EISSN 1676-5133
Copyright© 2002 por Colégio Brasileiro de Atividade Física, Saúde e Esporte Correspondence to:
Submitted: January / 2002 Accepted:February / 2002
Original Article
doi:10.3900/fpj.1.2.52.e
The infl uence of water exercise
methodology on the individual physiology
responses
Fabiana Rodrigues Scartoni
Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciência da Motricidade Humana da Universidade Castelo Branco/RJ
Estélio Henrique Martin Dantas
Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensu em Ciência da Motricidade Humana da Universidade Castelo Branco/RJ
Bolsista de Produtividade em Pesquisa (CNPq) 2A [email protected]
Scartoni, F.R.; Dantas, E.H.M.; Dantas, B.H.A. The infl uence of water exercise methodology on the individual physiology responses. Fitness & Performance Journal, v.1, n.2, p.52-60, 2002.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not the methodology of water exercise classes can change the
physiology parameters (heart-rate, oxygen consumption, minute ventilation) of people who practice this kind of activity. The subject will be carryed on gymnastic clubs with water exercise classes. It will be divided into three groups: (GA) Aquatic Gymnastic; (HI) Aquatic Interval Training; and (HA) Hidroaerobic. To be part of the subject, the water exercise classes should be given in: 60 min; 1.20 to 1.50 deep swimming pool and water temperature between 27 to 29ºC. With a ergospirometric system Teen 100 and a Polar Vantage NV with Interface Plus, will be measured the heart-rate, the oxygen consumption and the minute ventilation. In order to determine any signifi cant differences, one way ANOVA analysis of variance and Scheffe test will be used to evaluate and identify possible differences between classes. As a result, the methodology of water exercise classes can change the physiology parameters (heart-rate, oxygen consumption, minute ventilation).
Keywords: water exercise heart-rate, oxygen consumption, minute ventilation
Bernardo Henrique Alexander Dantas Acadêmico de Educação Física (UCB-RJ) Bolsista de Iniciação Científi ca (FAPERJ) [email protected]
The good physical form has been taking thousands of people in Brazil to the gymnastic clubs, in search of an oriented physical activity. However, the objectives of who seeks the gymnastic clubs are the most varied as possible.
According to Novaes (1991), the objectives of these people are altering along the decades. Analyzing the board 1, we can conclude that the aesthetic objective was predominant in the decades of 60/70. Starting from the decade of 80, the obtaining and the maintenance of the health, through the improvement of the cardio-pulmonary system, started to have importance in the physical activity and it is in the decade of 90, fi nally, that a great concern is observed, on the part of the teachers and apprentices, in improving the life quality and mainly the corporal aesthetic. Geraldes (1993) accomplished in Rio de Janeiro and in other brazilian states a research whose objective, among others, was of establishing the main desires and needs of the students for, through them, to elaborate a more appropriate class planning for the objectives. In the research, it is ascertained that two main objectives represent the interest of most of the students (90%) and more frequently appear: the aesthetics and the health, following for some others of smaller expression (around 10%) as, for instance, the motive rehabilitation, the sociability, the fashion and other. In the gymnastic clubs of Rio de Janeiro it can be observed that one of the most observed physical activities by people that exercise themselves is the water exercises, defi ned for corporal movements,
synthetic and/or analytical, accomplished in the liquid environ-ment, with the semi-submerged body in vertical position, however, maintaining the face out of the water.
For some time the water exercises keeps every time increasing its number of followers, because it presents a program that is capable to propitiate the improvement of the life quality in any age and for any situation, and for allowing the people to feel more comfortable and safe. Many seeks the water exercises for medical indication, being confused with the hydrotherapy that, according to Beat and Hanson (1998), is defi ned by “An inclusive therapeutic approa-ching that uses the aquatic exercises to help in the rehabilitation of several pathologies”, for another, for simple curiosity.
Box 1 - Objectives from the gymnastics in academy Decade Objective from gymnastics
60 Aesthetics
Mental hygiene
70 Aesthetics
Physical and mental health 80 Health – achievement and maintenance
Body aesthetics 90 Improvement in quality of life
Body aesthetics
Source: Novaes (1991, p. 52).
