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Efeitos da provisão pública de bens sobre a escolha de trabalho no setor formal e informal da economia

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❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ●❡tú❧✐♦ ❱❛r❣❛s

❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦

■s❛❜❡❧❛ ❇r❛♥❞ã♦ ❋✉rt❛❞♦

❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s s♦❜r❡ ❛

❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡

✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛

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■s❛❜❡❧❛ ❇r❛♥❞ã♦ ❋✉rt❛❞♦

❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡

tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊❝♦♥♦✲ ♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ●❡tú❧✐♦ ❱❛r✲ ❣❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❊♠♣r❡s❛s✳

➪r❡❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❊♥❧✐♥s♦♥ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▼❛tt♦s

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Isabela Brandão Furtado.

Efeitos da provisão pública de bens sobre a escolha de trabalho no setor formal e informal da economia/ Isabela Brandão Furtado. - 2013.

90f.

Orientador: Enlinson Henrique Carvalho de Mattos

Dissertação (mestrado) - Escola de Economia de São Paulo.

1. Mercado de trabalho - Brasil. 2. Sonegação fiscal - Brasil. 3. Serviço público - Brasil. 4. Setor informal (Economia) - Brasil. I. Mattos, Enlinson Henrique Carvalho de. II. Dissertação (mestrado) - Escola de Economia de São Paulo. III. Título.

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■s❛❜❡❧❛ ❇r❛♥❞ã♦ ❋✉rt❛❞♦

❊❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡

tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊❝♦✲ ♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ●❡tú❧✐♦ ❱❛r❣❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❊♠♣r❡s❛s✳

➪r❡❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✿ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛✲ ❧❤♦

❉❛t❛ ❞❡ ❆♣r♦✈❛çã♦✿ ✷✹ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸✿

❊♥❧✐♥s♦♥ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ▼❛tt♦s ❊❊❙P✲❋●❱

❈r✐st✐♥❡ ❳❛✈✐❡r P✐♥t♦ ❊❊❙P✲❋●❱

●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❯❧②ss❡❛ ■P❊❆

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❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ■s❛❜❡❧ ❡ ▼❛✉rí❝✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s✳ ❱♦❝ês ♠❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛♠✱ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛♠ ❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ✐r ❛❧é♠✳ ➚ ❙②❧✱ ✐r♠ã q✉❡r✐❞❛✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❡ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rsã♦✳ ➚ t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❛✈ós✱ t✐❛s ❡ ♣r✐♠♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ♥❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦s ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s✱ ❛ s❛✉❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês s❡♠♣r❡ ❢♦✐ ❣r❛♥❞❡✳

➚ Pr✐✱ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❛♠✐❣❛✱ ❝♦❧❡❣❛ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ t✐✈❡ ❡♠ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❣r❛❞á✈❡❧ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♣♦r t❛♥t❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦✱ ❡❝♦♥♦✲ ♠✐❛✱ ❡❝♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❛✱ ❝♦✐s❛s ❢út❡✐s ❡ ♣❡❧❛s r✐s❛❞❛s✳ ❆♠❛♥❞✐♥❤❛✱ ❘ê✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛♠✐❣á✈❡❧ ❡ ♣♦r t❛♥t❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳ ❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❋●❱ ❡ ❛♦s ❞❡ ❇❍✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ♣♦r t♦r♥❛r ❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t❛♥t♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❊❊❙P✲❋●❱✳ ❆♦ ❊♥❧✐♥s♦♥✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❛t❡♥❝✐♦s♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r♦♥t♦ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡✉s ♠♦✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❈r✐st✐♥❡ ❳❛✈✐❡r P✐♥t♦ ❡ ❑❧ê♥✐♦ ❇❛r❜♦s❛✱ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ➚ ❈r✐st✐♥❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ♣❡✲ ❧❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s ❡ ♣♦r t❛♥t❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❯❋▼●✳ ➚ ❋❧á✈✐❛✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❞❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❞❡s♣❡rt♦✉ ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ♦ ❣♦st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ s♦✉ ❣r❛t❛ ♣♦r t❛♥t❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s✳ ❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❈✐r♦ ❇✐❞❡r♠❛♥ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♥♦ ❈❊P❊❙P ♦♥❞❡ t✐✈❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♠✉✐t♦✳

