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O

RIGO (ITK) TÉTELEK (

KÖZÉPFOK

)

2008.

OKTÓBER

1. ÉN ÉS A CSALÁDOM

• bemutatkozás • személyes információk

• a család, barátok, rokonok bemutatása • saját maga és családtagjai foglalkozása. ezzel

kapcsolatos tervek, elképzelések

• harmadik személy külső megjelenésének, belső tulajdonságainak, szokásainak leírása

• családi ünnepek, családi tradíciók

2. AZ OTTHON ÉS A SZŰKEBB KÖRNYEZET

• a ház vagy lakás leírása • a környék és a környezet leírása

• a város v. település, ill. kerület bemutatása, ahol lakik • otthonteremtés, lakáshelyzet; az ideális lakóhely • a lakásfenntartás kérdései (költségek)

• diákszálló, albérlet: házirend, lehetőségek és tiltások • generációk együttélése

• munkák a házban és a ház körül

3. A MUNKA VILÁGA, NAPI TEVÉKENYSÉG

• szokásos napi tevékenység otthon és a munkahelyen • munkahely, munkakör, további tervek

• pályaválasztás

• népszerű foglalkozások, kereseti lehetőségek • munkahelyi körülmények: előmenetel, munkával

kapcsolatos problémák

• munkahelyszerzés, munkanélküliség, szociális problémák

4. A TANULÁS VILÁGA

• a tanulással kapcsolatos napi tevékenység

• iskolájával, a tantárgyakkal, tanárokkal kapcsolatos információk

• iskolai hagyományok, iskolai élmények

• szervezett és önálló tanulás, egész életen át tartó tanulás

• iskolatípusok, vizsgák, értékelés, osztályzás

5. KAPCSOLATOK MÁS EMBEREKKEL: MAGÁNÉLET ÉS KÖZÉLET

• barátok, ismerősök, iskola- és munkatársak • öltözködés, divat

• összejövetelek, egyesületi és klubélet, levelezés • társasági élet

• civil szervezetek • közbiztonság

6. SZABADIDŐ, SZÓRAKOZÁS, KULTÚRA

• a szabadidő eltöltése, szórakozási lehetőségek • egyéni érdeklődés, hobbik

• színház, mozi, opera, koncert

7. EGÉSZSÉG, EGÉSZSÉGMEGŐRZÉS, SPORT

• testi és lelki egészség, egészséges életmód • testápolás

• betegség megelőzése, a betegség kezelése, betegápolás • orvosnál

• gyógyszerek, gyógymódok • orvosi szolgáltatások, biztosítás • dohányzás, alkohol-és drogfogyasztás • sport: sportolási lehetőségek, sportágak • tömegsport és versenysport

8. VÁSÁRLÁS ÉS SZOLGÁLTATÁSOK

• vásárlás, különösen élelmiszer, ruha és háztartási cikkek vásárlása

• vásárlási lehetőségek és tapasztalatok • árak, a fizetés módjai

• különböző üzlettípusok

• vásárlási szokások, ajándékozás • hirdetések, reklám

• szolgáltatások: posta, telefon, bank, Internet,

rendőrség, diplomáciai képviselet, autójavítás, fodrász, tisztító, stb.

• a szolgáltatások leírása, ezzel kapcsolatos tapasztalatok

9. UTAZÁS

• utazási formák: üzleti út és turistaút, egyéni és szervezett utazás

• utazás autóval, vonattal, hajóval és repülővel, ezek használata üzleti út és nyaralás során

• szálláslehetőségek, kemping • utazási irodai szolgáltatások • utazási élmények

• a külföldi tartózkodással kapcsolatos tudnivalók

10. ÉTKEZÉS

• étkezési szokások

• étterem és más vendéglátó helyek • egészséges étkezés

• egy-két étel elkészítése • otthoni vendéglátás, meghívás • a magyar konyha jellegzetességei

11. KÖZLEKEDÉS

• helyi és távolsági közlekedés leírása (megközelítési lehetőségek)

• közlekedési eszközök (tömegközlekedés, autó, kerékpár, egyéb)

• autótartás • jogosítvány

• esélyegyenlőség a közlekedésben (idősek, kisgyerekkel közlekedők, gyerekek, mozgássérültek)

• közlekedési szabályok, közlekedési morál (autóvezetők és gyalogosok, járműveken utazók, motorosok, kerékpárosok)

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O

RIGO (ITK) TÉTELEK (

KÖZÉPFOK

)

2008.

OKTÓBER

12. KOMMUNIKÁCIÓ

• az idegen nyelvek szerepe és fontossága • nyelvtanulási módszerek és lehetőségek • a számítógép szerepe a mindennapokban • Internet

• a számítógép előnyei és hátrányai

• tömegtájékoztatás és véleményformálás (tévé, rádió, sajtó)

• a kapcsolattartás egyéb eszközei (telefon, fax, mobil)

13. TÁGABB KÖRNYEZETÜNK, A TERMÉSZET VILÁGA

• természeti környezetünk (növények, állatok) • éghajlat

• a környezetünket fenyegető veszélyek

• mindennapi környezetvédelem (a környezet tisztasága, szelektív hulladékgyűjtés, energiatakarékosság, újrahasznosítás)

• időjárás: az évszakokra jellemző időjárás, aktuális időjárás

14. MAGYARORSZÁG

• Magyarország természeti értékei

• tájak, egy-egy város leírása, turisztikai nevezetességek • alapvető földrajzi és történelmi ismeretek

• a főváros és/vagy szülővárosa legfontosabb nevezetességei

• hagyományos és nemzeti ünnepek • szokások

• nemzetiségek Magyarországon, magyar nemzetiségek más országokban

• kulturális értékeink

• Magyarország politikai berendezkedése (államforma, többpártrendszer, parlament, önkormányzatok)

15. A CÉLNYELV ORSZÁGA(I) ÉS AZ EU

• a célnyelvi ország(ok) főbb jellemzői (fekvés, nagyság, főváros, pénznem, államforma, parlament)

• a legismertebb földrajzi értékek (éghajlat, tájak, városok) és turisztikai nevezetességek

• néhány történelmi esemény • ismertebb ünnepek, szokások

• a mindennapok kultúrája (étkezés, közlekedés, a társas érintkezés formái)

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1. ÉN ÉS A CSALÁDOM

• I’m Peter Somogyi. My friends call me Soma and my family Peti. I’m twenty eight years old and I was born in Ajka on the sixteenth of October in nineteen seventy-nine. I’m single and about one hundred and eighty centimeter tall and weigh about seventy kilos. I work at a company called Continental here in Veszprém (a company manufacturing spare parts of the cars). I work as a quality engineer to be more precise measuring technician. I’ve been working there since the end of the last year. I like my job and my colleagues. I have to measure different dimensions on some head sensors every day and in the end I have to give the results about them to the customer.