RESUMO
A influência dos diversos tipos de estratégia, utilizados nas aulas de hidroginástica nos parâmetros fisiológicos do praticante O presente estudo tem como objetivo geral verificar a influência da estratégia utilizada na aula de hidroginástica sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos (freqüência cardíaca, ventilação-minuto e consumo de oxigênio) do praticante. A amostra foi compreendida por academias de ginástica que apresentaram aulas de hidroginástica, e foi dividida em três grupos, como se segue: (GA) Ginástica Aquática; (HI) Hidroginástica Intervalada e, finalmente, (HA) Hidroginástica Aeróbica. Os fatores de inclusão foram: academias de ginástica que possuíam a modalidade hidroginástica, sendo estas realizadas em piscina coberta, com profundidade entre 1,20 e 1,50 m, e aquecida com temperatura entre 28 e 30°C, sugerida pela AEA (Aquatics Exercise Association). Deverão apresentar em seu planejamento, um ou mais grupos da metodologia já citada anteriormente. Todas as aulas tinham a duração de 45 min. Os fatores de exclusão foram: o ph da água inadequado para a prática da atividade, a heterogeneidade da turma em exercício, não podendo conter na mesma gestante, idosos e atletas. As medidas aferidas foram: freqüência cardíaca, ventilação-minuto e consumo de oxigênio, utilizando um ergoexpirômetro da marca Teen 100 e um Polar da marca Vantage NV e Interface Plus. Quanto ao tratamento estatístico, utilizou-se fundamentalmente, os métodos da estatística descritiva e da estatística de inferência, análise de variância fatorial “Anova one way”, combinada ao teste de Scheffe, para comparação inter-grupos das médias observadas nas variáveis analisadas. Como resultado, observou-se que as estratégias infl uenciaram nos parâmetros fi siológicos estudados de forma signifi cativa.
Palavras-chave: frequência cardíaca de exercício aquático, consumo de oxigênio, volume-minuto respiratório
RESUMEN
La influencia de los diversos tipos de estrategia, utilizados en las lecciones de hidrogimnasia en los parámetros fisiológicos del practicante
El presente estudio tiene como objetivo general verificar la influencia de la estrategia utilizada en las lecciones de hidrogimnástica, sobre los parámetros fisiológicos (frecuencia cardíaca, ventilación-minuto y consumo de oxígeno) del practicante. La muestra estuvo comprendida por academias en tres grupos de gimnástica que presentaron lecciones de hidrogimnástica. Ésta, fue dividida en tres grupos tal como sigue: (GA) Gimnástica Acuática; (HI) Hidrogimnástica a Intervalos y, finalmente, (HA) Hidrogimnástica Aeróbica. Los factores de inclusión fueron: academias de gimnasia que poseían la modalidad hidrogimnástica, siendo éstas realizadas en pileta cerrada, con profundidad entre 1,20 y 1,50m y temperada con una temperatura entre 28° y 30° C, sugerida por la AEA (Aquatics Exercise Association). Deberán presentar en su planificación, uno o más grupos de la metodología ya citada anteriormente. Todas las lecciones tuvieron una duración de 45 min. Los factores de exclusión fueron: ph del agua inadecuado para la práctica de la actividad, heterogeneidad del grupo en ejercicio, no pudiendo contener en la misma gestantes, ancianos y atletas. Las medidas con-sideradas fueron: frecuencia cardíaca, ventilación-minuto y consumo de oxígeno, utilizando un ergo espirómetro de la marca Teen 100 y un Polar de la marca Vantage NV e Interface Plus. Cuanto al tratamiento estadístico, fueron utilizados, fundamentalmente, los métodos de la estadística descriptiva y de la estadística de inferencia, análisis de variación factorial Anova one Way, combinado a la prueba de Scheffe, para comparación intergrupos de los promedios observados en las variables analizadas. Como resultado se observó que las estrategias influencian en los parámetros fisiológicos estudiados en forma significativa.
Palabras clave: frecuencia cardíaca de ejercicio acuático, consumo de oxígeno, volumen-minuto respiratorio
Today, the regular customers of the water exercises consists of children, youngsters, adults, seniors, pregnant, defi cient, athletes etc... Do not care if the apprentice is young or student of the third age, athlete or sedentary; what really interests is the knowledge of the true objective of those that seek the water exercises as form of regulate physical activity.
Convict that the water exercises has for a long time left of being restricted activity to a special group of individuals, and feeling the need of scientifi c background and correct and effective orientation of the activity, I present the present article, whose objective is to demonstrate the infl uence of the strategy: Aquatic Interval Training, Hydroaerobic and Aquatic Gymnastics used in the water exercises class, on the apprentice’s physiological parameters (heart rate, ventilation-minute and oxygen consumption).
