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Projeto e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica linear de fluxo transverso para aplicação em um sistema de geração de eletricidade

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(1)!♦❥❡%♦ ❡ ❝❛!❛❝%❡!✐③❛*+♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠/0✉✐♥❛ ❡❧3%!✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛! ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ %!❛♥6✈❡!6♦ ♣❛!❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛*+♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ 6✐6%❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡!❛*+♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡%!✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ▲❡♦♥❛!❞♦ ❋❛✉6%✐♥♦ ▲❛❝❡!❞❛ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❉✐""❡$%❛'(♦ ❞❡ ▼❡"%$❛❞♦ ❛♣$❡"❡♥%❛❞❛ . ❈♦♦$❞❡♥❛'(♦ ❞♦ 0$♦❣$❛♠❛ ❞❡ 03"✲●$❛❞✉❛'(♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛$✐❛ ❊❧:%$✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡$"✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡$❛❧ ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛ ●$❛♥❞❡ ✲ ❈❛♠♣✉" ❞❡ ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛ ●$❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛$%❡ ❞♦" $❡?✉✐"✐%♦" ♥❡❝❡""@$✐♦" ♣❛$❛ ❛ ♦❜%❡♥'(♦ ❞♦ ❣$❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡"%$❡ ❡♠ ❈✐B♥❝✐❛" ♥♦ ❉♦♠C♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛$✐❛ ❊❧:%$✐❝❛✳ ➪$❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥%$❛'(♦✿ 0$♦❝❡""❛♠❡♥%♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❆♥%♦♥✐♦ ▼❛$❝✉" ◆♦❣✉❡✐$❛ ▲✐♠❛✱ ❉$✳ ❖$✐❡♥%❛❞♦$. ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛ ●$❛♥❞❡✱ 0❛$❛C❜❛✱ ❇$❛"✐❧ ❝ ▲❡♦♥❛$❞♦ ❋❛✉"%✐♥♦ ▲❛❝❡$❞❛ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ▼❛$'♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻.

(2) !♦❥❡%♦ ❡ ❝❛!❛❝%❡!✐③❛*+♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠/0✉✐♥❛ ❡❧3%!✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛! ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ %!❛♥6✈❡!6♦ ♣❛!❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛*+♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ 6✐6%❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡!❛*+♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡%!✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ▲❡♦♥❛!❞♦ ❋❛✉6%✐♥♦ ▲❛❝❡!❞❛ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❉✐""❡$%❛'(♦ ❞❡ ▼❡"%$❛❞♦ ❛♣$❡"❡♥%❛❞❛ ❡♠ ▼❛$'♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻ ❆♥"♦♥✐♦ ▼❛'❝✉* ◆♦❣✉❡✐'❛ ▲✐♠❛✱ ❉'✳ ❖'✐❡♥"❛❞♦' ❊❞❣❛' ❘♦♦*❡✈❡❧" ❇'❛❣❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❉'✳ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥"❡ ❞❛ ❇❛♥❝❛ ▼❛✉'>❝✐♦ ❇❡❧"'?♦ ❞❡ ❘♦**✐"❡' ❈♦''❡❛✱ ❉'✳ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥"❡ ❞❛ ❇❛♥❝❛. ❈❛♠♣✐♥❛ ●'❛♥❞❡✱ A❛'❛>❜❛✱ ❇'❛*✐❧✱ ▼❛'C♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✻. ✶.

(3) FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA BIBLIOTECA CENTRAL DA UFCG. S729p. Souza, Leonardo Faustino Lacerda de. Projeto e caracterização de uma máquina elétrica linear de fluxo transverso para aplicação em um sistema de geração de eletricidade / Leonardo Faustino Lacerda de Souza. – Campina Grande, 2016. 154 f. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Elétrica) – Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Engenharia Elétrica e Informática, 2016. "Orientação: Prof. Dr. Antonio Marcus Nogueira Lima". Referências. 1. Máquina Elétrica. 2. Máquina Linear. 3. Ímãs Permanentes. 4. Configuração Mista Linear. I. Lima, Antonio Marcus Nogueira. II. Título. CDU 621.313(043).

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(5) ❆❣"❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥*♦, ❆❣"❛❞❡&♦ ( ❉❡✉+✱ ❢♦♥/❡ ❞❛ ✈❡"❞❛❞❡✐"❛ ❡ ✐♥✜♥✐/❛ ❜♦♥❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❞✉&7♦ ❞♦+ ♠❡✉+ ♣❛++♦+✱ ❡ ♣♦" /♦❞❛+ ❛+ ♦♣♦"/✉♥✐❞❛❞❡+ 9✉❡ ♠❡ ❢♦"❛♠ ❞❛❞❛+ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ➚ ❏♦+= ●❡"❛❧❞♦ ❡ ■❞❛❧✈❛✱ ♠❡✉+ ♣❛✐+✱ ♠✐♥❤❛+ ✐♥+♣✐"❛&A❡+ ♠♦"❛✐+✱ ❞♦♥♦+ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❛✐+ ♣✉"♦ ❛♠♦"✳ ❖❜"✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦" /♦❞♦ +✉♣♦"/❡✱ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣"❡❡♥+7♦ ♥♦+ ♠❡✉+ ♠♦♠❡♥/♦+ ❞❡ ❛✉+C♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♦+ ♠❡✉+ ✐"♠7♦+ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❡ ❘❛❢❛❡❧❛✱ ♦"❣✉❧❤♦+ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♠❡✉+ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦+ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❛❝❛❞C♠✐❝❛✳ ❖❜"✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦" ❝♦♠♣❛"/✐❧❤❛" ❡①♣❡"✐C♥❝✐❛+✱ ✈✐+❛♥❞♦ +❡♠♣"❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉&7♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥/❛✱ "✉♠♦ ( ❡①❝❡❧C♥❝✐❛ ✐♥/❡❧❡❝/✉❛❧✳ ➚ /♦❞♦+ ♦+ ♠❡✉+ ❛♠✐❣♦+✱ ❡+♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥/❡ (9✉❡❧❡+ 9✉❡ +❡ ✜③❡"❛♠ ♠❛✐+ ♣"❡+❡♥/❡+✿ ●✉+/❛✈♦ ❡ ❉♦✉❣❧❛+✳ ❖❜"✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦" ❛❝"❡❞✐/❛"❡♠ +❡♠♣"❡ ❡♠ ♠✐♠✱ ❛❥✉❞❛♥❞♦✲♠❡ ♥♦+ ♠♦♠❡♥/♦+ ❞❡ ❛♥❣J+/✐❛✱ +❡❥❛ /"❛③❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❛❧❛✈"❛ ❛♠✐❣❛✱ +❡❥❛ /"❛③❡♥❞♦ ❛❧K✈✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♥/❡♥/❛♠❡♥/♦ ( ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠❡♥/❡✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦"✐❡♥/❛❞♦" ❆♥/♦♥✐♦ ▼❛"❝✉+✱ ♣♦" /♦❞❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ♦"✐❡♥/❛&7♦ ❞❛❞❛✱ ❞❡/❡"✲ ♠✐♥❛♥/❡+ ♣❛"❛ ♦ +✉❝❡++♦ ❞❡+/❡ /"❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♦ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐"♦ ♠❡❝M♥✐❝♦ ▲❡♦♥❛"❞♦ O❡"❡✐"❛✱ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡❝M♥✐❝♦ ❊❞✐❧❡✉+♦♥✱ 9✉❡ ❡①❡"✲ ❝❡"❛♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝"✉❝✐❛❧ ♥♦+ ♣"♦❝❡++♦+ ❞❡ ❝♦♥+/"✉&7♦ ❛♣"❡+❡♥/❛❞♦+✳ ➚ /♦❞❛+ ❛+ ♣❡++♦❛+ 9✉❡ ♣❛++❛"❛♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♥/"✐❜✉K"❛♠✱ ♠❡+♠♦ 9✉❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛♠❡♥/❡✱ ♣❛"❛ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❡♥"✐9✉❡❝✐♠❡♥/♦ ♣❡++♦❛❧ ❡ ♣"♦✜++✐♦♥❛❧✳. ✸.