I come from a small family and live with my parents. There are four of us: my mum, my dad, my grandmother and me. Anyway, my

grandmother doesn’t live with us, but we live close enough to her. We live at five Verseny Street, in Ajka on the second floor of a big block of flats. My parents are in their fifties, they are quite youngish. Unfortunately, I grew up as an only child. I would always have liked to have a brother or a sister with whom I could share my problems. My father is an old age pensioner but my mother still goes out work. My father has been retired for eight years. He used to work as a miner and now he works for a small shop called Etalon-Electronic. He helps anyone who would like to buy any fittings such as LCDs, DVD players, notebooks, etc. He is of medium height, his body is average and he has got brown hair. He wears glasses for driving and reading. He has been a very big instrumental guitar music collector since I knew him. My mother was born in the same year as my father. She is fifty-three years old. She works at the local police station. As she sometimes works a lot therefore she is very tired and anxious because of her job. Although she tries to be patient with us every day. My grandmother was born before The Second World War. Her name is Etelka. She is a seventy-eight year-old-modern lady, because she has got a mobile phone and a DVD player, too. She makes the lunch for us on weekdays. My extended family is my three cousins and their parents. Because of the simplicity both of my parents have got a sibling. My mother’s elder sister is Teri and her husband is my godfather called Misi. They have got only a daughter called Szilvi, my elder cousin and two grandchildren. My father’s elder brother and his wife have got two daughters. They work as a nurse in the Hospital of Veszprém. The elder one is called Évi, she has got a son and the younger, Ági is single yet. All of them live in Ajka similarly to us.

• My father is fifty-three years old. He is of medium height. He wears a beard and a moustache therefore he doesn’t have to shave every day. He has got a round face and a bit turned-up nose and brown eyes. His hair is getting grey. He has got a thin body and narrow shoulders. He wears glasses. He has a thin lips and expressive face. He hasn’t got wrinkles in spite of his age. He has been retired for years. He is interested in instrumental guitar music, he is a great collector. He works at a shop although he is and old age pensioner. I get on well with him, because he is understanding and patient. He is good mannered and sociable and he has got a lot of friends. Sometimes he is moody and he has a good sense of humor and he usually is cheerful. He is married and he is a reliable husband. I hope I’ve got my father’s personality. He is fond of shopping and he likes going from shops top shops watching the prices every morning. My mum is very proud of him. My mother is very careful of her appearance. She is as about tall as my father also she is of average height. Her hair is rather red but it changes color according to fashion because she has it dyed. She has got a shoulder-length hair and it’s a bit curly. She has a round face with a pointed nose, a wide mouth and green eyes. She has got a thin body and narrow shoulders. She doesn’t wear glasses. She has full lips and has got wrinkles here and there. She is interested in reading books. She is a good mannered woman and she is witty, very honest and permissive with me. She worries about me if I go out with my friends or I leave home. She has luck, because she doesn’t have to cook on weekdays only at weekends. Thanks godness, she always cooks what I like eating. She is a bit self-controlled, modest and she is always casually dressed. She is fond of hoeing in the garden and talking with the neighbours at her parental home.

FAMILY OCCASIONS, TRADITIONS IN HUNGARY

Christmas: Our family is not really that traditional. We don’t often go to church, only for weddings and funerals. We used to try to go to midnight mass on Christmas Eve, but when it got around to midnight,

- bemutatkozás

- személyes információk - a család, barátok, rokonok bemutatása

- saját maga és családtagjai foglalkozása. ezzel kapcsolatos tervek, elképzelések

- harmadik személy külső megjelenésének, belső

tulajdonságainak, szokásainak leírása - családi ünnepek, családi tradíciók

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appear in the streets to announce the approach of the festival. They carry a Christmas crib with them and go from house to house performing the nativity play. It relates the story of Christ's birth and the appearance of the three kings bringing presents to the son of god. We always send postcards to our distant relatives wishing “Merry X-mas”. December 24th is Xmas Eve. The Xmas tree, a fir or pine, is decorated and children are given a lot of presents. Most families go to the midnight service in church. On the first and second day of Xmas families have big meals and visit each other in the afternoons. On Christmas Day the family gathers round the table to partake of the traditional Hungarian Christmas lunch. Two things are essential parts of this meal: stuffed cabbage and poppy-seed cake. The rest of the meal is usually chicken soup followed by pork chops or turkey.

New Year’s Eve: On New Year's Eve people sit up till after midnight to see the new year in. At midnight we sing the national anthem and drink champagne and then we wish to each other “Happy New Year”. Some people go to parties and dances others watch comic shows on TV. We usually stay up until dawn.

Easter: At Easter we celebrate Jesus Christ's Resurrection that is the rising of Jesus from the tomb 3 days after his Crucifixion. Most Easter traditions are associated with Easter Monday when boys set out to call on their female friends and relatives and sprinkle them with perfume or water. Girls, in return, treat them to home-made cakes or some drinks and present them with eggs painted mainly red, green or yellow. Children are also presented at Easter with either some chocolate eggs or a chocolate Easter bunny and an Easter chick. A typical Easter Sunday breakfast consists of ham and hard-boiled eggs. There are no set dishes that we eat for lunch at Easter. As a general rule however, we usually have chicken soup, pork, beef or veal cutlet followed by some desert.

We celebrate birthdays, name days, wedding anniversaries, mother’s day and commemorate our close relatives or friends on funerals.

Birthday or name day: on that day I invite my relatives, my friends and give a big party. Our small family gathers round the table and we spend on talking, eating and discussing family matters in the afternoon. They wish me “Happy birthday/name day (happy returns of the day)”. My mother usually prepares (or makes cakes) a chocolate layer cake with many candles on it. She loves baking so she sometimes makes at least three kinds of cakes for the occasion. If the weather is nice, we have a little garden party at my mother’s parental home. We take the chairs and the tables out and put the pre-prepared snacks, sandwiches and drinks on them. I always get some gifts; however, I can be happy about the small one, too.

Wedding: people sometimes can’t help falling in love with each other. In case the end of this situation is usually a marriage apart from your childhood’s love. There is an old tradition including you ask your dear’s hand. It is called the proposal. Traditionally the man goes down on one knee to pop the question. If he receives a "yes", the couple is engaged. Traditionally the man buys his fiancée an engagement ring, most commonly a diamond ring. Then some of us want to have an engagement party. Then the couple has to draw up a guest list, send out invitations, buy the wedding dress, arrange a honeymoon, and of course, to select the wedding rings. People can get married either in a church or in a registry office. In the latter case there must be two witnesses. Most people, however, prefer to have a church wedding too, with the bride in white attended by her bridesmaids and the bridegroom in black attended by his best men. After the wedding ceremony there is a large reception where an enormous meal is eaten, the wedding cake is cut and toasts are drunk in whisky or sherry. The guests are dressed in their best clothes and dance to accordion music. Old traditions such as dancing with the bride at midnight and the bride leaving to change clothes after the dance are still kept at most wedding parties. In addition to it the happy couple traditionally goes on honeymoon.

The members of the wider family only meet at weddings, funerals and christenings. Some of them may turn up around the time of your name day or birthday to say many happy returns but most of them prefer to write cards. There is only one sad occasion, which no one likes and it is called funeral. We usually take a wreath containing flowers to the burial for the tomb.

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2. AZ OTTHON ÉS A SZŰKEBB KÖRNYEZET

• I come from a small-sized industrial town called Ajka, in the Centre of the Transdanubian region (from the western part of Hungary). Ajka is situated along the line diving the Bakony Hills region. Two important routes pass through here, to the north Highway 8, which runs east to west, and in the middle region, the Székesfehérvár-Szombathely railway line. The Torna stream flows through the inner part of the town. It has a population of 35.000. But sometimes there are a lot of people coming from villages to do the shopping. My town is about 130 kilometres far from the capital.

