ ❾ ➉ ❿ ✢ ✘ ✘

➐ ❾ ➉ ➑ ❾ ➃ ➀ ➇ ➒ ❾ ✭ ✘ ✘ ➓ ✘ ➓

➔ → ➣ ↔ ↕ ➙ ➛ ✁ ➝ ☎ ✠ ✁ ✡ ✮ ☛✝✆ ➞ ☛✁ ☎

✯ ✰ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✱ ✷ ✸✵ P ■✻✷ ✰ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✻✷ ✵ ✰ ✻ ❏ ✰ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✺ ✱ ✴ ✸✻✾ ✺ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺

✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸ ✻✺ ❏ ✾ ✺ ✱ ❄ ❖ ✰ ✻■✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✵ ✺ ❃

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✶ ✶ ✱ ✷ ▲ ✾ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸■✽ ▼

✯ ✰ ✱ ✿ ✾ ■■✾ ❖ ✻✺ ❏ ❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✺ ✱ ❃ ⑩

❍ ✰ ✽ ✻✷ ✻❁ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✵ ✺ ✸ ✿ ✾ ✶

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✵ ✺ ✸✷ ✸✾ P ✱ ✵ ❖ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✱ ✷ ❄ P ✱ ■✻✱ ✿ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✷ ✷ ✳ ❁ ▲ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✸✰ ✵ ✸

✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶■ ✻✺ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ❸ ❍ ✰ ✻✴ ✰ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✱ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ❃ ✱ ✸✱ ✶ ❁ ✻✺ ✱

✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ❸ ❜ ✱ ✷ ✴ ✶ ✻P ✱ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✵ ■ ✷ ✻✸✳ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❖ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✽ ✾ ✳

❖ ✾ ✳ ■❃ ✳ ✷ ✱ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❏ ✵ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✽ ✾ ✳ ✶ ■✱ ✷ ✷ ✾ ✺ ✷ ❸

❛ ✾ ✶ ✸✰ ✱ ❞ ➘➴

❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❄ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✾ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✱ ✻❁ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✵ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✾ ✿ ✵ ▲ ✶ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✵ ✺ ❃

✶ ✱ ■✻✵ P ■ ✱ ✱ ✼ ✵ ■

uation of the company’s performance, while the 8th one,

✶ ✱ ✼ ✱ ✵ ■ ✱ ❃ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻ ✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ▲ ✶ ✻✺ ✴ ✻▲ ■✱ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ❁ ✵ ✻✺

✱ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✷ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ▼ ❥✺ ✸✰ ✱ ■✵ ✷ ✸ ✷ ✻✸✳ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❄

✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ❖ ✾ ✳ ■ ❃ ✵ ▲ ▲ ■ ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✶ ❘ ✺ ✾ ❖ ■✱ ❃ ❏ ✱ ✻✺ ✾ ✶ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✸✾ ✱ ✼ ✵ ■✳ ✵ ✸✱ ✴ ✾ ✶ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✸ ✸✰ ✱

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✿ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ P ✽ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ❁ ▲ ✵ ✺ ✽ ❖ ✰ ✱ ✶✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✻✷

(9)

The comprehension process of audit and accounting culture………

❞ ❦

➷ ❳ ❭ ● ❤❪ ❈ ❫❳ ❭ ❈

✯ ✰ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✺ ✸ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✴ ✰ ✸✶ ✻✱ ✷ ✸✾ ▲ ✾ ✻✺ ✸ ✾ ✳ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✻❁ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✵ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✾ ✿

✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✶ ✱ ■✵ ✸✱ ❃ ✸✾ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸

▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✷ ❄ ✵ ✷ ✸✰ ✱ ❘ ✺ ✾ ❖ ■✱ ❃ ❏ ✱ ✻✷ ✾ P ✷ ✱ ✶ ✼ ✱ ❃ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✸✾ ✾ ❃ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱

✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ✴ ✽ ✴ ■✱ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✽ ❖ ✵ ✷ ✶ ✱ ✵ ■✻❑ ✱ ❃ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✾ ✿ ♠ ♥

✷ ✸✳ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✸✷ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱ ❛ ✵ ✴ ✳ ■✸✽ ✾ ✿ ❴ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❥ ✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ◆ ✵ ✺ ✵ ❏ ✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸

❂ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✷ ❄ ❖ ✰ ✾ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✼ ✻❃ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✻✺ ✿ ✾ ✶❁ ✵ ✸✻ ✾ ✺ P ✽ ✵ ✺ ✷ ❖ ✱ ✶ ✻✺ ❏ ✸✾ ✵