(6) ❘❡"✉♠♦ ❊!"❡ "$❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣$❡!❡♥"❛ ♦ ♣$♦❥❡"♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♥!"$✉01♦ ❡ ♦ "❡!"❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠45✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛$ ❛ 7♠1! ♣❡$♠❛♥❡♥"❡!✳ ❯♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❢♦$♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥"♦ ♣$✐♠4$✐♦✱ 5✉❡ ✉"✐✲ ❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥"♦ ❧✐♥❡❛$ ❢♦✐ ❞✐!❝✉"✐❞❛✳ ❚♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛!❡ ✉♠ ❧❡✈❛♥"❛♠❡♥"♦ ♥❛ ❧✐"❡$❛"✉$❛ !♦❜$❡ ♣$♦❥❡"♦! ❞❡ ♠45✉✐♥❛! ❧✐♥❡❛$❡!✱ ❡ "❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐!"❛ ♦! ♠❛"❡$✐❛✐! ❞✐!✲ ♣♦♥7✈❡✐! ♥♦ ♠❡$❝❛❞♦ ❜$❛!✐❧❡✐$♦✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦!!7✈❡❧ $❡❛❧✐③❛$ ✉♠ ❡!"✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛$❛"✐✈♦ ❡♥"$❡ ❡!"$✉"✉$❛! "❡!"❛❞❛!✳ ❯♠ ♣$♦❥❡"♦ 5✉❡ "❡♥"♦✉ $❡✉♥✐$ ❛! ✈❛♥"❛❣❡♥! ♦❜!❡$✈❛❞❛! ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥✜❣✉$❛01♦ ♠✐!"❛ ❧✐♥❡❛$✳ ❯♠❛ $♦"✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♣$♦❥❡"♦ ♣❛$❛ ❛ ❝♦♥!"$✉01♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣$♦"A"✐♣♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉$❛01♦ ♠✐!"❛ ❢♦✐ ❡❧❛❜♦$❛❞❛✳ ❆! ❡"❛♣❛! ❞♦ ♣$♦❥❡"♦ ❝♦♥"❡♠♣❧❛$❛♠ ❡!"✉❞♦! ❝♦♠♣❛$❛"✐✈♦! ❡ !✐♠✉❧❛0C❡! "$✐❞✐♠❡♥!✐♦♥❛✐! ♣♦$ ❡❧❡✲ ♠❡♥"♦! ✜♥✐"♦!✳ ❖! $❡!✉❧"❛❞♦! ❞♦ ❡!"✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉"❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ $❡✈❡❧❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦$"❛♠❡♥"♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ♠❛❣♥G"✐❝♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❡!"$✉"✉$❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ !✉❛ ❞✐!"$✐❜✉✐01♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥01♦ ❞❛ ♣♦!✐01♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ♠A✈❡❧ ❞❛ ♠45✉✐♥❛✱ ✈❛❧♦$❡! ❞❡ "❡♥!C❡! ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛! ❡✱ ❝♦♥!❡5✉❡♥✲ "❡♠❡♥"❡✱ ♣♦"H♥❝✐❛ ❣❡$❛❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❜❛♥❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ "❡!"❡! ❢♦✐ ♠♦♥"❛❞❛ ❡ ♣♦!!✐❜✐❧✐"♦✉ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛01♦ ❞♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥"♦ ♣$✐♠4$✐♦ ❧✐♥❡❛$ ❛ ♣❛$"✐$ ❞❡ ✉♠ !✐!"❡♠❛ ❜✐❡❧❛✲♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞❛ I ♠45✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛$ ♣$♦❥❡"❛❞❛✳ ❖! ❡①♣❡$✐♠❡♥"♦! ❝♦♠♣$♦✈❛$❛♠ ❛ "❡♦$✐❛✱ ❡ ♣$♦✈❛$❛♠ 5✉❡ ❛ $♦"✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♣$♦❥❡"♦ ♣❛$❛ ❛ ❢❛❜$✐❝❛01♦ G ❢❛❝"7✈❡❧✳ ❖! $❡!✉❧"❛❞♦! ❡①♣❡✲ $✐♠❡♥"❛✐! ❛♣$❡!❡♥"❛♠ ❜♦❛ ❛♣$♦①✐♠❛01♦ ❡♠ $❡❧❛01♦ I5✉❡❧❡! ♦❜"✐❞♦! ♣♦$ !✐♠✉❧❛01♦✳. ❛❧❛✈$❛% ❝❤❛✈❡✿✿ ▼45✉✐♥❛ ❡❧G"$✐❝❛✱ ♠45✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛$✱ 7♠1! ♣❡$♠❛♥❡♥"❡!✱ ❝♦♥✲. ✜❣✉$❛01♦ ♠✐!"❛ ❧✐♥❡❛$✳. ✹.

(7) ❆❜"#$❛❝# ❚❤✐# ✇♦&❦ ♣&❡#❡♥+# +❤❡ ❞❡#✐❣♥✱ ❝♦♥#+&✉❝+✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ +❡#+✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛& ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✇✐+❤ ♣❡&♠❛♥❡♥+ ♠❛❣♥❡+#✳ ■♥ +❤✐# ✇♦&❦ ✐# ❞✐#❝✉##❡❞ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❢♦&♠ ♦❢ ♣&✐♠❛&② ❛❝+✉❛+♦&✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉#❡# ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛& ♠♦+✐♦♥✱ ♣&♦✈✐❞❡ ❜② ❛ ❙+✐&❧✐♥❣ ❡♥❣✐♥❡✳ ❋&♦♠ ❛ #+✉❞② ❛❜♦✉+ ❧✐♥❡❛& ❡❧❡❝+&✐❝❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡# ♣&♦❥❡❝+#✱ ✐+ ✇❛# ♣♦##✐❜❧❡ +♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛&❛+✐✈❡ #+✉❞② ♦❢ +❡#+❡❞ #+&✉❝+✉&❡#✳ ❋&♦♠ +❤❡&❡✱ ✐+ ✇❛# ❞❡#✐❣♥❡❞ ❛ ♣&♦❥❡❝+ +❤❛+ +&✐❡❞ +♦ ❣❛+❤❡& +❤❡ ❛❞✈❛♥+❛❣❡# ♦❜#❡&✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❧✐♥❡❛& ❡❧❡❝+&✐❝❛❧ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡# +&❛♥#✈❡&#❡ ✢♦✇ #+✉❞✐❡❞✱ ♥❛♠❡❞ ❧✐♥❡❛& ♠✐①❡❞ ❝♦♥✜❣✉&❛+✐♦♥✳ ❆ &♦✉+✐♥❡ ❞❡#✐❣♥ ♦❢ ♠✐①❡❞ ❝♦♥✜❣✉&❛+✐♦♥✬# ♣&♦+♦+②♣❡ ✇❛# ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ #+❛❣❡# ♦❢ +❤❡ ♣&♦❥❡❝+ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ❝♦♠♣❛&❛+✐✈❡ #+✉❞✐❡# ❛♥❞ +❤&❡❡✲ ❞✐♠❡♥#✐♦♥❛❧ ✜♥✐+❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥+ #✐♠✉❧❛+✐♦♥#✳ ❚❤❡ #✐♠✉❧❛+✐♦♥ &❡#✉❧+# #❤♦✇ +❤❡ ♠❛❣♥❡+✐❝ ✢✉① ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦& ♦✈❡& +❤❡ #+&✉❝+✉&❡✱ ❛# ✇❡❧❧ ❛# +❤❡✐& ❞✐#+&✐❜✉+✐♦♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ +❤❡ ♣♦#✐+✐♦♥ ♦❢ +❤❡ ♠♦✈❛❜❧❡ #❤❛❢+ ♦❢ +❤❡ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡✱ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ✈♦❧+❛❣❡ ✈❛❧✉❡#✱ ❛♥❞ +❤❡ ♣♦✇❡& ❣❡♥❡&❛+❡❞✳ ❈❤❛♥❣❡# ✐♥ ✐♥✐+✐❛❧ ♣&♦❥❡❝+ ✇❡&❡ ♠❛❞❡ ❢&♦♠ +❤❡ ♦❜+❛✐♥❡❞ &❡#✉❧+#✳ ❆ +❡#+ ❜❡♥❝❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ +❤❡ #✐♠✉❧❛+✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛& ♣&✐♠❛&② ❞&✐✈❡ ❢&♦♠ ❛ ❝&❛♥❦ #②#+❡♠ ❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ +♦ ❛ ♣&♦+♦+②♣❡ ♦❢ +❤❡ ❞❡#✐❣♥❡❞ ❧✐♥❡❛& ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❤❛# ❜❡❡♥ ❜✉✐❧+✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❡&✐♠❡♥+# ❝♦♥✜&♠❡❞ +❤❡ +❤❡♦&②✱ ❛♥❞ ♣&♦✈❡❞ +❤❛+ +❤❡ &♦✉+✐♥❡ ❞❡#✐❣♥ ❢♦& +❤❡ ♣&♦❞✉❝+✐♦♥ ✐# ❢❡❛#✐❜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣❡&✐♠❡♥+❛❧ &❡#✉❧+# #❤♦✇ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♣♣&♦❛❝❤ +❤♦#❡ ♦❜+❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② #✐♠✉❧❛+✐♦♥✳. ❑❡②✇♦%❞'✿ ❊❧❡❝+&✐❝ ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡#✱ ❧✐♥❡❛& ♠❛❝❤✐♥❡#✱ ♣❡&♠❛♥❡♥+ ♠❛❣♥❡+✱ ♠✐①❡❞. ❝♦♥✜❣✉&❛+✐♦♥✳. ✺.