Ajka received its name its one-time owner called Heiko. Heiko was a warrior who came to Hungary with Gisely, wife of King Stephen. The town’s development was founded on industry. As early as 1836 coal was discovered in Ajkacsingervölgy. Our glass factory is famous all over the world, its products have been transported even to the Queen of England. Ajka got its town status in 1959. Apart from the churches almost nothing remained of the old village. Sports hall, a swimming pool and a hospital

were built. At the moment there are much more modern sports halls, a modernized beach, a lot of schools and hypermarkets such as Tesco, Penny, Lidl and in the nearest future Aldi and Interspar are going to move here. We have got a library, a redecorated culture house and two department stores in the centre of the town. They offer not only clothes but some other goods needed for the inhabitants, too. In addition to it, a new park center is being built and it seems as if more firms come here.

It is a busy and lively town. I’m very happy to live here. Firstly, because most of my friends live here and (I don’t have to travel to see them) secondly, because the town itself is cosy. It is neither too big nor too small and it offers very good shopping and entertainment facilities. However, what I don’t like that it is dirty for me and the pollution is big from the factories.

• I would prefer to live in the country. I consider myself to be privileged, because I live in a town. Towns are lively places, where there is always something interesting happening. There is a wide choice of shops, cinemas, theathres, restaurants and pubs. You can go out to a different place every night if you want to. Even if I live in a village, I would prefer to move to a town because town life is so much exciting. Life is never dull in a town, the latest exhibitions, films and plays are going on. Streets are better kept and shops are better supplied. Shopping can even be a pleasure because there is a much wider choice of everything. City life is also better for the children because there is a variety of schools they can choose from and they don’t need to commute. Neither do adults need to commute to work, because they have more chance of employement.

Town life Advantages:

Life is never dull (exhibitions, films, plays, friends)

Better supplies in shops (wide choicem, within easy reach)

Variety of schools and places of work, better chances of good education and employment Higher living standards (better roads, more convenciences in flats)

Disadvantages:

Commuting difficulties (rush hours, traffic jams) Pollution (from cars and factories)

Crowds, noise, rat race Higher cost of living Village life

Advantages:

People are friendly and close to nature Gentle peace of living

Clean atmosphere-healthy living

More privacy and relaxation (gardening, walking in the forest and in the fields) Disadvantages:

- a ház vagy lakás leírása

- a környék és a környezet leírása

- a város v. település, ill. kerület bemutatása, ahol lakik

- otthonteremtés, lakáshelyzet; az ideális lakóhely

- a lakásfenntartás kérdései (költségek)

- diákszálló, albérlet: házirend, lehetőségek és tiltások

- generációk együttélése

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Less efficient services (one doctor or no doctor at all, muddly streets, few shops)

• I live on a housing estate which is quite close way from the centre. But there are buses that take you to the downtown. On foot it takes you about 10 minutes, but as I like riding a bike it takes me about a few minutes to get anywhere. The ground is mainly flat there. It is an area of low hills and nice green valleys. Oak and fir forests occupy the slopes of the hills. I live on the second floor with my parents of a block of flats. There are some parking places and playgrounds around us. Part of the area is a lawn and road.

Our flat used to be a council flat but we bought it years ago. Thus we now have a 54 square metre freehold flat. It isn’t a spacious one but just enough for a family of three. It is comfortable and equipped with all modern conveniences such as hot water, eletricity, central heating, drains and a telephone. We have got a living room, a hall, a small room for me, a kitchen, a toilet, a bathroom and a balcony. Besides we have got a cellar where we can keep our different things such as bikes, boxes, old-fashioned clothes, books and my mother keeps here our stewed fruits and the pickles. Our electric meter is in the staircase.

Our kitchen is of small size but the space is used very efficiently. We cook by an eletrical cooker and it is right under the cupboard. Next to it is the sink unit with its stainless steel sink and the draining-board where we just pile the already washed up dishes and let them dry. We haven’t got a dishwasher. Over the sink we keep the microwave owen into the cupboard. There is never enough space in the cupboard. Saucepans, frying pans, jugs, bowls, mugs, the kitchen scales, the mixer, pressure cooker, grater, hot sandwich oven and the rolling pin are kept in the kitchen cupboard. On the shelves there are spices and the ingredients needed every day for cooking like salt, flour, sugar and a cooking oil. We keep the bread slicer the working top of the cupboard and in the drawers we keep the cutleries. There is the dining table with a corner seat by the window. We use on it the percolator. The kitchen floor is covered with lino because it’s easy to keep clean. The wall is tiled with light brown color. We don’t have a separate dining-room; we only have a lunch or dinner in the kitchen, which we use every day. Sometimes we lay a table in the living room if we have a bigger occasion. No room for our fridge and deep fryer in the kitchen therefore we use them in the hall.

We have a nice, large plastic bathtub in the bathroom and there is hot and cold running water. The washbasin is beside the tub and over the washbasin is a mirror. We keep there the soap dish and our toothbrushes and the toothpaste. The floor is covered with lino but the walls are tiled. On the left side you can find the towel rack installed into the wall. If you enter here, there is a bathroom shelf over your head where we own deodorants, sprays, body lotions, shampoos and any detergent. By the way we have an old washing machine on the right side.

On both sides the left and the right there are two wardrobes in our living room. It is light and cosy. It faces the street. We have a desk with two comfortable, modern chairs in the centre, which look like an armchair. We keep on it some newspapers, some bills, a flower and an ashtray although we don’t smoke. The books are also kept both in the living-room and in my room. There is a settee bottom of the left side’s wardrobe where my father usually watches the news or some films lying on it. On the right side there is a sofa and a bedside table. There are nice curtains on the windows and a big carpet on the floor. The floor is wall-to-wall carpet and the walls are white washed. The furnitures are dark brown. There are plants and pictures on the walls. There is a personal computer in the corner. There are a lot of chinas and ornaments on the shelves and there is our TV by the window. Next to it there are some flower stands. Behind the TV there is a big balcony door, which opens directly into the balcony.

My room is the smallest one. The ceiling is whitewashed and there is a wall-to-wall carpet on the floor as well. I would have liked to have a wooden mosaics but my father denied my idea. Anyway, it was redecorated last year. There is my comfortable bed on the right side. There are some cushions (or pillows) on it. In front of my single bed I’ve got a wardrobe where I keep everything such as clothes, books, CDs, bills, amplifier,… A chandelier hangs up on the ceiling. The walls are covered and there is my PC next to the bed. My window faces a playground where I played a football a lot when I was a child. It has a blind because of the summers hot.

• People can live in sky-scrapers, high-rise blocks, blocks of flats, terraced houses, semi detached houses, bungalows, cottages. They can own their flats – in that case they are called freehold flats. They can rent a council owned flat or live in a council built flat sold to a cooperative of people. They can share a flat with other families and live in co-tenancy. Some people live in lodgings e.g. because they work in another city or haven’t got money to buy it.

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I have never lived in lodgings but I can imagine that you have to keep a number of houses rules. You are not supposed to smoke in the common rooms, you are not allowed to be too noisy, take girls and boys into your room, stick pictures on the wall and you have to use the bathroom at a fixed time. Students living away from home use student hotels and university halls of residence provided by universities in separate buildings. Lodgings are used by those who can’t get a hostel room. This means that they have to pay to the landlady. Some students prefer a one-room flatlet with cooking facilities or perhaps sharing the bathroom and kitchen. When several students come together, they like to rent furnished, self-contained flats but they are difficult to obtain and compared with other types of accommodation are very expensive.

