• Nenhum resultado encontrado

Núcleo da inflação como fator comum do IPCA: uma abordagem do modelo de fator dinâmico...

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2017

Share "Núcleo da inflação como fator comum do IPCA: uma abordagem do modelo de fator dinâmico..."

Copied!
62
0
0

Texto

(1)

✷✵✵✾

(2)
(3)

ERRATA

Alves, A.P.A. N ú cle o da infla çã o com o fa t or com um do I PCA: um a a bor da ge m do m ode lo de fa t or dinâ m ico ge ne r a liz a do. 2009. 60 pp. Dissert ação ( Mest rado em Econom ia Aplicada) - Faculdade de Econom ia, Adm inist ração e Cont abilidade de Ribeirão Pret o, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Pret o, 2009.

pá gina e qua çã o on de se lê le ia - se

24 13

A proj eção de

χ

it t erá a form a

χ

it =Kin(L)Xt,

em que:

) ( ) ( : ) ( 1 L p L p L K j q j ji n i

= =

pá gina lin h a on de se lê le ia - se

13 24 Bryan e Cecchet t i

( 1996)

Bryan e Cecchet t i ( 1993)

15 21 Fiorencio e Moreira

( 2002)

Fiorencio e Moreira ( 2001)

21 23 Ou sej a, são

quadrado

som áveis, ou sej a são quadrado som áveis.

Ou sej a, são quadrado som áveis

22 22 Γn =(o)

χ Γχn =(θ)

23 10 T

nM T

n T

M

n Γ Γ

Γ, ,..., 0,..., ΓnT,M,...,ΓnT,0,...,ΓnT,M

39 2 Referência [ 31] Picchet t i, P. e Toledo, C. ( 2000) “ How Much t o Trim ? A Met hodology for

Calculat ing Core I n‡at ion,Wich an Applicat ion for Brazil” , Econom ia Aplicada,

Vol.4 – N. 4 39 3 Referência [ 32] Cham berlain, G. e

Rot hschild, M ( 1983) , “ Arbit rage, Fact or St rut ure and Mean- Variance Analysis in Large Asset Markest s” , Vol.51, 1305- 1324 89 10 Referência [ 34] Forni e Reichlin

(4)

Policies and Local Econom ies: Europe and t he US” , European Econom ic Reviews, No.45, pp. 109- 134.

pá gina figur a on de se lê le ia - se

35 12 1.27* * * - 1.27* * *

(5)

◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛t♦r ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞♦ ■P❈❆✿ ✉♠❛

❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦

❆♥❛ P❛✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❆❧✈❡s

✷✵✵✾✴❏❛♥❡✐r♦

∗❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✴❋❊❆❘P✴❯❙P✲✷✵✵✾

(6)

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❡ ❆♥❞r❡s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉ ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛r❡♠ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❛♥♦s ❋❛❜✐❛♥❛✱ ❑❛r❡♥✱ ❇r✉♥♦✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧❛ ❡ Pr❡t❛❀ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ❞❡s✐st✐r❛♠ ❞❡ ♠✐♠✦

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡♠ t✐✈❡ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ t❡r ❛✉❧❛s ❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠✱ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❘♦s❡❧✐ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❡ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❈❤✐❜❡❜❡ ◆✐❝♦❧❡❧❧❛✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❧♦♥❣❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♠út✉♦ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡❝✐s✐✈♦s✱ ▲✉❞♠✐❧❛ ❙á ❋♦♥s❡❝❛✱ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❚❛❦❡✉❝❤✐✱ ❈❛✐♦ ❈❛s❡❧❧❛✱ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❙t♦❝❝♦✱ ▼✐❝❤❛❡❧ ▼❛rt✐♥s ❡ ❇❡❛tr✐③ ❙❡❧❛♥✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❖❝t❛✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❛rr♦s ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❞❡♣♦s✐t❛❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥q✉✐❡t✉❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♠✐❣❛ ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❆♥❞r❡❛ ❇❛st♦s ❉❛♠✐❝♦✳ ❆s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣♦♥t✉❛✐s ❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❈❛♠❛r❛ ❡ ▼②r✐ã ❇❛st✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❋r❡✐t❛s✱ ❚❤❛✐s ❖rt❡❣❛ ❡ ❇r✉♥♦ ❘♦❝❤❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❝rít✐❝❛s ❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s s❡♠♣r❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❛♠✐❣❛ ❈❧❛r❛ ❙❡t♦❣✉❝❤✐ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ✜♥❛❧✳