(8) ❙✉♠#$✐♦ ✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉()♦ ✶✳✶. ❖❜❥❡&✐✈♦ ❣❡+❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✶✳✶✳✶. ✶✳✷. ✶✼. ❖❜❥❡&✐✈♦/ ❡/♣❡❝2✜❝♦/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷. ❖+❣❛♥✐③❛67♦ ❞♦ &+❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸. ✷ ▼-.✉✐♥❛ ♣$✐♠-$✐❛. ✷✹. ✷✳✶. ▼♦&♦+ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉/&7♦ ✐♥&❡+♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹. ✷✳✷. ❉✐♠❡♥/✐♦♥❛♠❡♥&♦ ❞♦ /✐/&❡♠❛ ♠❡❝@♥✐❝♦ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♥&❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽. ✷✳✸. ❈♦♥❝❧✉/C❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹. ✸ ❈♦♥✈❡$8)♦ ❡❧❡#$♦♠❡❝;♥✐❝❛. ✸✺. ✸✳✶. ❚❡♥/7♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✈❛+✐❛67♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ♠❛❣♥G&✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺. ✸✳✷. ❈♦♥✈❡+/7♦ ❡❧❡&+♦♠❡❝@♥✐❝❛ ❛ ♣❛+&✐+ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥&♦ ❧✐♥❡❛+ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾. ✸✳✸. ❋♦+6❛ ❞❡ ♦+✐❣❡♠ ❡❧❡&+♦♠❛❣♥G&✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷. ✸✳✹. ❈✐+❝✉✐&♦ ♠❛❣♥G&✐❝♦ ❡K✉✐✈❛❧❡♥&❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹. ✸✳✺. ❈♦♥❝❧✉/C❡/ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺. ✹ ❈♦♥✜❣✉$❛(?❡8 ❡❧❡#$♦♠❛❣♥@#✐❝❛8. ✹✼.

(9) ✹✳✶. ❈❧❛&&✐✜❝❛*+♦ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥2♦ ♣4✐♠54✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼. ✹✳✷. ▼59✉✐♥❛& ❡❧;24✐❝❛& ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ 24❛♥&✈❡4&♦. ✹✳✸. ❈❛4❛❝2❡4@&2✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐2❛*+♦ ♠❛❣♥;2✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵. ✹✳✹. ❘❡9✉✐&✐2♦& ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉4❛*+♦ ❡❧❡24♦♠❛❣♥;2✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶. ✹✳✺. ❈♦♥✜❣✉4❛*E❡& ❛♥❛❧✐&❛❞❛& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸. ✹✳✻. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾. ✹✳✺✳✶. ❈♦♥✜❣✉4❛*+♦ ❧✐♥❡❛4 ❞❡ ♣✐&2+♦ ❧✐✈4❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸. ✹✳✺✳✷. ❈♦♥✜❣✉4❛*+♦ ❧✐♥❡❛4 ❞❡ ❝✉4&♦ ❧♦♥❣♦. ✹✳✺✳✸. ❈♦♥✜❣✉4❛*+♦ ❧✐♥❡❛4 2✉❜✉❧❛4 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻. ✹✳✺✳✹. ❈♦♥✜❣✉4❛*+♦ 2✉❜✉❧❛4 ❞❡ ❝✉4&♦ ❝✉42♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽. ✹✳✺✳✺. ❈♦♥✜❣✉4❛*+♦ ❧✐♥❡❛4 ❝✐❧@♥❞4✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾. ✹✳✺✳✻. ❈♦♥✜❣✉4❛*+♦ ❧✐♥❡❛4 ♠✐&2❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹. ❈♦♥❝❧✉&E❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷. ✺ !"♦❥❡&♦ ❞❛ ♠*+✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛". ✻✸. ✺✳✶. ❘♦2✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♣4♦❥❡2♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸. ✺✳✷. ❊&❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♠❛2❡4✐❛✐& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼. ✺✳✸. ❉❡2❡4♠✐♥❛*+♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥2♦ ❞❛ ♠59✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾. ✺✳✹. ❉❡✜♥✐*+♦ ❞❛& ❞✐♠❡♥&E❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✹✳✶. ❈5❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❝✐4❝✉✐2♦ ♠❛❣♥;2✐❝♦ ❡9✉✐✈❛❧❡♥2❡. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸. ✺✳✹✳✷. ❊&♣❡❝✐✜❝❛*E❡& ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽. ✺✳✺. ❆✈❛❧✐❛*+♦ ❞♦ ♣4♦❥❡2♦ ❛24❛✈;& ❞❡ ❝5❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶. ✺✳✻. ❘❡&✉❧2❛❞♦& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺. ✺✳✼. ❈♦♥❝❧✉&E❡& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼. ✼.

(10) ✻ ❇❛♥❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ '❡('❡(. ✶✵✽. ✻✳✶. ❇✐❡❧❛✲♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾. ✻✳✷. ▼01✉✐♥❛ ❡❧345✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✻✳✷✳✶. ❊94❛4♦5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹. ✻✳✷✳✷. ❙✉94❡♥4❛=>♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻. ✻✳✷✳✸. ❊✐①♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽. ✻✳✸. ❋❛❧❤❛9 ♠❡❝C♥✐❝❛9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸. ✻✳✹. ❊94✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛5❛4✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺. ✻✳✺. ❈♦♥❝❧✉9H❡9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺. ✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉(1❡( ❡ ♣❡3(♣❡❝'✐✈❛(. ✶✸✻. ✼✳✶. ❈♦♥❝❧✉9H❡9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻. ✼✳✷. J❡59♣❡❝4✐✈❛9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽. ❆ ❚❡♦3✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦( ❡❧❡'3♦♠❛❣♥;'✐❝♦(. ✶✹✵. ❆✳✶ ▼❛4❡5✐❛✐9 ♠❛❣♥34✐❝♦9 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷. ❇ ❊>✉❛?1❡( ❞❛ ♠@>✉✐♥❛ ♣3✐♠@3✐❛. ✶✹✺. ❘❡❢❡3D♥❝✐❛( ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣3@✜❝❛(. ✶✺✷. ✽.