• The local councils used to build many blocks of flats and let them to people who couldn’t afford to build or buy of their own. The problem with it is that these flats were mainly one-or-two rooms flats, which were comfortable enough for couple, but not for a family. Young married couples whom don’t have enough money they have no other choice but to live with their parents. There is not serious shortage of accommodation for married couples in Hungary. People don’t have to wait for years to buy a house or a flat, place of their own. Nowadays, to be able to build or buy a house or a flat you need to have enough money to put down a deposit. The deposit covers some percent of the cost of the flat. Then you can get a bank loan at quite a high interest rate and you pay it back in monthly instalments. If you have children, you may get a state grant, which you do not have to pay back. If you are a good worker, you may even get an interest-free loan from the company you are working for.

• I always make my bed and air my room every morning. To tell the truth, I haven’t got a lot of housework. At weekends, I always do my room and help dad to wash the car or clean the garage. I usually empty the dust bin and my mother sometimes asks me to hoover the carpet in my room. If the weather is good and it isn’t raining, she always cleans the windows and the doorsteps. She sweeps the floor then wipes it up. After lunch or dinner my father washes up and dries the dishes. He likes doing it and therefore my mother is very proud of him. She has to wash our clothes, but we have got an automatic washing-machine. Having been washed our clothes, she had to iron them. She usually beats the bigger carpets.

As we have got a weekend house, my mother usually go to visit our garden. She waters the flowers and the vegetables with a watering can. I sometimes have to dig a few parts of the garden in spring. It is not a woman work, I think. She adores hoeing and meanwhile talking with her sister or the neighbours. In summer the lawn grows, therefore we cut the grass with the lawnmower. The fruit trees mainly need spraying. In autumn we harvest the fruits such as apples, pears, plums, grapes and nuts. Of course, the falling leaves have to be raked.

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3. A MUNKA VILÁGA, NAPI TEVÉKENYSÉG

In fact, I need some time till I regain my senses in the morning. Being a heavy sleeper, it is very difficult for me to get up. I always set the alarm clock and wake up between 6 and quarter past 6 on weekdays. However, if I go to work in the afternoon I can get up later. I never have coffee, but I like drinking milk or cocoa, which I make myself. When I get up I go to the bathroom to wash. I wash my face, neck, ears and hands in cold running water and dry myself with a towel. Sometimes I take a shower or have a bath. Then I clean my teeth, don’t comb as I have short hair and I begin to get dressed. I am always in a hurry in the mornings so I don’t have time to prepare my breakfast therefore I make it in the previous evening. Anyway, I am never hungry in the morning. As a rule, my father gets up earlier than me and by the time I awake he has prepared some sandwiches only for himself as he knows I don’t eat. Sometimes I turn on the radio to listen to the news broadcast and the weather forecast. However, when I go to

work in the morning, five of us travel together by car and the radio is on. I used to go to work by my bike at my previous workplace.

I have to clock in when I arrive and clock out when I leave my company. I work flexitime, in two shifts, normally 8 hours and 20 minutes. But we do some overtime every weekday, when I work in the morning. It enables me to leave work an hour earlier anytime. I have been working as a measuring technician at Continental since the end of the last year. I’m satisfied with my job, because I draw a higher salary than before and there are comfortable surroundings there. My boss is all right in every respect, I can’t say anything against him. My colleagues are very kind and helpful. I get on well with them. The salary and the conditions are good and my firm treats me well.

When I get to the office I first open the post and read the letters I have got from my clients. I spend most of my time measuring. Any pieces of the headsensors such as cables, connectors, labels or the sensor itself must be checked. I measure their dimensions such as horizontal, vertical dimensions or positions, diameters, angles or in fact I should find any mistake on them. I apply different test methods and procedures and use some test equipment. There are two projectors, two microscopes, coordinate measuring machine, optical machine, a lot of callipers, dial gauges, measuring rooler and plug ganges, which are available for me to measure. When I have finished I have to write a test report for the order. The dimensions, which are out of the tolerance, must be marked. To be the report approved or rejected must be written at the bottom of the last side and of course it must be signed. Sometimes my boss asks me to water the flowers and air the office.

I have my breakfast at about 8 o’clock, which is usually some sandwiches. I always have lunch with my colleagues at quarter to noon. In my opinion there are fine meals in the restaurant where we have lunch. If I work in the afternoon I have lunch with my dad at my grandmother. As a general rule I finish work at 4 in the afternoon. We talk a lot on the way home and get home at around 5. When I arrive I spend about half an hour hanging around without doing anything particular. I sometimes surf on the net then I start studying for the next English lesson. Unfortunately, we usually don’t have supper with each other. My father likes having it meanwhile watching TV. My mother prefers eating in the kitchen. And I like having the dinner in my room. After supper I help my mother to clear the table and wash up. Then I go to take a warm bath and go back in front of my pc. Until I fall asleep, I watch TV a bit.

• I have had several jobs since I left school. My first job was at the local hospital where I worked as an administrator. I had to install and repair some PCs. The atmosphere wasn’t good and I was underpaid. I could say I was fed up with it. Then my second job came, which was rewarding and my starting salary was higher than before. I’ve been working for about 3 years there. I was fond of my colleguaes and my job, too. I adored working there. However, money talks. I would have liked to change my job therefore I applied for some companies. In fact, I was not motivated only because of the money. I wanted to find such a firm where I can earn more money and train new vocational things. Fortunately, I didn’t have to be unemployed as I could find a new, my present job relatively fast.

It seems to be fashionable for people to change their jobs. Some people have to work too much, some too little, others get bored with their jobs or fed up with their colleagues because of backbiting. People always want more money and higher positions. If I want to change my job, I must look at the advertisements in the newspapers, magazines or nowadays on the Internet. You must write your curriculum vitae or profile. I agree

- szokásos napi tevékenység otthon és a munkahelyen

- munkahely, munkakör, további tervek

- pályaválasztás

- népszerű foglalkozások, kereseti lehetőségek

- munkahelyi körülmények: előmenetel, munkával kapcsolatos problémák

- munkahelyszerzés, munkanélküliség, szociális problémák

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with my future boss on my starting salary, the office hours and the lunch break, the amount of paid holiday I would be entitled to. He also shows me round the office and tells me what my responsibilities would be. As the job and the conditions appeal to me I accept that I would be on probation for the three months. Of course, you should be adequately paid for your work so that you don’t have to work on the side.

To work Good points, bad points

- in factory - to get on well with boss and colleagues

- for a company, firm, subsidiary - good chance of promotion

- in agriculture - no backbiting

- in heavy, light industry - to have kind and helpful mates - to run a private practice - to draw a high salary

- to be a guest-worker abroad - to work in pleasant and healthy surroundings

- to do casual work - to lick one’s boots

- to do moonlightning - to do a lot of overtime

- to be underpaid; high number of accidents

- no responsibility; no freedom

Jobs can be grouped in several ways as, e.g. manual and non-manual jobs. The workers doing manual work often referred to as blue-collar workers. The ones doing mainly brainwork are called white-collar workers. Some jobs need university qualifications, and these are professions; others don’t and these are skilled, semi-skilled or unsemi-skilled. Skilled people are those who have learnt a trade such as pastry-cook, turner, joiner, plumber, shop assistant, car mechanic, railwayman, tailor, barber. Unskilled jobs, such as the job of factory hand, do not require special training.

