Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❇❛♥❝♦s ◆♦❙◗▲
❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s
●✉st❛✈♦ ❈✳ ●❛❧✈ã♦ ❱❛♥ ❊r✈❡♥
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ▼❛r✐st❡❧❛ ❚❡rt♦ ❞❡ ❍♦❧❛♥❞❛
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘♦♠♠❡❧ ◆♦✈❛❡s ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✖ ❯♥❇ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▲❛❞❡✐r❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ▼❛r✐st❡❧❛ ❚❡rt♦ ❞❡ ❍♦❧❛♥❞❛ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇ Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ●❡♥❛í♥❛ ◆✉♥❡s ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❙ér❣✐♦ ▲✐❢s❝❤✐t③ ✖ ❉■✴P❯❈✲❘✐♦
❈■P ✖ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦
❊r✈❡♥✱ ●✉st❛✈♦ ❈✳ ●❛❧✈ã♦ ❱❛♥✳
▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❇❛♥❝♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✴ ●✉st❛✈♦ ❈✳ ●❛❧✈ã♦ ❱❛♥ ❊r✈❡♥✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✿ ❯♥❇✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✶✵✺ ♣✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾✱✺ ❝♠✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✶✳ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✱ ✷✳ ●r❛❢♦s✱ ✸✳ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ✹✳ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✺✳ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❈♦rr✉♣çã♦
❈❉❯ ✵✵✹✳✹
❊♥❞❡r❡ç♦✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❉❛r❝② ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ✖ ❆s❛ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❊P ✼✵✾✶✵✲✾✵✵
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆♦s q✉❡ ❝✉❧t✐✈❛♠ ♥♦ss❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t♦r♥❛♠ s♦♥❤♦s ❡♠ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r✐❛✲●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❯♥✐ã♦ q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❉✐r❡t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❊str❛té❣✐❝❛s✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✉ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ✈ê♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ✐♥✐✲ ❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ◆♦❙◗▲✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❝♦♥str✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❇❛♥❝♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✭▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲✮✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢♦✐ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s s♦❝✐❡tár✐♦s ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ss❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❥✉rí❞✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❛s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❱í♥❝✉❧♦s ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ▲✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s✮✳ ❊ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❢♦✐ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛✉❞❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❧✐❝✐t❛tór✐♦s q✉❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣❧✐❝á✈❡❧ ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ór❣ã♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ♣❡rí❝✐❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ â♠❜✐t♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡①tr❛✐r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡①✲ t❡♥sí✈❡✐s ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✱ ●r❛❢♦s✱ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❈♦rr✉♣çã♦
❆❜str❛❝t
❈✉rr❡♥t❧②✱ ●r❛♣❤ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s ❛r❡ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ◆♦❙◗▲ ✐♥✐t✐❛✲ t✐✈❡s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ❣r❛♣❤s ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ str✉❝t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❢♦r ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❛t❛ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❢♦r ◆♦❙◗▲ ●r❛♣❤ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s ✭●❉▼✲◆♦❙◗▲✮✳ ❚❤❡ ●❉▼✲◆♦❙◗▲ ✇❛s ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ❢♦r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ r❡❧❛✲ t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❡♠❡♥ts t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤✐s ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✇❛s ❞❡✲ s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ s❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❢r❛✉❞s ❛♥❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❝♦♥t❡①ts✱ ✐✳❡✳ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛❣❡♥❝✐❡s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❜♦t❤ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ t❤❡ ❤②♣♦t❤❡s✐s t❤❛t ✇r✐t✐♥❣ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ✐s s✐♠♣❧❡r ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤ ♠♦❞❡❧s t❤❛♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡s✱ ●r❛♣❤s✱ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ●♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t✱ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✱ ❈♦rr✉♣t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✷ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✹
✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✷✳✶ ❉✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✸ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸ ▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲✿ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❇❛♥❝♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠
●r❛❢♦s ✶✼
✸✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸✳✷ ❱ért✐❝❡s ❙✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✸ ❍✐♣❡r✈ért✐❝❡s ✭❍✐♣❡r♥ós✮ ❞♦ ●r❛❢♦ ❆♥✐♥❤❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✹ ❆r❡st❛s ❙✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸✳✺ ❍✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛s ✭❍✐♣❡r❛r❝♦✮ ❞❡ ❍✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✻ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ◆✲ár✐❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✸✳✼ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❱í♥❝✉❧♦s ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ▲✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✹✸