(11) ▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉*❛" ✶✳✶. ❉✐❛❣&❛♠❛ ❞❡ *❡+♦&❡* ❞❛ ♦❢❡&+❛ ✐♥+❡&♥❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡&❣✐❛ ❡❧0+&✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❇&❛*✐❧ ♣♦& ❢♦♥+❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽. ✶✳✷. ▼0❞✐❛ ❛♥✉❛❧ ❞♦ +♦+❛❧ ❞✐8&✐♦ ❞❡ ✐&&❛❞✐❛9:♦ *♦❧❛& ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ✐♥❝✐❞❡♥+❡ ♥♦ +❡&&✐+<&✐♦ ❜&❛*✐❧❡✐&♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾. ✶✳✸. ❱✐*+❛ ❡♠ ❝♦&+❡ ❧♦♥❣✐+✉❞✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦+♦& ❞♦ *✐*+❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡&❛9:♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡&✲ ❣✐❛ ❜❛*❡❛❞♦ ♥✉♠ ♠♦+♦& ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉*+:♦ ✐♥+❡&♥❛ ❡ ♥✉♠❛ ♠8A✉✐♥❛ ❡❧0✲ +&✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶. ✷✳✶. ❙✐*+❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡&*:♦ +❡&♠♦♠❡❝D♥✐❝❛ ❜❛*❡❛❞♦ ♥✉♠ ♠♦+♦& ❞❡ ❙+✐&❧✐♥❣ ❡ ♥✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡♥+&❛❞♦& *♦❧❛&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺. ✷✳✷. ❋❛*❡* ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❙+✐&❧✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻. ✷✳✸. ▼♦+♦& ❞❡ ❙+✐&❧✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❛&&❛♥❥♦ ❜❡+❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼. ✷✳✹. ❘❡♣&❡*❡♥+❛9:♦ ❡*A✉❡♠8+✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐*♠♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❡❧❛✲♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽. ✷✳✺. ❈❛&❛❝+❡&M*+✐❝❛ *❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ❞♦ ❞❡*❧♦❝❛♠❡♥+♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❡❧❛✲♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶. ✷✳✻. ■♥❞✐❝❛9:♦ ❞❡ +♦&A✉❡ ❡ ❢♦&9❛ ♥♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐*♠♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❡❧❛✲♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷. ✸✳✶. ❙❡♥+✐❞♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ φ A✉❡ ❛+&❛✈❡**❛ ✉♠❛ *✉♣❡&❢M❝✐❡ ❞❡ 8&❡❛ S ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻.

(12) ✸✳✷. ❚❡♥&'♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦& .❡/♠✐♥❛✐& ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❜✐♥❛ ❛ ♣❛/.✐/ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡&❧♦✲ ❝❛♠❡♥.♦ ❧✐♥❡❛/ &❡♥♦✐❞❛❧✳ ■♥❞✐❝❛7'♦ ❞♦& ✈❡.♦/❡& ❞❡ ❢♦/7❛ ❡ ❞❡♥&✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ /❡&✉❧.❛♥.❡&✳ <♦♥.♦ ❞❡ ♦❜&❡/✈❛7'♦ ✭ p✮ &❡/✈❡ ❞❡ /❡❢❡/?♥❝✐❛ ♣❛/❛ ❞❡&❝/✐7'♦ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥.♦ &❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ♠@✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵. ✸✳✸. ❈✐/❝✉✐.♦ ❡❧D./✐❝♦ ❡E✉✐✈❛❧❡♥.❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶. ✸✳✹. ➪/❡❛ ❡❢❡.✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❡♥./❡❢❡//♦✿ ✭❆✮ ❱✐&.❛ ❢/♦♥.❛❧❀ ✭❇✮ ❱✐&.❛ ❧♦♥❣✐.✉❞✐♥❛❧✳ ✹✸. ✹✳✶. ❖/✐❡♥.❛7'♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ♠❛❣♥D.✐❝♦✿ ✭❆✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ▲♦♥❣✐.✉❞✐♥❛❧❀ ✭❇✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ❚/❛♥&✈❡/&❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵. ✹✳✷. ❈❛/❛❝.❡/R&.✐❝❛ ❡&./✉.✉/❛❧ ❞❡ ♠SE✉✐♥❛& ❧✐♥❡❛/❡&✿ ✭❆✮ ❆//❛♥❥♦ ❝♦♠ R♠' ♠@✈❡❧❀ ✭❇✮ ❆//❛♥❥♦ ❝♦♠ ❢❡//♦ ♠@✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶. ✹✳✸. ❱✐&.❛ ❡♠ ❝♦/.❡ ❧♦♥❣✐.✉❞✐♥❛❧ ♥❛ ♠SE✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛/ ❞❡ ♣✐&.'♦ ❧✐✈/❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹. ✹✳✹. ❱✐&.❛ ❡♠ ❝♦/.❡ ❧♦♥❣✐.✉❞✐♥❛❧ ♥❛ ♠SE✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛/ ❞❡ ❝✉/&♦ ❧♦♥❣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺. ✹✳✺. ❱✐&.❛ ❡♠ ❝♦/.❡ ❧♦♥❣✐.✉❞✐♥❛❧ ♥❛ ♠SE✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛/ .✉❜✉❧❛/✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻. ✹✳✻. ❱✐&.❛ ❡♠ ❝♦/.❡ ❧♦♥❣✐.✉❞✐♥❛❧ E✉❡ ♠♦&./❛ ❛ ❞✐&./✐❜✉✐7'♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ♣❛/❛ ❞✉❛& ♣♦&✐7V❡& ❞✐❢❡/❡♥.❡&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼. ✹✳✼. ❈♦♥✜❣✉/❛7'♦ .✉❜✉❧❛/✱ ❣❡/❛❞♦/ ❧✐♥❡❛/ ❝♦♠ ❝✉/&♦ ❝✉/.♦✿ /❡♣/❡&❡♥.❛✲ 7'♦ ❞♦ ❛//❛♥❥♦ ❡&.❛.♦/✴♣❛/.❡ ♠@✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽. ✹✳✽. ❈♦♥✜❣✉/❛7'♦ ❝✐❧R♥❞/✐❝❛✳ ❋❛&❡& ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥.❡&✳ ❇♦❜✐♥❛& ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♠✐✲ ♥❤♦ ♠❛❣♥D.✐❝♦✳ ◆'♦ ❤S ❜/❛7♦& ❡&.❛.@/✐❝♦& ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦&✳ ▼❛❣♥❡.✐③❛7'♦ ❞♦& R♠'& ❛①✐❛❧✳ <❡7❛& ♣♦❧❛/❡& ❞❡ ♠❛.❡/✐❛❧ ❢❡//♦♠❛❣♥D.✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡✲ .❛♠ ♦ ❝✐/❝✉✐.♦ ♠❛❣♥D.✐❝♦✳. ✹✳✾. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵. ❈♦♥✜❣✉/❛7'♦ ▼✐&.❛✳ ❊&.❛.♦/ ❝♦♠ ❞❡♥.❡&✳ ❇♦❜✐♥❛& ♣♦&.❛& ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥./❛/ ♦ ♠S①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❡♠ &❡✉& ♥a❝❧❡♦&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶. ✺✳✶. ❮♠' ❞❡ ◆❡♦❞R♠✐♦✲❋❡//♦✲❇♦/♦✳ ❚/❛.❛♠❡♥.♦ &✉♣❡/✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ◆RE✉❡❧✳ ▼❛❣♥❡.✐③❛7'♦ ❛①✐❛❧ ❜✐♣♦❧❛/✳ ❘❡❢❡/?♥❝✐❛✿ ◆✹✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽. ✶✵.

(13) ✺✳✷. ❈❛%❛❝'❡%)*'✐❝❛ *❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥'♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾. ✺✳✸. ❈✐♥❝♦ ♣♦*✐78❡* ♣❛%❛ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐'❛79♦ ❞❛ ♠:;✉✐♥❛✳. ✺✳✹. @❛%A♠❡'%♦* ❞✐♠❡♥*✐♦♥❛✐* ❞❛ ♠:;✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛%✳ ❈♦%'❡ '%❛♥*✈❡%*❛❧ ♣❛%❛. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵. ✐♥❞✐❝❛% ♣♦❧♦* ❡ ♣❛**♦ ♣♦❧❛%✳ ❈♦%'❡ ❢%♦♥'❛❧ ♣❛%❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛% ❛❧'✉%❛* ❡*'❛✲ 'D%✐❝❛*✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✺. ❈✐%❝✉✐'♦ ♠❛❣♥F'✐❝♦ ❡;✉✐✈❛❧❡♥'❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸. ✺✳✻. ❈❛%❛❝'❡%)*'✐❝❛ '%✐❞✐♠❡♥*✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ♠:;✉✐♥❛ ❡♠ ❡*'✉❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹. ✺✳✼. ❈✐%❝✉✐'♦ ♠❛❣♥F'✐❝♦ ❡;✉✐✈❛❧❡♥'❡ ❝♦♥*✐❞❡%❛♥❞♦ ❛* %❡❧✉'A♥❝✐❛* ❞❡ ❞♦✐* ❜%❛7♦* ❡*'❛'D%✐❝♦*✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺. ✺✳✽. ❊♠♣✐❧❤❛♠❡♥'♦ ❞♦* ❝♦♥❞✉'♦%❡* ♣❛%❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❜♦❜✐♥❛ ❞❛ ♠:;✉✐♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾. ✺✳✾. ❙✐*'❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♦%❞❡♥❛❞❛* ❡*♣❛❝✐❛✐*✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷. ✺✳✶✵ @❛%'❡* ❞❛ ♠:;✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛%✿ ❡*'❛'♦%✱ ❡✐①♦ ♠D✈❡❧ ❡ ❡♥'%❡❢❡%%♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✶✶ ▲✐♠✐'❡ ❞❡ ❝♦%'❡ ;✉❡ *❡♣❛%❛ ♦ ❡✐①♦ ♠D✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❡*'❛'♦%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✺✳✶✷ ❘❡❣✐8❡* ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛* ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡'♦ S♥✐❝♦✿ ✭❆✮ ❖❜❥❡'♦ ♦❜'✐❞♦ ❛ ♣❛%'✐% ❞❛* %❡❣✐8❡* ♠D✈❡✐*✳ ✭❇✮ ❖❜❥❡'♦ ♦❜'✐❞♦ ❞❛* %❡❣✐8❡* ❡*':'✐❝❛*✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✶✸ ❘❡❣✐9♦ ❞❡ ❢%♦♥'❡✐%❛ ❡♠ ❛③✉❧✱ *❡♣❛%❛♥❞♦ ♦* ❡❧❡♠❡♥'♦* ♠D✈❡✐* ❡ ❡*':✲ '✐❝♦* ❞❛ ❡*'%✉'✉%❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✶✹ ❘❡❣✐9♦ ❧✐♠✐'❡ ;✉❡ ❣❛%❛♥'❡ ♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥'♦ ❡❧❡'%♦♠❛❣♥F'✐❝♦ ❡♥'%❡ ❛* %❡❣✐8❡* ♠D✈❡✐* ❡ ❡*':'✐❝❛* ❞❛ ❡*'%✉'✉%❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✶✺ ❈✐❧✐♥❞%♦* ❞❡ ❛% ✉*❛❞♦* ♣❛%❛ ❞❡✜♥✐% ❛* %❡❣✐8❡* ❞❡ ❡♥'%❡❢❡%%♦ ❡ ❛* :%❡❛* ❞❡ ❛❧'❛ %❡❧✉'A♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✶✻ ❊✐①♦ ❞❛ ♠:;✉✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ )♠9* ❞❡ ◆❞❋❡❇✱ ❡ ♣❡7❛* ♣♦❧❛%❡* ❞❡ ❆7♦ ❙✐❧)❝✐♦ ●%9♦ ◆9♦✲❖%✐❡♥'❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✶✼ ❊*'❛'♦% ❡ ❞❛* ♣❡7❛* ♣♦❧❛%❡* ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦* ❡♠ ❛③✉❧ ❡ ❝♦♥*'✐'✉)❞♦* ❞❡ ❛7♦ *✐❧)❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❣%9♦ ♥9♦✲♦%✐❡♥'❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷. ✶✶.

(14) ✺✳✶✽ ❈✉&✈❛ ❇✲❍ ❆-♦ ❙✐❧2❝✐♦ ●&5♦ ◆5♦✲❖&✐❡♥:❛❞♦✳ ❘❡❢❡&>♥❝✐❛ ✐♥:❡&♥❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ ▼✲✸✻ ✭❛♥:✐❣❛ ♥♦&♠❛ ❆■❙■✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✶✾ H♦I✐-J❡I ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❜♦❜✐♥❛I ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦I ❜&❛-♦I ❡I:❛:L&✐❝♦I✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✷✵ ❉✐&❡-5♦ ❞❛I ❧✐♥❤❛I ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❝♦♥I✐❞❡&❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ①③✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✷✶ ❉✐&❡-5♦ ❞❛I ❧✐♥❤❛I ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❝♦♥I✐❞❡&❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ②③✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✷✷ ❉❡♥I✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ♥❛ ♠WX✉✐♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✷✸ H♦♥:♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♥Z❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦❧♦ ❞♦ ❡I:❛:♦&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✷✹ ❋❧✉①♦ ♠❛❣♥\:✐❝♦ ♥♦ ♥Z❝❧❡♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦❧♦ ❞❛ ♠WX✉✐♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✷✺ ❋♦&-❛ ❡❧❡:&♦♠❛❣♥\:✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❞✐&❡-5♦ ❞♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥:♦ ✭❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥:❡ ②✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✷✻ H♦:>♥❝✐❛ ♠❡❝]♥✐❝❛ ♥❡❝❡IIW&✐❛ ♣❛&❛ ❛❝✐♦♥❛& ❛ ♠WX✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✷✼ ❚❡♥I5♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥✉♠❛ ❜♦❜✐♥❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦I ❜&❛-♦I ❡I:❛:L&✐❝♦I✱ ❝♦♥I✐✲ ❞❡&❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❡&2♦❞♦ ❞❡ :❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✷✽ ❚❡♥I5♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❜♦❜✐♥❛I ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦I ❜&❛-♦I ❡I:❛:L&✐❝♦I✱ ❝♦♥I✐❞❡&❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❡&2♦❞♦ ❞❡ :❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✷✾ ❚❡♥I5♦ :♦:❛❧ ❣❡&❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠WX✉✐♥❛ ❡❧\:&✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛& ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✸✵ ❚❡♥I5♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥❛I ❜♦❜✐♥❛I ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜&❛-♦ ❡I:❛:L&✐❝♦ ♣❛&❛ ✉♠ ❡♥✲ :&❡❢❡&&♦ ❞❡ 0, 5 ♠♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✸✶ ❚❡♥I5♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❜♦❜✐♥❛I ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦I ❜&❛-♦I ❡I:❛:L&✐❝♦I ❝♦♥I✐❞❡&❛♥❞♦ N = 100 ❡ Nb = 20✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✸✷ ❚❡♥I5♦ :♦:❛❧ ❣❡&❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠WX✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛&✱ ❝♦♥I✐❞❡&❛♥❞♦ ✶✵✵ ❡I♣✐&❛I ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❜♦❜✐♥❛ ❡ ✉♠ ♣❡&2♦❞♦ ❞❡ :❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✶. H&♦❥❡:♦ ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡:❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ I✐I:❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❜✐❡❧❛ ♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛ ❡ ♦ ♣&♦:L:✐♣♦ ❞❛ ♠WX✉✐♥❛ ❡❧\:&✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛&✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾. ✻✳✷. ❇✐❡❧❛✲♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛ ♣&♦❥❡:❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵. ✶✷.

(15) ✻✳✸. ❚♦%&✉❡ ❞❡*❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❜✐❡❧❛✲♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶. ✻✳✹. ❉✐♠❡♥*7❡* ❞❛ ❇✐❡❧❛ ❡♠ ♠♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶. ✻✳✺. ❉✐♠❡♥*7❡* ❞❛ ▼❛♥✐✈❡❧❛ ❡♠ ♠♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷. ✻✳✻. ❇✐❡❧❛✲♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛ ❢❛❜%✐❝❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷. ✻✳✼. ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥@♦ ❝♦♥*@%✉A❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸. ✻✳✽. ❇%❛C♦ ❡*@❛@D%✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♠E&✉✐♥❛ ❡❧F@%✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛%✳ ■♥❞✐❝❛CH♦ ❞❛* ❞✐♠❡♥*7❡*✳✶✶✹. ✻✳✾. ✭❆✮ ❈❤❛♣❛* ❞♦* ❜%❛C♦ ❡*@❛@D%✐❝♦* ❝♦%@❛❞❛*✳ ✭❇✮ ❊♠♣✐❧❤❛♠❡♥@♦ ❞❛* ❝❤❛♣❛*✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺. ✻✳✶✵ ❇♦❜✐♥❛ ♣♦*✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡♥@❡ ❞♦ ❡*@❛@♦%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✻✳✶✶ P❛%❡❞❡* ❞❡ *✉*@❡♥@❛CH♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✻✳✶✷ ❋✐①❛CH♦ ❡♠ ▲ ✉*❛❞❛* ♣❛%❛ ✜①❛% ❛* ♣❛%❡❞❡* ❞❡ *✉*@❡♥@❛CH♦ ❞♦ ♣%♦✲ @D@✐♣♦ ❞❛ ♠E&✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✻✳✶✸ P❡C❛* ❞❡ ♥②❧♦♥ ❢❛❜%✐❝❛❞❛* ♣❛%❛ ❞❛% *✉*@❡♥@❛CH♦ ❛♦* ❜%❛C♦* ❡*@❛@D%✐✲ ❝♦* ❞❛ ♠E&✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✻✳✶✹ ❊✐①♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦* A♠H* ❡ ❛* ♣❡C❛* ♣♦❧❛%❡* *H♦ ✜①❛❞♦*✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾. ✻✳✶✺ ❙✐*@❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐@❛CH♦ ❞❛ ♠E&✉✐♥❛ ❡❧F@%✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛%✳ ■♥❞✐❝❛CH♦ ❞❛* ❞✐✲ ♠❡♥*7❡*✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✻✳✶✻ ■♠H ✉*❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❢❛❜%✐❝❛CH♦ ❞♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐@❛CH♦ ♠❛❣♥F@✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✻✳✶✼ P❡C❛* ♣♦❧❛%❡* ♦❜@✐❞❛* ❛ ♣❛%@✐% ❞❡ ❝❤❛♣❛* ❞❡ ❛C♦ *✐❧A❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❣%H♦ ♥H♦✲ ♦%✐❡♥@❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✻✳✶✽ ❊✐①♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐@❛CH♦ ♠❛❣♥F@✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡@♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✻✳✶✾ P❡C❛* ❝✐❧A♥❞%✐❝❛* ❞❡ *✉*@❡♥@❛CH♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✻✳✷✵ ❇❛♥❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡@❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥@♦ ❛♦ ♠♦@♦%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹. ✶✸.

(16) ✻✳✷✶ ❚❡♥'(♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✺ ❜♦❜✐♥❛' ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦' ❜2❛3♦' ❡'4❛452✐❝♦'✱ ❝♦♥'✐✲ ❞❡2❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡♥42❡❢❡22♦ ❞❡ ✸ ♠♠ ❡ ✹ <✉❛42♦ ❜2❛3♦' ❡'4❛452✐❝♦'✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✻✳✷✷ ❚❡♥'(♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❜2❛3♦ ❡'4❛452✐❝♦✱ ❝♦♥'✐❞❡2❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❡♥42❡✲ ❢❡22♦ ❞❡ ✸ ♠♠✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻. ✻✳✷✸ ❚❡♥'(♦ 4♦4❛❧ ❣❡2❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠@<✉✐♥❛✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼. ✻✳✷✹ ◆♦♠❡❛3(♦ ❞♦' ❜2❛3♦' ❡'4❛452✐❝♦'✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✻✳✷✺ ◆♦♠❡❛3(♦ ❞❛' ❜♦❜✐♥❛'✱ ♣❛2❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❜2❛3♦ ❡'4❛452✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✻✳✷✻ ❚❡♥'(♦ 4♦4❛❧ ❣❡2❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠@<✉✐♥❛✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾. ✻✳✷✼ ❚❡♥'(♦ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❇♦❜✐♥❛ ✶ ❞♦ ❜2❛3♦ ❡'4❛452✐❝♦ ❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ✻✳✷✽ ❚❡♥'G❡' ❡♠ ❢❛'❡ ♥❛' ❜♦❜✐♥❛' ✶ ❡ ✸✳ ❇♦❜✐♥❛ ✶ ❡♠ ✈❡2❞❡✱ ❜♦❜✐♥❛ ✸ ❡♠ ❛③✉❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✻✳✷✾ ❚❡♥'(♦ ❞❡❢❛'❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✶✽✵ ♦ ❡♥42❡ ❛' ❜♦❜✐♥❛' ✶ ❡ ✷✳ ❇♦❜✐♥❛ ✶ ❡♠ ✈❡2❞❡✱ ❜♦❜✐♥❛ ✷ ❡♠ ❛③✉❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✻✳✸✵ ❚❡♥'(♦ 4♦4❛❧ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❇2❛3♦ ❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✻✳✸✶ ❚❡♥'(♦ 4♦4❛❧ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❇2❛3♦ ❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✻✳✸✷ ❚❡♥'(♦ 4♦4❛❧ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❇2❛3♦ ❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✻✳✸✸ ❚❡♥'(♦ 4♦4❛❧ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❇2❛3♦ ❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✻✳✸✹ ❈♦22❡♥4❡ ♥❛ ♠@<✉✐♥❛✳ ❈♦♥'✐❞❡2❛♥❞♦ <✉❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✶✵ ♠❱✱ 4❡♠♦' ♦ ✈❛❧♦2 ❝♦22❡'♣♦♥❞❡♥4❡ ❞❡ ✶♠❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ❆✳✶ ❈✉2✈❛ B − H 4M♣✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸ ❇✳✶ ▼♦4♦2 ❞❡ ❙4✐2❧✐♥❣ ❝♦♠ ❛22❛♥❥♦ ❜❡4❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✺ ❇✳✷ ❈✉2✈❛ ❞❡ 4♦2<✉❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦4♦2 ❞❡ ❙4✐2❧✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✼. ✶✹.

(17) ▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛" ✺✳✶. #❛%&♠❡)%♦+ ❞♦ ❮♠. ◆❡♦❞0♠✐♦✲❋❡%%♦✲❇♦%♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽. ✺✳✷. #❛%&♠❡)%♦+ ❞✐♠❡♥+✐♦♥❛✐+ ❞❛ ♠9:✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛%✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷. ✺✳✸. ❱❛❧♦%❡+ ❞❛+ ♣❡%♠❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡+ %❡❧❛)✐✈❛+✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻. ✺✳✹. ❘❡❧✉)&♥❝✐❛+ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛+✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻. ✺✳✺. ❊+♣❡❝✐✜❝❛HI❡+ ♣❛%❛ ❛ ♠9:✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛%✳. ✺✳✻. #❛%&♠❡)%♦+ ❞♦ ❮♠. ◆❡♦❞0♠✐♦✲❋❡%%♦✲❇♦%♦ ✉+❛❞♦+ ♥❛ +✐♠✉❧❛H.♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶. ✺✳✼. #❛%&♠❡)%♦+ ❞❛+ ❇♦❜✐♥❛+✳. ✺✳✽. ❉❛❞♦+ )❡M%✐❝♦+ ❞❛ ♠9:✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛%✳. ✻✳✶. ❉❡+❝%✐H.♦ ❞♦+ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥)❡+ ❞❛ ❜✐❡❧❛✲♠❛♥✐✈❡❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵. ✻✳✷. ❉✐♠❡♥+I❡+ ❞♦+ ❜%❛H♦+ ❡+)❛)M%✐❝♦+✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹. ✻✳✸. ❉❛❞♦+ )❡M%✐❝♦+ ❞❛ ♠9:✉✐♥❛ ❧✐♥❡❛% ✜♥❛❧✳. ✻✳✹. ❉❛❞♦+ ❞♦ ❣❡%❛❞♦%✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹. ❇✳✶ #❛%&♠❡)%♦+ )❡%♠♦❞✐♥&♠✐❝♦+ ❡ ❣❡♦♠O)%✐❝♦+✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✽ ❇✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛%❛H.♦ ❡♥)%❡ ♦+ ♣%✐♥❝✐♣❛✐+ ♠❡✐♦+ ❞❡ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥)♦ ♣%✐♠9%✐♦ ✉+❛✲ ❞♦+ ♥❛ ❣❡%❛H.♦ ❡♠ ❞♦✐+ ♣%♦❝❡++♦+ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡%+.♦✳. ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✵.

(18) ❇✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛(❛)*♦ ❞♦ ♣❛(,♠❡.(♦ λ ❡♥.(❡ ♦0 ♣(✐♥❝✐♣❛✐0 ♠❡✐♦0 ❞❡ ❛❝✐♦♥❛✲ ♠❡♥.♦ ♣(✐♠4(✐♦ ✉0❛❞♦0 ♥❛ ❣❡(❛)*♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✉♣❧❛ ❝♦♥✈❡(0*♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺✵. ✶✻.