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❘❡s✉♠♦

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣❡❧♦ s❡t♦r ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ❆ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ ✜s❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥❞♠♦ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ❣❛st♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✱ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡ ❛❧♦❝❛r ❤♦r❛s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ P◆❆❉ ✭P❡sq✉✐s❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦r ❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♠✐❝í❧✐♦s✮ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽ ❡ ✷✵✵✾✱ sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❞♦♠✐❝í❧✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ✭á❣✉❛✱ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱ ❡s❣♦t❛♠❡♥t♦ s❛♥✐tár✐♦ ❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❧✐①♦✮✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✱ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ❡ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦r✲ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ✭♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛✮✱ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✱ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ s❛ú❞❡ ❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✭♣♦s✐t✐✈❛✮ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ■st♦ ♣♦❞❡ s✉❣❡r✐r q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❜❡♥s ❛❢❡t❛ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛❧ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝❛✉s❛❧ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✳

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❆❜str❛❝t

❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡s r♦❧❡ ♣❧❛②❡❞ ❜② ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❣♦♦❞ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦♥ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✬s ❧❛❜♦r s✉♣♣❧② ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ s❡❝t♦r✳ ❆♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙❛♥❞♠♦✬s ✭✶✾✽✶✮ t❛① ❡✈❛s✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t s♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✲ ✉❛❧✬s ✉t✐❧✐t② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛♥❛❧②③❡ t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❣♦♦❞ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s t♦ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡ ❤♦✉rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦r ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛❧ s❡❝t♦r✳ ❯s✐♥❣ P◆❆❉ ✭◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❍♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ ❙❛♠♣❧❡ ❙✉r✈❡②✮ ✷✵✵✽ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✾ ❞❛t❛ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞s ❛❝❝❡ss✐♥❣ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ✭✇❛t❡r✱ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝✐t②✱ s❡✇❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❣❛r❜❛❣❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥✮✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ s❝❤♦♦❧✱ ❝♦❧❧❡❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛❧t❤ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ s❛❢❡t② ❢❡❡❧✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡s ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ✭♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡✮✱ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧✱ ❝♦❧✲ ❧❡❣❡✱ ❤❡❛❧t❤ ❛♥❞ s❛❢❡t② ✭♣♦s✐t✐✈❡✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❤❛r❡ ♦❢ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❤♦✉rs✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ♠❛② s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❣♦♦❞s ❛✛❡❝ts ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t❧② t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❧❛❜♦r s✉♣♣❧②✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧s ✇✐t❤ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛❝❝❡ss t♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ❝❛✉s❛❧ ❡✛❡❝t ♦❢ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❣♦♦❞ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ s❡❝t♦r✳

(8)

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶ ✕ ❈♦rt❡s ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ✜♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷ ✕ ▼é❞✐❛s ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❣r✉♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✸ ✕ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✹ ✕ P❡s♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡ r✐q✉❡③❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺ ✕ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❚♦❜✐t✲ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❚♦❜✐t✲ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ❝♦♠ r✐q✉❡③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✹✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✼ ✕ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ▼❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s

❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❝♦♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s s❡t♦r❡s ✭❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✽ ✕ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ▼❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡

❤♦r❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✾ ✕ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❛ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❛ ■♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✵ ✕ P♦r ❉♦♠✐❝í❧✐♦✱ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦✱ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ✳ ✺✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✶ ✕ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❙❛ú❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✷ ✕ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♣♦r s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❜❛✐rr♦ ❡ ♥♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✸ ✕ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝♦✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✹ ✕ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❆♠♦str❛✿ ■♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ❡ ❊♥s✐♥♦

❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✺ ✕ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❆♠♦str❛✿ ❙❛ú❞❡ ❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✻ ✕ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❇❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛r ♥♦

s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆✳✶ ✕▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❚♦❜✐t✲ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❆✳✷ ✕▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❚♦❜✐t✲ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ❝♦♠ r✐q✉❡③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✲

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

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❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✶ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦

✜s❝❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷ ❖ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ Pr♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s s❡t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s três t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✷ ❘❡str✐çã♦ ♦rç❛♠❡♥tár✐❛ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✲ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✸ ❖❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵

✺ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✺✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✺✳✷ ❇❡♥s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✻✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❚♦❜✐t✲ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✻✳✷ ❱❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❞❡ r✐q✉❡③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✻✳✸ ❊❢❡✐t♦s ♠❛r❣✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✼ ❇✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❛✉s❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✼✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✼✳✶✳✶ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✼✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛♥❞♦ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❝♦♠ ❡s❝♦r❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣❡♥sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✼✳✷ ❇❡♥s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❜✐♥ár✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✼✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✼✳✸✳✶ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✼✳✹ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡st❛r ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✺✾

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❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡s

✻✺

❆P✃◆❉■❈❊ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ❈♦♠♣❧❡t❛s ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❚♦❜✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

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✶✵

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ▼❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦s ❜❡♥s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✲ ✈❡r♥♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❆ ❛rr❡❝❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛ ♦s ❣❛st♦s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r✱ ❡st❛r ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ t❡r ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞❛✱ ❣❛r❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❧❡✐✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s✳ ❆ ❈♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛s ▲❡✐s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ ❈▲❚✱ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❝♦♠♦✿ r❡♣♦✉s♦ s❡♠❛♥❛❧✱ s❛❧ár✐♦ ♣❛❣♦ ❛té ♦ q✉✐♥t♦ ❞✐❛ út✐❧ ❞♦ ♠ês✱ ❢ér✐❛s ❞❡ ✸✵ ❞✐❛s✱ ❞❡s❝♦♥t♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✻✪ ❞♦ s❛❧ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❛❧❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ❡ ❧✐❝❡♥ç❛ ♠❛t❡r♥✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ ♦ ❞❡♣ó✲ s✐t♦ ❞♦ ❋●❚❙ ✭❋✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ●❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦✮✱ ♦ s❡❣✉r♦✲❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❡♠ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ss✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❝❛✱ ❛✉①í❧✐♦✲❛❝✐❞❡♥t❡ ❡ r❡❛✲ ❜✐❧✐t❛çã♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡♠✱ s❡♠ q✉❡ ✐ss♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❛❧ár✐♦✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r s❡❣✉r♦✲s❛ú❞❡✱ s❡❣✉r♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♣r❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s✳

❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r ♥♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s ❡st❛❧❡✲ ❝✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❧❡✐ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ é ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦s q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ❡st❡ s❡t♦r ❛tr❛t✐✈♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ♠❡♥♦r❡s s❡rã♦ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛rr❡❝❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s s❡rá r❡❞✉③✐❞❛✳

❚r❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ é ❝r❡❞✐t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ tr✐❜✉tár✐❛ ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ♦✉ à r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦s✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✱ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❛❧ár✐♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡ s✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦s s❡t♦r❡s ✭❆❧❜r❡❝❤t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❩❡♥♦✉✱ ✷✵✵✽❀ ❆✉r✐♦❧ ❡ ❲❛r❧t❡rs✱ ✷✵✵✹❀ ▼❛❧♦♥❡② ✱ ✶✾✾✾ ❡ ❘❛✉❝❤✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ é ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡ ❡①❡r❝❡r ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s s❡t♦r❡s✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❉❡ss② ❡ P❛❧❧❛❣❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ❋♦rt✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❡ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s à ❛rr❡❝❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠✱ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ t❡ór✐❝♦✱ ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♣❡❧♦s q✉❛✐s ♦ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❛❢❡t❛r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳

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✶✶

s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛r ✐♠♣♦st♦s✱ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♥♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳

❈♦♠♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ ❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡st❡♥❞❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ ✜s❝❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❙❛♥❞♠♦ ✭✶✾✽✶✮ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ♥❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❙❛♥❞♦ ✭✶✾✽✶✮ ❞❡r✐✈❛ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♦ ♥ã♦ ❡✈❛s♦r✱ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❡ ♦ ❡✈❛s♦r q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ t❛♥t♦ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✲s❡ ✉♠ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳

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✶✷

✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛

✷✳✶ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s

❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ ✜s❝❛❧

❈♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛❢❡t❛r✱ s❡❥❛ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s s❡t♦r❡s✱ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛rr❡❝❛❞❛çã♦ tr✐❜✉tár✐❛✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠♦ Pr❛❞♦ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❆❧❜r❡❝❤t ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❩❡♥♦✉ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❡ ❆✉r✐♦❧ ❡ ❲❛r❧t❡rs ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦s s❡t♦r❡s ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛s ❛❧íq✉♦t❛s✱ ♥♦ t✐♣♦ ❞♦s ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❝♦❜r❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❛ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❛❞♦ às ✜r♠❛s✳

❊♠ ❙❛♥❞♠♦ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✱ ❈♦✇❡❧❧ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ ❡ ▲❡♠✐❡✉① ❡t ❛❧✳✭✶✾✾✹✮ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ ✜s✲ ❝❛❧✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s♦♥❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛✱ ❛❢❡t❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ ❞♦ ✐♠✲ ♣♦st♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛✱ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ ❡✈❛sã♦ ❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ ♠✉❧t❛ ❝♦❜r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♠ ❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊♠ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ sã♦ ó❜✈✐♦s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦s✱ ❆❧❜r❡❝❤t ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦ s♦❜r❡ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❞✉③ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡ ▲❡♠✐❡✉① ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✹✮ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥♦ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❙❛♥❞♠♦ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✱ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ ❞♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♥❡✲ ❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❉❡ss② ❡ P❛❧❧❛❣❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ♦ r❡s✉❧✲ t❛❞♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛s✳ ❊st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ é ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳

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✶✸

❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ r❡♥❞❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s♦♥❡❣❛❞❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❆❧❧✐♥❣❤❛♠ ❡ ❙❛♥❞♠♦ ✭✶✾✼✷✮✱ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❢❡rt❛r ♥♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳

❙ã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ✉♠ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦❢❡rt❛ tr❛✲ ❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s♦♥❡❣❛r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛✱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ q✉❡ ♦❢❡rt❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s s❡t♦r❡s ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤❛❞♦r é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✏♥ã♦ ❡✈❛s♦r✑ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡ ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❧❛③❡r q✉❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ s✉❥❡✐t♦ à r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ ❞♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ s❛❧ár✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛❞❛✳ ❆q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♦❢❡rt❛♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦s ❞♦✐s s❡t♦r❡s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✏❡✈❛s♦r❡s✑ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❛❣❛♠ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❛♣❡♥❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦✐s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦✿ ✉♠ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ s♦♥❡❣❛çã♦ é ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✲ ✈❡r♥♦✱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣❡❣♦ ♥❛ ✐♥❢r❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞✐s♣õ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s✳ ❆ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ ❞♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ s❛❧ár✐♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛r t❛♥t♦ ❡✈❛s♦r❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❡✈❛s♦r❡s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡st❡s ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❆ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ ❞♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦ é ♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞✐s♣õ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❡✈❛s♦r❡s✳ P❛r❛ ♦s ❡✈❛s♦r❡s ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ t❡♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❧❡q✉❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s✱ t♦❞♦s ❡❧❡s ❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ s♦♥❡❣❛çã♦ é ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞❛✳ ❙ã♦ três ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ s♦♥❡❣❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❧t❛ ✜①❛✱ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛ s♦♥❡❣❛❞❛ ✭❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❧t❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✮✳