METHODOLOGY
The universe of the present study was constituted of the class strate-gies of the water exercises supplied at the gymnastic clubs, located in Barra da Tijuca, in the Rio de Janeiro city. It was searched in seven academies the most characteristic strategies.
The inclusion factors were: gymnastic clubs with the water exercises modality, the classes being accomplished in covered swimming pools, with depth between 1.20 and 1.50m and heated up with temperature between 27 and 30°C, suggested by AEA (Aquatics Exercise Association). Should present in it planning, one or more of the following strategy groups: Aquatic gymnastics (AG); Intervaled Water aerobics (AI); and HydroAerobics (HA). All of the classes lasting for 45 min, average time stipulated by AEA.
The exclusion factors were: inadequate pH of the water for the practice of the activity, group in exercise, formed by pregnant women, senior and athletes. After the investment of these criteria, remained only three academies that made possible the study of nine different class strategies, three in each academy.
For each AG, HA and AI strategy were raffl ed seven gymnastic clubs, being two of these just as security threshold. It was chosen gymnastic clubs that presented in the class program all of the three strategy types, as it was previously quoted. After this choice, were raffl ed the academies that participated in the study, being only three academies. As basic criterion, the classes should be supplied by different professionals, being able to these, to work at the same academy.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Clinical and functional evaluation of the standard subject: the standard subject was submitted to a general clinic
examination, being guaranteed that possessed normal life habits, following anamnesis, physical and laboratorial examinations suggested by ACSM (2000), corresponding to the conditions of
being healthy and non-athlete. Being like this, the standard subject is a healthy individual, non-athlete and with sleep, feeding and activity in normality. Belongs to the feminine sex, in the age group of young adult age (15 - 30 years) according to the classifi cation of the (WHO) quoted by Weineck (1991, p. 329). She has 59 kg, 170 cm of height, percentage of fat 12.8; VO2max. 34.82 ml.kg-1. min-1, classifi ed as acceptable in according with Jogging, quoted by Dantas (1995, p.140).
Anthropometric Evaluation: were measured the total
cor-poral mass, the stature and the fat percentage, according to the demands of the protocol of Pollock, quoted by Marins and Gian-nichi (1996, p. 45), being used a CESCORF (Brazil) cutaneous fold compass, and a Filizola (Brazil) scale.
Evaluation of the cardiorespiratory component: it was
accomplished through the rolling mat, in following the protocol of BRUCE.
• The heart rate was determined with the use of Vantage NV and Interface Plus (Finland) frequencymeter, and the registered data at each 40 s, following the mensuration standard of the other phy-siological variables (ventilation-minute and oxygen consumption). This measure instrument was fi xed in the standard subject and the data were obtained in real time.
• The ventilation-minute and the oxygen consumption were accomplished through the Teen 100 Metabolic Analyser (USA) portable ergoespirometer that allows the cardiorespiratory mo-nitoring of the standard subject, during the accomplishing of the physical activity and in real time. The measures were registered at each 40 s due to restrictions of the Teen 100 ergoespirometer.
Gathering of the universe sample and sample selec-tion: in this stage were verifi ed the inclusion and exclusion criteria
of the sample, being certifi ed that the sample is framed in the desired category. For this, the appraiser possessed an evaluation sheet that contends the prerequisites for the classifi cation of the class, and for the strategy that will be tested. Were raffl ed the aca-demies that were framed inside of the appropriate methodological standard, being able to these to have one or more groups (AG, AI, HA), however, with different professionals supplying each class.
Verifi cation of the variation of the physiological levels provoked by each class: always in the same schedule, the
standard subject, that possesses feeding, activity and sleep nor-mality, was monitored with an ergoespirometer and submitted to the nine water exercises classes for the collection of the following data: heart rate, ventilation-minute and oxygen consumption. The observations were made inside of three batteries series (AG, AI, HA), intervaled and registered inside of the maximum period, defi ned in the methodology, that do not allow the physical con-ditioning of the standard subject and consequent interference in the results.
Chart 2 – Example of batteries to be held
Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Aquatic gymnastics 1st day of test 4th day of test 7th day of test Intervaled Water Gymnastics 2nd day of test 5th day of test 8th day of test Aerobic Water Gymnastics 3rd day of test 6th day of test 9th day of test
The series of batteries, in other words, the investment of the chosen strategies, for beginning will be independent, even if relative to the same training, in other words, to a same strategy. The batteries came in the following way: fi rst battery: series 1 of the training 1; series 1 of the training 2; series 1 of the training 3; second battery: series 2 of the training 1; series 2 of the training 2, series 2 of the training 3; third battery: series 3 of the training 1; series 3 of the training 2; series 3 of the training 3, as are displayed in the chart 2.