Other occupations are the followings: - Professions

Design/electrical engineer, psychiatrist, solicitor/barrister/lawyer, judge, physician(doctor), vet, interpreter, (chartered) accountant, clerk, model, social worker, university professor, teacher, architect, surgeon, computer programmer

- Trades and other occupations

caretaker, cashier, dustman, coach, chimney sweep, hotel receptionist, cook, coal miner, house painter, air pilot, postman, travel agent, technician, salesman, baby sitter, shoemaker, librarian, speech-therapist, glazier, …

• I am afraid I don’t really know exact figures about how many unemployed inhabitants are there in Hungary. All I know is that at the moment unemployement is still rising. The unemployed may feel guilty about being out of work even if it is not their fault. They feel they are useless and a burden on a state. They join the dole queue and receive just enough money not to starve. In my opinion some people don’t want to work, because they can get enough aid from their councils; others haven’t got a suitable trade and some firms claim much more than they should. You should have 3-5 years training in your trade and you should speak two languages fluently although they don’t want to get you enough salary.

People begin to save when there is enough money for all that is needed in the family. Most people save for a flat, a plot of land, a week-end cottage or for holidays abroad. There are some who save for a car or put money aside to purchase durable consumer goods or new funiture. Naturally, many people save without any definitive end, just for the sake of the safety. Others can’t afford to put any money aside because of their income and it is just about enough to keep body and soul together.

The retirement age in Hungary is 60 for woman and 62 for men, but these age limits are going to be changed in the near future. There are some occupations from which people can get pensioned off at an earlier age if they have been in employment for at least 30 years. As far as I know a few such jobs are that of a miner, a policeman, a fireman and the soldier.

It seems to me that in today’s Hungary wage-earners earn more than salary-earners, especially if they work in private industry. For example the starting salary wages of a skilled worker with three years’ training are higher than the commencing salary of a teacher or a doctor with eight or nine years’ training. I would recommend my son to set up his own business or to tell the truth, more you learn, more you earn at a joint-venture. If my daughter didn’t want to go to university, I would recommend her to become a hairdresser or a beautician. Both are good jobs for getting tips.

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4. A TANULÁS VILÁGA

By the time I got the junior section of primary school called Veres Pálné, it was quite obvious that I was rather slow on the uptake. I was not one of those bright students who can easily cope with difficulties in subjects. I usually studied by fits and starts, which meant I sometimes failed to fulfil the requirements. When I didn’t know the material, I must confess, I used cheat sheets. Besides, I sometimes relied on other students and expected them to prompt. I had to wear a uniform at that school called cloak (gown). This school had five grades and there were extra courses called electives such as draw or music study circle, physical education. There were not compulsory sports, but we could choose some sports like football in spring, basketball or volleyball in

winter or table tennis anytime. Different schools’ teams competed against each other in championship tournaments. My mum made some sandwiches me for breakfast and fortunately, I could eat my lunch at my grandmother every weekday.

Hungarian secondary schools fall into three categories: Secondary Grammar, Secondary Technical or Vocational Schools. I myself attended a Secondary Grammar School and I think these schools are very competitive in Hungary. Well, I applied for admission to one of the most known grammar schools in my hometown, where I spent five years. The school was named after a famous engineer called Bánki Donát. I took my school-leaving examination here. Our school building lay in the centre of the city. It was a big, white-coloured, two-storey building with a large school yard and some trees around it. Both the library and the school buffet were in the basement where you could buy sandwiches, milk, cocoa, and the basic articles needed for school work such as books, notebooks, pens, pencils, rubbers and so on. Most classrooms were on the first and second floors while the headmaster’s office and the staff room were in a separate corridor on the ground floor. Our school had also got some special laboratories such as language, physics, chemistry, arts and craft labs. These labs were quite well equipped. In the language lab e.g. we had a television and cassette players with headphones and all the necessary dictionaries. We had also a computer room, where we could study computer techniques and programming. No uniform had to be worn at this school to be more precise it was not compulsory any more.

• I liked having my friends. They were all very hard-working and most of them were bright, too. Our class was a good team and there was a good atmosphere. We often helped each other with the homework. Our teachers were satisfied with us and we all respected them. There were no unqualified teachers on the staff. They were all very competent and imparted a great deal of knowledge to us. If somebody lagged behind, the others helped him. We didn’t want anybody to drop out. Anyway, I had a few teachers who just yabbered on but nobody listened to them. They liked some students better than others and had their favourites in each class.

We had two hours’ homework every afternoon and sometimes it took even longer because we had to learn poems from a Hungarian author or texts in a foreign language by heart. All of us were expected to specialise at the age of sixteen in order to concentrate on the subjects that we need for university entrance. Additional lessons were offered to us in the subjects that we opted for and they were usually the ones that we would need for our future career. You are of school-age while you are not eighteen in Hungary. If you are not there, you are marked absent in the attendance register and you will be given a warning later if your absence has not been excused e.g. by a doctor’s note.

My favourite subjects were arts subjects. They came to me easily and I took pleasure in studying some of them. I especially liked history, grammar and perhaps literature, but most of my friends found them very difficult. Because they thought they were useless subjects. Maths was, in fact, the least popular subject in my class. I always hated it, because I have never had got sense of it. Physics was my weak point, too. I don’t even like to think of it. Although I tried to do my best in these subjects too, my efforts were not always crowded with success. Chemistry and music weren’t my cup of tea either.

I was fairly energetic so I did a quite a lot of things in the afternoons. To tell you the truth, studying was quite a demanding activity for me. So as not to fail my exams, my parents set up maths lessons for me. I had to take private lessons twice a week. However, there were things I enjoyed. This was a gymnastics work-out four times a week, which I enjoyed very much. And I quite often had my friends over, played with the computer or just watched television. I didn’t like to overload myself; I liked to have time relax. I didn’t know what I would have liked to do when I left school. One thing was sure I would have liked to go on my studies.

- a tanulással kapcsolatos napi tevékenység

- iskolájával, a tantárgyakkal, tanárokkal kapcsolatos információk

- iskolai hagyományok, iskolai élmények

- szervezett és önálló tanulás, egész életen át tartó tanulás

- iskolatípusok, vizsgák, értékelés, osztályzás

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After leaving secondary high school (in the fourth year), I decided to go on with my studies and applied for the local technical school. I managed to pass the final exams and I didn’t get such bad grades after all. Having gone to the technical school, I enrolled for an intermediate-software-operator course. It took me if I remember well, nine months. But, in my humble opinion it was worth finishing it. After leaving the fifth year, I learnt a second trade in Veszprém called text and picture editor. Unfortunately, I couldn’t get a job where I was promised to be employed. Therefore, I went on my studies and became technical engineer assistant. Although, I have got three trades I’ve been working as a measuring technician for three years.

