❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás
❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛
❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛t❛❧ã♦
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ P♦♥t♦s
◆♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦
❖r✐❣❛♠✐
❖s♠❛r ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦
❈❛t❛❧ã♦
❖s♠❛r ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦
❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡
P♦♥t♦s ◆♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦
❞♦ ❖r✐❣❛♠✐
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ à ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❆❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ▼❛✲ t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❛t❛❧ã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉r❛✳ ➱❧✐❞❛ ❆❧✈❡s ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❉r✳ ❏❤♦♥❡ ❈❛❧❞❡✐r❛ ❙✐❧✈❛
Ficha catalográfica elaborada automaticamente
com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a), sob orientação do Sibi/UFG.
Araújo, Osmar Rodrigues de
Contribuições Pedagógicas do Ensino de Pontos Notáveis de um Triângulo por meio do Origami [manuscrito] / Osmar Rodrigues de Araújo. - 2015.
CI, 101 f.
Orientador: Profa. Dra. Élida Alves da Silva; co-orientador Dr. Jhone Caldeira Silva.
Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Catalão , Catalão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática (PROFMAT - profissional), Catalão, 2015.
Bibliografia. Anexos.
Inclui tabelas, lista de figuras, lista de tabelas.
Osmar Rodrigues de Araújo
"Contribuições
Pedagógicas do Ensino de
Pontos Notáveis de um triângulo por meio
do Origami"
T r a b a lh o d e C o n c lu s ã o d e C u r s o d e f e n d id o n o P r o g r a m a d e M e s tr a d o P r o f is s io n a l e m
M a te m á tic a e m R e d e N a c io n a l - P R O F M A T /U F G , d a U n id a d e A c a d ê m ic a E s p e c ia l
d e M a te m á tic a e T e c n o lo g ia d a R e g io n a l C a ta lã o d a U n iv e r s id a d e F e d e r a l d e G o iá s ,
c o m o r e q u is ito p a r c ia l p a r a o b te n ç ã o d o títu lo d e M e s tr e e m M a te m á tic a , á r e a d e
c o n c e n tr a ç ã o M a te m á tic a d o E n s in o B á s ic o , a p r o v a d o n o d ia 2 8 d e J u lh o d e 2 0 1 5 ,
p e la B a n c a E x a m in a d o r a c o n s titu íd a p e lo s ~ ~ _ Q r e s :
Profa. Dra. I a A v e s d a Silva
U n id a d e A c a d ê m ic a E s p e c ia l d e M a te m á tic a e T e c n o lo g ia - R C /U F G
P r e s id e n te d a B a n c a
~ ~ W Í A - ~
Prof. Dr. Jhone Caldeira Silva I n s titu to d e M a te m á tic a e E s ta tís tic a - U F G
C o o r ie n ta d o r
P r o f a . D r a .~ s d e Á v ila R o d r ig u e s
M A T - U n B
Prof. Dr. Paulo Roberto Bergamaschi
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳ ➱ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
➚ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ❢♦rç❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❝❤❡✐ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s✉♣❡r❛r✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉r❛✳ ➱❧✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✉ ❛ s❡r ✉♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉r✳ ❏❤♦♥❡ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐♦✉ ♥❛s ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✱ ❡♥r✐q✉❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♦ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ t✉t♦r❡s✱ ♣❡❧♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐❞í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♠❡str❛♥❞♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛s ✐♥❝❛♥sá✈❡✐s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♦ ❍❡r♠❡s✱ ❞✐r❡t♦r ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ q✉❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③♦✉ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
➚ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❡ss♦❛❧ ❞❡ ◆í✈❡❧ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✭❈❆P❊❙✮✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳
❆ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ❯t✐✲ ❧✐③❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ r❡❧❛t❛❞♦✱ ❛ q✉❡stã♦ ♥♦rt❡❛❞♦r❛ ❢♦✐ ✏◗✉❛✐s ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✲ çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦❄✑✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❡stã♦ ❆s❝❤❡♥❜❛❝❤✱ ❋❛③❡♥❞❛ ❡ ❊❧✐❛s ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❈❡❞r♦ ❡ ▼♦✉r❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❉✬❆♠❜rós✐♦ ✭✶✾✾✻✮ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛✲ çã♦ q✉❡ tr❛t❛♠ ❞❡ ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❢♦✐
r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞❡ ✽♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡st❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ●♦✐ás✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛
❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ●♦✐â♥✐❛✳ ❆ t✉r♠❛ ❡r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ✸✺ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♠❡s❡s ❞❡ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❡ ♠❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❛s ♣r♦❞✉çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❞❛s ✜❧♠❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❞❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣tí✈❡❧ ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ é ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♦ ❧ú❞✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛r ❛s ❛t✐✲ ✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❝❧❛r♦s ❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ t✉r♠❛ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❛✜❛❞♦r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡
❊❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ▲✉❞✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖r✐❣❛♠✐✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ P♦♥t♦s ◆♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛✐♠s ♠❛✐♥❧② t♦ st✉❞② t❤❡ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥♦t❛❜❧❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ❛ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥✱ ❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❞✐❞❛❝t✐❝ ❡①♣❡r✐✲ ♠❡♥t✳ ❆ ❣✉✐❞✐♥❣ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✿ ✇❤❛t ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts s✉❝❤ ❛s ♥♦t❛❜❧❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ❛ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡❄ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛r❡ ❆s❝❤❡♥❜❛❝❤✱ ❋❛③❡♥❞❛ ❛♥❞ ❊❧✐❛s ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❈❡❞r♦ ❛♥❞ ▼♦✉r❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❉✬❆♠❜rós✐♦ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ ▼✐♥✐str② ♦❢ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ✐ss✉❡s ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t❡❞ ❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐❞❛❝t✐❝ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ✸✺ st✉❞❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛♥ ✽t❤ ❣r❛❞❡ ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ s❝❤♦♦❧ ✐♥ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ●♦✐â♥✐❛✱ ●♦✐ás✱ ❇r❛③✐❧✱ ✐♥ ❋❡❜r✉❛r② ❛♥❞ ▼❛r❝❤✱ ✷✵✶✺✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥ts ♦✉t♣✉t✱ t❤❡ ❢♦♦t❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ✐s ❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦✲ ❣✐❝❛❧ r❡s♦✉r❝❡ t❤❛t ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡s t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥♦t❛❜❧❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ❛ tr✐❛♥❣❧❡✳ ■t ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡❛❜❧❡✱ ❤♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✱ ❤♦✇ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐s t♦ ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤ ♣❧❛②❢✉❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ s✉❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ t♦ ♣❧❛♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ✇✐t❤ ❝❧❡❛r ♦❜✲ ❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts✱ ❜❡s✐❞❡s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐♥❣ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡♠✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s
❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✳ P❧❛②❢✉❧♥❡ss✳ ❖r✐❣❛♠✐✳ ●❡♦♠❡tr②✳ ◆♦t❛❜❧❡ P♦✐♥ts ♦❢ ❛ ❚r✐❛♥❣❧❡✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❚❛♥❣r❛♠✿ ◗✉❡❜r❛✲❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❈❤✐♥ês ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷ ❉♦♠✐♥ó ❞❡ ❋♦r♠❛s ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s P❧❛♥❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ P❧❛♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸ ❙ó❧✐❞♦ ●❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ P❛❧✐t♦ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡t✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❏✉❥✉❜❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ❞♦s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r❡s ❞❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✺ ❉♦❜r❛ ❡♠ ♠♦♥t❛♥❤❛ ❡ ❞♦❜r❛ ❡♠ ✈❛❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✻ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✼ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✽ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✾ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ✸✳✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✶✵ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✶ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✷ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✶✸ ❆①✐♦♠❛ ✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✹ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s Pr✐♠✐t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✶✺ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✶✻ ❙❡♠✐rr❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✶✼ P♦♥t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✶✽ ➶♥❣✉❧♦AOBˆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✶✾ ❇✐ss❡tr✐③ ❞❡ ✉♠ ➶♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✵ ❘❡t❛s ❈♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✶ ❘❡t❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✷ ❘❡t❛s P❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✸ ▼❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✹ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✺ ▼❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✻ ❇✐ss❡tr✐③ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✼ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆❧t✉r❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛ ❛♦ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✽ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆❧t✉r❛ ❊①t❡r♥❛ ❛♦ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✾ m1 é ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛tr✐③ ❞♦ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ABC r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦ AB ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✸✵ ❇❛r✐❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❆❇❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✶ ❈✐r❝✉♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❆❇❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✷ ❖rt♦❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❆❇❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✸ ■♥❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❆❇❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸✹ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ❞♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✺ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✶✸ ♥♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✻ ❚r✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✼ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷✹ ♥❛ q✉❡stã♦ ✵✷ ❞♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✽ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✸ ❞♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✵✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✾ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✶✸ ♥❛ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✸ ❞♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✵✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✵ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✶ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✷ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷✶ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✸ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷✶ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✹ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✶✶ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✺ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✶✶ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✻ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✶✼ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✼ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✶ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✽ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷✶ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✾ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷✶ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✵ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✸✶ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✶ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷ ♥♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✷ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷ ♥❛ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✸ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷✼ ♥♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✹ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✶✷ ♥♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✺ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ❞♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✻ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷ ♥♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✹✿ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✼ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷ ♥♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✹✿ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✽ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✷✹ ♥♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✹✿ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✾ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✶✸ ♥♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✹✿ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✺ ❡ ✵✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✻✵ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆✶✸ ♥♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✷✿ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✵✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
❙✉♠ár✐♦
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✻
✶ ❖ ▲ú❞✐❝♦ ♥❛s ❆✉❧❛s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✷✷
✷ ❖ ❖r✐❣❛♠✐ ❡ ❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✷✼
✷✳✶ ❖r✐❣❛♠✐✿ ❇r❡✈❡ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷ ❖r✐❣❛♠✐✿ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ♥❛ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸ ❖s ❆①✐♦♠❛s ❞❡ ❍✉③✐t❛✲❍❛t♦r✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❊✉❝❧✐❞✐❛♥❛ P❧❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✹✳✶ ◆♦çõ❡s Pr✐♠✐t✐✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐❞át✐❝♦ ✹✸
✹ ▼ét♦❞♦s✱ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s ✹✽