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❙❧✉ts❦② ❞❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❤♦r❛s ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧❛③❡r ♦✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P❛r❛ ♦s ♥ã♦ ❡✈❛s♦r❡s✱ ❛ss✉♠✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❧❛③❡r é ✉♠ ❜❡♠ ♥♦r♠❛❧✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❏á ♣❛r❛ ♦s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❡♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s s❡t♦r❡s✱♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦ t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♠❛s t❡♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥ã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳

(15)

✶✹

s❡rá q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ às ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ é ❝r❡❞✐t❛❞♦ ♣✐♦r❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

✷✳✷ ❖ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧

❖ r❡❧❛tór✐♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▲❛❜♦r ❖✣❝❡ ❡♠ ✶✾✼✷ ✭■▲❖✱ ✶✾✼✷✮ ♦❜✲ ❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛r ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ◗✉ê♥✐❛ ❢♦✐ ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦ ❡♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♥❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖s ❡st✉❞♦s s✉❜s❡q✉❡♥✲ t❡s tr❛t❛✈❛♠ ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡❝ár✐♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❞✉❛❧✳ ◆❡st❛ ✈✐sã♦✱ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♦✉ s✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦s✱ ❡❧❡✈❛♠ ♦s s❛❧ár✐♦s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠❡r✲ ❝❛❞♦✱ ❡ ❛s ✜r♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t❛♠ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s q✉❡ ❣♦st❛r✐❛♠✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣♦s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s✳ ❖s ❡♠♣r❡❣♦s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ s❡r✐❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ s❡ ❛❣✉❛r❞❛ ✉♠ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❆ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡st❛r✐❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s r❡❝❡❜❡♠ s❛❧ár✐♦s ❞✐✲ ❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❝❛s♦ ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛❣❛ s❛❧ár✐♦s ♠❛✐s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✭❘❛✉❝❤✱ ✶✾✽✾❀ ❇♦t❡❧❤♦ ❡ P♦♥❝③❡❦✱ ✷✵✵✻❀ ❆✉r✐♦❧ ❡ ❲❛r❧t❡rs✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳

❊♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼é①✐❝♦✱ ▼❛❧♦♥❡② ✭✶✾✾✾✮ é ♣✐♦♥❡✐r♦ ❡♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛r q✉❡ ♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐✲ ♦♥❛❧ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛❧✐s♠♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ sã♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❥á q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠ ❡st❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡♥①❡r❣❛♠ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠♦ t❛❧✱ ♠❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧♦❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛ss❡♠✳ ❆ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡❥❛ ❞♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r tr♦❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r s❛❧ár✐♦s✱ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❤♦rár✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❙❡❥❛ ♦s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ q✉❡ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ tr❛t❛ ♣♦r s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ q✉❡ é ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❧❡❣❛✐s✱ ♦✉ ❡st❡♥❞ê✲ ❧❛ ❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✐❧í❝✐t❛s ❝♦♠♦ r♦✉❜♦ ❡ trá✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❞r♦❣❛s ✭❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ s✉r✈❡② s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ●❡r①❤❛♥✐ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐ q✉❡ ♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ t❡♠❛✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞✐st♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ tr❛③ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ s❡ t❡♠ ❡♠ ♠ã♦s✳

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✶✺

✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❞✉❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ✜r♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡✲ ♥♦s ❞❡ ❞❡③❡ss❡✐s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s❡❣✉r✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ♠é❞✐❝♦s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ s❡✐s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ ❞✉❛❧✐s♠♦✱ ❇♦t❡❧❧❤♦ ❡ P♦♥❝③❡❦ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é r❡❣✐str❛❞♦ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❜❡♥❡✲ ❢í❝✐♦s ♣r❡✈✐st♦s ♣♦r ❧❡✐✳ P❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛ r♦❜✉st❡③ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s✳

❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ♥ã♦ r❡❣✐str❛❞♦s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ♣ró✲ ♣r✐❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ❇♦t❡❧❧❤♦ ❡ P♦♥❝③❡❦ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❡stá ❡♠ ❝♦♥s♦♥â♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❞ ✭✶✾✾✵✮✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❛✉t♦r✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ é✱ ♥❛ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦✐s s❡t♦✲ r❡s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ❛ss❛❧❛r✐❛❞♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ tê♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢❡✲ r❡♥t❡s✳ ❖ q✉❡ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ é ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ss❛❧❛r✐❛❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❧✐✈r❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡♠ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ✉♠ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✳ P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♦ ❝♦♥t❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛✱ ❛♦ ♠♦♥t❛r ♦ s❡✉ ❡♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦✱ ✐♥❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝✉st♦s ♦ q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛ ❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐✈r❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳

❖✉tr♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ é ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦s✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♥❞♦ s❡ sã♦ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ♣♦✉❝♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♦✉ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r❡❝ár✐❛s✳ ❊♠ ❙❛♥❞♠♦ ✭✶✾✽✶✮✱ ❈♦✇❡❧❧ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ ❡ ▲❡♠✐❡✉① ❡t ❛❧✳✭✶✾✾✹✮ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ ✜s❝❛❧✳ ❊♠ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ q✉❛♥t❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛r ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ à ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ ✜s❝❛❧✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ r❡♥❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ é ♣❛ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ ♦s r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ s♦♥❡❣á✲❧♦s✳ ❏á ♦s r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❡✱ ♣♦r t❛♥t♦✱ s♦♥❡❣❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦s ♣❡♥❛s s♦❜r❡ ❝❡rt❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳

❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ✜r♠❛s✱ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s s❛❧❛r✐❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❡t♦r❡s ❡ ❛ ❡✈❛sã♦ ✜s❝❛❧ sã♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❋♦rt✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ❡st❛s sã♦ três ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❞✉❛❧✐s♠♦ q✉❡ ❝♦❡①✐st❡♠ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿ sã♦ ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞✉❛❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✱ ❞❡ s❛❧ár✐♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ ✜s❝❛❧ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às r❡❣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❛❧ár✐♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❛❣❛r ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❡ ❞❡ ♥ã♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ é ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♥♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ✜r♠❛✳

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✶✻

✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙ã♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛s três ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛✉s❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛✳

❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❡❧❛s é ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❞♦s ✐♠♣♦st♦s✱ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ ❞✐st♦rçõ❡s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛r ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡❥❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳❊st❡s sã♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡stí♠✉❧♦ à ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✳ ◆♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❆✉r✐♦❧ ❡ ❲❛r❧t❡rs ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✜r♠❛ ❡♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ tã♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s à ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❏á ❆❧❜r❡❝❤t ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ♥♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦ s♦❜r❡ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦s s❡t♦r❡s✳ ❈♦♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❣❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r à ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ▲❛t✐♥❛ ❛♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉❡♠ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦ s♦❜r❡ ❢♦❧❤❛✱ ♠❛♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛✲ çã♦ ✜①❛✱ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛s✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣r❡❣♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❡t♦r❡s é ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s✳

❊♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❡stá ❛ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤✐st❛ q✉❡ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r ✭✷✵✵✺✮ tê♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❛ís❡s ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ ❇♦t❡❧❤♦ ❡ P♦♥❝③❡❦ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛✉s❛s ❞❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆s ❧❡✐s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ✉♠ rí❣✐❞♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❞❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ♣❛rt❡s ✭tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r ❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦r✮ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❛❧ár✐♦s ❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s✳ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♣❛ís❡s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❡✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤✐st❛s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❡♠ q✉❡✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛❧ é ♠❛✐♦r✳ ❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❡✐s ❡♥r✐❥❡❝❡ t❛♥t♦ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❛tr❛t✐✈♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧❡✐✱ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❡✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤✐st❛s✱ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦✐❜✐r ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❊♠ ❆❧❜r❡❝❤t ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❛s ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡♠✐ssã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤✐st❛✳ ❆s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❞❡♥✐③❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ❡♠♣r❡❣♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ❤á r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❛①❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛✲ ❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊st❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧t❡r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❡t♦r❡s✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s✳