Because the analysis subject is a female individual, that presents a menstrual cycle of 28 days, the training was accomplished in the post-menstrual (6th - 12th day) period and in the post-ovulatory period (16th - 24th day), guaranteeing like this, and the reliability of the collected data (Dantas, 1985, p. 80).
For treating of a study in which the observed element is the own instrument of analysis of the treatments (training), through which was made the comparative process, was fundamental for the reliability of the data and its analyses, the continuous and syste-matic control of the intervening variables, that could infl uence the observed results. Therefore, the room temperature and air humidity were controlled, as well as the physiological variables that defi ne the internal environment of the standard subject.
Once the analysis instrument is an person, the same is susceptible to assimilate the methodological process and to advance expec-tations that could fundamentally infl uence in her psychological aspect, interfering in the results. Trying avoiding such noises, the series of the trainings obeyed an order, second to previous draw, what implicated in the break of the expectations of the analyzed and with this, minimized the interference of psychological stan-dards in the data collection process.
Verifi cation of the methodology that was used in the class: the class was recorded with a compact VHS camcorder, JVC
(Japan - GR-AX700 /AX400 model), and the video was submitted to a jury composed of fi ve specialists, all doctors and masters / master students, with at least ten years of professional background in the area, that judge if the class fi lled out the requirements of the proposed strategy.
Statistical Treatment
About the statistical treatment that will be in charge, was used, fundamentally, the descriptive statistics methods to characterizing the universe of the samples, under the distribution aspects, when were discreet and average data, standard deviation, variances and other pertinent statistics, and when were continuous data. To compare the average values, was made calculations according to the classes supplied for the same class type, the investment of the “ANOVA One Way” analysis variance test was observed for the signifi cance of (p < 0.05). As complementary post-hoc test, the test of Scheffé was used, which identifi es, of combinatory and comparative method, where are the possible differences manifes-ted by the test of ANOVA.
FEATURING
AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS
Characteristic and Homogeneity of the Different Types of Class
To characterize the homogeneity of the different applied strategies in the water exercises class, arises the table 1, whose results de-note that there is signifi cant differences in the VO2 variable (p = 0.0000 < 0.05) between its averages values, following the class type. When analyzing the class strategies before the discussed variable, it is noticed that, while the aquatic interval training and the hydroaerobics has the same value, the aquatic gymnastics presents inferior values in relation to the oxygen consumption. For the VE variable (ventilation-minute), for a calculated signifi cance (p = 0.0016 < 0.05), also exists signifi cant difference, being the averages of the respective variable for the types of Aquatic Gym-nastic (GA) class and Aquatic Interval Training (AI), signifi cantly even and minor, when compared with the average of this variable determined in the HydroAerobics (HA) class type. The HR (heart rate) experimental variable and the signifi cant differences (p = 0.00001 < 0.05), show in the combination of all the averages, being the smallest average calculated for the AG class type, and the higher average for the IW class type.
Table 1 – Comparison of the physiological parameters from the different types of class (GA, HA and HI)
Variable G.I. (intra) G.I.(inter) F Sig. P Scheffe
VO2 2 603 10.991 0.0000 GA<HA=HI
VE 2 609 6.529 0.0016 GA=HI<HA
FC 2 609 95.400 0.0000 GA<HA<HI
Table 2 - Average and standard deviation from the Aerobic Water Gymnastics strategy
Vo2 Phase VO2 VE FC General 1,22 (0,32) 38.89 (13.54) 146.26 (15.81) A 00-05min 0,73 (0,36) 21.02 (9.26 128.13 (16.97) B 05-10min 1,21 (0,18) 39.46 (9.21) 149.93 (11.47) C 10-15min 1,29 (0,25) 43.83 (10.32) 154.67 (12.44) D 15-20min 1,36 (0,29) 46.64 (12.00) 153.73 (15.59) E 20-25min 1,29 (1,32) 44.82 (15.49) 148.40 (14.02) F 25-30min 1,37 (0,19) 41.00 (11.27) 148.73 (13.30) G 30-35min 1,23 (0,20) 39.09 (11.12) 146.67 (13.79) H 35-40min 1,28 (0,27) 38.58 (12.72) 146.80 (17.29) I 40-45min 1,11 (0,31) 34.74 (13.62) 139.27 (12.14)
In synthesis, these results indicate that the used strategy type in the class signifi cantly infers in the average values of the experimental variables. VO2 and HR were lineally related during the HA and AI strategies.