✹✳✶ ❆✉❞✐t♦r✐❛ ❡ ♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ▲✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❱í♥❝✉❧♦s ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ▲✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❱í♥❝✉❧♦s ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜✲ ❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ▲✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❙♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✸✳✶ ●r❛❢♦ ❙✐♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✸✳✷ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✸✳✸ ❍✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦s ❡ ❍✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✸✳✹ ●r❛❢♦ ❆♥✐♥❤❛❞♦ ❡ ❍✐♣❡r✈ért✐❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✹✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❇❛♥❝♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✹✳✹✳✶ ❱ért✐❝❡s✱ ◆ã♦ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✹✳✹✳✷ ●r❛❢♦s ❊♥❢❛t✐③❛♠ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✹✳✹✳✸ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ❇✐♥ár✐❛s ❞❡ ▼✿◆ ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s sã♦ ❉✐r❡t❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✹✳✹✳✹ ●r❛❢♦s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✻✷
✺✳✶ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✺✳✷ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✺✳✷✳✶ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✶✿ ◗✉❛✐s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✷✳✷ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✷✿ ◗✉❛✐s ✐t❡♥s ❞❡ ❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞✉❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡r❛♠ ❥✉♥t❛s❄ ✻✼
✺✳✷✳✸ ◗✉❡stã♦ ✸✿ ❈♦♠♦ ❞✉❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉❛s s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❛té ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛❄ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✺✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❉❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ●r❛❢♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ❇❛s❡ ❝♦♠ ❉❛❞♦s ❘❡❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✽✸
✼ ❆♥❡①♦s ✽✺
✼✳✶ ❆♥❡①♦ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✾✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐❣r❛❢♦ ♥ã♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛s ❊✶ ❡ ❊✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ●r❛♠✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ●❉▼✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ●❖❆▲✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ❙✐♠❛t✐❝✲❳❚✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ❍②♣❡r♥♦❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✷✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✸✳✶ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ♥❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ P❡ss♦❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✷ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✸ ❯s♦ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✹ ❯s♦ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✺ ❱ért✐❝❡s ❝♦♠ t✐♣♦ ♥♦ rót✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✻ ❱ért✐❝❡ ❝♦♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✼ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ P❡ss♦❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✽ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r✈ért✐❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❍✐♣❡r♥ó✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✸✳✶✶ ❍✐♣❡r✈ért✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ Pr❡❢❡✐t✉r❛ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✸✳✶✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ Pr❡❢❡✐t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✶✸ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❤✐♣❡r♥ós ❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡♠ Pr❡❢❡✐t✉r❛✳ ✷✺
✸✳✶✹ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛r❡st❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸✳✶✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛ ♥ã♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✶✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛ ♥ã♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✶✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✸✳✶✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸✳✶✾ ❈❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ rót✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸✳✷✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛ ❝♦♠ t✐♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✸✳✷✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ♣❡s♦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸✳✷✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸✳✷✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✷✹ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❍✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✷✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛ ♥ã♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✷✻ ❍✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ❛r❝♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♥♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❊♠♣r❡s❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸✳✷✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛r❞✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛♠❛♥t❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✸✳✷✽ ❍✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛s ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛♥❞♦ ✈ár✐❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸✳✷✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♦r✐❣❡♠✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✸✳✸✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✸✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡st✐♥♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✸✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♥✲ár✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✸✳✸✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥✲ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✸✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥✲ár✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✸✺ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♥❛ ❛r❡st❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✸✳✸✻ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♠ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹✳✷ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✺ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❝♦♠ ◗✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✻ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ s❡♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✼ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✽ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞♦ s❡♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✹✳✾ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ t✉♣❧❛s ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✹✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❝♦♠ ❛♥♦ ❡ ♠ês ❞❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✹✳✶✶ ●r❛❢♦s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✹✳✶✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼✿◆ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡s ♥♦ ▼❘✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✺✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣♦r t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡s ♥♦ ◆❡♦✹❥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ▼❘✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✺✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣♦r ✐t❡♥s ❞❡ ❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ◆❡♦✹❥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✺✳✺ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✉❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣♦r só❝✐♦s ❛té ❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳ ✳ ✼✶