Sort of schools:

Pre-school education/crèche University of Technology

Kindergarten, nursery school University of Medicine

Primary/elementary school University of Arts and Sciences

Secondary/high school Teacher Training College

Secondary technical school University of Economics

Vocational school Faculty of Arts/Natural Sciences/Law

Academic grammar school Academy of Fine Arts/Music/Applied Arts/Film and

Co-education school/mixed school Theatrical Arts

Boarding school College of Finance and Accountancy

Approved school, Hostel Training College for Kindergarten Teachers

School traditions and experiences

I was fond of class outings. There was a confidential-clerk in my class who was pointed/marked by our head-master. He had to collect the money from each classmate. We usually went to a trip in every year as usual in Hungary. We often visited famous museums, castles or churches. My elder cousins used to regularly go for gathering or vintage from their school. They were fetched by the school-bus and sometimes they got a little salary, too. In my time the repeated occasions were the carnival in February or school-balls and you could apply for the summer’s camp if you wanted to. However, I’ve never taken a part in a camp.

During the year we commemorate all the public holidays and important events of Hungarian history with some productions prepared and performed by alternate classes. Every year in February or March there is a party organised in honour of the school leaving students. Both humorous skits and some serious programmes are performed by the third-year students and each school leaver is presented a blue ribbon marking the years they have spent in school. Then a big school ball is held, the greatest attraction of which are the ball-opening dances. In May the school leaving ceremonies continue and the fourth-year students wander around the school. The last phase of these ceremonies is the final party or school-leaving feast, which is always held after the final exams. Each form goes out to a nice restaurant with their teachers and they eat and drink to their hearts’ content to make the end of the school years memorable.

In addition to it, on these days a serenade is held by the leaving students, which means they go for visit their teachers in their private flat or detached house and they are singing a kind song to say goodbye to him or her.

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5. KAPCSOLATOK MÁS EMBEREKKEL: MAGÁNÉLET ÉS KÖZÉLET

For everyday wear I like sports jackets, a pair of corduroys, pure woollen jumpers, cotton shirts with checked patterns. I like wearing baggy trousers or stretch jeans with a pair of sport or low-shoes. Blue jeans and denim skirts are extremely popular nowadays. They can be worn with everything and for everyday wear. They are durable, hard-wearing, washable and crease-resistant. In short they are practical for causal wear.

A man usually can wear a vest, a pair of underpants, a shirt, trousers, perhaps a waistcoat, a tie and a jacket or a single- or double-breasted suit. On his feet he wears a pair of socks and low-heel shoes with rubber or leather soles. A fashionably dressed man wears a purple, mustard yellow, dark green or royal blue

suit with a brightly coloured patterned shirt and a tie. A woman wears a pair of panties, bras, a slip, a blouse, a skirt or a dress, or a suit, a pair of tights or stockings. A well-dressed woman always appears elegant. She is choosy about clothing and dresses in perfect taste. She usually wears a brightly-coloured suit with golden buttons and a white blouse. The skirt is mini and she looks charming and marvellous in it. She may also wear tight trousers which show off her figure well. Her dresses are always padded at the shoulders. She wears long ear-rings but has never much make-up on apart from her lipstick which is quite bright in colour.

I think fashion adds spice to life: colour, variety, beauty. Women must always be well-dressed and follow fashions to please themselves and men. The world would be a dull place if people wore the same things. As for me I don’t care much about fashion. I always wear whatever I think is comfortable, practical and attractive. My family tries to keep pace with changing fashion (mostly my mum) but we don’t carry it to extremes. You know we are simple people with a medium income so we can’t afford to spend so much money on clothes. My mother has a good dress sense. Everything she wears invariably suits her. My grandmother is good at sewing and knitting pretty dresses, well-cut suits and fashionable pullovers. All clothes she makes for her grandchild are a perfect fit.

However, it depends on the weather what I put on. In winter you must be careful not to catch cold. You must wear warm clothes and dress in layers. In cold weather people wear fur hats or thick, knitted hats and gloves, warm scarves and polo-necked sweaters, cotton stockings or trousers, winter boots and thick fur-lined overcoats. In summer, anyway, it is enough to put on a light dress with a low-cut neck or a T-shirt with shorts or breeches and a pair of low shoes or sandals. On the beach women wear a bathing suit or a bikini (sometimes a topless one) and perhaps a straw hat. Men wear swimming trunks. In autumn (fall), the best strategy for protecting yourself from the rain is to carry an umbrella with all the time. I don’t like this season, because it is the rainiest one. When the weather is colder, people put on a mackintosh or some other kind of waterproofs. It is important that you should wear water-resistant shoes or wellingtons as well because you can catch a cold easily if you step in the puddles in the street and get your feet wet.

Most towns and villages have clubs or community centres which cater for the cultural requirements of the population. They combine recreation and education and do a lot to help people to develop their talents. They provide entertainment, all sorts of facilities for amateur science and art activities, organise concerts, shows, theatrical performances and lectures on political, scientific and cultural topics. They regularly organise exhibitions of modern art and make efforts to enable museum visitors of every age to better understand the items on display.

Most cultural centres have their own amateur art groups, folk ensembles, choirs or even orchestras who quite often give public performances or concerts. They run astronomy, photo and sewing circles as well as separate clubs for teenagers and pensioners.

Most school institutes have a club, which is extremely popular with the student body. It is not only provides, such as video shows, concerts and discos, but a wide choice of amateur art activities like painting, sculpture, pottery, music, dancing and acting as well. Especially popular are the musical and theatrical groups. Those who like singing join the choir and those who have exceptionally fine voices and a good ear for music go in for solo singing. Those who make dancing a hobby have a choice of ballet, folk dancing or acrobatic rock-and-roll. Most students seem to prefer theatricals. Some of their amateur productions have won the praise of professionals.

- barátok, ismerősök, iskola- és munkatársak - öltözködés, divat - összejövetelek, egyesületi és klubélet, levelezés - társasági élet - civil szervezetek - közbiztonság

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The correspondence used to be a popular thing between the pals and students, but this habit totally changed. On these days you need to write a letter in a paper form in ink only if it is demanded e.g. official letters or profiles with your own hand to apply for a job or perhaps a few lines for your relatives. Nowadays people settle all their things on the Internet. The today’s letter is named an e-mail. There are a lot of e-mail programmes so as to help you to write your message easier. In addition to it, e.g. most firms supply only an e-mail address where you can send your curriculum vitae. The most important difference and the biggest advantage is its quickness compare to the old form.

• Civil organisations: I’m not a member of any civil organisations. In fact, I don’t know exactly what they are employed in. However, there are different kinds e.g. The Red Cross or the Maltese Cross Service where you can take your old fashionable clothes. They will give them to the poor people. Besides, language courses and computer studies are organized by them, too. In my opinion they usually arrange blood-giving-weekends everywhere. It is a great idea because in that way you can help other people who are in need of blood. You feel only a small pinprick and you relax on a bed for a few minutes. Not to speak of the fact that you will be examined and it may be important for you. In the end you are rewarded with some goods such as a beer, a refreshing and a bar of chocolate so as to be able to regain your energy.

Public safety: There are, at least one local police station in every town or village. Of course, there are more in bigger cities or in the capital. They deal with the public safety’s questions such as car stolen, damaging, and burglars or in fact, they should care about your safety in the streets in the evenings. They have to take drunken people into hospital or they help you if you have lost your way going home.

