B. L
36
H
us
Br
Fed Bra lobAB
hyd In com and and Mo lim fac to pre KE
IN
bri sen imp unn Ho val dec
In tho (iii)
T
Lobato da Silva
High-cyc
sed in h
raitner Lob
deral Universi asília, Brazil, batoae@gmail.BSTRACT. T
draulic comp that sense, mponents w d the consid d 2.42. In o ood, Stairca mit. For such
ctor were co results obta ediction of t
EYWORDS.N
NTRODUCTIO
he fatigu these co invariab ttle materials nsitivity to ge
portant trans notched spec owever, the m
lue is practica crease quickly
1
f
K
f
S K
S
the last 40 ye ose considera
) Stress field
T
et alii,Frattura
cle notc
hydroge
bato da Silv
ity of Brasília, 70940-910. com.br, jorge@The presenc ponents is a , specimens was tested. T dered stress order to dete se method w h geometry a ompared thro
ained it was the Peterson Notch, fatigu
ON
ue analysis in omponents a bly occur at st s due to the f eometric disc sformation fa cimen, Sfe. Th
most definitio ally unaffecte y with respect
t 1
q K
f
fe
S
S
ears many ex ations, they ca
intensity mo
ed Integrità Stru
ch sensi
enator tu
va, Jorge L
Mechanical E@unb.br, alex
e of notche a current pro s of the AS The specimen
concentratio ermine the f
was used. T at least 8 spe ough fatigue s possible to n and Neube
ue strength,
n turbine blad are designed tress concent fatigue. Ther continuities. I
actor that rel his relation c on accepts is ed for 106 to t the cycle nu
xpressions hav an be classifie odels [2]. In
utturale, 14 (201
tivity of
urbine c
Luiz de Alm
Engineering Dx07@unb.br
es and othe oblem in eng STM A743 ns were test on factors, K fatigue limit This approac ecimens wer e notch redu o conclude
r’s empirical staircase me
des and other to operate b trators. In th refore, the str In that sense lates the fati an be expres the relation 108 cycles. In umber [1].
ve been deve ed in three m this work, w
10) 36-44; DOI:
f alloy s
compon
meida Ferr
Department, Caer stress co gineering. It CA6NM a ted under un
Kt, values, c
for such no ch is based re tested. In uction factor that the tes l models. ethod, up an
r hydraulic no below its en he cases that t ress concentr e, appears th igue strength ssed by Eq. 1
showed by E n addition, w
eloped to the models: (i) Av we work onl
10.3221/IGF-ESI
teel AST
nents
reira, José
ampus Univeroncentration t causes a re alloy steel u niaxial fatigu calculated wi otch type, a on the assu addition, th r, Kf, obtain
sted materia
d down met
otch compon ndurance limi the loading is ration factor he fatigue not h of notch sp
1, where q is Eq. 2. Exper when the fatig
notch fatigu verage stress m
ly with avera
IS.14.04
TM A74
Alexander
rsitário Darcyns in turbin duction of e using in sev ue loading w ith respect t reduction d umed target he Peterson a ned from exp al is less sen
thod, ASTM
nents is a ver it and becau s dynamic, th
should be m tch reduction pecimen, Sf,
the notch s rimental inve gue life is les
ue notch redu models, (ii) F age stress mo
43 CA6N
r Araújo
Ribeiro,e blades an endurance li veral hydrog with a load ra to net area, data method distribution and Neuber perimental d nsitive to no
M A743 CA6N
ry important p use fatigue fa
he ductile ma modified accor
n factor, Kf.
with the fat ensibility fact stigations ind ss that 106 cy
uction factor, Fracture mech odels: Neube
NM
nd other no imit of mate genator turb atio equal to
were 1.55, 2 d by Dixon n of the fati r’s notch fati data. Accord otches than
NM.