Featuring of the Data of the Research
Constituted the fi rst part of the statistical results, the data relative to the descriptive statistics, in which are presented the averages values and its respective standard deviation values (SD). It should be taken into account that the temporal sub-extracts were taken at each time interval of fi ve minutes until the observation end. Characteristic of the Hydro Aerobics (HA) stra-tegy
To characterizing in a concise way the strategies used in the water exercises classes, it was observed in the table 2 that: VO2, as well as HR of the referring class strategy, increase and decrease in a lineal way with the movement speed executed during the class, reinforcing the acknowledgement done by Gleim and col. (1989), that VO2 and HR are lineally related during the dynamic exercise. VE increases in the fi rst 20 min of the class and it is stabilized until the end of the same.
Characteristic of the Aquatic Interval Training strategy (AI)
When analyzing the IW strategy through the table 3, it was verifi ed that, for the VO2 and CR variables, the values still lineal. As the intervaled training is characterized as periods of exercises and recovery intervals, the values increase and decrease in agreement with the strong stimulus of the class. VE maintains itself in constant way in the main part of the class, because the recommended
re-covery interval allows the interval of the subsequent exercise begin before the complete recovering. That assures that the aerobium circulatory and metabolic stress reaches almost maximum levels, in spite of the intervals of exercises were relatively short.
Characteristic of the Aquatic Gymnastic (AG) strategy
Because this strategy is divided in very different parts, in other words, release (1’30”), articular and pre-aerobium warming (3’30”), aerobic exercises (20’), global and abdominal exercises (15’) and, fi nally, relaxation (5’), it can be observed in the table 4 that the VO2, HR and VE variables, are in agreement with the division of the class, in other words, in the release, in the warming and in the relaxation, the found values stood inferior to the values related with the main part of the class, because this do not esta-blish own characteristics. Consequently, the variables modify with the intensity of the stimulus employed by the professional and for the mechanics of the movements, varying this way, the respective values related to the previously mentioned variables.
FEATURING AND DISCUSSION OF THE
RES-POSNSES TO THE QUERIES TO INVESTIGATE
Which does the infl uence that the used strategy in the water exercises class cart in the heart rate, in the ventilation-minute and in the oxygen consumption of the apprentices during the accomplishing of the activity?
For the HR variable, the signifi cant differences between the calcu-lated average values, according to the class type, show in three of the eleven temporal extracts, c (10 - 15 min.), G (30 - 35 min.) Table 3 – Average and standard deviation from the Intervaled Water Gymnastics strategy
Vo2 Phase VO2 VE FC General 1,24 (0,76) 52.64 (17.63) 150.49 (15.92) A 00-05min 0,62 (0,55) 34.14 (11.18) 136.67 (14.81) B 05-10min 1,14 (0,53) 53.52 (15.27) 159.53 (16.96) C 10-15min 1,27 (0,17) 64.12 (17.41) 159.87 (12.63) D 15-20min 1,35 (0,23) 58.40 (16.00) 155.40 (15.63) E 20-25min 1,35 (0,30) 56.39 (15.45) 148.07 (13.02) F 25-30min 1,26 (0,15) 54.65 (19.19) 153.20 (13.73) G 30-35min 1,31 (0,18) 56.99 (15.54) 152.87 (14.31) H 35-40min 1,34 (0,39) 55.20 (17.53) 149.07 (16.36) I 40-45min 1,12 (0,18) 40.50 (11.21) 139.73 (11.29) Table 4 – Average and standard deviation from the Aquatic Gymnastics strategy
Vo2 Phase VO2 VE FC General 1,02 (0,41) 32.78 (13.03) 138.71 (12.44) A 00-05min 0,84 (0,61) 29.65 (9.75) 128.40 (14.77) B 05-10min 1,20 (0,39) 41.61 (7.34) 139.27 (12.27) C 10-15min 1,30 (0,19) 37.20 (15.45) 143.27 (10.89) D 15-20min 1,22 (0,16) 35.11 (14.39) 149.80 (7.95) E 20-25min 1,08 (0,37) 37.71 (9.80) 145.27 (8.79) F 25-30min 0,89 (0,35) 29.77 (13.89) 141.73 (12.11) G 30-35min 1,14 (0,30) 35.92 (9.53) 136.33 (6.45) H 35-40min 0,77 (0,31) 24.88 (10.13) 134.47 (8.95) I 40-45min 0,74 (0,42) 24.28 (13.92) 129.87 (12.35)
and H (35 - 40 min.), and in the three, the calculated average for the AG class type, it presents the smallest value, and in the AI class type presents the largest value, all with signifi cance p < 0.05. In the VE experimental variable, the signifi cant differences (p < 0.05) appear in all of the temporal extracts, denoting high sensi-bility front to the inferences of the intervening variable, standing out that the AI class type presents, in most of the comparisons between the respective averages, the highest value.