❵ ✳ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✺ ✵ ✻✶ ✱ ▼ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ▲ ✾ ✻✺ ✸ ✾ ✳ ✸ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸ ✰ ✱ ✶ ✱ ✻✷ ✵ ✰ ✻❏ ✰ ❃ ✱ ❏ ✶ ✱ ✱ ✾ ✿

✴ ✾ ✺ ✺ ✱ ✴ ✸✻✾ ✺ P ✱ ✸❖ ✱ ✱ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✴ ✱ ▲ ✸✷ ❏ ✵ ✻✺ ✱ ❃ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✴ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃

✸✰ ✱ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ✾ ✿ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶ ✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ▼ ◆ ✾ ✶✱ ✾ ✼ ✱ ✶ ❄ ✸✰ ✱

✶ ✱ ✷ ✳ ■✸✷ ✱ ❁ ▲ ✰ ✵ ✷ ✻✷ ✸✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ✻✺ ✿ ■✳ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✾ ✿ ✱ ❃ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✷ ✳ ▲ ✾ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✵ ✳ ❃ ✻✸

✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✱ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✾ ✺ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✳ ■❃ ✺ ✾ ✸ P ✱ ❃ ✱ ✺ ✻✱ ❃ ❄ ✵ ✺ ❃ ✺ ✾ ✺ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ■✱ ✷ ✷ ❄ ✸✰ ✱ ✶ ✱

✻✷ ✵ ✰ ✻❏ ✰ ▲ ✶ ✱ ▲ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ■✱ ✼ ✱ ■ ✻ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✳ ✺ ✻✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✻✸✽ ❖ ✰ ✱ ✺ ✸✰ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✸❖ ✾ ▲ ✶✾ ✿ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✷ ✻❃ ✱ ✶ ✱ ❃ ✼ ✱ ✶ ✽ ✻❁ ▲ ✾ ✶ ✸✵ ✺ ✸ ✻✺ ✸✰ ✱ ❅ ✾ ❁ ✵ ✺ ✻✵ ✺ ✱ ✺ ✼ ✻✶ ✾ ✺ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ▼ ❆ ● ➬ ❭ ❳ ❲ ❤ ❯ ❨ ➮ ➱ ❯ ❭ ❉ ❈ ✯ ✰ ✻✷ ❖ ✾ ✶ ❘ ❖ ✵ ✷ ✴ ✾ ❢ ✿ ✻✺ ✵ ✺ ✴ ✱ ❃ ✿ ✶ ✾ ❁ ✸✰ ✱ ❀ ✳ ✶ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✵ ✺ ❂ ✾ ✴ ✻✵ ■ ❛ ✳ ✺ ❃ ✸✰ ✶ ✾ ✳ ❏ ✰ ❂ ✱ ✴ ✸✾ ✶ ✻✵ ■ ⑦ ▲ ✱ ✶ ✵ ✸ ✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ❝ ✶ ✾ ❏ ✶ ✵ ❁ ❶ ✳ ❁ ✵ ✺ ❅ ✱ ✷ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✴ ✱ ✷ ❜ ✱ ✼ ✱ ■✾ ▲ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❞ ❢ ❡ ♥ q ❧ ❄ ▲ ✶✾ ◗ ✱ ✴ ✸ ✺ ✳ ❁ P ✱ ✶ ❝ ⑦ ❂ ❜ ❅ ✹ ➯ q ♥ ❞ ➯ q ▼♠ ➯❂ ➯❞ ❞ ❡ q ❧

❝ ✰ ▼❜ ✿ ✾ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✱ ✶ ✻✺ ✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ❃ ✻✷ ✴ ✻▲ ■✻✺ ✵ ✶ ✽ ✱ ✴ ✾ ✺ ✾ ❁ ✻✴ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✱ ✵ ✶ ✴ ✰ ✵ ✸ ✸✰ ✱ ❀ ✳ ✶ ✾ ▲ ✱ ✵ ✺

standards”.

✃ ❫❇ ❤❫❳ ➮ ❊ ❋ ❐ ✐ ❱ ✲ ✵ ✽ ✾ ✳ ❄ ◆ ▼ ❀ ▼❄ ❅ ✱ ✻✺ ✷ ✸✱ ✻✺ ❄ ❴ ▼❄ ❍ ✻■■✻✵ ❁ ✷ ❄ ❝ ▼❛ ▼ ♦ ❡ ♥ q q

