❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉❋✿
❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❋♦r♠❛t✐✈❛
❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❏♦s✉é ❙❡r❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛
❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❏♦s✉é ❙❡r❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛
Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❊s❝♦❧❛ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞♦
❉❋✿ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦
❋♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛✉r♦ ▲✉✐③ ❘❛❜❡❧♦
❇r❛sí❧✐❛
Ficha catalográfica elaborada automaticamente, com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a)
dSO729 p
de Souza, Josué Sergio
Projeto Simulado de uma escola pública do DF: convergência para uma avaliação formativa em
Matemática / Josué Sergio de Souza; orientador Mauro Luiz Rabelo. -- Brasília, 2016.
206 p.
Dissertação (Mestrado - Mestrado Profissional em Matemática) -- Universidade de Brasília, 2016.
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳é ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r ❙✉❛ ❣r❛ç❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ❡✉ ✈✐✈❡ss❡ ❡①♣❡✲ r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s❛s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ●r❛ç❛ ❡ ❏♦sé ❙❡r❣✐♦✱ ♣♦r ♠♦str❛r❡♠ ❛♠♦r♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡ tr❛ç❛r ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥❇ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐✲ ❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❉r✳ ❈❡❧✐✉s ❡ ❉r✳ ❏♦sé ❆♥tô♥✐♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❛♠ ♣r♦♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❉r✳ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❘✉✈✐❛r♦ ❡ ❉r✳ ❈❧❡②t♦♥ ●♦♥t✐❥♦ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉r✳ ▼❛✉r♦ ▲✉✐③ ❘❛❜❡❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❛❝❡✐t♦✉ ❛ ár❞✉❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ s❡r ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❡ ♦ ❢❡③ ♠❛❣✐str❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❉r✳ ❘✉✐ ❙❡✐♠❡t③ ❡ ❉r✳ ▲✐♥❡✉ ◆❡t♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞✐r❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❙❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥t✉s✐❛s♠♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐❞♦✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ▼❛✐❛♥❛✱ q✉❡ ❝✉✐❞♦✉ ❞❡ ♠✐♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡r❛ ❝❛♦s✳ ❊ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✜❧❤♦ ❏♦ã♦ ❙❡r❣✐♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r s❡♠♣r❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s♦rr✐s♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❛❜r❛ç♦ ❛♣❡rt❛❞♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❈❆P❊❙
❘❡s✉♠♦
❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠♦str❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ♣s✐❝♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✳ P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡
❆❜str❛❝t
❛✐❞ ♦❢ ♣s②❝❤♦♠❡tr✐❝s r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ ✐t❡♠s✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ P✉❜❧✐❝ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❉✐str✐❝t✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s
❙✉♠ár✐♦
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✐❧✉str❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✶ ❆❱❆▲■❆➬➹❖ ❈❖▼❖ ▼❊■❖ P❆❘❆ ❆ ❆P❘❊◆❉■❩❆●❊▼✿ P❘❊❙✲ ❙❯P❖❙❚❖❙ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❖❙ ❉❆ ❙❊❈❘❊❚❆❘■❆ ❉❊ ❊❉❯❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❉■❙❚❘■❚❖ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✶✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✳✸ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✶✳✹ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧✱ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❡ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✳✹✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✳✹✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✳✹✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✶✳✹✳✸✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷ P❙■❈❖▼❊❚❘■❆✿ ❈❖◆❈❊■❚❖❙ ❇➪❙■❈❖❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✶ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✷ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❚❡st❡s ✭❚❈❚✮ ❡ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♦ ■t❡♠
✭❚❘■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✶ ❇♦❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ s❡rá ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❊❧❛❜♦r❛r ♦ t❡①t♦✲❜❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❊❧❛❜♦r❛r ♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✶✳✹ ❊❧❛❜♦r❛r ❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✳✺ ❘❡✈✐s❛r ♦ ✐t❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✶✳✻ ❊❧❛❜♦r❛r ♦ ❣❛❜❛r✐t♦ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ✐t❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✷ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✸ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✹ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❖ P❘❖❏❊❚❖ ❙■▼❯▲❆❉❖ ❈❖▼❖ ■◆❙❚❘❯▼❊◆❚❖ ❆❱❆▲■❆❚■❱❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✸ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞♦s ■t❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ■t❡♥s ❞♦ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✳✹✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❚✉r♥♦ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❚✉r♥♦ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❚✉r♥♦ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✹✳✹✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❚✉r♥♦ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✹✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s ❞♦ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺
✹✳✺✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❚✉r♥♦ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✹✳✺✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❚✉r♥♦ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✹✳✺✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ Pr❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❚✉r♥♦ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✻