❖ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❢❛t♦r ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r ✭✷✵✵✺✮ é ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♥ã♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ♠❡♥♦r s❡rá ❛ ❛rr❡❝❛❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦s✱ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♦ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ r❡❞✉③ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ t❛① ♠♦r❛❧❡✶ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❡st❛

❞✐♠❡♥sã♦✱ ❙❝❤♥❡✐❞❡r ✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛

❚❛① ♠♦r❛❧❡ é ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝✉♥❤❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

(18)

✶✼

r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ♥♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❞❛ ❖❈❉❊✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡ ❢❛t♦r ❡♠ ♣❛ís❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦ ❡ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ t❛① ♠♦r❛❧❡✳

✷✳✸ Pr♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❡ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s s❡t♦r❡s

❋♦rt✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❉❡ss② ❡ P❛❧❧❛❣❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❡ ❉✐❥❦str❛ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✉s❛♠ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❡ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❛ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s s❡t♦r❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s✳ ❊♠ ❋♦rt✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❛s ✜r♠❛s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ♣❛❣❛♠ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❡ tê♠ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❛ s✉❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ♦❢❡rt❛❞❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ é ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳ ❆s ✜r♠❛s q✉❡ ❞❡❝✐❞❡♠ ✜❝❛r ♥♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ✐♥❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ♠♦♥❡tár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❡s❝♦♥❞❡r❡♠ ❞❛s ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛s ✜r♠❛s ❞❡ s❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r é ❢❡✐t❛ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡ ♦s ❣❛st♦s ❝♦♠ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❝✉st♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r✲s❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳

❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡♠ ❉❡ss② ❡ P❛❧❧❛❣❡ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡ ✐♥❢r❛✲ ❡str✉t✉r❛ só é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❛rr❡❝❛❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ❜❡♥s é ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♦✜❝✐❛❧✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✜r♠❛ s❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s✱ ♠❛s é ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣♦r ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ◆♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❥❦str❛ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ ♣❛❣❛ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ♠❛s ♥❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s sã♦ ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ♣♦r ❡st❡ s❡t♦r✳ ❆ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦ ♥❛ ✐❧❡❣❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠❛♠ ❝❡rt♦s ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❣❡r❛ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ❡♠ s❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡st❡ s❡t♦r✳

P❛r❛ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ s❡ ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ é ♣❡q✉❡♥♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣❛❣❛♠ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❡ ♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ é ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡♠ ❜♦❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ■st♦ r❡❞✉③ ♦s ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐❣r❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❜♦♠✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❤á ❛ ♣r❡✈❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✳ ▼❛s s❡✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ é ❣r❛♥❞❡✱ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❜❡♥s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ♣❛❣❛r ✐♠♣♦st♦s✳ ❯♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✈✐❝✐♦s♦ é ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡stá ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ r✉✐♠✳ ❉✐❥❦str❛ ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛ s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞❡ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ❙♦❜ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ✷ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡✱

❖ ❛✉t♦r ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ✧❡❧❛st✐❝✐t② ♦❢ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ t♦ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦st ❢♦r ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❣♦♦❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✑ q✉❡ é ❛ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡

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✶✽

♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦✱ é ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳

◆♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦✇❡❧❧ ❡ ●♦r❞♦♥ ✭✶✾✽✼✮ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❛sã♦ é ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛ss✉♠❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ✐rá ♦❢❡rt❛r ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ q✉❡ é ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ à ❛rr❡❝❛❞❛çã♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❤❛s ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛q✉❡❧❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ s❡ s❡♥t❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✳ ◆❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ q✉❡ ✐rá s♦♥❡❣❛r ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s✿ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡✈❛sã♦ ❛❢❡t❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡ ❛✉❢❡r❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❢❡t❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛❣❛♠ ✐♠♣♦st♦s✳ ▲❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ q✉❡ ✐rá s♦♥❡❣❛r t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛❞❛✱ ❛ ❡✈❛sã♦ s❡rá ót✐♠❛ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐r ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❜❡♠ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦ ❢♦r ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐r ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳ ❏á ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❝❡rt❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ❛ ❡✈❛sã♦ é s❡♠♣r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ ❡①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ r❡♥❞❛ s♦♥❡❣❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❧t❡r❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ót✐♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♠✳

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✶✾

✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ✉♠❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ três t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❖s ♥ã♦ ❡✈❛s♦r❡s

(n)sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ sã♦ ✐♥❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s♦♥❡❣❛r

♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛✳ ❊✈❛s♦r❡s (e) sã♦ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ tê♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❞♦✐s s❡t♦r❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛❧

❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠ q✉❛♥t❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦❢❡rt❛r ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ é s♦♥❡❣á✈❡❧✳ ❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s(i)tê♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡♠ q✉❛❧ ♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛ s♦♥❡❣❛r✳

❊st❡s três ❣r✉♣♦s ❝♦❡①✐st❡♠ ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ♣♦r ❤✐♣ót❡s❡✱ ❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❡✈❛s♦r✱ ❡✈❛s♦r ♦✉ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ♠✐❣r❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s❡t♦r❡s✳ ❆ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s é q✉❡ ♦ s❛❧ár✐♦ ❞♦s ❡✈❛s♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐❣✉❛❧ ♥♦s ❞♦✐s ♠❡r❝❛❞♦s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ss✐♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s❡rã♦ ♦❢❡rt❛❞♦s✳ ❙❡❥❛Uj(Cj, lj, G,) j =n, e, i❛ ❢✉♥çã♦

❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❡str✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛s❡ ❝ô♥❝❛✈❛ ❡ ❞✉❛s ✈❡③❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐á✈❡❧ ❡♠ q✉❡ Cj é ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦✱ lj é ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❧❛③❡r ❡ G é

♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ s❡♥❞♦ Uj

c >0, U j

l >0, U j

G >0✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s s✉❜s❝r✐t♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠

❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ♣❛r❝✐❛✐s✳

❖ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ❝♦❜r❛ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ts♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧✱

t♦❞♦s ♦s três t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ✉♠❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛a❡ ♦s ❡✈❛s♦r❡s ❡ ♦s

✐♥❢♦r♠❛✐s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣❛❣❛r ✉♠❛ ♠✉❧t❛ b q✉❛♥❞♦ sã♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt♦s s♦♥❡❣❛♥❞♦✳ ❆ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡

❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❛ s♦♥❡❣❛çã♦ é ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r π ❡ ❛ ❛❧íq✉♦t❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛

♣❛r❝❡❧❛ ❞❛ r❡♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛ é ❞❡ θ✳ ❖ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ✐♥❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ Φ(π) ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣♦r

❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡✈❛s♦r ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❡❝❡✐t❛s ❡ ❞❡s♣❡s❛s ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛r ♦ ❜❡♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ G✳

◆❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ♦s s♦❜r❡s❝r✐t♦s s❡r✈❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r t❛♥t♦ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞♦ ✐♥✲ ❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ♥❛ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❝✉❥♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ é ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡✿ n+e+i= 1✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ❢♦r♠❛❧

s❡❥❛ ❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❡✈❛s♦r❡s ♦✉ ❞♦s ❡✈❛s♦r❡s é ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r Lj, ❡♠ q✉❡ j = n, e✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛✲

♠❡♥t❡✳ ❏á ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ s❡t♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞♦s ❡✈❛s♦r❡s é ❞❛❞♦ ♣♦r E ❡ ❛ ♦❢❡rt❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦

Referências

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