problem beca ailures in ser aterials behav rding to mat It establishes tigue strength tor and0q dicate that th ycles, the Kf v
(1)
(2)
Kf. Accordin
hanic models r and Peters
otch erial. bine o -1, 2.04 and igue igue ding the
ause rvice ve as terial s an h of
1
. he Kf
value
rela fati sm not
Ne of
Pet fati Ho con
EX
Ma
ten are
T
ation. The fir igue failure o mooth specime
tch opening a
1
f
K
euber formula tensile streng
1
f
K
10
N
a
terson assum igue strength owever, Peter nstant materia
1
f
K
0
P
a
XPERIMENT
aterial
he teste turbine properti nsile strength, e showed in T
T
rst model sho occur when th
en Sf. The Eq
angle, and A
1
1
t
K A w
ated the Eq. 3 gth, Srt, for ste
1
1
t
N
K a
134 586
0
rt
S
med that the fa h of a smooth rson proposed al and it can b
1
1
,
t
r P
K S a
700 0,185
207 0, 0254
rt
rt
S
S
TAL PROCED
ed material w components ies according , Srt, and yield
Tab. 2 and Ta
C 0
B. Lo
ws by Kuhn he average st q. 3 presents a
is a material c
A
3 as the Eq. eels with Srt >
atigue failure h specimen [5
d that the stre be estimate in
1520MPa
rt
1.8
,
0
, 700
9
7
t
rt rt
S
S
DURE
was a steel allo s and it requ g to ASTM A d strength, Sy.)
b. 3, respectiv
C Mn 0.06 1.00
Table 1: Che
E (GP 198 Table 2: Me
obato da Silva et
and Hardrah tress about ch
an obtained e constant that
4 [4], where > 550 MPa, ac
occur when 5]. Obviously ess near to no n function of
0MPa
00MPa
oy, ASTM A uests high m A 743/A 743
) and fatigue vely.
C Si 1.00 11
emical properti
Pa) Sy (M 4 575
echanical prope
alii,Frattura ed
t [3] became haracteristic l expression by is a function
rtN
a f S i ccording to E
the stress at y, the Peterso
otch decrease tensile streng
A743 CA6NM mechanical str M [6] are sh properties ba
omposition (
Cr Ni
1.5-14 3.5–4
ies of ASTM A
MPa) Srt (MP 35 918
erties of ASTM
d Integrità Struttu
base for aver ength from r y Kuhn and H n of the tensile
s a constant m Eq. 5
distance d0 fr
on’s model is e linearly. Th gth according
M, which has rength and t howed in Tab ased on Paral
(%)
i Mo
4.5 0.4–1.0
A743 CA6NM
Pa) Hardnes
1 273.0
M A743 CA6N
urale, 14 (2010)
rage stress mo root notch eq Hardraht, whe
e strength.
material that
rom root notc a particular e Eq. 6 expre g to Eq. 7.
been used in that it resist b. 1. The mec
llel-projected
P 0.04
alloy steel [6].
ss (HB) 7.0
NM alloy steel.
) 36-44; DOI: 10 odels. This m quals the end ereis root n
can be quant
ch is equal or case of avera ess this relatio
n the fabricat the corrosio chanical (You method acco
S 0.03
.3221/IGF-ESIS.
model assumes durance limit notch radius,
(3)
tified in func
(4)
(5)
r more than l age stress mo on, where aP
(6)
(7)
tion of hydra on. Its chem ung modulus ording to Silva
14.04
37 s the of a
w is
ction
limit odel.
P is a
B. L
38 Ac Ho this Fig fac
Sta
Th His alte obs stre Tw Mo dis pro wo Th init thr wil dep inc
Lobato da Silva
cording to P owever, Silva
s work. The s g. 1 and its g ctor calculated
3.
t
K
aircase method
he Staircase m storically, its ernative but s serving the re ess or dose, f wo methods o
ood [15] and tribution of t ovides better ork.
he DM metho tial stress for rough of Para ll be tested at pends on the creased or dec
et alii,Frattura
Ta
Parallel-projec et al. predict specimens we geometric par
d by Eq. 8 [10
0653.370
Kt 2.4 2.0 1.5
d
method has be origin is ass similar biolog eaction that i for that an acc of data reduct Zhang-Kecec the fatigue lim and more co
od was popul r a specific f allel-projected t a lower stre previous tes creased [17].T
ed Integrità Stru
Parame
A b
able 3: Basquin
cted method
360.1 14.0 M ere produced rameters are 0].