(19) ❈❛♣#$✉❧♦ ✶ ■♥$+♦❞✉-.♦ ❉✐✈❡$%❛% ❛'(❡% ❞❡ ❝♦♥%❝✐❡♥-✐③❛'/♦ ♣❛$❛ 1✉❡ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛'/♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♠✉❞❡ ♦% ❤8❜✐-♦% ❡ $❡❞✉③❛ ♦ ❝♦♥%✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❡❧9-$✐❝❛ ✈❡♠ %❡♥❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❛♥-❛❞❛%✳ ❊♥-$❡-❛♥-♦✱ ❞❛❞♦% ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞♦% ♣❡❧❛ ❆❣>♥❝✐❛ ■♥-❡$♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊♥❡$❣✐❛ ✭❆■❊✮✱ $❡✈❡❧❛♠ 1✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥%✉♠♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❛✉♠❡♥-❛$ ❡♠ 56 ✪ ❛-9 ✷✵✹✵ ❬✶❪✳ ❉❡%-❛ ❢♦$♠❛✱ ❛ ♦❢❡$-❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❞❡✈❡ %❡$ ❝$❡%❝❡♥-❡✱ ❡ ♣$♦♣♦$❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ ❛✉♠❡♥-♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥%✉♠♦✳ ❆ ●❡$❛'/♦ ❉✐%-$✐❜✉K❞❛ ❝♦♥-$✐❜✉✐ ♣❛$❛ ❛ %♦❧✉'/♦ ❞❡%-❡ ♣$♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❥8 1✉❡ ♣♦%%✐✲ ❜✐❧✐-❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦$ ❞✐%-$✐❜✉✐'/♦ ❣❡♦❣$8✜❝❛ ❞❛ ❣❡$❛'/♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❡❧9-$✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡-❡$♠✐♥❛❞❛ $❡❣✐/♦✳ ❚$❛-❛✲%❡ ❞❛ ❣❡$❛'/♦ ❡ ❛$♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥-♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❡♠ ♣❡1✉❡♥❛ ❡%❝❛❧❛✱ ♣$P①✐♠❛ ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥%✉♠✐❞♦$❛✱ 1✉❡ ♣♦%%✐❜✐❧✐-❛ -❛♠❜9♠ ❛ ✐♥-❡$❛'/♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ $❡❞❡ ❡❧9-$✐❝❛✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐-❛♥❞♦ ♦% ♠❡❝❛♥✐%♠♦% ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣$❛ ❡ ✈❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ ❡❧9-$✐❝❛✳ ❆❧9♠ ❞✐%-♦✱ ❛ ●❡$❛'/♦ ❉✐%-$✐❜✉K❞❛ 9 -❛♠❜9♠ ✉♠❛ %♦❧✉'/♦ ❡%-$❛-9❣✐❝❛ ♣❛$❛ ✐♥❝❡♥-✐✲ ✈❛$ ♦ ✉%♦ ❞❡ $❡❝✉$%♦% $❡♥♦✈8✈❡✐% ❞✐%♣♦♥K✈❡✐% ❧♦❝❛❧♠❡♥-❡✳ ❆ ✐♥❝♦$♣♦$❛'/♦ ❞♦ ✉%♦ ❞❡ ❢♦♥-❡% $❡♥♦✈8✈❡✐% ❞❡ ❡♥❡$❣✐❛ R ●❡$❛'/♦ ❉✐%-$✐❜✉K❞❛ %❡$8 ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡-❡$♠✐♥❛♥-❡ ♣❛$❛ %♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛$ ♦% ♣$♦❜❧❡♠❛% ❡♥❡$❣9-✐❝♦% ❡♠ ❡%❝❛❧❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳ ❊♠ -❡$♠♦% ❛♠❜✐❡♥-❛✐%✱ ❛ ●❡$❛'/♦ ❉✐%-$✐❜✉K❞❛ -❛♠❜9♠ ❝♦♥-$✐❜✉✐ ♣❛$❛ ❛ $❡❞✉'/♦ ❞❛% ❡♠✐%%(❡% ❞♦% ❣❛%❡% ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐-♦ ❡%-✉❢❛✳ S♦$ ♣♦%%✉✐$ ❝❛$❛❝-❡$K%-✐❝❛% ❣❡♦❣$8✜❝❛% ❡ ❝❧✐♠8-✐❝❛% ❢❛✈♦$8✈❡✐%✱ ♦ ❇$❛%✐❧ ❞✐%♣(❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ %9$✐❡ ❞❡ ♦♣'(❡% ❞❡ $❡❝✉$%♦% ♥❛-✉$❛✐% 1✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ %❡$ ✉-✐❧✐③❛❞♦% ♣❛$❛ ♣$♦❞✉'/♦.

(20) 65, 2. 407, 2 74, 6. 1500 − 2500 1200 − 1850. 2. 900 − 1250 2. 2. 900 − 1650. 2.

(21) 2015 100 2030 23.500.