✹✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❡ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ✶ ❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✺ ❖ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✼✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✼✽
❆♥❡①♦ ✶ ✽✶
❆♥❡①♦ ✷ ✽✷
❆♥❡①♦ ✸ ✽✺
❆♥❡①♦ ✹ ✾✻
❆♥❡①♦ ✺ ✾✽
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣❛s ♥❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❤✉♠❛♥✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙✉r❣✐✉ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐r ❡ ❞❡♠❛r❝❛r ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❞❡ t❡rr❛✳ ❆♣❛r❡❝❡ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♦✜❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✭✶✾✾✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✷✼✮✱ ✏♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✲s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭✳✳✳✮✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠❡ç❛♠ ❛ ❞✐s❝❡r♥✐r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✜❣✉r❛✱ ❡ ✉s❛r ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛r ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛s✑✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ♣r❛③❡r♦s♦ ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣❧❛♥❛✱ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❡stã♦ ♥♦rt❡❛❞♦r❛ ✏◗✉❛✐s ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠é✲ tr✐❝♦s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦❄✑✳ ❊ss❡ t❡♠❛ ❢♦✐ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✱ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt❡♠ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ às ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡stá ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ é ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡stá s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡❧ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ t❡♥❤❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❉✬❆♠❜rós✐♦ ✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳ ✽✺✮
❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❛t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✳ ❙❡ ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❥✉❧❣❛ q✉❡ s✉❛ ❛çã♦ é ♣♦❧✐t✐❝❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡✉tr❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✉ ♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣r♦✜ssã♦✳ ❚✉❞♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠♦s✱ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛s ♥♦ss❛s ♦♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❡ ❛t✐t✉❞❡s sã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ❡ ❣r❛✈❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❡♥tr❛rã♦ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ❝❛❧❞❡✐rã♦ q✉❡ ❢❛rá ❛ s♦♣❛ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♥s❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❡①✐❣❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛✳ ❘♦♠❛♥♦✇s❦✐ ✭✷✵✵✼✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✽✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦✱ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞✐③✿
❆ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ é ✉♠❛ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❛t✉❛✐s✳ ❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✉♠✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ♥♦s ❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛❣✐r ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛r ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦❀ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣❡❧❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❡♠ ❝✉rs♦s✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s✳
❆❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛❞❛ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡ ❛ r❡♥♦✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ❉✬❆♠❜rós✐♦ ✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳✶✵✺✮ ✏r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝♦✐s❛ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♦✉ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❛♥♦s✳ ❆ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③ à ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ à ✐♥❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✑✳
❙❛❜❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ♠❛✐✲ ♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s é ❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❡①♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❞✐❛❧♦❣❛❞❛✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✱ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✱ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ✜①❛r ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ t♦✲ ❞♦s ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ■ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐st♦ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ é ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞♦ P■❙❆ ✭Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧✉♥♦s✮✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ ♠♦str❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻✳ ❈♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ■❞❡❜✱ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ P■❙❆ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻✱ ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱
❛❜r❛♥❣❡♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❛té ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❡ ❛s ❞❡s❝♦✲ ❜❡rt❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❘❡q✉❡r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡①tr❛í❞♦s ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛✱ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛✱ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦✱ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s✳ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳ ✸✹✮✳
❊ss❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❧❡tr❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❡ t❡r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝á✲❧♦s s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ♥♦ s❡✉ ♠❡✐♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✳ ❆ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ♠♦str❛ ❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✶✺ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
P❛ís❡s ▼é❞✐❛ ❊rr♦ x σ ❊rr♦ σ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ✐♥❢ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ❙✉♣
❈❤✐♥❛✴❚❛✐♣❡✐✯ ✺✹✾ ✹✱✶ ✶✵✸✱✶ ✷✱✷ ✺✹✶✱✸ ✺✺✼✱✹
❋✐♥❧â♥❞✐❛ ✺✹✽ ✷✱✸ ✽✵✱✾ ✶ ✺✹✸✱✾ ✺✺✷✱✾
❈❤✐♥❛✴❍♦♥❣ ❑♦♥❣✯ ✺✹✼ ✷✱✼ ✾✸✱✹ ✷✱✹ ✺✹✷✱✷ ✺✺✷✱✼
❈♦r❡✐❛ ✺✹✼ ✸✱✽ ✾✷✱✻ ✸✱✶ ✺✹✵✱✶ ✺✺✹✱✽
❍♦❧❛♥❞❛ ✺✸✶ ✷✱✻ ✽✽✱✻ ✷✱✷ ✺✷✺✱✻ ✺✸✺✱✼
❙✉íç❛ ✺✸✵ ✸✱✷ ✾✼✱✹ ✶✱✻ ✺✷✸✱✺ ✺✸✺✱✽
❈❛♥❛❞á ✺✷✼ ✷ ✽✺✱✽ ✶✱✶ ✺✷✸✱✷ ✺✸✵✱✾
❈❤✐♥❛✴▼❛❝❛✉✯ ✺✷✺ ✶✱✸ ✽✹✱✸ ✵✱✾ ✺✷✷✱✹ ✺✷✼✱✻
▲✐❡❝❤t❡♥st❡✐♥ ✺✷✺ ✹✱✷ ✾✷✱✼ ✸✱✷ ✺✶✻✱✼ ✺✸✸✱✷
❏❛♣ã♦ ✺✷✸ ✸✱✸ ✾✶ ✷✱✶ ✺✶✻✱✻ ✺✷✾✱✼
◆♦✈❛ ❩❡❧â♥❞✐❛ ✺✷✷ ✷✱✹ ✾✸✱✸ ✶✱✷ ✺✶✼✱✸ ✺✷✻✱✼
❇é❧❣✐❝❛ ✺✷✵ ✸ ✶✵✻✱✶ ✸✱✸ ✺✶✹✱✻ ✺✷✻✱✶
❆✉strá❧✐❛ ✺✷✵ ✷✱✷ ✽✽ ✶✱✶ ✺✶✺✱✺ ✺✷✹✱✸
❊stô♥✐❛✯ ✺✶✺ ✷✱✼ ✽✵✱✹ ✶✱✺ ✺✵✾✱✷ ✺✷✵
❉✐♥❛♠❛r❝❛ ✺✶✸ ✷✱✻ ✽✹✱✽ ✶✱✺ ✺✵✼✱✾ ✺✶✽✱✷
❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❚❝❤❡❝❛ ✺✶✵ ✸✱✻ ✶✵✸✱✷ ✷✱✶ ✺✵✷✱✾ ✺✶✻✱✽
■s❧â♥❞✐❛ ✺✵✻ ✶✱✽ ✽✽ ✶✱✶ ✺✵✷ ✺✵✾✱✶
➪✉str✐❛ ✺✵✺ ✸✱✼ ✾✽✱✶ ✷✱✸ ✹✾✽✱✷ ✺✶✷✱✽
❊s❧♦✈ê♥✐❛✯ ✺✵✹ ✶ ✽✾✱✹ ✵✱✾ ✺✵✷✱✹ ✺✵✻✱✺
❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛ ✺✵✹ ✸✱✾ ✾✾✱✶ ✷✱✻ ✹✾✻✱✷ ✺✶✶✱✹
❙✉é❝✐❛ ✺✵✷ ✷✱✹ ✽✾✱✼ ✶✱✹ ✹✾✼✱✻ ✺✵✼✱✶
■r❧❛♥❞❛ ✺✵✶ ✷✱✽ ✽✷ ✶✱✺ ✹✾✻ ✺✵✻✱✾
❋r❛♥ç❛ ✹✾✻ ✸✱✷ ✾✺✱✻ ✷ ✹✽✾✱✸ ✺✵✶✱✽
❘❡✐♥♦ ❯♥✐❞♦ ✹✾✺ ✷✱✶ ✽✽✱✾ ✶✱✸ ✹✾✶✱✷ ✹✾✾✱✻
P♦❧ô♥✐❛ ✹✾✺ ✷✱✹ ✽✻✱✺ ✶✱✷ ✹✾✵✱✻ ✺✵✵✱✷
❊s❧♦✈áq✉✐❛ ✹✾✷ ✷✱✽ ✾✹✱✺ ✷✱✺ ✹✽✻✱✻ ✹✾✼✱✻
❍✉♥❣r✐❛ ✹✾✶ ✷✱✾ ✾✶ ✷ ✹✽✺✱✸ ✹✾✻✱✻
▲✉①❡♠❜✉r❣♦ ✹✾✵ ✶✱✶ ✾✸✱✹ ✶ ✹✽✼✱✾ ✹✾✷✱✶
◆♦r✉❡❣❛ ✹✾✵ ✷✱✻ ✾✶✱✻ ✶✱✹ ✹✽✹✱✼ ✹✾✺
▲✐t✉â♥✐❛✯ ✹✽✻ ✷✱✾ ✽✾✱✽ ✶✱✽ ✹✽✵✱✼ ✹✾✷✱✷
▲❡tô♥✐❛✯ ✹✽✻ ✸ ✽✷✱✽ ✶✱✻ ✹✽✵✱✷ ✹✾✷✱✶
❖❈❉❊✯ ✹✽✹ ✶✱✷ ✾✽✱✷ ✵✱✼ ✹✽✶✱✹ ✹✽✺✱✾
❊s♣❛♥❤❛ ✹✽✵ ✷✱✸ ✽✽✱✾ ✶✱✶ ✹✼✺✱✹ ✹✽✹✱✺
❆③❡r❜❛❥ã♦✯ ✹✼✻ ✷✱✸ ✹✽ ✶✱✼ ✹✼✶✱✻ ✹✽✵✱✹
❘úss✐❛✯ ✹✼✻ ✸✱✾ ✽✾✱✺ ✶✱✼ ✹✻✽✱✶ ✹✽✸✱✸
❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s ✹✼✹ ✹ ✽✾✱✼ ✶✱✾ ✹✻✻✱✺ ✹✽✷✱✷
❈r♦á❝✐❛✯ ✹✻✼ ✷✱✹ ✽✸✱✸ ✶✱✺ ✹✻✷✱✻ ✹✼✶✱✾
P♦rt✉❣❛❧ ✹✻✻ ✸✱✶ ✾✵✱✼ ✷ ✹✻✵✱✶ ✹✼✷✱✷
■tá❧✐❛ ✹✻✷ ✷✱✸ ✾✺✱✽ ✶✱✼ ✹✺✼✱✷ ✹✻✻✱✷
●ré❝✐❛ ✹✺✾ ✸ ✾✷✱✸ ✷✱✹ ✹✺✸✱✹ ✹✻✺
■sr❛❡❧✯ ✹✹✷ ✹✱✸ ✶✵✼✱✹ ✸✱✸ ✹✸✸✱✸ ✹✺✵✱✹
❙ér✈✐❛✯ ✹✸✺ ✸✱✺ ✾✶✱✼ ✶✱✽ ✹✷✽✱✺ ✹✹✷✱✸
❯r✉❣✉❛✐✯ ✹✷✼ ✷✱✻ ✾✾✱✷ ✶✱✽ ✹✷✶✱✼ ✹✸✶✱✾
❚✉rq✉✐❛ ✹✷✹ ✹✱✾ ✾✸✱✷ ✹✱✸ ✹✶✹✱✸ ✹✸✸✱✺
❚❛✐❧â♥❞✐❛✯ ✹✶✼ ✷✱✸ ✽✶✱✹ ✶✱✻ ✹✶✷✱✺ ✹✷✶✱✼
❘♦♠ê♥✐❛✯ ✹✶✺ ✹✱✷ ✽✹ ✷✱✾ ✹✵✻✱✺ ✹✷✸
❇✉❧❣ár✐❛✯ ✹✶✸ ✻✱✶ ✶✵✶✱✶ ✸✱✻ ✹✵✶✱✹ ✹✷✺✱✺
❈❤✐❧❡✯ ✹✶✶ ✹✱✻ ✽✼✱✹ ✷✱✷ ✹✵✷✱✹ ✹✷✵✱✸
▼é①✐❝♦ ✹✵✻ ✷✱✾ ✽✺✱✸ ✷✱✷ ✸✾✾✱✾ ✹✶✶✱✹
▼♦♥t❡♥❡❣r♦✯ ✸✾✾ ✶✱✹ ✽✺ ✶ ✸✾✻✱✻ ✹✵✷
■♥❞♦♥és✐❛✯ ✸✾✶ ✺✱✻ ✽✵ ✸✱✷ ✸✽✵ ✹✵✷
❏♦r❞â♥✐❛✯ ✸✽✹ ✸✱✸ ✽✸✱✼ ✷ ✸✼✼✱✻ ✸✾✵✱✺
❆r❣❡♥t✐♥❛✯ ✸✽✶ ✻✱✷ ✶✵✶✱✶ ✸✱✺ ✸✻✾ ✸✾✸✱✺
❈♦❧ô♠❜✐❛✯ ✸✼✵ ✸✱✽ ✽✽ ✷✱✺ ✸✻✷✱✻ ✸✼✼✱✹
❇r❛s✐❧✯ ✸✼✵ ✷✱✾ ✾✷ ✷✱✼ ✸✻✸✱✽ ✸✼✺✱✸
❚✉♥ís✐❛✯ ✸✻✺ ✹ ✾✶✱✾ ✷✱✸ ✸✺✼✱✼ ✸✼✸✱✷
❈❛t❛r✯ ✸✶✽ ✶ ✾✵✱✽ ✵✱✽ ✸✶✻ ✸✷✵
◗✉✐r❣✉✐stã♦ ✸✶✶ ✸✱✹ ✽✼ ✷✱✶ ✸✵✸✱✾ ✸✶✼✱✸
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✿ ▼é❞✐❛s ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ♣♦r ♣❛ís✱ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❖❈❉❊ ✭❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✮✳ ✯P❛ís ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❛ ❖❈❉❊✳
➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r✱ ❛♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✱ q✉❡ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ t❡♠ ❛ ✹❛ ♣✐♦r ♠é❞✐❛
❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ q✉❡ é ♦ r❡✢❡①♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ é ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖♥❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❜❛✐①♦s s❛❧ár✐♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡st✐♠✉❧❛♠ ❡ ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ♦❜r✐❣❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛ ❛ss✉♠✐r ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❤♦rár✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡✲ ❣✉✐r s✉♣r✐r ♠✐♥✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s✱ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♠❛tér✐❛✐s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛s ❢❛♠í❧✐❛s ♥♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ▼❡s♠♦ s❛❜❡♥❞♦ ❞❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r ♥❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ t❡r ✉♠❛ ♣♦st✉r❛ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❡♠ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛t✐✈♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❊ss❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦s ❝❛✉s❛ ✐♥q✉✐❡t❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❞❛s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥✲ q✉✐❡t❛çã♦ s✉r❣✐✉ ❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛r ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s✳ ❖ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧ú❞✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✲ ♥❡✐r❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♥♦✈❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ✭✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳ ✷✻✮ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱