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ✐❧✉str❛çõ❡s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✷ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✷ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✸ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✸ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✹ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✽ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✹ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✾ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✺ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✵ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✺ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✶ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✻ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✷ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✻ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✸ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✼ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✹ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✼ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✺ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✽ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✻ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✽ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✼ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✾ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✽ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✵ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✾ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✵ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✵ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✶ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✷ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✷ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✹ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✸ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✺ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✸ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✻ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✹ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✼ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✹ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✽ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✺ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✾ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✺ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✵ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✻ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✶ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✻ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✷ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✼ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✸ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✽ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✹ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✽ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✺ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✾ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✻ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✾ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✼ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✵ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✽ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✵ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✷♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✾ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✵ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✶ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✷ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✷ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✷ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✸ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✸ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✹ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✸ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✺ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✹ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✻ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✹ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✼ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✺ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✾
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✾ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✻ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✵ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✻ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✶ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✼ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✷ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✼ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✻
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✸ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✽ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✹ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✾ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✺ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✾ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✻ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✵ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✼ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✵ ✲ ▼❛t✉t✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✽ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✾ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✵ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✷ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✶ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✷ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✷ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✸ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✸ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✹ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✹ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✹ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✺ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✺ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✵
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✻ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✻ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✼ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✻ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✹
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✽ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✼ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✾ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✼ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✵ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✽ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✶ ✕ ❆●■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✾ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸❛ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✼✷ ✕ ❈❈■ ❞❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✾ ✲ ❱❡s♣❡rt✐♥♦ ✲ ✸♦ ❜✐♠❡str❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾✹
✷✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❣❡st♦r❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐✲ ❛çã♦ é ❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛✱ q✉❡ ✈❛✐ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠ ❡s❝♦r❡ ♣❛r❛✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ♦✉ r❡♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ✭❱■▲▲❆❙✲❇❖❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❆ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❛✈❛♥✲ ç❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às t❡♦r✐❛s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ♦s ♠❛♥✉❛✐s ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭❙❊❊❉❋✮ ❛t❡♥❞❡♠ à ♠♦❞❡r♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡✢❡t❡♠ àq✉❡❧❡ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛r❝❛✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ r♦✉♣❛❣❡♠✿ ❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ♥♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ♣❛ís✳
P❛r❛ ❡①♣♦r ❞❡ q✉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡st❛s ❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛s✱ s❡❣✉❡ ♦ r❡❧❛t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡✉♥✐ã♦ ♦❝♦rr✐❞❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❥á ❡st❛✈❛ ❡♠ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦✳
✷✷
✷✸ ❆ s✐t✉❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t❛❞❛ ❛❝✐♠❛ ✐❧✉str❛ ♦ ❞r❛♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛ ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❙❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧❛❞♦ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛✈❛♥ç❛♠ ❡ ❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❛♣♦♥t❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❛ s❡r ♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛❞❛✱ ❞♦ ♦✉✲ tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ t❡♠♦s ❛ ✐♥s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❡ ❛ s✉❛ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❛❝♦♥t❡ç❛♠✳ P♦r ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ❡st✉❞♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ✶
s✉❣✐r❛♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♦❧❤❛r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛tór✐♦✱ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♣r❡❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ tr❛✲ ❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ s♦♠❛t✐✈❛✳ ❆ ♥♦t❛ ♥♦ ❜♦❧❡t✐♠✱ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❧❡t✐✈♦✱ ♦✉ ❛ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦✴r❡♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ♥♦ ✈❡st✐❜✉❧❛r ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ s❡♥❞♦ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♦❜s❡r✈❛✲ ❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s q✉❡ s❡ s❛✐❜❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s r❡✢❡t❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳
◆❛ ❝♦♥tr❛♠ã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛tór✐❛ ❡ ❡①❝❧✉❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦ ❡①❛❧t❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❡st❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✳ ❯♠ ❧❡✐t♦r ♠❛✐s ❛t❡♥t♦ ✈❛✐ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡✱ ❡♠ ♥❡✲ ♥❤✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❤á ❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s✳ ❖ q✉❡ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ é ✉♠❛ s✉❣❡stã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ q✉❡ tr❛♥s❝❡♥❞❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r✱ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡r✈❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❡stá ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡s s❡❥❛♠ ♥✉♠❡r♦s♦s✦ ❖ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♥t♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♠ tr❡✐♥❛r ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r✲s❡ ❞❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❚❘■✱ ❛
✶ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦s tít✉❧♦s ❝✐t❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ s✉❣❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡
✷✹
✷✺
✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❈♦♠♦ ▼❡✐♦ P❛r❛ ❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲
❣❡♠✿ Pr❡ss✉♣♦st♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛
❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧
✶✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❈❡♥s♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r ✷✵✶✺ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭❙❊❊❉❋✮✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ✼✾✾✻✺ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✷✽✶ t✉r♠❛s✳ ❊♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✹✵ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú✲ ❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ é ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s✱ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✽✵✵ ❛❧✉♥♦s ✭❙❊❊❉❋✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❆♦ ❛❞❡♥tr❛r ♥❡ss❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♣r♦❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ♦ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ❡①❛♠❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❊◆❊▼ ❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦t✐♠✐✲ ③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❖ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s é ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛♣t✐❞õ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ♠❛tr✐❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳
✷✻
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ é ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s♦♠❛t✐✈❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡s✲ s♦r❡s ❞♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ✉♠ ❡s❝♦r❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡rá ✈✐st♦ ❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♥❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s s❡çõ❡s✱ ❛ ❙❊❊❉❋ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥❛ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❍✐stór✐❝♦✲❈rít✐❝❛ ❡ ♥❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❍✐stór✐❝♦✲❈✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ s✉r❣❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈♦s ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❡ss❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ é✿ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ Pr♦✲ ❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛❄
❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❡♠❜❛s❛♠ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈♦s ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❉❋ ❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡❧❡s✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❡ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ à ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❞❡✲ t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ é ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛❢❡r❡♠ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦s s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥✲ t♦s ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s t❡♥❤❛♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛♥ç❛r ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡♥❝❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r✳ P❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ✶✱ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ é ♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦
✭♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s❛❜❡❄✮✱ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❛ss♦ é ❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭❝♦♠♣❛r❛r ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦✮ ❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s✱ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞✐❞át✐❝❛s ♦✉ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠
✶ P❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲s❡ ❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✾✱
✷✼ ❝❛❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ só ❢❛③ s❡♥t✐❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❧❡✈❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦✳ ✭▲✉❝❦❡s✐✱ ✷✵✵✵✮
❆♦ tr❛t❛r✲s❡ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ❤á ❛ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛s✱ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛s ❡ ❛ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ♦✉ r❡♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ P❛r❛ P❡rr❡♥♦✉❞ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✱
❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛✱ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ à ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐✲ ❡r❛rq✉✐❛s ❞❡ ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖s ❛❧✉♥♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❝❧❛ss✐✜✲ ❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✈✐rt✉❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ♦✉ ❡♥❝❛r♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
✳
❆q✉✐✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♥s✱ ♠❛s s❡ ❞✐s♣õ❡ ❛♣❡✲ ♥❛s ❛ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✉♠❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♣❛r❛✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝á✲❧♦ ❡♠ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ♦✉ r❡♣r♦✈❛❞♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡st❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ ✈❡r✐✲ ✜❝❛r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣♦r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s❡♠ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❡❧❡✱ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✉ ♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❆s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡st❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r sã♦ ❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡ ♣❛ss❛♠ ♣♦r s✉❛ s❡✈❡r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛r❜✐tr❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♥❝♦❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s s✉❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✳ ❙❡ ❛♥t❡s ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦ss✉í❛ ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝❧❛s✲ s✐✜❝❛tór✐♦✱ ❤♦❥❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ✭❱✐❧❧❛s✲❇♦❛s✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❛❞q✉✐r❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r r❡♣❡♥s❛r ❛ s✉❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳
✷✽
❝✉❧❛r❡s✳ ❆♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ✉♠❛ ♠❡r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥str✉í✲ ❞♦s✱ ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ❡ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❢♦❝❛ ♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❡❧❛ ♣❡r❞❡ s❡✉ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧✳
❖ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭●❉❋✮✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❋ ✲ ❙❊❊❉❋✴❙✉❜s❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✲ ❙❯❇❊❇✱ ❛ss✉♠✐✉ ❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❤✐stór✐❝♦✲❝rít✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❉❋✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐✲ ③❛❣❡♠✱ ■♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❡♠ ▲❛r❣❛ ❊s❝❛❧❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❘❡❞❡ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ❚r✐ê♥✐♦ ✷✵✶✹✲✷✵✶✻✳ ❊st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦✐ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣õ❡♠ ❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❉❋✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çõ❡s ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦✴●❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ s❡♠❛♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳ ❆ ❧❡❣✐✲ t✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ❉✐r❡tr✐③❡s ❞❡✉✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡r ✾✸✴✷✵✶✹✳
✷✾ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦✈❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♦❝♦rr❡rá s♦❜ ❛ é❣✐❞❡ ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♥❡❧❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❡♠ ▼♦✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ q✉❡ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s t❡r♠♦s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t♦s✳ ◆ã♦ ❤á ❛ ♣r❡t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐ ❡s❣♦t❛r ❡st❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ♠❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❛ ❢r❡♥t❡✳ ❖ q✉❡ s❡ s❡❣✉❡ é ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ❡♠❜❛s❛❞♦ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❙❊❊❉❋ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r❛♠ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳
❖ t❡r♠♦ ✧❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✧❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ✈❡r❜♦ ❝✉❥❛ ❡t✐♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✈❡♠ ❞♦ ❧❛t✐♠ ✈ã❧êr❡✱ ❡ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ t❡r ✈❛❧♦r✱ s❡r ✈á❧✐❞♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é ❡①♣r❡ss♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♦✉ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛✱ ❛t♦ ♦✉ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦✱ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ❛t♦ ♦✉ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❛çã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ▲✐❜â♥❡♦✱ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é ✭✳✳✳✮ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❡✱ ❞❛í✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❛ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❞át✐❝❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✳