✺✳✻ ❉❡st❛q✉❡ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ r❛♠♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✉❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣♦r só❝✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✺✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ só❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ r❛♠♦ ♥♦ ▼❘✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✺✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ só❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♥♦ ◆❡♦✹❥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ só❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♥♦ ◆❡♦✹❥ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳ ✼✻
✺✳✶✵ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✺✳✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❳▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✺✳✶✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ só❝✐♦s ♥♦ ◆❡♦✹❥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
●r❛❢♦s sã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❡❧❡s ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ❛t✐✈♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊❧❡s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❡♠ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♦✉ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ r♦t❛s ❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♠❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ✈❡♠ ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛✲ ③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ tr❛③ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛r s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❥á ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❥á é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛③ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ❡ q✉❛✐s ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ t❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦
❖ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ✭◆♦t ❖♥❧② ❙◗▲✮ ❬✸✶❪ tr♦✉①❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛✲ t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ♥♦✈♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❡ ❛r❡st❛s✳
❖s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ✈❡♠ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛♥❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ s❡✉s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ át♦♠♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✱ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❬✸✺❪✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s sã♦ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❜♦❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ❬✹✱
✶✽✱ ✸✸❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s
✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡ss❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛t✉r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ é ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛r♠❛✲ ③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❙✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ é ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s❡ ✐♥t❡r♣♦♥❞♦ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡✲ ♠❛s ♠❛✐s r♦❜✉st♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r✱ ❡ sã♦ ♠♦✈✐❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♥❡✲ ❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳
❖ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❇❛♥❝♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦ ✭▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲✮✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r s✉♣r✐r ❡ss❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s às ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ P❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❧✐❝✐t❛tór✐♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢r❛✉❞❡s ❬✶✼❪✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡r❡♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡st❛s sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛tér✐❛ ♣r✐♠❛✱ tr❛❞✉③✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s q✉❡ s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ✐♠♣❛❝t♦s ♥❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛ ❛♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s✳
❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿
❼ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦❀
❼ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s❀
❼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ❡ ♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✶✳✸ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❊st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ♥♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
❼ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❇❛♥❝♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s ✭▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲✮✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡✲ r❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧❀
❼ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✿ ❆ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s❡✉ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s❀
❼ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✿ ❖ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s é ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲ ❡ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠❀
❼ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✿ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡♠✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ▼②❙◗▲ ❡ ♦ ◆♦❙◗▲ ◆❡♦✹❥✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ sí♥t❡s❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s é ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✽✵ ❡ ✾✵✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ r❡t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❬✶✸❪✳
✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❛❢♦s
❖s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r s❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡ss❡s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳
❯♠ ❣r❛❢♦G(V, E)❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ✜♥✐t♦ ♥ã♦ ✈❛③✐♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✱ ♦✉ ♥ós✱ ❱✱ ❡ ✉♠❛
r❡❧❛çã♦ E ⊆ V ×V✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❛❞♦ V ={v1, v2, ..., vn}✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡❧
s❡r✐❛ E = {(v1, v2),(v1, v4),(v2, v6), ...,(vn−1, vn)} ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛ ♦✉ ❛r❝♦ ❬✽❪✳
❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠✳ ❖ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ é ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ |V|=ordem ❡ |E|=tamanho✳ ❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s ❞❡
✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛✉ ❞♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❬✻❪✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣rá✜❝❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❧✐❣❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ◆♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s sã♦ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❛r❡st❛s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✳ ❖ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐❧✉str❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ rót✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛r s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛ ❡❧❡s ♥♦ ❣r❛❢♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ às ❛r❡st❛s✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦ ♣❡s♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝♦rrê✲❧❛✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s ♥ã♦ ❢❛③❡♠ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥❞♦ sã♦ s✐♠étr✐❝❛s ✭❜✐❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛✐s✮✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛
(vi, vj) = (vj, vi)✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦✳
◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❢❛③❡♠ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❛ r❡❧❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❞✐❣r❛❢♦ ❬✽❪✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ P❡ss♦❛ ❆ ❡stá s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛ P❡ss♦❛ ❇✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ q✉❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❡♠ sít✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦ ❡ ❚✇✐tt❡r✳
■ss♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ s✐♠étr✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✱ s❡r✐❛♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ❞✉❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❧✐❣❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ q✉❡r r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✳ P♦❞❡r✲s❡✲✐❛ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r ✉♠❛ r❡t❛ ❝♦♠ s❡t❛s ❡♠ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s s❡♥t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦✱ ♠❛s ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❧❡♠❜r❛r q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ sã♦ ❞✉❛s ❛r❡st❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❊✳ ❖ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛r❡st❛s q✉❡ ❝❤❡❣❛♠ ♥♦ ✈ért✐❝❡✱ ❡ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛r❡st❛s s❛✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♥ó✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳
❯♠ ❣r❛❢♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❛r❡st❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣❛r ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐❣r❛❢♦ ❬✽❪✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ✉♠ ♠✉❧t✐❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s✱ ♠❛s ❝❛❞❛ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛s✳ ❯♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐❣r❛❢♦ s❡r✐❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡str❛❞❛s q✉❡ ❧✐❣❛♠ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✷✳✸♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❈✐❞❛❞❡ ❈ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆✳
P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛r❡st❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❛r❝♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛✱ t❡r✐❛ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✈❛r✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✱ ❡ss❡s ❣r❛❢♦s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦s ❬✸❪✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ G(V, H)✱ ♦♥❞❡ V é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐❣r❛❢♦ ♥ã♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳
V = {v1, v2, ..., vn} ❡ H ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛s H = {E1, E2, ..., Em} ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛
❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦Em é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡sEm ={vx, ..., vz}♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ✈❛r✐❛r ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s
❞❡V ❛té ⑤❱⑤✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛✷✳✹❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✉❛s ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛s ❡♠
✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛r✳ ❆ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❆ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛ ❊✶✳ ❆ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❇✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❛ ▲✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ❨ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛ q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❡ss❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠ ❤✐♣❡r❛r❡st❛s ❊✶ ❡ ❊✷✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❛r ✉♠ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ♦✉ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ❢♦ss❡♠ ✈ért✐❝❡s✳ ❯♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❛❣r✉✲ ♣❛❞♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó✱ s❡♥❞♦ tr❛t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❡ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞♦ ❬✸❪✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ sã♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó ❞❡ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❙♦❝✐❡tár✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞♦✳