When analyzing the other strategies it is observed that, for the temporal extracts D (15 - 20 min), F (25 - 30 min) and H (35 - 40 min), that is the space that understands the main part of the class, the AG strategy presented smaller average values than the HA strategy.
Separating the VO2 variable and accomplishing comparisons be-tween the average values for each temporal extract of observation and according each class type, we got the demonstration of the differences in the extracts F (25 - 30 min / p=0 .0102 < 0.05), H (35 - 40 min / p = 0.0000 < 0.05) and I (40. 45 min / p = 0.0001 < 00.5), and the averages observed in the classes HA and AI are equal and higher than the AG class. In the other temporal extracts were not observed signifi cant differences.
FEATURING AND DISCUSSION
OF THE SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Heart Rate
When verifying the infl uence of the strategy used in the water exercises class, in the apprentice’s heart rate during the class, it
was observed that, for the HA and AI types, each strategy presents comparative combinations and distributions, characteristic of each stimulus. For the AG type, the average behaviour of the HR experimental variable appears constant and lineal.
When analyzing the graph 1, it can be observed that, if we disregard the warming and the cooling of the class, whose data correspond to values of adaptation to the liquid environment and the recovery of the stimulus, respectively, we fi nd, for the AI strategy, HR of higher value in relation to HA and to AG.
This way it is possible to affi rm that HR is more intensively worked when used the AI strategy and less intense in the AG strategy. Ventilation-minute
Again, the results below corroborate to the previous results that evidence the high sensibility of the VE experimental variable front to the inferences of the class type. It still emphasized the observed combinatory similarity when accomplishing comparative process of the average values, in that the smallest calculated averages show, independently of the class type, in the temporal extracts A (00 - 05 min) and I (40 - 45 min), in other words, the warming and the calming down of the respective classes.
For the HA class type, the average behaviour of the HR experi-mental variable appears constant and lineal.
With the graph 2, it can be verifi ed that the VE averages, also disregarding the initial and fi nal parts of the class, establish a direct relationship with the applied strategy. Being AI composed of strong and weak stimuli during the class, the variable, for its time, shows high in relation to HA, that possesses continuous stimulus, and to Graphic 1 – Analysis of the averages from the FC variable Graphic 2 – Analysis of the averages from the VE variable
AG, that possesses intense stimuli and differentiated movements during the class.
Oxygen Consumption
For the VO2 variable, in the classes of the type HA and AI, the average values of the temporal extracts, manifested with similarity. However, for the AG class type, is observed, unlike the other two, signifi cant differences, where the temporal extracts obey the sti-mulus applied for the mentioned strategy, presenting the smallest average values in the warming and in the relaxation of the class, and the highest values in the aerobic exercises part.
With the graph 3 presented is possible to affi rm that the average values of the AI and HA strategies continue respecting similar values, while AG comes with inferior values, once again as con-sequence of the own characteristic of the class. If we transform these average values in percentage, we can verify that, in relation to VO2max reached by the standard subject, AI and HA strategies work exactly 38% of VO2max, while AG works at 31% of the same.
Featuring and Discussion of the General Objective
The present research looked to verify the infl uence of the strategy used in the water exercises class on the apprentice’s physio-logical parameters (heart rate, ventilation-minute and oxygen consumption).
With the presented and previously discussed results, it can be affi rmed that the class strategy infl uences, in necessary way, the tested physiological parameters. When analyzing the graph 4 it is observed that:
• in the strategies AI, AG and HA, being disrespected the warming and the relaxation of the class, and changing the values of the averages in % of worked VO2, we got the average percentages values of 38% of VO2max and 32% of VO2max. Respectively.
• Swain and Franklin (2002) quote that the minimum of intensi-ty to be worked to obtain improvement in the cardiorespiratory aptitude is from 45% of VO2max in trained people, and of 30% of VO2max for people with low aptitude level.
Being like this, it is evident that the three previously mentioned strategies effi ciently contribute for the improvement of the body ability using oxygen, resulting in better cardiorespiratory resistance in the non-athlete people.