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ❏❛②❧s♦♥ ❙✐❧✈❡✐r❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s ♠❛✐s ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❛s✳

▼✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛✦

(7)

❘❡s✉♠♦✿ ❙♦❜ ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❝❛❜❡ à ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❜❛❧✐s❛r s❡✉s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛rát❡r ✈♦❧át✐❧ ❞♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❝❤❡✐❛ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛❝✉rá✲ ❝✐❛ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❡stã♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦s ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊ ❥á q✉❡ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❡stá ❡♠ ③❡✲ ❧❛r ♣❡❧❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✧r❡❛❧✧✭♦✉ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦✮ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✱ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛s ♦✉ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ ❝❛❜❡ à ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ t❛✐s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ à ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ✢✉t✉❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❈❡♥tr❛✐s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❢❛t♦r❡s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✭✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝rát✐❝♦s✮ ❞♦s ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ✭❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✮ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❯s❛♠♦s ♦ ■P❈❆ ❡♠ s❡✉ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠❛✐s ❞❡s❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦ ❡ ❣❡r❛♠♦s ♦ ❝❤♦q✉❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✳ ❊ ❛ ❡st❡ ❝❤♦q✉❡ ❝❤❛♠❛♠♦s ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳ ❙✉❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞ê♥❝✐❛ à ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❝❤❡✐❛ ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❢♦✐ t❡st❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦✱ ❱❊❈✱ t❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣♦r ❊①❝❧✉sã♦✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❛q✉✐ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦

P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠✉♠❀ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦❀ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧❀ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✲ ✢❛çã♦✳

(8)

❆❜str❛❝t✿ ❯♥❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥ t❛r❣❡t s②st❡♠ ❧✐❡s t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡t❛r② ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡st t♦♦❧s t♦ ❦❡❡♣ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣r✐❝❡ st❛❜✐❧✐t②✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥✱ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❜❛♥❦s ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦r❡ ✐♥ ❛tt❡♠♣t t♦ ❝❛♣t✉r❡ ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② ✇❛② t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡s tr❡♥❞s✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ t✐♠❡s✱ ❝♦♥s✉♠❡r ♣r✐❝❡s ✐♥❞❡①❡s ❛r❡ s✉❜❥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ✈❡r② ✈♦❧❛t✐❧❡ ♣r✐❝❡s✱ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛r② ♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❡❞ ❢❛❝t♦rs✳ ❆s t❤❡ ✈✐❣✐❧❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡t❛r② ❛✉t❤♦r✐t② r❡❧✐❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❛❧ st❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣r✐❝❡s ❧❡✈❡❧✱ t❡♠♣♦r❛r② ♦r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❡❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ❞♦❡s♥✬t ❛✛❡❝t t❤❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❞❡①❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ r✉♥ ❛♥❞✱ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ✐t✬s ♥♦t ❛♥ ✐ss✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❜❛♥❦ t♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞ t♦ t❤✐s ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✱ t❤✐s ❝♦✉❧❞ ✐♥❞❡❡❞ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛♥ ✉♥♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② t♦ t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡t❛r② ♣♦❧✐t✐❝s ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✳ ❚❤✐s ✇❛②✱ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❜❛♥❦s ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦r❡✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ❛♣♣❧✐❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❢❛❝t♦r ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐t✬s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❡❞ ❢❛❝t♦rs ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✭❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞✮ s❤♦❝❦s ✐♥ ❛ ❣r❡❛t ❞❛t❛ s❡t✳ ❲❡ ✉s❡ ■P❈❆ ♦♥ ✐ts ♠♦r❡ ❞✐s❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡❞ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ s❤♦❝❦ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ s❡t✱ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ♥❛♠❡ t❤✐s s❤♦❝❦ t❤❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦r❡✳ ❲❡ t❡st t❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝♦r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❤♦rt r✉♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❱❊❈✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❊①❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❝♦r❡✱ ✇❡ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t ②♦✉r ❝♦r❡ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❢❛❝t♦r ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t t❤❡♥ ❊①❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ❝♦r❡✳

❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts❀ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧❀ s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s❀ ❝♦r❡ ✐♥✢❛t✐♦♥

(9)

❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✾

✷ ❆ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ s♦❜r❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ✶✸

✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s✿ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ sér✐❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛

❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✶✼

✸✳✶ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✷ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✹ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ■♥✢❛çã♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ✷✺

✹✳✶ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✶✳✶ ■P❈❆ r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✶✳✷ Pré✲❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✷ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❋❍▲❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼

✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✿ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❝♦✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ✸✶

✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✸✻

✼ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✸✼

✽ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡s ✹✵

✽✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✽✳✷ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡✿ t❡st❡s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❋❍▲❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✽✳✸ ❘♦t✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼❛t❧❛❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

(10)

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✶ ■P❈❆ ■❇●❊ ✈❡rs✉s ■P❈❆ r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷ ❱❛r✐â♥❝✐❛s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ✽ ❛✉t♦✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝rát✐❝♦s ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✺ ■P❈❆ r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❋❍▲❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✻ ■P❈❆ r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❊①❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✼ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❋❍▲❘ ❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣♦r ❊①❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦

♣r❛③♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❋❍▲❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✾ ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ❜❛s❡ ✶✵✵❂❆❣♦✴✶✾✾✾ ❞♦ ■P❈❆ r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦✱ ❊①❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❋❍▲❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✵ ❚❡st❡s ❞❡ ❈♦✐♥t❡❣❛çã♦ ✲ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❚r❛ç♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦✲❱❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✶ ❱❡t♦r ❞❡ ❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❊rr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✷ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ▲♦♥❣♦ Pr❛③♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✸ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❘❛✐③ ❯♥✐tár✐❛ ♥♦ ❧♦❣❛r✐t♠♦ ✲ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✶✹ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦✿ ■P❈❆ r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❊①❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✶✺ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦✿ ■P❈❆ r❡♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ◆ú❝❧❡♦ ❋❍▲❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

(11)

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❡♥t❛ ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ s✉r❣✐✉ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛✲ t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦s ❡ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦✶✳ ❙✉❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ❞❡✈❡✉✲s❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ à ❛tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ r❡❞✉③ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✷

❙♦❜ ❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ q✉❛s❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡♥s✉❛❧ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ tr❛③ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ s❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♥♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❤á ✉♠ ❝❧❛r♦ tr❛❞❡✲♦✛ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ P❤✐❧❧✐♣s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ s❛❝r✐❢í❝✐♦✸ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ P■❇ ✭♦✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦✮ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❢♦ss❡ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ❞❡s❞❡ s❡✉ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦✹

❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡①♣♦st♦ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦✱ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❛♦ ❝♦♠❡t❡r ❡q✉í✈♦❝♦s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳ ◆ã♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❛♣ós ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡❧❛s✿ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❞❡❜❛t❡ s♦❜r❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✺ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❝r❡s❝❡✉ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❉✐✈❡rs♦s ❇❛♥❝♦s ❈❡♥tr❛✐s✻ ✉s❛♠ ❡st✐♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡✳

◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s s❡ ❞❡✉ ❡♠ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✾ ❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ t❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ♣ré✲ ✶❆ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦s ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ r❡❣✐♠❡

♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥♦✉ ❛ q✉❛s❡ ❡st✐çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦s✱ ♥❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❡ ❆❧❛♥ ❇❧✐❞❡r ✭✶✾✾✾✮✿ ◆ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ q✉❡ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥♦✉ ♦s ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦s ❡ s✐♠ ♦s ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦s q✉❡ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛r❛♠ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✳ ❉✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛✐s t❛♠❜é♠ t♦r♥♦✉ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦ ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ t❛①❛ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝â♠❜✐♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s✳

P❛r❛ ❡✈✐❞ê♥✐❝❛s ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛s ✈❡r ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ✷✵✵✻✳

❆ ❝r❡❞✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ é t♦♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦✲❝❤❛✈❡ ♥❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡

s❛❝rí✜❝✐♦ ✭❇❡r♥❛♥❦❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❡stã♦✿ ❛ tr❛♥s♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❤♦q✉❡s✳

❆ ◆♦✈❛ ❩❡❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ís ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③á✲❧♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❥á ❡♠ ✷✵✵✽

✈✐♥t❡ ❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛ís❡s ♦ ✉❧✐❧✐③❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐r❡tr✐③ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♦ ❛❞♦t❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉í✲s❡ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❈❤✐❧❡✱ ❍✉♥❣r✐❛✱ ❈♦ré✐❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ➪❢r✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙✉❧✱ ▼é①✐❝♦ ❡ ❚✉rq✉✐❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳

❊♠ ✶✾✾✾ ♦ ❇■❙ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡✉ ✉♠ s❡♠✐♥ár✐♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠❛✳

◆♦s ❊❯❆✱ ❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ ❡ ◆♦✈❛ ❩❡❧❛♥❞✐❛✱ ❯♥✐ã♦ ❊✉r♦♣é✐❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳

(12)

❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ▼♦♥❡tár✐♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✼✭❈▼◆✮✳ ❙♦❜ ❡st❡ r❡❣✐♠❡✱ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ❛t❡♥t❛ à ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡♠ ♦s r✉í❞♦s ❞❡ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥ã♦ r❡q✉❡r❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✳ ❚❛❧ ❢❛t♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦✉ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ r❡❣✐♠❡✱ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t✉r❛✐s ♣r♦✈♦❝♦✉ ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ♠❡t❛s✱ ❝✉❧♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧❡♥t❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❈r✐s❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✽ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛s❡♥tr❡ ✷✵✵✶ ❡ ✷✵✵✸ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❛ ❛✈❡rsã♦ ❛♦ r✐s❝♦ ❡ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r❛♠ ❢♦rt❡ ❞❡♣r❡❝✐❛çã♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r❛♠ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛ ❡st✐♣✉❧❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳ ❚❛✐s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♠♦t✐✈❛r❛♠ ❛ ❛✉✲ t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♦❝❛s✐õ❡s✱ ♠❡t❛s ❛❥✉st❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❝❤♦q✉❡s ♣r✐♠ár✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✳ ❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❛❧t❡r♦✉ ❛ ♠❡t❛ ❞❡ ✹✱✵✪ ♣❛r❛ ✽✱✺✪ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛r ❛ ✐♥ér❝✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛ ✈✐♥❞❛ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❛❧t❡r♦✉ ❛ ♠❡t❛ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❞❡ ✸✱✼✺✪ ♣❛r❛ ✺✱✺✪✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✷✵✵✹✱ ❡r❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛r t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❝❤♦q✉❡ ❞❡ ♦❢❡rt❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♠♠♦❞✐t✐❡s✶✵

❆✐♥❞❛ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ ♠❛♥t❡r ❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❡♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛✐①♦s ❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❧❡♥t❛✱ ❛s t❛①❛s ❝♦♥✈❡r❣✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡t❛✳ ◆♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✷✵✵✷ ❡ ✷✵✵✻ ❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❞♦ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ Pr❡ç♦s ❛♦ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❆♠♣❧♦ ✭■P❈❆✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡ ❢r❛♥❝❛ ❞❡s❛❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✶✷✱✺✪ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✸✱✶✹✪ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻✶✶✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❥✉r♦s ✭✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧✮ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s✉❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ✭▼✐♥❡❧❧❛✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳

◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✳ ❖ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡✈❡ ✉❧tr❛♣❛s✲ s❛r ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♥s ❡ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡s ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❡①❡r❝❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r❡ç♦s ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s❡t♦r ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦✳

❙♦❜ ❡st❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ ❝❛❜❡ à ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❡♥tr❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✲ ✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✉r❛❞♦✉r♦s ❡ t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ sã♦ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st❛s ✭❋❛✈❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ✼❖ ❈♦♥s❡❧❤♦ ▼♦♥❡tár✐♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠✐♥✐str♦ ❞❛ ❢❛③❡♥❞❛✱ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧

❡ ♦ ♠✐♥✐str♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦✳

❆t❡♥t❛❞♦ t❡rr♦r✐st❛ ♥♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❡ ❝r✐s❡ ❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✳❙✉❝❡ssã♦ ♣r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✷✳

✶✵❆s ❝♦♠♠♦❞✐t✐❡s ♠❡tá❧✐❝❛s s✉❜✐r❛♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✻✹✪ ❡♠ ❞ó❧❛r ♥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❇❧♦♦♠❜❡r❣✲

▲▼❳ ✭▲♦♥❞♦♥ ▼❡t❛❧ ❊①❝❤❛♥❣❡✮✳

✶✶❊♠ ✷✵✵✸ ♦ ■P❈❆ ✈❛r✐♦✉ ✾✱✸✪✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✹ ✼✱✻✪ ❡ ✺✱✼✪ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✺✳

(13)

s✉❥❡✐t❛s ❛ ❡rr♦s ❛♠♦str❛✐s✱ ♥ã♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✢✉t✉❛çõ❡s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧át❡✐s q✉❡ ❞✐✜✲ ❝✉❧t❛♠ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s✳

P♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞✐st♦✱ ✉♠ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❝❤❡✐♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♥♦rt❡❛r ❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✳ ❚❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ✭❝♦r❡✮✱ ❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡❞✐r ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✳ ❆q✉✐ ❞✐t♦✱ ♣♦r t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r q✉❡ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ s❡rá ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❡♥tr❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝rát✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s ❡ t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦s✱ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡r ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦ ✲ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❋✐♦r❡♥❝✐♦ ❡ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✶✷