❇✉s❝❛r ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡♠ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡♦✳ ❆❧❣♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡❥❛ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❛♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣♦✲ t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ♥✐♥❣✉é♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❣♦st❡ ❞❡ ❜r✐♥❝❛r ❡ ❥♦❣❛r✳
P❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✳ P❛r❛ ❉✬❆♠❜rós✐♦ ✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳✶✵✸✮ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ✏é ❢♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡✲ ①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ♥❛ s✉❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡ ♥❛t✉r❛❧✑✳ ❆❧é♠
❞✐ss♦✱ ❈❡❞r♦ ❡ ▼♦✉r❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✺✾✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ q✉❡ ✏♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❝❛rát❡r ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣síq✉✐❝♦ ❞♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦✑✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠✲ ♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠❜❛s❛r ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♦✉ r❡♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛✳
❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡✉✲s❡ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛③ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❧ú❞✐❝♦ ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♣í✲ t✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡✲s❡ ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♣♦✐s é ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ q✉❡✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ❞♦❜r❛❞✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢❛③ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
◆♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é r❡❧❛t❛❞❛ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✳ ❋♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❞♦❜r❛❞✉r❛ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ♥♦tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s✳
◆♦ q✉❛rt♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❡①♣❡✲ r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♦ r❡❣✐str♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦s q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❡ ❛s ❣r❛✈❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✳
◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡♠ ✜❣✉r❛s q✉❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ❛s ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❡❧❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ✏■♥❦s❝❛♣❡✑ ✭❙❛♥❝❤❡s✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳
✶ ❖ ▲ú❞✐❝♦ ♥❛s ❆✉❧❛s ❞❡ ●❡♦♠❡tr✐❛
❉❡s❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s✱ ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐✲ ❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❛r ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ s✉r❣❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦✱ ❛s r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❛ ❝♦❜r❛♥ç❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦s ♣❛✐s ❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❡①✐❣✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❛ ❛ ❧❡r✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❛s r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡ç❛r ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r✱ ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❡st❛✈❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❝♦st✉♠❛❞❛s ❛ ❜r✐♥❝❛r✳ ❊✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡❧❛s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡♥tr❛♠ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ s❡♥t❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❜r✐♥❝❛r ❧❤❡s ❢♦✐ t✐r❛❞♦✳
❆s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❧ú❞✐❝❛s sã♦ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✱ ♥❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧ú❞✐❝♦ ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♠ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ s✉❜s✐❞✐❛♠ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ P♦✐s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❧ú❞✐❝❛ ❣❡r❛ ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣r❛③❡r ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♠❛✐s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡ s❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♥❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ✭✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳ ✶✸✮
◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❧ú❞✐❝❛s✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡r✲ t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♣❛r❛ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡❜r❛r ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✐③á✲❧♦s ❡ ❢❛③ê✲❧♦s ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧ú❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❢❛✈♦r❡ç❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧ú❞✐❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❜❡♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ t❡r s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❜❡♠ tr❛ç❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r❝❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛✳
❖ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐✱ é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❧ú❞✐❝❛ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛r ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ q✉❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❝❛✉s❛ ❝❡rt♦ r❡❝❡✐♦✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ❡♥❝❛r❛❞❛✱ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❣♦st❛✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s♠✐st✐✜❝❛r ❡ss❛ ❝r❡♥ç❛ ❡ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧✳ P❛r❛ ■❜r❛✐♠ ❡ ❇❛rr❡t♦ ✭✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✮✱
❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❢♦r♠❛s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❡ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✲ ✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s✳ ✭✳✳✳✮✳ P❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❢❛③❡r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❜r❛s ❡ ✐ss♦ ❛✉✲ ①✐❧✐❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✳
❱✐❧❛ ❡ ❈❛❧❧❡❥♦ ✭✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳ ✹✹✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ q✉❡ ✏❛s ❝r❡♥ç❛s sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ s✉❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ q✉❡ ❡stá ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❡ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛rr❛✐❣❛❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦✑✳ ◆❡st❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❥á ❝❤❡❣❛ à ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❝♦♠ r❡❝❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ♣♦r ❥á t❡r ♦✉✈✐❞♦ ❢❛❧❛r q✉❡ é ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞ê✲❧❛✳ ❉❡s❝♦♥str✉✐r ❡ss❛ ❝r❡♥ç❛ é ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦❞❡ ❛tr❛♣❛❧❤❛r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳
❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r t❡♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛✱ ♣r❛③❡r♦s❛ ❡ ❧ú❞✐❝❛✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ✈✐s❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❛t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ❢❡ss♦r q✉❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ✜❝❛ ♣r❡s♦ às ❛✉❧❛s ❡①♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s✳ P♦✐s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❋r❡✐r❡ ✭✶✾✽✷✱ ♣✳ ✸✽✮ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛s ❡①♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s✱ ✏✳✳✳ ❖ ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦ r❡❝❡❜❡ ♣❛ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦ ❞♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r✳ ✭✳✳✳✮✳ ▼❛s ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ r❡✈❡❧❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛ só s❡ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♠❡❞í♦❝r❡s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❡stí♠✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦✑✳
P❡♥s❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s tr❛③❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜❛❣❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❧✉❞✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ ♠❡✐♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ✐♥❢â♥❝✐❛✱ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❧ú❞✐❝❛s ❡①❡r❝❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦✱ ❛❢❡t✐✈♦✱ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♠♦r❛❧ ❞❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ s❡r ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❢❛♥t✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡✈❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✱ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ s❡ ✉s❛r ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳ ◆❛ ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛✱ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♠❛❣✐♥á✲ r✐❛ ❡ ❞ã♦ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ❢❛♥t❛s✐❛ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛♠✳ ◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ▼♦③③❡r ❡ ❇♦r❣❡s ✭✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳ ✸✶✵✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ q✉❡✱