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❍❖❋❋▼❆◆◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮ ❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ✈✐és ❞✐❛❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✈❡r✐✜❝❛ ❛té q✉❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛r❛♠ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ s❡ ❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛s ❡stã♦ s✉rt✐♥❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✲❛❧✉♥♦ ✭❊❙❚❊❇❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛r é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s✱ ❝r❡♥ç❛s✱ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✱ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s✱ t❡♦r✐❛s✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♠❡t❛s✱ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛çã♦ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ✭▼❆❘■◆❍❖✲❆❘❆❯❏❖❀ ❘❆❇❊▲❖✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳
✸✵
❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛✱ ♣♦✐s s❡♠♣r❡ ✧❤á ✉♠ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲ ❣❡♥s ♦✉✱ ❛♦ ♠❡♥♦s✱ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ♦❜s❡r✈á✈❡✐s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✧✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ s❡r ❛ r❡❣r❛✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ✉♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈❛✳ ❆ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♦t✐♠✐③❛ ❛s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ssã♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❇❧♦♦♠ ✭✶✾✾✸✮✱ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ três t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✿ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛ ✭❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✮✱ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ✭❝♦♥✲ tr♦❧❛❞♦r❛✮ ❡ s♦♠❛t✐✈❛ ✭❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛tór✐❛✮✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛ ❙❊❊❉❋ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣õ❡ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛✱ ❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✳
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❊❧❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❛♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ♣ôr ❡♠ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❛ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ♣ré✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r ✈❛✐ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛r✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ s✉❛ ❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈❛✳ ❚❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❧❡t✐✈♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r✳ ➱ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❧❡t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✈❛✐ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r ❡ t❡rá ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❧✐♠✐t❡s ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s três ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛✿ ❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡ ✐rá ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s r❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
✸✶ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ♦✉ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ➱ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❛s ❛q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛✲ ❞❡s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛❞❛s✳ ❋❛③✲s❡ ✉♠ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❞❛s ❛q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s à ❡①♣❡❞✐çã♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦✳
❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ é ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r✱ ♣♦✐s ✈✐s❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞♦♠✐♥❛ ❣r❛❞❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❞❡✈❡♥❞♦ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❛♥♦ ❧❡t✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡stã♦ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊❧❛ é ❞✐t❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss✉❛❧ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦✐s✱ ♥❡ss❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♠❡t♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❛❜❡r✱ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❡rí♦❞♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❥á ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✉ ❡♠ ❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✳ P❛r❛ ❙❛❞❧❡r ✭✶✾✽✾✮✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ s♦♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ é ♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❡ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ é ❛ q✉❡ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉s❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ✭❇▲❆❈❑✱ ❉❨▲❆◆✱ ✶✾✾✽✱ ♣✳ ✼✮✳
✸✷
✶✳✸ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❋
❖ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭❙❊❊❉❋✮ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣♦✉✲s❡ ❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝❛ ❡ ❡♠❛♥❝✐♣❛tór✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❡♠ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✭✷✵✶✹✮✳
❖ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❙❊❊❉❋ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥❛ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❍✐stór✐❝♦✲ ❈rít✐❝❛ ❡ ♥❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❍✐stór✐❝♦✲❈✉❧t✉r❛❧ s♦❜ ♦ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐③❛r ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s✳ ◆❡❧❡✱ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡✲s❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ q✉❡ é s❡♠♣r❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ✭❍❆❉❉❆❉❀ P❊❘❊■❘❆✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
◆❛ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❍✐stór✐❝♦✲❈rít✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❛t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❞✉✲ ❝❛♥❞♦✳ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❉❡r♠❡✈❛❧ ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠❛r①✐s♠♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✐st❛✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✳ ◆❡❧❛✱ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r é ♣r❡③❛❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡ ♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝rít✐❝❛✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦✲ ❣✐❛ ❝♦♥tr❛✲❤❡❣❡♠ô♥✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ s❛❜❡r s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛❞♦ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ ♥ã♦ é ♣r✐✈✐❧é❣✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❧✐t❡ ❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡✱ ♠❛s s♦❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ à ❝❧❛ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❛✳