In the opposite, for the improvement of the cardiorespiratory system in trained people, the strategies used in the study are di-sappointing, because these activities are just used as performance maintenance.
When analyzing VE, it is fundamental to remind that the individual, when trains in the vertical position and in liquid environment, it suffers a multidirectional pressure in his thorax, called hydrostatic pressure. This, for its time, compresses the lungs, reducing the individual’s vital capacity. With the analysis of the studied class strategies, we have for order of larger stimulus AI, HA and AG, that should be chosen in an appropriate way, by the individual’s previous pulmonary evaluation that seeks the water exercises as form of regular physical activity. Turning, like this, evident, that it
is not advisable this activity for people that bears any pulmonary dysfunction.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The ventilation-minute is a variable that increases during the acti-vity in stable rhythm to maintain the appropriate concentrations of the alveolar gases, in order to allow that there are a larger swap of oxygen and carbon dioxide (McArdle, 1992).
According to Jeffrey and col. (1990), the hydrostatic pressure also contributed to an increase in the sanguine central volume, altering the intrathoracic pressure, which allows affi rming that the exis-tence of a multidirectional pressure that directly infl uences in the individual’s breathing that trains inside of the water, in the vertical. With the results of the present research it can be affi rmed that, when exercising in the water, the water exercises apprentice presents increased ventilation-minute, from the warming to the relaxation of the class, provided so much by the oxygen con-sumption, as for the liquid environment and for the strategy to be applied in the activity.
However, according to McArdle (1992), if the individual capacity to breathe during the exercises is inadequate, in this case, the line that relates pulmonary ventilation to the oxygen consumption would lean in an opposite direction and the equivalent breathing would decrease. It is what suggests the activity exercised in liquid environment, because, according to Withers and col. (1989), there is a decline of 3 to 9% of the vital capacity with the immersion of the body in the water, reinforcing, like this, the apprentice’s diffi culty of breathing inside of the liquid environment when he assumes a vertical position.
Analyzing the used strategies, it can stand out AI as being the stimulus of larger signifi cance for the activity, which is used the training method to fi nd the class strategy.
According to Weineck (1991), the training comprises a process that, through the exercises, seeks to reach a higher level in the area of the foreseen objective.
The aquatic interval training follows the same standards and beginnings of the training of a common activity. According to McArdle (1992), the interval training is a method that consists of the intensity increase of training fractioned in times of resting, in one or several sessions, that seeks to have a correct spacing of the exercises and resting periods, accomplishing a quantity of work that, usually, could not be completed in a session in that the exercises was continually accomplished. The repeated series of exercises can vary since few seconds to several minutes or more, in agreement with the objective, could be modifi ed in intensity terms and duration of the intervals of exercises, of the duration and type of recovery interval, of the number of work intervals (repetitions) and of the number of repetitions blocks (series) for session. The interval training can be adapted to the water exercises, throu-gh periods of exercises and recovery intervals, could be so much active (work-recovery), as liabilities (resting-recovery), obeying the rules above. The recommended recovery interval allows to the subsequent interval of exercises to begin before the end of the recovery. That assures that the circulatory and metabolic aerobic
stress reaches almost maximum levels, in spite of the completion of exercises are relatively short. With longer periods of intermittent exercises, exists enough time for the metabolic and circulatory adjustments; in these conditions, the duration of the resting interval is not so crucial.
Krasevec (1986), defi nes the hydroaerobics as an activity of great aerobic phase, with located part, using the border as support and water in the height of the chest. Still SEE (1995), quotes that the aerobic segment combines cardiorespiratory conditioning and muscular resistance, minimizing the need of isolated and specifi c series for the work of strength and located muscular resistance, and providing larger benefi t to the student of the class.
The above mentioned class strategy can be perfectly adapted to any level of the student’s conditioning. The professional can increase or to reduce the intensity of the exercises according to the need of the group.
The most found strategy in the water exercises is the aquatic gymnastics that, according to Paulo (1994), it is defi ned by a program of exercises, divided in releasing, warming, aerobic exercises, located, and of fl exibility and relaxation. It is a class with duration of 45 min and depth between the umbilical scar and the xiphoid process.
Comparing the above strategies, according to the VE variable, for a calculated signifi cance (p = 0.0016 < 0.005), it is denoted signifi cant differences, being the averages of the respective varia-ble for the AG and AI class types, signifi cantly equal and smaller than the average of this variable, captured in the HA class type. Resuming, with the results of this research it was possible to detect that people that has any pulmonary dysfunction should not choose the water exercises as form of physical activity.