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6. SZABADIDŐ, SZÓRAKOZÁS, KULTÚRA

In fact, I don’t spend a lot of time on hobbies. At weekends I usually like only relaxing and pursue some hobbies that are collecting music and listening to the latest songs that I am interested in. Besides, I’m fond of watching and listening concerts on DVD. In these respects I take after my father a bit, because he has been a big collector since I knew him. I used to draw and used to pursue modelling when I was a child, but I gave it up because lack of the time. On these days in my spare time I like going on trips to the nature with my family or sometimes reading English topics on the Internet. I don’t keep any pets as I live in a freehold flat and in my opinion

their place is not there. Other people keep dogs, cats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, parrots or have big tanks with goldfish or terrapins in them. Although, both cooking and baking cakes are not my line, I seldom make my favourite meals such as a French salad, a Hungarian lecsó or a pizza.

If you are a stay-at-home type, you can pursue a lot of hobbies that are typically home occupations. Some of them are only for women – I have never seen a man knitting, crocheting or sewing e.g. neither have I seen a woman hammering – others are for men, for instance do-it-yourself. Most of these hobbies, however, are unisex, that is, they suit both sexes. They are: collecting stamps, napkins, coins or even buttons; making soft toys, gifts; drawing, painting or writing poetry, modelling, mounting and developing photos, playing card games, chess or other party games or keeping pets. As far as I know keeping pets has always been an English hobby. If they can’t afford to keep a pet, they go bird-watching and this brings them a lot of enjoyment. Gardening is another common British hobby as well as taking photos, printing and enlarging them. The most popular outdoor games are football, golf and cricket.

Hobbies indoor: painting, drawing, collecting, reading, playing card games, board games, chess, keeping pets, do-it yourself, sewing, knitting, cooking, learning languages, listening to records, doing embroidery, crossword puzzles

Hobbies outdoor: fishing, angling, gardening, pot-holing, mountain climbing, hiking, doing sports, hunting

• If you live in a big town you are a lucky chap from the point of view of entertainment possibilities. You have a rich choice of museums, exhibitions where you can see paintings, graphics, water-colours and sculptures. If you want to dine out or listen to folk or gypsy music there are several restaurants, pubs, night clubs which you can choose from.

Theatre

I’m not much of a theatre goer. In fact neither my time nor my money allows me to go to the theatre regularly. And, to tell you the truth, I am not really interested in it. I prefer watching TV or video films at home, or perhaps going to the cinema. If you stay at home, you don’t have to dress up, and this is a great advantage. Anyway, the play I saw last was a great one. I wasn’t disappointed, because it was a splendid adaptation of two famous lady’s life called Marlene Dietrich and Edit Piaf. The plot of the play was really gripping and rich in surprising returns. It held the attention of the audience from the beginning to the end.

I can buy a theatre tickets at the booking-office. I like to sit in the boxes because they are quite near the stage and they are by far the most comfortable. I normally sit in the stalls, which are the seats on the ground floor. Over the boxes is the dress circle then follow the balconies and finally the gallery. As you enter the theatre there is usually a big foyer, where people can meet before the performance. The two main parts of a theatre are the stage and the auditorium. The hall is usually separated from the stage by the orchestra pit. A curtain, when lowered, covers the stage and during the performance footlights illuminate the stage. In a big theatre there are several cloakrooms where you can leave your hats and coats. Then you show your ticket to the usherette, who will offer you a programme and lead you down the aisle to your row and seat. While the beginning of the play, you can leaf the programme booklet from which you learn about the cast, the director, about the approximate plot of the play and perhaps the programme of the theatre for that season. Right before the performance the orchestra begins tuning up. Then the lights go out, the curtain rises and the play begins. A play usually consists of at least two acts, but sometimes there are three acts with two intervals in between them. During the interval you can go to the refreshment room where you can discuss the play over a nice drink. After then the bell rings for the next act. In the end of the play the curtain fall and the lights go up. The audiences usually applaud the company. Curtain call follows curtain call and the whole cast is given a standing ovation.

Concert

- a szabadidő eltöltése, szórakozási lehetőségek

- egyéni érdeklődés, hobbik

- színház, mozi, opera, koncert

- tévé (műsorfajták), újság, rádió

- olvasás: könyvtár,

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I quite like pop music although I wouldn’t call myself a fan. I gladly like listening to any music. At the beginning of this year we went to a 2-day concert was given by some well-known Scandinavian bands, in the Netherlands. Lots of guitar artists appeared there who celebrated the 48th guitar festival at Tilburg. There were some very young, ambitious bands who were very talented musicians with a fine technique. For example there was a little nine-year-old drummer. Everybody was very surprised at his ability. Anyway, the instrumental music lovers were really delighted including me, too. Their CD covers, labels were signed by the famous guitarists after the show.

Cinema

The usual cinema show consists of a feature film begun by a newsreel, lots of commercials and of course short films like trailers from the future films. The main film is usually cinemascope and dubbed. However, an undubbed film is very good for language learning. And if you master the given language you can even enjoy the films without looking at the subtitles. Low attendance at cinemas is due to several factors. On one hand the price of cinema tickets has been raised and it is not a cheap evening any more to go out to see a film; mostly if you would like to have a popcorn or a refreshment. On the other hand the cinema owners seem to forget that most families have video or DVD players at home and you can borrow all films from the videotheque. There are some different films like these: western, adventure film, thriller, horror film, science-fiction fantasy, detective film, comedy, screen adaptation of a successful novel entitled e.g. Harry Potter.

TV, radio

• I usually switch on the TV in the evenings and read on the teletext channel the TV programmes for the day. There is usually quite a rich choice of programmes. To tell you the truth I like watching TV because it brings the world into your home and keeps you informed about what is happening around you. I especially enjoy Hungarian soap-operas and some programmes that show you famous people over the world. I never miss the half-past-seven o’clock news either. I also love witty and humorous cartoons like “Tom and Jerry” or “the Roadrunner”.

Only one or maybe two Hungarian state channels used to be received at home, because there was no one who could have made a business from the broadcasting. Today, I don’t know exactly how many channels I can get on TV, but there are quite a lot. There are two well-known and popular commercial channels called Rtl-Klub and TV2. There is no great difference between them. They are financed by its advertisements so the programmes are interrupted for commercials, which I dislike. Besides we can also receive lots of different Hungarian channels such as my mum’s favourite TV Paprika or my dad’s much liked political channels, the old ones MTV1-2 and TV Danube, our local television programme, the satellite channels about sports and documentaries and of course some German or English ones. To be frank, there is only one thing that these programmes are good for and this is the language learning.

I’m interested in historical films, adventure films and series. I also enjoy witty and exciting detective stories, particularly one of them titled Columbo. I like Peter Falk the star of Columbo because he can always find the murderer, although he always forgets everything that he needs. He is so funny with his old fashioned balloon coat or his broken down car and he always comes back to ask the suspect one more question even if the suspect thinks that he won’t any more. I can’t help watching the next part if it is on in a reasonable time on TV. I quite often watch video or cinema films and I’m a regular customer at the video hire shop. I enjoy perhaps crimes the most because they are usually very well done and give you a lot of excitement. I have never been disappointed by horror films, they are macabre or spine-chilling and I think somewhere at the back of their minds everybody longs for adventure and thrills or even fear. And these films are able to fill in this gap in our lives. Anyway, in my opinion it isn’t worth sitting in front of the telly, because your health could be damaged because of sitting there for so long and even you may become a couch potato.