2
0.647 a
c
t a (mm)
42 3.00 4 5.00 5 8.00
een recomme sociated to b gical stimuli. I s produces in ceptable prop tion for statis
cioglu [16]. B mit, Normal a onservative pr
arized by Litt fatigue life. I d or S-N curv ess level. Oth st results and
The stress inc
utturale, 14 (201
eter Estim Estimate 1659.1 -0.108
n’s fatigue para
for fatigue l MPa accordin d in accordanc shown in Ta
2 2
0.658 a
c
Figure
b (mm) c ( 80.00 3 80.00 3 80.00 3
Table 4: S
nded by man biological assa
In other word n a living orga portion of spe stical properti Both approach
and Weibull, redictions tha
tle [18]. It use Initially, the f ve. If the spec herwise, a new
the experime crements are
10) 36-44; DOI:
mate value
e Deviation 116.4 0.006
ameter obtaine
life of 2.106 ng to Staircas
ce with ASTM ab. 4. In addi
3 2
8 a
c
1: Flat plate sp
(mm) d (mm
0.00 7.50
0.00 7.50 0.00 7.50
Specimen geom
ny standards [ ay. Biologica ds, it is basica
anism [14]. In ecimens survi ies of fatigue hes are based respectively. an Zhang-Ke
es a simple sy fatigue limit cimen fails be w test will be ent continues usually cons
10.3221/IGF-ESI
Confidence
Lower 1416.3 -0.120
ed of Parallel-p
cycles, the e e method [8] M E 466-96 [ ition, Tab. 4
pecimen.
m) e (mm)
0 160.00
0 160.00 0 160.00
metric data.
[11-13] to eva al assay is a ally the measu n both cases, ives.
strength at a d on maximum
According to cecioglu meth
ystematic me and its stand efore to infini
conducted a s in this mann stant and are
IS.14.04
intervals
Upper 1901.9 -0.097
projected meth
endurance lim . Therefore, t [9] and forged
presents the
Net area (m 105.00 150.00 180.00
aluate the fatig set of techni urement of th , one want to
specific fatig m likelihood o Lin [17], the
hod (ZK). Th
ethodology wh dard deviatio ite life (say 2· at upper stres ner in sequen
in the range
hod.
mit is 344.00
this is the fati d into flat pla e analytic stre
mm2)
gue limit stati iques used in he potency of o determine th
gue life are m estimation an e Dixon-Moo herefore it wi
here the spec on are estima 106 cycles), th ss level. In th nce with the of half to tw
024.13MPa igue limit use ates as shows ess concentra
(8)
tistical proper n comparison
f any stimulu he level stimu
most used: Dix nd assume ta od method (D
ill be used in
cimen is teste ate, for exam he next specim hat way, each
stress level b wice the stand
[7]. ed in s the ation
rties. n of us by
ulus,
xon-arget DM) this
dev rec
Sta
Th lim the Th equ dis nor Bro De 9 a
Th oth
or
Th to fati acc ord be Th dev ten
A m Ló con
In
viation of th commends ru
atistical analys
he DM metho mit. It requires e survivals or he stress levels
uations propo tributed; (ii) rmal distribu ownlee [21] a enoting by ni t
and 10, respec
i
A
i
B
he Eq. 11 sho herwise, it is u
DM S
1
DM
0
DM
he Staircase m predict estim igue [22]. Thi curate standar der to evaluat an improvem he Eq. 14 sho viation by Di nd increase th
SL
modified corr ren correctio nstants depen
PC A
this work the
e fatigue lim unning the tes
sis
od provides a s that the two only the failu s S spaced eq osed by Dix
the sample s ution should b assures that th
the number o ctively.
i
in
2
i
i n
ows the estim used minus si
0
i
A
S d
n
1.62d B nn
0.53d if
methods are n mate accurate is method con rd deviation. te and to imp ment in all ma ows the estim
ixon-Mood a he deviation e
3
DM
N
N
rection was d on. The form ndent on the n
3
DM
N A
N
e largest devia
B. Lo
mit. Lee [19] st at least 15 s
approximate o statistical p ures. qually with a xon and Moo
size should b be grossly es he samples fro of the less fre
mate of the ign. The Eqns
1
2
2
2 0.029
i
i
A
n
2
2
i
i
B n A
n
notably accura e of fatigue l
ncentrates th Braam and v prove the relia
aximum-likelih mate of stand
nd N is the t stimate by Di
developed wh of the propo number of sa
m DM
B d
ation will be u
obato da Silva et
recommends specimens.
formulas to properties be
chosen increm od [15] respe be big, aroun stimated prev om 5 to 10 sp equent event
mean, where s. 12 and 13 s
9
if
B
0.3
ate and efficie limit standard e most exper van der Zwaag
ability of stan hood evaluati dard deviation total specime ixon-Mood.
hich attempted osed standard amples, see T
used, SLor
alii,Frattura ed
s a value 5%
calculate the determined b
ment d are nu ect three assu nd 40 to 50 s viously in ord pecimens are
at the stress l
e the plus sig show the estim
22 0.
i
i
n A
n
ent in terms d deviation u rimental point g [23], Svenss ndard deviatio ion procedur n corrected b en number. T
d to allow a g d deviation es
ab. 5.