♣ ▼ ❒ ❮ ❰Ï ÐÐ ❰Ñ Ï ❰Ò Ó ❰Ñ Ô Õ

Ö ×Ø Ù Ó Ø Ø ×❮ Ú ❮ Û ×Ø Ø Ó Ï Ø Ù ❮ Ú Ù Ï Ò Ú ×Ú Ü ❰Ò Ó ❰Ñ Ý Ú Ö Ï ❰Ñ ×Ù Ø ×Ú Ý Ù Ù ❮ Ó Ú ❰×Ú Ü ❄

❴ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ❄ ⑦ ✶ ❏ ✵ ✺ ✻❑ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✷ ✵ ✺ ❃ ❂ ✾ ✴ ✻✱ ✸✽ ❧ r ♦ ❡ ♥ q q ♣ q ♥ ❦

q ❡ ② ❄ ▲ ❏ ▼ q ❄

❴ ✼ ✵ ✻■✵ P ■✱ ✵ ✸ ⑩ ❖ ❖ ❖ ▼✱ ■✷ ✱ ✼ ✻✱ ✶ ▼✴ ✾ ❁ ➯ ■✾ ✴ ✵ ✸✱ ➯✵ ✾ ✷ ❄ Þ❴ ✴ ✴ ✱ ✷ ✷ ✱ ❃ ⑩

q

❞ ⑦ ✴ ✸✾ P ✱ ✶

❡ ♥ q ❡ ß

❜ ✳ ❁ ✻✸✶ ✵ ✺ ✵ ❄ ◆ ▼❄ ❝ ✾ ▲ ✵ ❄ ❴ ▼❛ ▼❄ ❅ ✵ ❃ ✳ ❄ ⑨ ▼❄ ✈ ✵ ▲ ✸✱ ✷ ❄ ❅ ▼ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥ ➟ ♣ ▼ Õ

Ù Ù

❮ Ó Ú ❰

×

Ú Ü

Ù

Ó Ð❰Ó Ò Ï Ý Ú

Ö

Ý

Ù Ù

❮ Ó Ú ❰

×

Ú Ü à Ò ❮ Û Ï

Ø Ø ×

❮ Ú á ④ ✾ ✳ ✶ ✺ ✵ ■ ✾ ✿ ❴ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✵ ✺ ❃

◆ ✵ ✺ ✵ ❏ ✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸ ❥✺ ✿ ✾ ✶ ❁ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ❂ ✽ ✷ ✸✱ ❁ ✷ ❄ ❂ ✳ ▲ ▲ ■✱ ❁ ✱ ✺ ✸➯❡ ♥ ♥ ➟ ❄ ▲ ❏ ▼ r ♥ ❧ ❢ r q q ❄

✲ ✳ ✴ ✰ ✵ ✶ ✱ ✷ ✸

❜ ✳ ✺ ✴ ✵ ✺ ❄ ✈ ▼ ⑨ ▼ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❡ ♣ ▼ ❒ Ñ Ï Ò ❮ ÐÏ ❮ Û Ý

Ù Ù

❮ Ó Ú ❰

×

Ú Ü Ï

Ö Ó Ù Ý ❰ × ❮ Ú ×

Ú Ò Ïà Ò ❮

Ö

Ó

Ù ×

Ú Ü

❰Ñ Ï Ý

Ù Ù

❮ Ó Ú ❰

×

Ú Ü à Ò ❮ Û Ï

Ø Ø ×

❮ Ú á ❖ ✾ ✶ ❘ ✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✵ ▲ ✱ ✶ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❡ ❢

q

❦ ❄ ❶ ✵ ✷ ❘ ✵ ✽ ✺ ✱

❂ ✴ ✰ ✾ ✾ ■ ✾ ✿ ✲ ✳ ✷ ✻✺ ✱ ✷ ✷ ❄ ✯ ✰ ✱ ✹ ✺ ✻✼ ✱ ✶ ✷ ✻✸ ✽ ✾ ✿ ✇ ✵ ■❏ ✵ ✶ ✽ ❄ ❜ ✱ ✴ ✱ ❁ P ✱ ✶

❛ ✻✺ ✴ ✰ ❄ ⑧ ▼ ♦ ❡ ♥ ♥ ❞ ♣ ▼ ✯ ✱ ✷ ✸✻✺ ❏ ✸✰ ✱ ✸✰ ✱ ✾ ✶ ✽ ✾ ✿ ✴ ✳ ■✸✳ ✶ ✵ ■ ✻✺ ✿ ■✳ ✱ ✺ ✴ ✱ ✾ ✺

✻✺ ✸✱ ✶ ✺ ✵ ✸✻✾ ✺ ✵ ■ ✵ ✴ ✴ ✾ ✳ ✺ ✸ ✻✺ ❏ ▲ ✶ ✵ ✴ ✸✻✴ ✱ ❄ Õ ÐÐ

× Ï Ö Õ Ù Ý Ö Ï â × Ï Ø ã

Ú ❰Ï Ò Ú Ý ❰

×

(10)