■st♦ ♣♦st♦✱ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ é ❞❡ s✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳ ❈❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✈♦❧át✐❧ ❛♦ r❡❛❣✐r ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦s✱ s❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r s✉❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❱❛❧❡ ❛q✉✐ ✉♠❛ r❡ss❛❧✈❛✱ ♦ ❞❡❜❛t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❤❡❛❞✲ ❧✐♥❡ ❞♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡t❛ ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✈❛st♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❛s ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❜❡♠✲❡st❛r ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ❝❛❜❡rá ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ ❣❡stã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛✳

❍á ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ s♦❜r❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠❛✐s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✲ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s✶✸ ✲ é ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ q✉❡ ❡①❝❧✉✐ ✐t❡♥s ♣ré✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✳ ❆ ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ✐t❡♥s ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ s❛③♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❛❢r❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡ss❛❢r❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❣❡♦♣♦❧ít✐❝♦s✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦ ✭❡♥❡r❣✐❛✮✳ ❖ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ✉s❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ às ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦♠ést✐❝❛s ❛♦ ❡①❝❧✉✐r t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞✐t♦s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s✳ ❚❛❧ ❣r✉♣♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♣r❡ç♦s ❝✉❥♦s r❡❛❥✉st❡s s❡❣✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❛s❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t✉❛❧✶✹ ♦✉ ❡stã♦ ❛tr❡❧❛❞❛s ❛ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❡①ó❣❡♥♦s ✲ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣❡tró❧❡♦✳ ◆♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛r❡♠♦s ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✳

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡①♣♦st♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡st✐♠❛r ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❋♦r♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ q✉❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❞✉r❛❞♦✉r♦s ❡ t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♣♦✉❝❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ✭❢❛t♦r❡s✮ ❝♦♠✉♥s✱ s♦♠❛❞❛s ✶✷❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❞❡ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦

❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✱ ♠❛s ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ♥❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❝❛✉s❛s✳

✶✸❈♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦✱ ❥❛♣♦♥ês✱ ❣r❡❣♦✱ ❢r❛♥❝ês ❡ ❛✉str❛❧✐❛♥♦✳

✶✹❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ q✉❡ é r❡❛❥✉st❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣❛ss❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❝❛♠❜✐❛❧❀ t❡❧❡✲

❢♦♥✐❛ ✜①❛ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❛❥✉st❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣❛ss❛❞❛ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞♦ s❡t♦r ❞❡ t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s❀ t❛r✐❢❛ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❡s❣♦t♦❀ ô♥✐❜✉s ✉r❜❛♥♦❀ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳

(14)

❛♦s ❝❤♦q✉❡s ✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝rát✐❝♦s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝❤❛♠❛r❡♠♦s ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r❡ç♦s ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ■P❈❆✳

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉❡✳ ◆❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡çã♦ ❢❛r❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ r❡s❡♥❤❛ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ s♦❜r❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋❛t♦r❡s ❉✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✹ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ♦s tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ❡❧❡✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ ✺ ❢❛r❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❛q✉✐ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣♦r ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳

(15)

✷ ❆ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ s♦❜r❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ■♥✢❛çã♦

❉♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛✱ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ s♦❜r❡ í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❡str✐t♦ ❞♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❡s❡s ❛♠♦str❛✐s ❡ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✳

◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ t♦♠❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✉♠ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦✳ ❊♠ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡st❡ í♥❞✐❝❡ s❡r✐❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ é ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠át✐❝♦ ♠❡❞✐r ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ é ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ▲❛s♣❡②r❡s ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r❡ç♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❡st❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✲❜❛s❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▲❛s♣❡②r❡s✱ ♦ ■P❈❆ ❡stá s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ✈✐és❡s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✭❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ♦ ▲❛s♣❡②r❡s✮✳ ◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ❤á ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ t❡①t♦s ♥♦s q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈P■ ✲ ❈♦♥s✉♠❡r Pr✐❝❡ ■♥❞❡①✶✺✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ■P❈❆✳ ❍á ♣♦✉❝♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝❛s♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡r✐♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❘♦❥❛s ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ ✉♠ ✈✐és ❞❡ ✵✱✸✶ ♣♦♥t♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ■P❈❆ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛♥♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✈✐és ❞❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♥♦ ■P❈❆✳

◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠✲s❡ ♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ➱ ♥❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❡stá ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ▼❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳

❆ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❝❧❛r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ✭❇r②❛♥ ❡ ❈❡❝✲ ❝❤❡tt✐✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❤á ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛✱ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛✱ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s✉❛ t❛①❛ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❞❡ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✳ ❏á ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s s❡♣❛r❛r ✭s❡♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝❛✉s❛s✮ ♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡♥✲ ❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✴✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝rát✐❝♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❝❤♦q✉❡s t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦s ❞♦s ❝❤♦q✉❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s✳

❆ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛tr✐❜✉✐ ❛ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❡✜❝❛③ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❛♥t❡❝❡❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝✉rt♦ ♣r❛③♦✳ ❋✐♦r❡♥❝✐♦ ❡ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✿ ✭✐✮ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✭✐✐✮ ♣❡rs✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛çã♦✳

✶✺❇♦s❦✐♥ ❘❡♣♦rt ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❈P■ ♥♦rt❡ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ ✉♠ ✈✐és t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✱✶ ♣♦♥t♦

♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❛♥♦✳

(16)

❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✱ ❊❝❦st❡✐♥ ✭✶✾✽✶✮ ❢♦✐ ♣r❡❝✉rs♦r ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❛♠❡r✐✲ ❝❛♥❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✺✼ ❛ ✶✾✼✾✳ P❛r❛ ❡❧❡✱ ❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❡♠ três ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✿ ✭✐✮ ✉♠❛ ♣♦rçã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ à ♦❢❡rt❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛❀ ✭✐✐✮ ✉♠❛ ♣♦rçã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ à ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛✱ ❡ ✭✐✐✐✮ ❢❛t♦r❡s ✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝rát✐❝♦s ❞♦s ♣r❡ç♦s✳ ❊♠ s✉♠❛✿ π=c+d+s✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝ sã♦ ♦s ♣r❡ç♦ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ❡ ❞ é ❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❛tr❡❧❛❞❛ à ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡ s sã♦ ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ✧❝❤♦q✉❡s ❞❡ ♦❢❡rt❛✧✶✻ ♦✉ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✭❡①ó❣❡♥♦s✮ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s❡t♦r✳

❊❝❦st❡✐♥ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡s❡r✈❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦♥❞♦ ❛s ♠✉✐t❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❤❛♠❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✏s✉r♣r❡s❛s✑ ♦ ❝❛rát❡r ✈♦❧át✐❧ ❞♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✳ ❉❡❝♦♠♣♦r ❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ é ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❡✱ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ é ❞✐✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t❛①❛ q✉❡ ♣r❡✈❛❧❡❝❡rá ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ✭❊❝❦❡st❡✐♥✱ ✶✾✽✶✱ ♣✳ ✷✺ ✮✿

❆ t❛①❛ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ t❛①❛ q✉❡ ✐rá ♦❝♦rr❡r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♥❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦❀ ❡ ❞❡st❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❡①❝❧✉❡♠✲s❡ ♦s ❝❤♦q✉❡s✱ ❡ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ s❡rá ♥❡✉tr♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✳✭❚r❛❞✉çã♦ Pró♣r✐❛✮

◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✏✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✑ ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♥✉❧❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡rá ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ t❛①❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ✭♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✮ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✼✱ ♣♦✐s ♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ é ♥✉❧♦✶✽

❆❧❛♥ ❇❧✐♥❞❡r ✭✶✾✽✷✮✱ s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐✉ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❞♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❛té ❤♦❥❡✳ ❯s♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣❛✉t❛❞❛ ♥❛ s❡✲ ❣✉♥❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ✭s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡r♠♦s ✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝rát✐❝♦s ❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦s✮✱ ❡①❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ❞❡ ♠♦r❛❞✐❛ ✭♠♦rt❣❛❣❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❇❧✐♥❞❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ s❡✉ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣♦r ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦s ✧❝❤♦q✉❡s✧❡①ó❣❡♥♦s ✭✧s✧✮ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❊❝❦✲ st❡✐♥ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡✉ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ s❡r✐❛ ♦s ♣r❡ç♦s ❞❛s ♠♦r❛❞✐❛s✶✾ ❡ ❛ ♥ã♦✲❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛✳

✶✻❆q✉✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡str✐çã♦ t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s❡t♦r ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦✳

✶✼❖ ❛✉t♦r ❝♦❧♦❝❛ ❝✉st♦ ✉♥✐tár✐♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s♦♠❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦

s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r❡ç♦s ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✳

✶✽❈♦♠♦ ❧❡♠❜r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❇❧✐♥❞❡r ✭✶✾✽✷✮✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❛♣♦♥t❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ✧♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✲