(22) ♣♦❞❡ ❡✈✐&❛( )✉❡ +❡❥❛♠ ❡♠✐&✐❞♦+ 29 ♠✐❧❤0❡+ ❞❡ &♦♥❡❧❛❞❛+ ❞❡ CO2 ♥❛ ❛&♠♦+❢❡(❛ ❬✹❪✳ ❖ ♣♦&❡♥❝✐❛❧ +♦❧❛( ❜(❛+✐❧❡✐(♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡①♣❧♦(❛❞♦ ❥; ❥✉+&✐✜❝❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡++✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦✲ (❡+ ❡+❢♦(>♦+ ♥♦ ❞❡+❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥&♦ ❞❡ +✐+&❡♠❛+ ❞❡ ❣❡(❛>@♦ +♦❧❛(✳ ❆❧B♠ ❞❛+ ❝♦♥❞✐>0❡+ ❢❛✈♦(;✈❡✐+ ♣❛(❛ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦(❛>@♦ ❞❡+&❡ (❡❝✉(+♦✱ ♦✉&(❛+ ✈❛♥&❛❣❡♥+ ♣♦❞❡♠ +❡( ♦❜+❡(✈❛✲ ❞❛+✳ ❆+ ❝❡♥&(❛✐+ ❞❡ ❣❡(❛>@♦ +♦❧❛( ❡①✐❣❡♠ ♠❛♥✉&❡♥>@♦ ♠D♥✐♠❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❢❛❜(✐❝❛♥&❡+ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥&(❛❞♦(❡+ ♦✉ ♣❛✐♥B✐+ +♦❧❛(❡+ ♦❢❡(❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❣❛(❛♥&✐❛+ ❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦+ ✷✺ ❛♥♦+✳ ❊❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ +❡( ✉+❛❞❛ ♣❛(❛ ❛)✉❡❝✐♠❡♥&♦ ❞❡ ✢✉✐❞♦+ ✭+♦❧❛( &B(♠✐❝❛✮ ♦✉ ♣❛(❛ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡(+@♦ ❡❧B&(✐❝❛ ❞✐(❡&❛✱ ♣♦( ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡❢❡✐&♦+ +♦❜(❡ ❞❡&❡(♠✐♥❛❞♦+ ♠❛&❡(✐❛✐+✱ ❞♦+ )✉❛✐+ +❡ ❞❡+✲ &❛❝❛ ♦ ❢♦&♦✈♦❧&❛✐❝♦✳ ❈♦♥&✉❞♦✱ ♦ ♣❛D+ ♥@♦ ♣(♦❞✉③ &♦❞♦+ ♦+ D&❡♥+ ♥❡❝❡++;(✐♦+ ♣❛(❛ ❛ ❣❡(❛>@♦ ❢♦&♦✈♦❧&❛✐❝❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛+ +❛D❞❛+ B ♦ ❞❡+❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥&♦ ❞❡ +✐+&❡♠❛+ ❞❡ ❣❡(❛>@♦ )✉❡ ✉&✐❧✐③❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥&❡+ ❞✐+♣♦♥D✈❡✐+ ❧♦❝❛❧♠❡♥&❡✳ ❆ ❣❡(❛>@♦ +♦❧❛( &❡(♠♦❞✐♥N♠✐❝❛ +✉(❣❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧&❡(♥❛&✐✈❛✱ ♣♦✐+ ❛❧B♠ ❞❛ ✈❛♥&❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣(❛ ❞❡ D&❡♥+✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦++✉✐ ❡✜❝✐O♥❝✐❛ ✭❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❛❧♦(❡+ ❞❡ 35 ✪ ❬✺❪✮ ♠❛✐♦( )✉❡ ❛ ❢♦&♦✈♦❧&❛✐❝❛ (16 ✪)✳ ❆ ❣❡(❛>@♦ +♦❧❛( ❡♠ ❞✉❛+ ❡&❛♣❛+ ♣♦❞❡ +❡( ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛+❛+✱ ♣(B❞✐♦+ ♦✉ ✐♥❞Q+✲ &(✐❛+✳ ❊+&❡ &✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❣❡(❛>@♦ ❛❧❝❛♥>❛ ♥D✈❡✐+ ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐O♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛&B 35 ✪ ❬✺❪✳ ❖ ♣(♦❝❡++♦ ❞❡ ❣❡(❛>@♦ B ❝❛(❛❝&❡(✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣(♦❞✉>@♦ +✐♠✉❧&N♥❡❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡(❣✐❛ &B(♠✐❝❛✱ ❡❧B&(✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❡❝N♥✐❝❛ ❬✻❪✳ ❆ ♠;)✉✐♥❛ ♣(✐♠;(✐❛ ♣❛(❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛>@♦ ♣(❡&❡♥❞✐❞❛ B ✉♠ ❞✐+♣♦+✐&✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉&✐❧✐③❛>@♦ ❞♦ ❝❛❧♦( ♦❜&✐❞♦ ❛ ♣❛(&✐( ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡&♦(❡+ +♦❧❛(❡+✱ ✐+&♦ B✱ ✉♠ ♠♦&♦( ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉+&@♦ ✐♥&❡(♥❛ ✭▼❈■✮✱ )✉❡ ❛♣(❡+❡♥&❛♠ ❡✜❝✐O♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡(+@♦ &❡(♠♦♠❡❝N♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛&B 80 ✪ ❬✺❪✳ ◆♦ ▼❈■✱ ❖ ❝❛❧♦( ❛)✉❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ +✉❜+&N♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥&✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝N♠❛(❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉+&@♦✱ )✉❡ ❡①♣❛♥❞❡ )✉❛♥❞♦ ❛)✉❡❝✐❞❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♥&(❛✐ )✉❛♥❞♦ (❡+❢(✐❛❞❛✳ ❈♦♠ ✐++♦✱ B ♣♦++D✈❡❧ ✐♠♣❧❛♥&❛( ✉♠ +✐+&❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣✐+&@♦ ❧✐✈(❡✱ )✉❡ ♣(♦♠♦✈❡ ❛ ❣❡(❛>@♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥&♦ ❞❡ ✈❛✐✲❡✲✈❡♠ ✭❧✐♥❡❛(✮✳ ❊+&❡ &✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❣❡(❛>@♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡(❣✐❛✱ )✉❡ ❡+&; (❡✲ ❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❛)✉❡❝✐♠❡♥&♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉+&D✈❡✐+✱ ❝♦♥✜❣✉(❛ ❛ ❣❡(❛>@♦ +♦❧❛( ✐♥❞✐(❡&❛✱ ♦✉✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ♠❛✐+ ❡+♣❡❝D✜❝♦✱ ❢♦&♦&B(♠✐❝❛✳ ❆+ ❡&❛♣❛+ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡(+@♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ +❡( ✈✐+&❛+ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉(❛ ✶✳✸✳ ❈❛+♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✈❡(+♦( ❡❧❡&(♦♠❡❝N♥✐❝♦ +❡❥❛ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡✐①♦ ❞♦ ▼❈■✱ B ♣♦++D✈❡❧ ❣❡(❛( ❡♥❡(❣✐❛ ❡❧B&(✐❝❛✳ ❙✉(❣❡✱ ❡♥&@♦✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡++✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣(♦❥❡&♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✈❡(+♦( ❡❧❡&(♦♠❡❝N♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❧&❛ ❡✜❝✐O♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥&♦ ❧✐♥❡❛(✱ ♣❛(❛ )✉❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛>@♦ ♥♦ +✐+&❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡(❛>@♦ ♣(♦♣♦+&♦✳. ✷✵.

(23) 100 − 200.

(24) ✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡&✐✈♦ ❣❡+❛❧ ❖ ♦❜❥❡%✐✈♦ ❞❡)%❡ %*❛❜❛❧❤♦ . ♦ ❡)%✉❞♦✱ ♣*♦❥❡%♦ ❡ ❝♦♥)%*✉45♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠78✉✐♥❛ ❡❧.%*✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛*✱ ♣❛*❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛45♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ )✐)%❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡*❛45♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡%*✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❜❛)❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞♦✐) ♣*♦❝❡))♦) )❡8✉❡♥❝✐❛✐) ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡*)5♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡*❣✐❛✿ ♦ ♣*✐♠❡✐*♦ %❡*♠♦♠❡❝;♥✐❝♦✱ ❡ ♦ )❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡❧❡%*♦♠❡❝;♥✐❝♦✳ ✶✳✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡&✐✈♦* ❡*♣❡❝-✜❝♦* •. ❊)%✉❞❛* ♦ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦ ❡ ❛) ❝❛*❛❝%❡*?)%✐❝❛) ❝♦♥)%*✉%✐✈♦) ❞❛) ♠7✲ 8✉✐♥❛) ❡❧.%*✐❝❛) ❧✐♥❡❛*❡) ❛ ?♠5) ♣❡*♠❛♥❡♥%❡)❀. •. ■❞❡♥%✐✜❝❛* ❛) ❞✐✈❡*)❛) ❡)%*✉%✉*❛) ♣*❡)❡♥%❡) ♥❛ ❧✐%❡*❛%✉*❛ ❡ )✉❛) *❡)♣❡❝%✐✈❛) ❝♦♥✜❣✉*❛4D❡) ❡❧❡%*♦♠❛❣♥.%✐❝❛)✱ ♣❛*❛ 8✉❡ ♣♦))❛♠ )❡* ❝♦♠♣❛*❛❞❛) ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛)❀. •. •. • •. •. E*♦❥❡%❛* ✉♠❛ ♠78✉✐♥❛ ❡❧.%*✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛*✱ %❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐)%❛ %❛♥%♦ ♦) *❡8✉✐)✐%♦) ❡ ❛) ❡)♣❡❝✐✜❝❛4D❡) ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛)✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞✐)♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦) ♠❛%❡*✐❛✐) ♥❡❝❡)✲ )7*✐♦) ♣❛*❛ ❝♦♥)%*✉45♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣*♦%F%✐♣♦❀ ❊❢❡%✉❛* )✐♠✉❧❛4D❡) ❝♦♠♣✉%❛❝✐♦♥❛✐)✱ ❛%*❛✈.) ❞❡ ✉♠ )♦❢%✇❛*❡ ❞❡ ❝7❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦✱ 8✉❡ ♣❡*♠✐%❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥7❧✐)❡ ♣♦*♠❡♥♦*✐③❛❞❛ ❞❛ ♠78✉✐♥❛✱ ❡ 8✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❡♠ ♥❛) ❞❡❝✐)D❡) ❞❡ ♣*♦❥❡%♦❀ ❈♦♥)%*✉✐* ✉♠ ♣*♦%F%✐♣♦ ♣❛*❛ ❛ ♠78✉✐♥❛ ❡❧.%*✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛* ♣*♦❥❡%❛❞❛❀ ❈♦♥)%*✉✐* ✉♠❛ ❜❛♥❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ %❡)%❡) 8✉❡ ♣❡*♠✐%❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛45♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡*)5♦ %❡*✲ ♠♦♠❡❝;♥✐❝❛✱ ❡ 8✉❡ ♣♦))✐❜✐❧✐%❡ ♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥%♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥✈❡*)♦* ❡❧❡%*♦♠❡❝;♥✐❝♦ ✭♠78✉✐♥❛ ❡❧.%*✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛*✮❀ ❚❡)%❛* ❛ ♠78✉✐♥❛ ❡❧.%*✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛* ❝♦♥)%*✉?❞❛❀. ✷✷.

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