❖ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó ❞❡ss❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛r ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ✈ért✐❝❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦ ❝♦♠ só❝✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❡ s✉❛ ❉❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ❘❡♥❞❛✳ ❖ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó ♥♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ q✉❛❞r♦ s♦❝✐❡tár✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ✷✵✶✹✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❢♦t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ q✉❡♠ ❛t✉❛✈❛ ♥❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❝♦♠♦ só❝✐♦ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❡♠ q✉❡stã♦✱ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦ s❡❥❛ ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦ ✈ért✐❝❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ r❡♥❞❛ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✳
✷✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s
❖s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s✱ ✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳■ ❬✷✱✸❪✳ ▲♦❣♦ ❛♣ós ❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❡ ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ◆♦❙◗▲✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐t❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥❡ss❛ ár❡❛✱ ❛♠♣❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❊st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❉✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s
❱ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❞❡s❞❡ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✺✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣ós ♦ á♣✐❝❡ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✉ ♥❡ss❡ t❡♠❛ ❛té ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❬✸❪✳ ❊ss❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♣r♦♣✉♥❤❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ●❖❖❉ ❬✶✷❪✱ ●r❛♠ ❬✶❪✱ ❙✐♠❛t✐❝✲❳❚ ❬✷✼❪✱ ▲❉▼ ❬✷✷❪✱ ●❖❆▲ ❬✶✺❪✱ ❍②♣❡r♥♦❞❡ ❬✷✹❪✱ ●❘❖❖❱❨ ❬✷✺❪ ❡ ●❉▼ ❬✶✻❪✳ ❉❡ss❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛s ♥♦t❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❞❛s q✉❛✐s s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❉●✲◆♦❙◗▲✱ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ●❖❆▲✱ ●r❛♠✱ ●❉▼✱ ❙✐♠❛t❡❝✲❳❚ ❡ ❍②♣❡r♥♦❞❡✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✷✳✻✱ ♦ ●r❛♠ ✲ ●r❛♣❤ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ◗✉❡r② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❬✶❪✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s sã♦ rót✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❛r❡st❛s t❛♠❜é♠ r♦t✉❧❛❞❛s✳ ❙✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ é s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐❣✉❛✐s ❡♠ ✈ért✐❝❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ◆♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈ért✐❝❡ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ♦✉ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦s ❞❡st✐♥♦s ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦s✳
✭❛✮ ❊sq✉❡♠❛✳
✭❜✮ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ●r❛♠✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶❪✳
❊♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s
❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ●r❛♣❤ ❉❛t❛ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❬✶✻❪ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✳ ❆s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ q✉❛❞r❛❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③á✲❧❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s❡t❛s ♠❛✐s ❧❛r❣❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♥❛❣❡r ❡ ❊♠♣❧♦②❡❡✳ ❏á ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s sã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❝ír❝✉❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t ❡ str✳ ◆❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t q✉❡ ❧✐❣❛ ❊♠♣❧♦②❡❡ ❡ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ ✈❛③✐♦ ❡ ✉♠ rót✉❧♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❞❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊ss❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦ ❉✳ ❏♦❤♥s♦♥ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ♥♦ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❘✫❉✳
✭❛✮ ❊sq✉❡♠❛✳
✭❜✮ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ●❉▼✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶✻❪✳
❊ss❡ ✉s♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ ●❖❆▲ ✲ ●r❛♣❤✲❜❛s❡❞ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✽✳ ❊st❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❡ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❝♦♠ t✐♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ ♠❛s ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❈♦♥tr❛❝t✱ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ r❡tâ♥❣✉❧♦s ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧♦s❛♥❣♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦✳ ❆s ❛r❡st❛s ❞✉♣❧❛s ✭♦✉ ❧❛r❣❛s✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♠❛s ♦ ●❖❆▲ tr❛③ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❛r❡st❛ ❝♦♠ s❡t❛ ❞✉♣❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♠✉❧✲
t✐✈❛❧♦r❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ❬✶✷❪✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛r❡st❛ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ❡ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥✳
✭❛✮ ❊sq✉❡♠❛✳
✭❜✮ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✽✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ●❖❆▲✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶✺❪✳
●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♥ós✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❙✐♠❛t✐❝✲❳❚ ❬✷✼❪✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✷✳✾✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✳ ❊❧❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛st❡r ◆♦❞❡s ❡ ▼❛st❡r ❊❞❣❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ✉♠ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✈ért✐❝❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡❧❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❥á q✉❡
♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ●❡♦r❣❡✱ P✶ ❡ ❏♦♥❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛r ♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s ❞♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ P❊❘❙❖◆❴✶ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✾✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ❙✐♠❛t✐❝✲❳❚✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✸❪✳
P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✷✳✶✵❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❍②♣❡r♥♦❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❬✷✹❪✳ ◆❡st❡✱ ♦s ❤✐♣❡r♥ós sã♦ ❝♦♥s✲ tr✉í❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ rót✉❧♦✱ ♥♦♠❡s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ q✉❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✑✩✏✱ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛tô♠✐❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s♣❛s✳ ❖s ❛r❝♦s ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ♥♦ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó✳