PC
.
d Integrità Struttu
% less than fa
mean,DM, a
by using the d
umbered i wh umptions: (i) specimens or der to specify reliable to de level i, two qu
gn is used if mate of stand
.3
to quantify th using these m ts near the m son and de M on and propo res.
by Svensson-L This correctio
greater range stimate,PC, i
urale, 14 (2010)
atigue limit i
and standard data of the le
here i=0 for t the fatigue r more and ( y the step of etermine the m
uantities can
f the more fr dard deviation
he mean fatig methods with mean therefore Maré [24], Lin sed a linear c
Lóren [26], on is a strictly
of unbiased e is shown in E
) 36-44; DOI: 10 nitially estim
deviation, ess frequent e
the lowest str strength sho (iii) the stand f stress increm
mean fatigue be calculated
requent even n.
gue strength h small samp e is more diffi
[17] and Rab correction fac
SL
, where D
y function of
estimation th Eq. 15, where
.3221/IGF-ESIS.
mated. Collin
DM
,of the fat event, either o
ress level S0.
ould be norm dard deviation ments. Howe
limit. d: A and B, E
(9)
(10)
nt is survival
(11)
(12)
(13)
but very diffi les at high c ficult to obtain bb [25] worke ctor and foun
DMis the stand
f sample size
(14)
an the Svenss e A, B, and m
(15) 14.04
39 [20]
tigue only
The mally n of ever,
Eqns.
and
ficult cycle n an ed in nd to
dard and
B. L
40
Fa
In stre stan the lim 5%
RE
En
En
Fig Dix exp abo nor con wit wit
T
Lobato da Silva
tigue testing
order to dete ess ratio, R, ndard deviati e percentile b mit intervals ar % of fatigue lim
Notch
T
ESULTS AND
ndurance limit f
hree exp the Stair
ndurance limit f
g. 3 plots the xon-Mood a perimental tim ove average f
rmal distribu nstant. It can th specimens th less accura
T
et alii,Frattura
ermine experi of -1 at a fr ion number u between step
re presented mit initially es
h radius (mm 3 51 52 8
Table 6: Exper
D DISCUSSIO
for notch radi
perimental ge rcase testing r
Figur
for notch radi
Staircase test and Svensson me, the tests s fatigue streng ution. In addi be verified th 6 to 10. The cy in the stan
ed Integrità Stru
Table 5: Con
imentally the requency of used to determ
size and mat too in the sam stimated by S
m) Deviation 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.6
rimental param
N
ius of 8 mm
eometric cond results for no
e 2: Plot of Sta
ius of 3 mm
ting results fo n-Lóren equ started from b gth estimate, ition, from s hat experimen erefore, in thi ndard deviatio
203 214 225 236 247 258 270 281 292 303
0
S
tr
es
s le
v
el
(M
P
a)
utturale, 14 (201
Specimens
8 10 12 15 20
nstants used in
fatigue limit 15 Hz with mine the clas terial enduran me table. It c Staircase meth
n Class d
10 3
10 5
10 1
10 1
meters of Stairc
ditions were t otch radius of
aircase testing
or notch radi uations, respe
bigger class. I the probabil second specim
ntal results fo is case five sp on.
1 2 3
Failure Su
10) 36-44; DOI:
# (N) A
1.30 1.08 1.04 0.97 1.00
n proposed stan
of notched m a universal s ss of Staircase nce limit for 2 can be observ hod in Silva [8
(mm) d f
3.99 1.
5.47 1.
1.82 0. 1.18 3.
case method (1
tested in this f 8 mm. The f
results for not
ius of 3 mm. ectively, for It can be obs lity of experi men to eight or the specim pecimens wer
3 4 5
Specimen uspension
10.3221/IGF-ESI
B m
1.2 1.72 1.2 1.10 4 1.2 0.78 1.2 0.55 1.2 0.45
ndard deviation
materials for servo-hydraul e method; the 2.106 cycles. ved from Tab
8] as Lee reco
f (%) Uppe
.1 .5 .5 .0
fist testing sta
study and th fatigue limit f
ch radius of 8
The average this case a served that th imental limit th specimen ens from 1 to re sufficiently
6 7 8
number
IS.14.04
n correction [2
2.106 cycles, lic MTS mac e quantity of In addition, b. 6 that the s ommends [19
r lim. (MPa) 190.2 223.0 228.5 303.2
age and 2 secon
he results are for this case is
mm for 2.106
fatigue limit are 184.22.
his class corre fatigue is un the experim o 5 is statistic y to determine
9 10 1
22].
all testing wa chine. The T class used, S
the upper an stress increme 9].
Lower lim. 154.3 173.8 212.1 202.6
nd testing stage
shown in Ta s 355.1 19.1
cycles.
and its scatte
.6MPa. In o sponds 1.6 st nder is more
ental behavio ally similar to e the average
1
as performed Tab. 6 shows
S; the step siz nd lower stair ents are less t
(MPa) 3 8 1 6
e).
ab. 9. Fig. 2 p MPa.
er determined order to red tandard devia
than 89% f or is regular o results obtai e fatigue limit
at a the ze, d; rcase than
plots
d by duce ation for a
En
Sta spe the sec
Th inc of
No
Ac dec
ndurance limit f
arting from th ecimens were e result was r cond stage is
he results obta crement of th
step size is re
otch strength a
cording to o crease in endu
for notch radi
he obtained re e used and the refined and m
214.6 1.2 M
Fi
ained in secon he Staircase m
esponsible for
nd notch fatigu
obtained resu urance limit w
Fi
B. Lo
Figure 3: Pl
ius of 5 mm
esults previou e endurance l more five spe MPa.
igure 4: Plot of
nd stage pres method. The s
r this fact.
ue reduction st
ults starting f when notch ra
igure 5: Plot of 154 158 162 166 170 174 178 182 186 190
0 1
S
tre
ss
le
v
el
(M
P
a)
174 179 185 190 196 201 207 212 218 223
0 1
S
tre
ss
le
v
el
(MP
a)
Fa
212 214 216 218 219 221 223 225 227 228
0 1
S
tr
es
s le
v
el(M
P
a)
obato da Silva et
lot of Staircase
usly the Stairc limit determin ecimens were
f Staircase testi
sented a reduc standard devi
trength, Kf , b from experim
adius decreas
f Staircase testi
2 3
2 3
ilure Suspens
1 2 3
alii,Frattura ed
e testing results
case method f ned was 220.
e tested as it
ing results for
ction at avera iation decreas
behavior
mental data an se for ASTM
ing results for
4 5 6
Specimen numb
4 5 6
Specimen numb sion
4 5 6
Specimen numb
d Integrità Struttu
s for notch rad
for notch rad
3 3.6 MPa. F can be seen
notch radius o
age endurance sed three tim
nd shown in A743 CA6NM
notch radius o
7 8 9
ber
Failure Su
6 7 8
ber
6 7 8
ber
Failure Sus
urale, 14 (2010)
dius of 3 mm.
dius was execu Fig. 4 shows
in Fig. 5. Th
of 5 mm (stage
e limit becaus mes in relation
n Tab. 7 and M alloy steel.
of 5 mm (stage
10 11
spension
9 10
9 10
spension
) 36-44; DOI: 10
uted at two st the testing re he fatigue lim
e 1).
se the refinem n to first stag
d Fig. 6 we c .
e 2).
.3221/IGF-ESIS.
tages. Firstly, esults. Follow mit taken acco
ment in the st ge. The decrea
can to observ 14.04
41 five wing, ount
tress ased
B. L
42 Tab Pet not em
Lobato da Silva
b. 8 and Fig. terson and N tch size the mpirical model
et alii,Frattura
. 7 show an Neuber’s empi notch factor ls shows that
Table 8: E
Figure 7: Com 150. 200. 250. 300.
Sfe (MPa)
Kf
ed Integrità Stru
Not
Table 7: End
increase of n irical models r are more d ASTM A743
Figure 6: Com
Notch radiu
3 5 8
Experimental an
mparison betw 3.0 2.00
0 0 0 0
3 2.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
utturale, 14 (201
tch radius (mm
3 5 8
durance limit f
notch fatigue are statistica different. The 3 CA6NM all
mparison betwe
us (mm) Ex
1 2 1
nd theory fatig
ween experimen
00 4.00
3.00 4.00
10) 36-44; DOI:
m) Enduran Mean 184.2 214.6 255.1
for each notch
reduction st ally very simil e comparison oy steel is les
een endurance
Fatigue notc xperimental
Eq. 2 .960.08 2.040.07 .550.12
gue notch redu
ntal and theory 5.00
notch radiu
5.00
Notch radius
10.3221/IGF-ESI
nce limit. Sfe (M
n Deviatio 2 2.6
6 1.2
1 19.
based on Stair
trength with lar when notc n between ex s sensitive th
limits of notch
ch reduction Neuber
Eq. 4 2.270.03 1.950.05 1.510.06
uction factor es
y models for no 7 6.00
us (mm)
7.00 6.00
s (mm)
IS.14.04
MPa) on 6 2 .1
rcase method.
decrease of n ch radius is b
xperimental an prediction
hed specimens
factor. Kf
Peterson Eq. 6 2.370.03 2.020.05 1.540.06
stimate for each
otch fatigue re
.00 8.00
Experimen
0 8.00
Experime
Neuber
Peterson
notch radius. big. However notch fatigue ns (Fig.7).
s.
h geometry.
duction factor 9.00 ntal data
9.00 ental
In addition, r, when decre e factor and
.
CO
pro aro dec rad em mo
AC
RE
[1] [2] [3]
[4] [5] [6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
T
T
N Specim 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sf (M
ONCLUSION
he aim o Staircase sizes. A operties are e ound average
creases as it w dius, the pred mpirical model odels used.
CKNOWLEDG
his proje are grate
EFERENCES
A. Buch, Fa W. Yao, K. P. Kuhn, H NACA TN H. Neuber, R. E. Peters ASTM/A74 Resistant fo B. L. Silva, J Mechanical B. L. Silva, J Engineering ASTM/E46 (2002).
T
T
Notch radius men # S (M 1 190 2 186 3 182 4 186 5 182 6 186 7 182 8 186 9 182 0 178
MPa) 1
NS
of this work w e method wa
reduction da easily determ e. However, was waited. T dictions are s
ls does not p
GEMENTS
ect was suppo efully acknow
S
atigue Strengt Xia, Y. Gu, I H. F. Hardrat 2805, Langley
Int. J. of App son, In: Meta 43/A743M – or General Ap
J. L. A. Ferre Engineering J. L. A. Ferre g, Gramado, R 66-96, Standa
B. Lo
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.19 1.2.106 .19 1.4.106 .20 run ou .19 8.1.105 .20 run ou .19 1.2.106 .20 run ou .19 9.1.105 .20 1.7.106 .21 7.5.105
184.22.6
Table
was to evalua as used to det ata method b mined and the
the standard Therefore, th
tatistically sim predict correc
orted by Cen wledged. We a
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Not Specimen
6 1
6 2
t 3
5 4
t 5
6 1
t 2
5 3
6 4
5 5
Sf (MPa)
9: Staircase te
ate the effect termine the e y Dixon and e mean value d deviation d
e notch fatig milar and can
tly. In additi
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n, Trans Tech e, 17 (1994) 2 neering Metho
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223.03 217.56 223.03 217.56 223.03 221.20 219.38 217.56 215.73 213.91
) 214.
sting results fo
of notch fati endurance lim
Mood was v e is has very does not reli gue reduction
n to predict t ion, the alloy
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8.2.105 run out 5.2.105 run out 4.0.105 7.4.105 7.6.105 4.5.105 9.4.105 run out
81.2
or 2.106 cycles
igue behavior mit and its sta very efficientl
y accuracy be iable. The fa
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258.49 269.67 280.86 269.67 258.49 269.67 280.86 269.67 258.49 247.30
255.1
A743 CA6NM tion for three ne fatigue lim echnique con decreases wh otch radius in erwise Peterso ch is less sens
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.3221/IGF-ESIS.
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19.1
M alloy steel. e different no mit. The statis
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[20
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