❛ ▼ ❜ ✾ P ✶ ✱ ❄ ❴ ▼ ❛ ❝ ✾ ▲ ✵ ❄ ❀ ▼

!urlea

ä ❮ Ú Û Ï Ò Ï Ú

Ù

Ï á ▲ ✵ ❏ ✱ ❡ ❞ ❄ å Ò ❮

Ù

Ï Ï

Ö ×

Ú Ü

Ø

❮ Û ❰Ñ Ï Õ

Ù

Ý

Ö

Ï â æ ❮ Û Õ

Ù Ù

❮ Ó Ú ❰

×

Ú Ü

Ý Ú

Ö ç ×

Ú Ý Ú

Ù ×

Ý Ð è ❰ Ó

Ö ×

Ï

Ø

á é ✾ ■✳ ❁ ✱

q

❡ ❄ ⑧ ✳ ❁ P ✱ ✶

q

④ ✵ ✴ ❘ ✷ ✾ ✺ ✼ ✻■■✱

◆ ✻✰ ✵ ■✴ ✻✳ ✴ ❄ ✇ ▼

Rolul contabilului în organizarea întreprinderii moderne

ê ë ìí î ì ï ð ñ òë

, Revista ”Annales universita

óô õ ö ÷ ø ùú û õ ôõ õ ú ü ôú õ

oeconomica”

nr.

8,

2006,

Alba

Iulia,

Available

at:

ý þþÿ ✁✁✂ ✂ ✂ ✄☎ ✆ ✝ ☎ ✞ ☎ ✟ ✠✝ ✡ ✄☛ ✡ ☞ ✄✌ ☎ ✁☛ ÿ ✍☎ ✡ ✎ ✁ ✍☛ ✝ ✌ ✡ ✌ ✠✁ ✏ ✑ ✒ ✒ ✓ ✔✁ ✔ ✕ ✄ÿ ✎ ✖ ✗ ✘✙ ✝ ✝ ✆ ✚ ✚ ✆ ✎

✔ ✒ ✛ ✝ þ ☎ ☞ ✆ ✌ ✑ ✒ ✔ ✑ ✜

ö ø ó✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ ✧ ✦ ★ ✩ ö ùùú û ✪ ú õ ó✫ ó✩ ú ✬ ✭ ✭ ✫ ø û óôû ✪ ✮ ü ✫ ✯ ú õ õ ô✫ û ✤ ✰ ✩ ú ✬ ✭ ✭ ✫ ø û óô û ✪

✥ ú ✱ ôú ✲ ✤ ✳ ✫ ù ✦ ✴ ✵ ✤ ✶ ✫ ✦ ✷ ✸ ✬ ÷ ü ✦✤ ✹ ✺ ✻ ✼ ✽ ✤ ÷ ÷ ✦ ✷ ✺ ✺ ✾ ✿ ✹ ✹ ✤ ✮ ø ❀ ùôõ ✩ ú ❁ ❀ ❂ ❃

✬ ❄ ú üô ✭ ö û ✬ ✭ ✭ ✫ ø û óôû ✪ ✬ õ õ ✫ ✭ ôö óô✫ û ✤ ✬ ✱ ö ôùö ❀ ùú ö ó ❃

ý þþÿ ✁✁✂ ✂ ✂ ✄❅ ✚þ ☎ ✌ ✄☎ ✌ ❆ ✁ ✚þ ✡ ☞ ✍✆ ✁✑ ❇ ✑ ✑ ❈ ✕ ✗ ✘✙ ✝ ✝ ✆ ✚ ✚ ✆ ✎ ✔ ✕ ✛ ✝ þ ☎ ☞ ✆ ✌ ✑ ✒ ✔✑ ✜

✮ ✫ ÷ ú õ ✭ ø ✤ ❉ ✦✤ ❊ ö û ✭ ú ö ✾ ✶ ú ✪ ü ú õ ✭ ø

✦ ❋ ✤ ✬ û ô✭ ö ✾✮ ✫ ÷ ö ✤ ✬ ✦ ✸ ✷ ✵ ✹ ✵ ✽ ✦ ●

î ❍■ ❍

valorii în atragerea investitorilor,

✥ ú ✱ ôõ óö

Român

! de Statistic!