✸✸ ❍✐stór✐❝♦✲❈rít✐❝❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❍✐stór✐❝♦✲❈✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦✲ ♥❛r ❛ ❜♦❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✭❍❆❉❉❆❉ ❡ P❊❘❊■❘❆✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s é ❢❛✈♦r❡❝✐❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦t❛❣♦♥✐st❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ t❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞✐❞❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✳
◆❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❛ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❍✐stór✐❝♦✲❈rít✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❍✐stór✐❝♦✲❈✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠❡r❣❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r t❛✐s ✐❞❡✲ ❛✐s ♣♦✐s ♣♦ss✉✐✱ ♥❛ s✉❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❡ ♠❛♥t❡r t♦❞♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♥❞♦✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠❜❛s❛ ❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ s❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛♠✱ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡ ♥❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
✸✹
❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦ ❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐st❛✱ ✧♣r♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠ér✐t♦✱ r❡str✐t❛ ❛♦ ♣r✐✈✐❧é❣✐♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❡ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❛❜❡r✧✭❙❊❊❉❋✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✱ ❧♦❣♦✱ é s❡❧❡t✐✈❛ ❡ ❡①❝❧✉❞❡♥t❡✳ ◆❡st❡ q✉❛❞r♦✱ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛✉s❛s sã♦ ❡✈♦❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✐♥s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ♠❛s ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ é q✉❡s✲ t✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛tór✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ tê♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉í❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✭❱■▲▲❆❙✲❇❖❆❙✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳
❏á ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛t✐✈❛ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♣♦✐s s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛ ❡♠ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r s✐st❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳ ❊❧❛ s❡ ❝♦♥tr❛♣õ❡ à ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛tór✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③ à ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦✳ P❛r❛ ▲✉❝❦❡s✐ ✭✷✵✵✵✮✱
✭✳✳✳✮✱ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥❛s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ tr❛♥s✲ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡rá ❡st❛r ❛t❡♥t❛ ❛♦s ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✐t❛✲ r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❛♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞♦ ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡①✐❣❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❡♠♦❝rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s✳ ■ss♦ s✐❣♥✐✲ ✜❝❛ ✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡✱ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❞❛rá s❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛r ❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ ❛ r❡❝✐♣r♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈❡rá ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛r✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛✲ çã♦✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ♦ ❛✈❛♥ç♦ ❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ ❡st❛❣♥❛çã♦ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛❞♦r❛✳
✸✺
✶✳✹ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧✱ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❡ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
✶✳✹✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧
▼♦str❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ♣s✐❝♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡rr♦✱ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✳
✶✳✹✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
• ❯t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❚❘■ ❡ ❛ ❚❈❚ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ♣r♦✈❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠✉✲
❧❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦✳
• ■♥s❡r✐r ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦r✲
❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❡ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s✳
• ❊❧❛❜♦r❛r r❡❧❛tór✐♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s
❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✐t❡♥s✳
✶✳✹✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦
❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠♣ír✐❝♦✲❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛✲ ❧✐s❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡♠ t❡st❡s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s✳
✶✳✹✳✸✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
• ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦✿ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦
❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳
✸✻
• P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✿ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛✳
• Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✹✳✶✳
• ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✿ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❚❈❚ ❡ ❞❛ ❚❘■✱ ❛
✸✼
✷ Ps✐❝♦♠❡tr✐❛✿ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s
❋á❜✐♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ●♦♠❡s✱ ❏♦s✉é ❙❡r❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❙❊❊❉❋ ❡ ❡❣r❡ss♦s ❞♦ P❘❖❋▼❆❚
✷✳✶ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦
Ps✐❝♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❛♥t✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r✳ P❛r❛ P❛sq✉❛❧✐✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❛ ♣s✐❝♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✲s❡ ♣♦r ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❡✱
❛ ♣s✐❝♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ q✉❡ tê♠ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❡♥t❛✐s✳
➱ ✉♠ r❛♠♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ Ps✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s à ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♣t✐❞õ❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ❝✉❥❛ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s q✉❡ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s✱ t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❤á ❞✉❛s t❡♦r✐❛s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❈❧áss✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❚❡st❡s ✭❚❈❚✮ ❡ ❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♦ ■t❡♠ ✭❚❘■✮✳