◗✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♠ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❢❛③✲❞❡✲❝♦♥t❛ ♦✉ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ♣❛♣é✐s✱ ❤á ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ♣s✐❝♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ❢❛♥t❛s✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❡s♣r❡♥❞❡r✲s❡ ❞❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦st❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❧ú❞✐❝❛s ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉✲ r❛♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥❢â♥❝✐❛✱ ❧❡✈❛♠♦s ❡ss❛ ❜❛❣❛❣❡♠ ❧ú❞✐❝❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ◆❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❜✉s❝❛♠ ♥♦ r❡❝r❡✐♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❜r✐♥❝❛❞❡✐r❛s✱ ❥♦❣♦s ♦✉ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦✐s❛ q✉❡ ❧❤❡s tr❛❣❛ ❞✐✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❞✐✈❡rt✐♠❡♥t♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ P❛r❛ ❉✬❆♠❜rós✐♦ ✭✶✾✾✻✱ ♣✳ ✶✶✾✮ ✏♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛✐s ❞á✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥♦✈♦s✑✳
◆❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡♠♦s ❤♦❥❡✱ é ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠ét♦✲ ❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✳ ❖s ❛❧✉♥♦s tê♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ rá♣✐❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❧❤❡s tr❛❣❛ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡rá ✐❣♥♦r❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡rá✳ ❉✬❆♠❜rós✐♦ ✭✶✾✾✻✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛ ✏❖ ♣r♦✲ ❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✐①❛ ♣❛r❛ tr❛③ ♦ ❢❛❧❛tór✐♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❡①❝❡❧ê♥❝✐❛✑✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❥á ❡stá ❛❝♦st✉♠❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❛❧❛ ❡ ❛ ❡❧❡ ❝❛❜❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡s❝✉t❛r ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ♥❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❢❛③❡♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♣❛ss❡ ❛ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧✳ P❛r❛ ❙❛♥t♦s ❡ ❏❡s✉s ✭✷✵✶✵✱ ♣✳ ✹✮ ✏❖ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r ❞❡✈❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❞át✐❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❧ú❞✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s✐♥t❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♥s❛r✑✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♣r❡❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣♦st❛r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛r ♣♦r ❡❧❛✱ ❞❛í✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❧ú❞✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳
❆té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♦r✐❣❛♠✐ ❢♦✐ ❝✐t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧ú❞✐❝❛ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡✐s ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ s❡rã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ s❡♠ ♠❛✐♦r ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❧ú❞✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s só ♣❡r♠✐t✐rã♦ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❢♦r❡♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞❛s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s✳
❖ ❚❛♥❣r❛♠ é ✉♠ q✉❡❜r❛✲❝❛❜❡ç❛ ❝❤✐♥ês ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✼ ♣❡ç❛s ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❛✲ ❞r❛❞♦ ✭✺ tr✐â♥❣✉❧♦s✱ ✶ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦ ❡ ✶ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦❣r❛♠♦✮✳ ❈♦♠ ❡ss❛s ♣❡ç❛s ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❢♦r♠❛r ✈ár✐❛s ✜❣✉r❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ t♦❞❛s ❡❧❛s s❡♠ s♦❜r❡♣ô✲❧❛s✳ ➱ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❧ú❞✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦✱ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s✱ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s ♣❧❛♥❛s✱ ♥♦çõ❡s ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✿ ❚❛♥❣r❛♠✿ ◗✉❡❜r❛✲❈❛❜❡ç❛ ❈❤✐♥ês
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡s❝♦❧♦✈❛r✳♦r❣✴♠❛t❴t❛♥❣r❛♠✳❤t♠
❖✉tr❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ é ♦ ❞♦♠✐♥ó ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡s✲ t❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✱ ❞❡❞✉çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ♠út✉♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✿ ❉♦♠✐♥ó ❞❡ ❋♦r♠❛s ●❡♦♠étr✐❝❛s P❧❛♥❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ P❧❛♥❛s
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇❡❜✳♠✐t✳❡❞✉✴❧❛✈✐♥✴✇✇✇✴♦r✐❣❛♠✐✴✷✵✵✸✲❧✐❜r❛r②✲❡①❤✐❜✐t✴❛❜♦✉t✳s❤t♠❧
▼❛✐s ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ é ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ só❧✐❞♦s ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❛❧✐t♦s ❡ ❥✉❥✉❜❛s✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❣✉r❛s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ só❧✐❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣♦❧✐❡❞r♦✱ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r ♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s✱ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✱ ❢❛❝❡s ❡ ❛r❡st❛s✳