ø ÷ ùô❄ ú ✤ ✹ ✷ ✤ ÷ ✪ ✦ ✹ ✴ ❑ ✾ ✹ ✼ ✷

ö ùóú ü ö ✤

✦▲ ✦✤ ❉ ú ✲ ôõ ✮ ✦✬ ✦ ▼ ◆

ð ❖ ë P î í ◗ ì ð ❘ ❙ ❚ ñ ë ï ê ❯ì ❯❱ ð ❍ ë ❲ ð ï ❯ñ ð ò❯î ñ î í

◗ ì ð ❘ ❳P ï î ❖ ë ❍ î í ❱ ■ ❍ò■ ì ë ð ñ ❖ ❯ñ ❱ î ï ë ï ë ð P ■ ì ë ï ë ñ ò ê ì ð ❱ ò❯❱ ë P ■ P ❯ñ ❨

❩ ❬ ❭ ❪

❖ ð òð ❫

✬ ❁ ✱ ö û ✭ ú õ ôû ✬ ✭ ✭ ✫ ø û óôû ✪ ✳ ✫ ùø ❄ ú ✷ ❴ ✤ ❵ õ õ ø ú ✹ ✤ ❛ ø û ú ✷ ✵ ✹ ✹ ✤

÷ ✪ ✦ ✹ ✿ ✷

✹ ✴ ✷ ✤ ✬ ✱ ö ôùö ❀ ùú ö ó ❃

ý þþÿ ✁✁✂ ✂ ✂ ✄✚ ✝ ✠✆ ✞ ✝ ✆ ✎ ✠✌ ✆ ✝ þ ✄✝ ☎ ✟ ✁ ✚ ✝ ✠✆ ✞ ✝ ✆ ✁ ✡ ✌þ ✠✝ ✍✆ ✁ÿ ✠✠✁ ❜ ✒ ✏ ✏ ✑ ✓ ✔ ✔ ✒ ✔ ✒ ✒ ✒ ✒ ❇ ✑ ✏ ✗

✘✙ ✝ ✝ ✆ ✚ ✚ ✆ ✎ ✔ ✕ ✛ ✝þ ☎ ☞ ✆ ✌ ✑ ✒ ✔✑ ✜

óö û ôùö ✤ ❝ ✤ ✬ ✤ ✮ ✫ ÷ ö ✤ ✬ ✦ ❞ ✤ ❵ õ ÷ ö õ ✤

✦ ✸✷ ✵ ✹ ✷ ✽ ✦

❡ ◆

ë ê ❍ð ❱ ë î í P ■ P òð ❯ñ ð ❢ ❍ë

❖ ë ❣ ë ❍î ê ï ë ñ ò ❯ñ ò

ë í ❯ñ ð ñ ❱ ❯ð ❍ ì ëê î ì ò❯ñ ❨ î í ❍ð ì❨ ë

î ï ð ñ ❯ð ñ

❱ î ï ê ð ñ ❯ë P

”, International Conference “Probleme Actuale ale

Economiei Globale”,

❵ ❤ ó✩ ✐ ❁ ôóô✫ û ✤ ❊ ✱ ô❁ ôø õ ❥ û ô✱ ú üõ ô ó❂ ✬ û û ö ùõ ✤

Constan"a. Eco

û ✫ ❄ ô✭

✭ ôú û ✭ ú õ

ú ü ô ú õ ✤ ✹ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✽ ✤ ÷ ✪ ✦ ✹ ❴ ✵ ✵

✹ ❴ ✵ ❴

ö û ✪ ✤ ❉ ✦ ✸ ✷ ✵ ✵ ❴ ✽ ✦ ●

ëí ❍ ë ❱ ò❯î ñ P î ñ

ë ð ❱

❯ñ ❨ ❚ ❖ ❖ ì ë P P ❙

ë ð ❱

❯ñ ❨ ð ñ ❖

ë ð ì ñ ❯ ñ ❨ ð ❱ ì î P P ❚ ❱ ð ❖ ë ï ❯❱ ♠ ■ ❍ò■ ì ë P

✤ ✶ ✫ ü ó✩ ★ ú û óüö ù

✫ ✭ ô✫ ù✫ ✪ ô ✭ ö ù

✬ õ õ ✫ ✭ ôö óô✫ û ✤ ÷ ✪ ✦ ✿ ✿ ❴ ✾ ✿ ✴ ❴ ✤

✙ ♥ ✡ ✠✍✡ ☞ ✍✆ ✡ þ ý þþÿ ✁✁ ✚ ✆ ✡✌ ✝ ý ✄ÿ ✌ ☎ ♦ ☛ ✆ ✚þ ✄✝ ☎ ✟ ✗

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