Behaviour of the Heart Rate Variable (HR) In relation to the behaviour of the heart rate in the liquid envi-ronment, the literature presents opposite positions because, while several authors - Magel and Faulkner (1967); Craig and Dvorak (1969); Avellini and cols. (1983); Risch and cols. (1978); Town and Bradley (1991); Sheldahl and cols. (1984); Svedenhag and col. (1992); and Kruel (1994) - affi rm that a there is bradycardia during the immersion, other - Denison and cols. (1972); Gleim and cols. (1989); Johnson and cols. (1977); Whitley and Schoene (1987) - affi rm that happens tachycardia, and still exist the ones that tell that do not happen alterations in the heart rate: Arborelius and col. (1972); Begin and cols. (1976); Blomqvist (1983); Ritchie and Hopkins (1991); Yamaji and cols. (1990).
By the results reached in the present searches, it is quite evident the relationship between the heart rate and the strategy type developed in the class. When analysed the three strategy types, AG, HA and AI, found comparative combinations that present peculiar distri-butions of each class type, however, all of the strategies display comparative similarity between the averages in the captures of the heart rate in rest, so much in the soli and in the water.
Behavior of the Oxygen Consumption Variable (VO2)
Arborelius and cols. (1972); McArdle and cols. (1976); and Blomqvist and Stone (1983), quote that the cardiovascular
res-ponse to the exercise in the water is different from the terrestrial response.
When analyzed the physical activities in the vertical position and in liquid environment, Svedenhag and Seger (1992) found a signifi cantly minor VO2max in the water than in the earth.
Already Hall and col. (1998) affi rm that VO2max is larger in the water than in the earth.
Still Davidson and Mc Naughton (2000) quote that there is not signifi cant difference between the works accomplished in the water and in the earth, in what concerns the increase of VO2max. There are countless controversies of the results regarding the VO2max study, however, with the results of the present research, it was verifi ed that the studied strategies signifi cantly infl uence the individual’s physiological work because, according to Swain and Franklin (2002), the minimum of intensity to be worked to guarantee an improvement of the cardiorespiratory aptitude is of 45% of VO2max for trained people, and of 30% of VO2max for people with low aptitude level.
By this acknowledgement it is denoted that the AI, AG and HA strategies are effi cient for a work accomplished with untrained and non-athlete people, being respected the characteristic of the class and the individual’s biological individuality.
Already for the trained people, the mentioned strategies do not fi ll out the prerequisites for the improvement of the cardiorespiratory aptitude.
Recommendations Linked to the Continuity of the Study
Knowing the necessity of scientifi c material in the area and the relevance of the subject, it is suggested that other researches must be accomplished with this sample.
An offer lives in the need of developing work that is similar to this study, being verifi ed, however, the infl uences of the physiological parameters (HR, VE and VO2) being compared the work accom-plished in shallow and deep swimming pool.
Another offer is that longitudinal researches are developed in-volving the class strategies with intention to verify the mentioned effects in this study, in long term, once this research type is extre-mely important for the improvement of the activity.
The positive effects of the class strategies on the cardiorespiratory conditioning were evidenced in this study. These effects could be appraised, also, being considered other strategies, and still not studied.
Future works were able to search strategies variations, to turn the strategies more and more specifi c, and could arise methods for people of high index of physical conditioning.
Recommendations Linked to the Applicability of the Study
To accomplish an activity without success, it is a chilling aspect of the promotion of the health and, consequently, of the cult to the body. Few people will continue to practice the water exercises if they obtain little or any result of the effort. It is necessary that the professional and the apprentice be completely informed about the
benefi ts, advantages and disadvantages that the activity in query offers. It will only like this turn possible to guide and to exercise in a correct way.
Therefore, it is waited of the professional of physical education the integrity of his performance. An effective combination, in the satisfaction of the necessities that take thousands of people to seek the water exercises as form of regular physical activity and of the scientifi c knowledge up to now presented.
With this, we concluded that this study is valuable for the profes-sionals that work with the water exercises, because it represents a step, not only to cure the necessities of who trains, but also to munitions to professional of the liquid environment, of scientifi c knowledge that make possible the execution of a program of objective, reliable and trustworthy exercises.
It is necessary that the professional of physical education quit with old models and archaic reputes: a new paradigm should be established. The professional has to worry in assisting the student’s objectives that seeks it in an appropriate way, however, that is only possible if there is theoretical background to base the accom-plishing of the practice, because “The practice without the theory is blind, and theory without the practice is sterile.” G. Dimitrov.
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