❖s ♣❛ss❛❣❡✐r♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛ s❡✉s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✭❛tô♠✐❝♦s ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s rót✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❤✐♣❡r♥ós✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♦s ✈♦♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó ❝♦♠ s❡✉ ❣r❛❢♦ ✈✐♥❝✉❧❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♣❛ss❛❣❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❛ér❡❛s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❤✐♣❡r♥ós ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❣r❛❢♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❤✐♣❡r♥ó✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥✐♥❤❛❞♦s✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ss❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s❡r❡♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s q✉❡ s❡r✈✐r❛♠ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦✱ ❞✐✈❡r✲ s♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵ ❬✸❪✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❥á tr❛③✐❛♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❤✐♣❡r❣r❛❢♦s ❬✷✺❪✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ◆♦❙◗▲✱ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦s ✈♦❧t❛✲ r❛♠ ❛ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ tí♣✐❝❛ ❞❡ss❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❬✸✺❪✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❡ss❛s ♥♦✈❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r❛♠ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ✈ért✐❝❡s✱ ❛r❡st❛s ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❡♠ s✐ ❬✷❪✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡ss❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ❢♦❝❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❛♦ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❘♦❜✐♥s♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✸✷❪✱ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s q✉❡ tr❛③ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s
✭❛✮ ❱♦♦s ❝♦♠ ♣❛ss❛❣❡✐r♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛s✳
✭❜✮ P❛ss❛❣❡✐r♦s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✵✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s✿ ❍②♣❡r♥♦❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧✳ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✷✹❪✳
✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✉♠ ♠✐st♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ♥❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉✲ s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❝♦❜r✐ss❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦ ◆♦❙◗▲✳
✷✳✸ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ ❡♠ ●r❛❢♦s
❖ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çã♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❡♠ ❢♦rç❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳ ◆♦✈❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✈ê♠ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ s❡❥❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ♣♦rt❡ ❛té ❛s r♦t✉❧❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❇✐❣ ❉❛t❛ ❬✶✽❪✳
◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ◆♦❙◗▲✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❛ ❆♠❛✲ ③♦♥ ❬✶✶❪ ❡ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❬✼❪✱ ✈ê♠ ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦✈❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ P❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦r✲ tâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❡ss❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❥á ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❙t♦♥❡❜r❛❦❡r ❬✸✻❪✱ ▲❡❛✈✐tt ❬✷✸❪✱ ❍❡❝❤t ❡ ❏❛❜❧♦♥s❦✐ ❬✶✸❪✱ ❑❛✉r ❡ ❘❛♥✐ ❬✷✶❪ ❡ ❈❤❡♥ ❡t ❛❧ ❬✾❪✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ tr❛t❛r ♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❖s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ◆♦❙◗▲✱ ❥á sã♦ t❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♠❛✐s ❛♥t✐❣♦s q✉❡ s❡✉s ♣❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✶✳
❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡st❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ s❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛r✱ ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ❢♦r♠❛s ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡s✲ tr✉t✉r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉í♠✐❝❛✱ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ✇❡❜ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❙r✐♥✐✈❛s❛ ❬✸✺❪✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ tr❛t❛r r❡❞❡s ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❡♦r✐❛s ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s às r❡❞❡s ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ♣r❡✈❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡ às ❛çõ❡s ❝r✐♠✐♥♦s❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ▼❝■❧❧✇❛✐♥ ❬✷✾❪✱ ❳✉ ❡ ❈❤❛♥ ❬✸✽❪ ❡ ❍✉❧st ❬✶✼❪✳
❈♦♠ ❡ss❡ ♥♦✈♦ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ❡ ❛♥t✐❣♦s✱ ✈ê♠ s❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❡ q✉❡ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❆P■ ❛té s✐st❡♠❛s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✴s❡r✈✐❞♦r✳ ❊ss❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♠ ❆♥❣❧❡s ❬✷❪✱ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦s✱ ❡ ♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛✉t♦r s♦❜r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❡ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ❬✹❪✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ tr❛t❛♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❑❛❧♠❡❣❤ ❬✷✵❪✱ ❏♦✉✐❧✐ ❬✶✾❪ ❡ ▼❝❈♦❧❧ ❬✷✽❪✳
❖s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ◆♦❙◗▲ tr♦✉①❡r❛♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡ss❡s ❜❛♥❝♦s s❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡♠ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❣r✉♣♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ❝❤❛✈❡✴✈❛❧♦r✱ ❝♦❧✉♥❛r✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❣r❛❢♦s ❬✶✸❪✳
❖s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❤❛✈❡✴✈❛❧♦r r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ❡ss❡ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s s❡r❡♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛✈❡ ú♥✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦✱ ❡ ✉♠ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦ ✈❛❧♦r✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ◆♦❙◗▲ ❢♦✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❉②♥❛♠♦ ❬✶✶❪✱ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❆♠❛③♦♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛✲
