Mercoledi di NEXA
8 luglio 2015
Governance Multistakeholder:
Dagli standard tecnici agli standard giuridici
Luca Belli, PhD
Oggi parleremo di:
– Concetti chiave
– Governance multistakeholder a livello internazionale
• IETF (standardizzazione tecnica)
• ICANN (coordinazione + regolazione DNS)
• IGF (dibattito + possibile standardizzazione?)
Governance
Go er a e is the sum of the many ways
individuals and institutions, public and private, manage their common affairs.
It is a continuing process through which conflicting or diverse interests may be accommodated and
co-operative action may be take .
Internet Governance
I ter et governance is the development and
application by governments, the private sector and
civil society, in their respective roles, of shared
principles, norms, rules, decision-making
procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the I ter et
Governance
non
é regolazione
Regolazione é insieme di strumenti che
a te go o l e uili io di u siste a
Regolazione é oggetto della governance e
E’
sviluppo ed applicazione di regimi internazionali
International Regimes:
sets of principles, norms, rules, and
decision-making procedures arou d hi h a tors’
expectations converge in a given area
Caratteristiche:
• (tendenzialmente) aperta e partecipativa
• (potenzialmente) multistakeholder i.e. coinvolge una pluralità di attori di natura differente in
Origine
ambientale
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
Promote and cooperate in education, training and public awareness related to climate change and
encourage the widest participation in this process, including that of non-governmental organizations
Art 4.i
Seek and utilize, where appropriate, the services and
cooperation of, and information provided by, competent international organizations and
intergovernmental and non-governmental bodies
Convenzione di
Aarhus,
1998
the public shall have access to information, have the possibility to participate in decision-making and have access to justice in
environmental matters. A t. 3.9
Each Party shall ensure that in the decision due account is taken of the outcome of the public participation. A t 6.
Stakeholder
po tato e d
interesse
/ soggetto interessato
i.e.
ogni soggetto/entità avente un
interesse
Interesse
the
economic
or
political motivation
or the
moral value
that arouses the attention of an
individual or an organisation with regard to a
given process, thus leading to the
investment
of
specific resources
in order to
influence
the
pro ess’
outcome
Nuovo paradigma di legittimità
• Legittimità istituzionale: lo stakeholder si esprime in nome di poteri pubblici
• Legittimità discorsiva: lo stakeholder si esprime in difesa/nome di determinati valori o ideali
• Controllo di risorse: lo stakeholder esercita
influenza in virtù di capacità economiche, tecniche o scientifiche
Approccio multistakeholder alla
governance di Internet
Tunis Agenda (WSIS, 2005):
we commit ourselves to the stability and security of the Internet as a global facility and to ensuring the requisite legitimacy of its
governance, based on the full participation of all stakeholders
para. 31
We seek to improve the coordination of the activities of international and intergovernmental organizations [...]. A multi-stakeholder
approach should be adopted, as far as possible, at all levels
Supporto internazionale dell’approccio
Council of Europe
• Declaration of the Committee of Ministers on human rights and the rule of law in the Information Society, 2005
• Declaration by the Committee of Ministers on Internet governance principles, 2011
G8 Declaration: Renewed Commitment for Freedom and Democracy, 2011
OECD Council Recommendation on Principles for Internet Policy Making, 2011
Internet governange é un insieme di processi multi-player e multi-layer a cui puo’ partecipare uno spettro
Governance internazionale di Internet
• Quali processi permettono elaborazione di soluzioni efficaci?
• Quali processi permettono
partecipazione democratica?
• Quali elementi possono essere trasposti
Standardizzazione Internet (IETF)
• componente essenziale dell I te et gove a e
• fondamentale per permettere il funzionamento day-to-day di
Obiettivi
della standardizzazione Internet
• technical excellence;
• prior implementation and testing;
• clear, concise, and easily understood documentation;
• openness and fairness;
• and timeliness.
Basata su rough consensus and running code
Rough o se sus does not require that all participants agree although this is, of course, preferred. In general, the dominant view of the working group shall prevail. (However, it must be noted that "dominance" is not to be determined on the basis of volume or persistence, but rather a more general sense of agreement.)
Bradner, RFC 2418
Running code:
L i ple e tazio e dello standard deve essere dimostrata. Almeno due applicazioni pratiche interoperabili sono
Internet Draft is circulated on the mailing-list of an IETF working group
The draft is reviewed several times until a large majority agrees on the content (rough consensus)
The draft is submitted to the Internet Engineering Steering Group that issues a Last Call
The Draft Standard is tested to verify that it may work and be interoperable (running code)
Processo partecipativo e democratico
Problema 1: partecipazione limitata a chi ha competenze tecniche necessarie
Problema 2: standardizzazione condizionata agli interessi del settore privato
• Permette elaborazione di
soluzioni efficaci?
• Permette la partecipazione
democratica?
• Puo essere trasposta dall a ie te tecnico al giuridico?
La standardizzazione Internet
• Si
• Partecipazione su
ase aristocratica
Approccio
hetero
stakeholder?
L’elaborazione delle policies di ICANN si basa su
modello pa te ipativo dell IETF
(legittimità vis-à-vis comunità tecnica) +
Obiettivo
dell’ICANN
definire contractually based self-regulatory regime that deals with potential conflicts between domain name usage and trademark laws on a global basis
Clinton & Gore, 1997
Board é unico organo esecutivo
the corporation shall be managed and all corporate powers shall be exercised under the ultimate direction of the board
• Permette elaborazione di
soluzioni efficaci?
• Permette la partecipazione
democratica?