✢❛çã♦✧♦✉ ✧✐♥✢❛çã♦ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡✧♥♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦s s❛❧ár✐♦s ♥♦♠✐♥❛✐s ♠❡♥♦s ❛ ♣r♦❞✉✲ t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❊❝❦st❡✐♥ q✉❡ ✭✐✮ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❡ ✭✐✐✮ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ s❛❧ár✐♦s sã♦ ❝✐❝❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦s ❞❡s✈✐♦s ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❛①❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✳

✶✾Pr❡ç♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈P■ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦

(17)

❊♠ s✉♠❛✱ ❡stá é ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ s✉s❝✐t♦✉ ♥♦✈♦s ❞❡❜❛t❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛✳

◗✉❛❤ ❡ ❱❛❤❡② ✭✶✾✾✺✮✱ s✉♣õ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✧♠❡♥s✉r❛r ❡rr♦s✧✷✵✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✱ ❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✭❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ P❤✐❧❧✐♣s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✮ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❱❆❘ ✭✈❡t♦r ❛✉t♦r❡❣r❡ss✐✈♦✮✳ ❋❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♥s✉r❛çõ❡s ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳

❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♠❛✐s ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♥❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❛♣❛r❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r❡s tr✉♥❝❛❞♦s ✭s✐♠étr✐❝❛s ♦✉ ♥ã♦✮✳ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❇r②❛♥ ❡ ❈❡❝❝❤❡tt✐ ✭✶✾✾✸❜✮✱ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣r❡ç♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❝r♦ss✲s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭♠❡♥s❛❧ ♦✉ tr✐♠❡s✲ tr❛❧✮✳ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❧❡♣❝✉rt♦s❡✳ ❖ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r ✭♥ú❝❧❡♦✮ ❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ❛♣❛r❛❞❛s ❞❡s❝❛rt❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❝❛✉❞❛s ❞❛ ❞✐s✲ tr✐❜✉✐çã♦✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❛ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ é ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ót✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ♥❛s ❝❛✉❞❛s✳

◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ só ❣❛♥❤♦✉ ❢♦rç❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥✲ t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ●❡tú❧✐♦ ❱❛r❣❛s✱ ❞♦ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ Pr❡ç♦s ❛♦ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❛♣❛r❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ✭■P❊❆✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ r❡✲ s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❛♣❛r❛❞❛s s✉❛✈✐③❛❞♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❤á ♣♦✉❝♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝❛s♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ ❋✐♦r❡♥❝✐♦ ❡ ▼♦r❡✐r❛ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛♠ ✉♠ ♥ú✲ ❝❧❡♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r❡ç♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛s tr✉♥❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ P✐❝❝❤❡tt✐ ❡ ❚♦❧❡❞♦ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ✉s❛♠ ♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❞❡ ❑❛❧♠❛♥ ✭❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡stát✐❝♦s✮ ❡ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ r❡s❡♥❤❛ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❡st✐♠❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❡✲ ❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✳ ❊ ❇r②❛♥ ❡ ❈❡❝❝❤❡tt✐ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ❛♣❛r❛❞❛s ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦rt❡ ót✐♠♦ ❡♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✹✪ ❞❛ ❝❛✉❞❛ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❡ ✶✵✪ ❞❛ ❝❛✉❞❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡✈❛❧❡✲ ❝❡✉ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠♦♥❡tár✐❛ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣♦r ♠é❞✐❛s ❛♣❛r❛❞❛s s✐♠étr✐❝❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦rt❡ ❞❡ ✷✵✪ ♥❛s ❞✉❛s ❝❛✉❞❛s✳

❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣❡rs✐st❡ ❡ é ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❛ s❡r ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①♣♦st♦ ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ❤á ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦✳ ▼❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ t❡ór✐❝♦✱ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ✭✐✮ s❡♣❛r❛r ❝❤♦q✉❡s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s t❡♠♣♦rár✐♦s ❞♦s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ✭✐✐✮ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡r ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ♣r❡❞❡❝❡ss♦r ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳

❈♦♠♦ ❧❡♠❜r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ◗✉❛❤ ❡ ❱❛❤❡② ✭✶✾✾✺✮✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✷✶ ❛❝❛❜❛ ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐r ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❛❞ ❤♦❝ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦s ✧r✉í❞♦s✧❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣♦r ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ♣r❡ç♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ t❡♥❞♦

✷✵❚r❛❞✉çã♦ Pró♣r✐❛✳

✷✶❇r❛✉❡r ❡ ❲✉ ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ❡ ●❛♥❧❡② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✳

(18)

✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s❛③♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳

◆♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ❛❞ ❤♦❝✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r ◗✉❛❤ ❡ ❙❤❛✉♥✱ ♠❛s ❡①♣✉r❣✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ✐❞✐♦ss✐♥❝rát✐❝♦s ✐♠♣❧í❝✐t♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞♦ ■P❈❆✳ ◆❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡çã♦ ❡①♣♦r❡♠♦s ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋❛t♦r❡s ❉✐♥â♠✐✲ ❝♦s ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❚❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❩♦♥❛ ❞♦ ❊✉r♦ ♣♦r ❈r✐st❛❞♦r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡s❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛ís❡s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s à ❝✐t❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳ ❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛q✉✐ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ s❡ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❛ às ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❤❛❥❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❞♦✐s ❝❛s♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✉s❛r❡♠♦s ♦ ■P❈❆ ❝♦♠ sér✐❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s ❞❡s❛❣r❡❣❛❞❛s✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡✉r♦♣❡✉ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡ç♦s✱ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛❣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✷✷

✷✷P❛r❛ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ✈❡r ❈r✐st❛❞♦r♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳

(19)

✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s✿ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ sér✐❡s ❞❡

t❡♠♣♦ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛

❍á ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡s ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ sér✐❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ♠♦str❛♠✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❛s sér✐❡s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ é ❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡stá ♥❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥st❛♥t❡s ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ s✉❛s ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡s✳ ❆ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡stá ♥❛s s✉❛s ❛✉t♦❝♦rr❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡❧❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♥♦s ❞❡♣❛r❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦s✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛❣❡♠ é ❢❡✐t♦ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡stá ♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❝❡rt♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✷✸✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ✉s❛❞❛ é ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❡✱ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡st❛r❡♠♦s ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡r❡♠♦s à ❢r❡♥t❡✳

❍á ❞♦✐s t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✱ q✉❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♠ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ sã♦ ❡❧❡s ♦ ❞❡ ❲♦❧❞ ❡ ❞❡ ❈r❛♠ér ✭♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ✈❡r ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ✶✮✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ r❡s✉♠✐❞❛ ❡ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❛✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❞❡ sér✐❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ tr❛t❛ ❞❛ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✿ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❡ s❛③♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❝í❝❧✐❝❛s sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♣❡r✐ó❞✐❝❛s✱ t❛❧ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ s♦❢r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❛③♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✉❥♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ é ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✳ ❆s t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s sã♦ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❛ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦ ♥❛ ♠é❞✐❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❡rt♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr❡♠ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ sér✐❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ é s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❞❡ sér✐❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐r❡♠♦s ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♥❡st❛ s❡çã♦✳

◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ✭s❡❥❛ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♦✉ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✮✳ ◆❛ s❡çã♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢❛r❡♠♦s ❛ ❡st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❋❛t♦r ❉✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✢❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✳

✸✳✶ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s

◆ã♦ ❤á ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ✐♥✢❛çã♦✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❛♣❡✲ ♥❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ✭♠❛❝r♦❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✮ ❞❛s ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s

✷✸❈✐❝❧♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳

Referências

Documentos relacionados

Analise de acident es de t rabalho not ificados por t rabalhadores de enferm agem da Secret aria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Pret o- São Paulo.. Ribeirão Pret o (

* * Hist oriador, m est re em Ant ropologia Social e dout or em Educação pela UNI CAMP. Professor do Depart am ent o de Econom ia Dom ést ica e do Mest rado em Avaliação de

Para Gorender (1997), a formação de equipes é contemporânea de inovações tecnológicas, como as máquinas ferramentas de controle numérico computadorizado (MFCNC), do

Depois de exibido o modelo de distribuição orçamentária utilizado pelo MEC para financiamento das IFES, são discutidas algumas considerações acerca do REUNI para que se

da equipe gestora com os PDT e os professores dos cursos técnicos. Planejamento da área Linguagens e Códigos. Planejamento da área Ciências Humanas. Planejamento da área

Os sist em as de cont abilidade aplicáv eis aos ser viços e or ganism os da Adm inist r ação Cent r al dever ão pr ever , a par de um a cont abilidade de caix a, um a cont

1 Trabalho ext raído da dissert ação de m estrado; 2 Enferm eira, Mest re em Enferm agem , Dout oranda da Escola de Enferm agem de Ribeirão Pret o da.. Universidade de São

adm inist ração; 2 Docent e da Escola de Enferm agem de Ribeirão Pret o, da Universidade de São Paulo, Cent ro Colaborador da OMS para o desenvolvim ent o.. da pesquisa em