We begin the day by switching on the radio in my colleague’s car to listen to the time-signal, which is of great help when we are in hurry, the news broadcast and the weather forecast. We are listening to some kind of radio stations it depends on the persons in the office. Radio “Petőfi” used to have mainly a lot of light music programmes: pop, jazz, folk, rock or gypsy but it totally changed today. Perhaps radio ‘Kossuth’ has the most varied and serious programmes. It transmits running commentaries, radio plays, political and economic programmes, lectures, press reviews and even bedside stories for children. At my workplace all of us love musical broadcasts such as “Radio 1”, Radio “Danubius” or Radio “Sláger”.

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Newspapers, libraries

For each week all radio and television programmes are published in the Radio and TV Times. This weekly has quite a big circulation, bigger than most dailies. Daily papers are almost the same in appearance and lay-out. They all have a political section containing world and domestic news. The main news is usually placed on the first page right under the heading. Current events or topicalities may also be reported and commented on by the editor on the front page, usually with big headlines. The arts review and the science pages are usually in the middle of the paper followed by the fashion, gossip and travel columns while sports news is generally on one of the last pages. Apart from news, newspapers also contain many other features like advertisements, announcements of births, marriages and deaths, crossword puzzles, horoscopes, letter from readers, obituaries of famous people who have died, weather forecasts and classified advertisements, which may be personal or advertise jobs, houses or cars for sale. Just like many other countries, Hungary, too, has local and national papers. They are either serious or sensational. At present most of them are tabloids. There are also several periodicals coming out weekly, monthly and quarterly. Journals dealing with specialised subjects such as medicine, science, trade or education are usually published monthly or quarterly. The well-known Hungarian daily papers perhaps are “the Napló” and “the Népszabadság”. The popular tabloids are the Blikk or The Story Magazine and there is a journal with financial affair called HVG. Some serious British papers are The Times, The Guardian, The Sun or the Daily Mirror. I always skim through the whole paper first and choose the articles that at first sight seem to be interesting. The headlines are printed in block letters so they easily catch the eye. After scanning the paper I always start reading the sport pages first. Then I read the jobs or the political reviews and the internal affairs.

I can borrow books from a library. In fact, nowadays I don’t need to have a lot of books, therefore I quite rarely use the local lending library of which I am not a member at the moment, but my father is. Anyway, I used to be a member there when I was a student. At that time I was used to reading as we had to read all compulsory readings. To join a library you have to fill in a lending card. If you want to borrow a book, you write the author’s name, the title and ISBN number on the book card and the librarian puts down on your card the date when the book is due for return. Books are issued for three weeks, but can be renewed for another three. Only a limited number of books can be borrowed at a time. For overdue books fines are charged.

There are a lot of books in a library that normally cannot be borrowed. They are mainly encyclopaedias, dictionaries and lexicons. You are allowed to work with them in the reading room, where you will also find newspapers and periodicals published in Hungary from the 1930s. I often go to the bookshops just to look around. But sometimes I can’t resist temptation and buy some languages books, maps or a magazine for my mother. Last time I bought two expensive dictionaries, but it was worth buying them, because I can use them in the future, too.

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7. EGÉSZSÉG, EGÉSZSÉGMEGŐRZÉS, SPORT

• Fortunately I am in good health and I can’t remember the time that I was last ill. I try to take care of myself; you know good health above wealth the saying goes. Although, I sometimes crawl without socks at home. Many people neglect their health and get a bad cold easily when the rainy weather sets in.

When I was ill last time I had flu, strong headache and a sore throat. My nose was running and I was coughing and sneezing. I had a temperature of thirty-eight point five degrees. I also had a pain in my chest. In Hungary, you must register in by phone to the GP (General Practitioner) before you get there. Then the assistant gets you an appointment. When the nurse shouted ‘next please’, I entered the surgery room. The doctor told me to strip to the waist. He gave me a thorough medical check-up. He/she began by feeling my pulse and looks at my tongue. As my temperature was quite high he looked at my throat and said that it was badly inflamed. He also listened to my lungs, heart, breathing

and took my blood pressure. After the through examination he diagnosed my illness and told me that I had all the symptoms of influenza. He sent me to the laboratory for a blood test and prescribed me some medicine (he made out a prescription) such as some anti-febrile to keep my fever down, some menthol drops for my nose and a mixture for my throat. I had to gargle every two hours. He told me I had to stay in bed for a few days and also told me to drink a lot of hot tea with lemon and keep warm. In the end I was put on the sick-list (the doctor made out a sickness certificate in my name for my company; health care benefit) and had to stay off work for a week. I went to the chemist’s where they made up the mixture and reminded me to shake it well before use. I also bought some pain-killers for my headache and took one pill three times a day after meals. I told my boss that I couldn’t work for a few days and he wished me a quick recovery. After following the doctor’s advice and taking the medicine in the prescribed way, I soon recovered from my illness.

In our climate, especially in autumn and late winter people often have health problems. They catch a cold or flu and those who don’t have enough resistance can contract pneumonia. Arthritis and rheumatism are also caused by cool and damp weather. The number of patients suffering from hay fever, allergies and respiratory problems such as bronchitis and asthma, is rising. Quinsy and appendicitis are very common with children as well as food poisoning and indigestion. A very upsetting tendency is that more and more people suffer from nervous breakdowns and have crack-ups due to the overwork and fatigue. In the most serious cases people end up in mental hospitals and never recover from their illness. Such diseases as the plague, cholera, small-pox, malaria, tuberculosis and many others were stamped out a long time ago. Children get vaccinations for small-pox and polio at a young age and are also given periodical medical check-ups at school. The diseases that seem to take the heaviest toll of human life are coronary heart diseases, circulatory disorders, cancer and the relatively new contagious AIDS, which spreads through sexual intercourse or blood transfusion.

Being very widespread in Hungary, smoking affects a lot of people. It is very harmful for you health, especially for your circulatory system, throat, windpipes and lungs. Alcoholism is even worse because one you have become dependent on alcohol it is extremely difficult to give up drinking. And alcohol will slowly but surely ruin not only your health, but also your family’s lives. Fortunately, drug addicts are still few and far between in this country but the problem is already present. We must do everything to prevent a large number of youngsters getting affected by drug-taking. To keep in good health we should first of all no join the rat-race of modern life. We should avoid stress and tension and do some exercise every day. It is important to breathe a bit of fresh air and not to sit inside from morning till night. We should try to avoid fatty meat and animal fats so as not to be overweight. Remember the saying, ‘An apple a day keeps the doctor away’.

Diseases: mumps, measles, chicken pox, whooping cough, dysentery, (diarrhoea), [as fit as a fiddle]

I was in hospital when I was a child. I had my tonsils removed. I think this is a very common reason for an operation even in adulthood. Most people, however, are operated on for appendicitis. Sometimes an emergency operation is needed. Before the operation the surgeons and the nurses dress in green, wash their

- testi és lelki egészség, egészséges életmód

- testápolás

- betegség megelőzése, a betegség kezelése, betegápolás

- orvosnál

- gyógyszerek, gyógymódok

- orvosi szolgáltatások, biztosítás

- dohányzás, alkohol-és drogfogyasztás

- sport: sportolási lehetőségek, sportágak

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