• Puo essere trasposta dall a ie te tecnico al giuridico?
Il policy-making
dell ICANN
:
• Si
• Partecipazione su
ase aristocratica
Peché non riprodurre un modello partecipativo di policy-elaboration in seno all’IGF?
• Working-group aperti potrebbero elaborare draft policy standard
The mandate of the Foru is to: [….] g. Ide tify emerging issues, bring them to the attention of the relevant bodies and the general public, and, where appropriate, make recommendations
Tunis Agenda, para. 72.g
+
BoF meeting
Council of Europe Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue on Network Neutrality and Human Rights, May 2013
Approvata dal Segretatiato dell IGF nel luglio 2013
Obiettivi
• Discuss issues related to Net Neutrality
• The elaboration of a model framework on Network Neutrality
• The production of an annual report and a public meeting at IGF
A Model Framework on Net Neutrality
• Proposal to elaborate a Model Framework via an open and participatory process
In 2014 used by the European Parliament IMCO Committee to amend the Connected Continent
Ma é ancora Draft Policy Standard
Bisogno di Last Call
The Dynamic Coalition on Network Neutrality will continue the discussions leading up to the 2015 meeting, but the view
was also held that there was a need to develop a process
that allowed the entire IGF community to weigh in and
validate the findings of the Dynamic Coalition.
Attuale Last call pe stimolare i commenti della IGF Community e consolidarli in un Net Neutrality Policy
Statement che sarà presentato all IGF a Novembre
Potrebbe essere il primo IGF policy standard?
networkneutrality.info
IGF Dynamic Coalition on Platform Responsibility
Recommendations on Terms of Service and Human Rights
• Permette elaborazione di
soluzioni efficaci?
• Permette la partecipazione
democratica?
• Puo essere trasposta dall a ie te tecnico al giuridico?
La policy elaboration
• Si
• Partecipazione su base
aristocratica MA il risultato é solo
proposta! Il legislatore decide
A livello nazionale, organi consultivi multistakeholder possono inoltrare proposte a esecutivo e legislatore, che
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
CGI.br
1.- Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia 2.- Ministério das Comunicações
3.- Casa Civil da Presidência da República 4.- Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e
Comércio Exterior
5.- Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão
6.- Ministério da Defesa
7.- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
8.- Agência Nacional de Telecomunicações 9.- Fórum Nacional dos Secretários Estaduais da
Ciência e Tecnologia
11.- Setor Empresarial - Provedores de Acesso e Conteúdo
12.- Setor Empresarial - Provedores de Infra-Estrutura de Telecomunicações 13.- Setor Empresarial - Bens de Informática, de
Telecomunicações e de Software 14.- Setor Empresarial - Usuários 15.- Terceiro Setor
CGI.br
Competenze:
I - estabelecer diretrizes estratégicas relacionadas ao uso e
desenvolvimento da Internet no Brasil;
II - estabelecer diretrizes para a organização das relações entre o Governo e a sociedade, para:
- execução do registro de Nomes de Domínio,
- alocação de Endereço IP (Internet Protocol)
- administração do TLD .br,
no interesse do desenvolvimento da Internet no País
45
Creato tramite Decreto interministeriale Nº 147 de 31/05/1995
CGI.br
III - propor programas de pesquisa e desenvolvimento que visem a qualidade técnica e inovação, bem como estimular a sua disseminação no país, com agregação de valor;
IV - promover estudos e recomendar procedimentos, normas e
padrões técnicos e operacionais, para a segurança das redes e
serviços de Internet;
V - articular a proposição de normas e procedimentos relativos à regulamentação das atividades inerentes à Internet;
VII - adotar os procedimentos administrativos e operacionais necessários para que a gestão da Internet no Brasil se dê segundo os
Marco Civil
• 2009-2010: The Marco Civil public consultation process
• 2011-2014: Marco Civil s
trajectory in the National Congress
Conseil National du Numérique
Commission consultative indépendante
Creato con Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 29 avril 2011 Alterato con Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 13 décembre 2012
Obiettivo
Formuler de manière indépendante et de rendre publics des avis
et des recommandations sur toute question relative à l’i pa t du numérique sur la société et sur l’é o o ie.
Bibliografia
• Belli L. (to be published in Autumn 2015) De la gouvernance à la régulation de l’I ter et, Berger-Lévrault
• Belli L. (2015) A Heterostakeholder Cooperation for Sustainable Internet Policymaking, in Internet Policy Review, Vol. 4, n°2
• Belli L. & van Bergen M. (December 2013) Protecting Human Rights through Network Neutrality: Furtheri g I ter et Users’ I terest, Moder isi g Hu a Rights a d
Safeguarding the Open Internet. Council of Europe,
• Belli L. (May 2013). Council of Europe Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue on Network Neutrality and Human Rights. Outcome Paper. Council of Europe
• Bradner, S. (1996). The Internet Standards Process - Revision 3, Request for Comments: 2026
• Bradner, S. (1998). IETF Working Group Guidelines and Procedures, Request for Comments: 2418
• Cardoso, H.F. (2004). We the peoples: civil society, the United Nations and global governance Report of the Panel of Eminent Persons on United Nations–Civil Society Relations
• Clinton, W.J. & Gore, A. Jr. (1 July, 1997). A Framework for Global Electronic Commerce
• Hardy, C. & Phillips, N. (March/April 1998). Strategies of Engagement: Lessons from the Critical Examination of Collaboration and Conflict in an Interorganizational Domain. Organization Science
• IGF Chair. (2014) Final Chair’s “u ary of the IGF 4, Connecting Continents for Enhanced Multistakeholder Internet Governance
