Online version: ISSN 2317-1545 Print version: ISSN 2317-1537
JOURNAL OF SEED
SCIENCE
Continuation of the “Revista Brasileira
de Sementes / Brazilian Seed Journal”
4 Issues a Year / Publicação Trimestral
This Journal’s articles are indexed in:
- BINAGRI / Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento www.agricultura.gov.br - SCIELO (Scientific Eletronic Library on line) www.scielo.br
- SCOPUS
- AGROBASE - AGRIS Coordenadoria Geral e Informação Documental Agrícola BINAGRI/MAPA - EBSCO Information Services
Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes
Brazilian Association of Seed Technology
The Journal of Seed Science (JSS) is the official publication of the Brazilian Association of Seed Technology, and publishes original articles and revisions in the field of Seed Science and Technology and related areas of the agricultural services. The JSS is a publication in continuation of the “Revista Brasileira de Sementes” (Brazilian Seed Journal), from January/2013.
The mission of JSS is to publish scientific papers in the area of Seed Science and Technology, providing to the national and international agricultural sectors the knowledge for producing high quality seeds and the benefits from its use. Besides, JSS aims to contribute for the development and improvement of technologies that would aid in the economic and social improvement of the population, guaranteeing the basic input of the agricultural production and the preservation of the vegetable species. The JSS is published four times a year, although special numbers can be published.
The Editorial Board is composed by one or more editors, Associated Editors and a Scientists Committee formed by scientists working with Seed Science and Technology.
The annual subscription rate of JSS is US$ 200.00 abroad. The price of each number is US$ 60.00. Subscriptions and or individual number should be requested by sending a money order to ABRATES, at the following address:
JOURNAL OF SEED SCIENCE
Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Departamento de Fitotecnia Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n°, 36570-000, Viçosa - MG – Brasil Fone: +055(31) 3899-2611 / Email: journalseedscience@gmail.com ABRATES Londrina - Fone/FAX: +055(43) 3025-5120 Email: abrates@abrates.org.br INFORMAÇÕES GERAIS A revista ”Journal of Seed Science” (JSS) é uma publicação oficial da Associação Brasileira de Tecnologistas de Sementes (ABRATES) e destina-se a divulgar trabalhos científicos originais sobre Ciência e Tecnologia de Sementes e áreas correlatas. O JSS é a publicação que dará continudade à “Revista Brasileira de Sementes” (Brasilian Seed Journal) a partir de Janeiro de 2013. A missão do JSS é publicar trabalhos científicos na área de Ciência e Tecnologia de Sementes, divulgando ao setor agrícola nacional e internacional, avanços do conhecimento para a obtenção de sementes de alta qualidade e informações relativas aos benefícios resultantes da sua utilização. Além disso, contribuir para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de tecnologias que auxiliem no desenvolvimento econômico e social da população, garantindo o insumo básico da produção agrícola e a preservação das espécies vegetais.
A periodicidade do JSS é trimestral, podendo, no entanto, serem publicadas edições especiais. O Comitê Editorial é composto por um ou mais EDITORES, por Editores Associados e um corpo de Assessores Científicos, formado por cientistas que trabalham em Tecnologia de Sementes.
O preço da assinatura ao ano, é de US$ 160,00 (oitenta e cinco dólares americanos) para o território nacional e de US$ 200,00 (duzentos dólares americanos) para o exterior. Os pedidos acompanhados de cheque nominal à ABRATES deverão ser encaminhados à Diretoria Técnica e de Divulgação no seguinte endereço:
JOURNAL OF SEED SCIENCE
Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Departamento de Fitotecnia Avenida PH Rolfs, s/n°, 36570-000, Viçosa - MG – Brasil Fone: +055(31) 3899-2611 / Email: journalseedscience@gmail.com ABRATES Londrina - Fone/FAX: +055(43) 3025-5120 Email: abrates@abrates.org.br Home Page www.abrates.org.br/revista e-mail: abrates@abrates.org.br Cataloging: Maria José Betetto CRB 9 / 1.596 Layout Editor and Design: Jéssica Akemi Ychisawa
Journal of Seed Science / Associação Brasileira de
Tecnologia de Sementes. – v. 1, n.1 (1979) Brasília, DF: 1979 - Triannual (1979 - 1990), Biannual (1991 - 2005).
Triannual (2006 - 2008). Quarterly (2009 - ). Continuation of “Revista Brasileira de Sementes”.
From v.35, n.1, 2013, the journal is published in English language. Published in Brasília (1979 - 1993), Londrina (1994 - 1995), Campinas (1996 -2001). Londrina (2002 – 2003). Pelotas (2004- 2007). Lavras (2008 -2011) Viçosa (2012 - ).
ISSN: (Print version) ISSN: (Online version)
1. Seeds – Technology – Brazil – Periodicals. I. Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes.
ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE TECNOLOGIA DE SEMENTES
(BRAZILIAN ASSOCIATION OF SEED TECHNOLOGY)
EXECUTIVE BOARD - 2013/2015
President: 1st Vice-President: 2nd Vice-President: Financial Director: Vice-Financial Director: Technical and Communication Director: Vice-Technical and Communication Director: Supervisory Board - holders:Alternates: José de Barros França Neto (EMBRAPA SOJA) Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski (EMBRAPA SOJA) Francisco Amaral Villela (UFPel) Fernando Augusto Henning (EMBRAPA SOJA) Claudemir Zucareli (UEL) Gilda Pizzolante de Pádua (EMBRAPA) Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias (UFV) Julio Marcos Filho (ESALQ - USP) Roberval Daiton Vieira (UNESP) Leda Aparecida Mendonça (MAPA) Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho (UFLA) Ademir Assis Henning (EMBRAPA SOJA)
Jaqueline R. Verzignassi (EMBRAPA GADO DE CORTE)
JOURNAL OF SEED SCIENCE
EDITORS
Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias - Universidade Federal de Viçosa Gilda Pizzolante de Pádua - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Antonio Rodrigues Vieira (EPAMIG) Alessandro de Lucca e Braccini (UEM) Cibele Chalita Martins (UNESP) Ceci Castilho Custódio (UNOESTE) Cláudio Barbedo (Instituto de Botânica) David de Souza Jaccoud Filho (UEPG) Denise Cunha Fernandes Santos Dias (UFV) Eduardo Euclides de Lima Borges (UFV) Eduardo Fontes Araújo (UFV) Ellen Noly Barrocas (UFLA)
Elisa Serra Negra Vieira (EMBRAPA FLORESTAS) Fátima Conceição Marquez Pina Rodrigues (UFSCar) Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski (EMBRAPA SOJA) Gilda Pizolante de Padua (EMBRAPA/EPAMIG)
José de Barros França Neto (ENBRAPA SOJA) Júlio Marcos Filho (USP / ESALQ) João Almir Oliveira (UFLA) Luciana Magda de Oliveira (UDESC) Marcela Carlota Nery (UFVJM) Maria Cristina Alburquerque (UFMT) Maria Laene Moreira de Carvalho (UFLA) Norima D’Ávila Denardin (UPF) Renato Delmondez de Castro (UFBA) Renato Mendes Guimarães (UFLA) Rinaldo César de Paula (UNESP/Jaboticabal) Silvio Moure e Cícero (USP / ESALQ) Sttela Dellyzete Veiga Franco da Rosa (EMBRAPA CAFé)
Associate Editors:
Peter Toorop (Kew Garden / England) Omar Bazzigalupi (EEA INTA / Argentina)
English language Reviewers:
Carlos Caio Machado John Anthony Winder
Reviewers that cooperated with JSS vol. 36 n. 1:
Ana Claudia Araújo (EMBRAPA RECURSOS GENÉTICOS E BIOTECNOLOGIA) Andréa Oliveira (UFLA) Augusto César Pereira Goulart (EMBRAPA AGROPECUÁRIA) Cândida Renata Jacobsen de Farias (UFPel) Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias (UFV) Fernanda Nery (UFSJ) Franciele Caixeta (UFLA) Géri Meneghello (UFPel) Gilda Pizzolante de Pádua (EMBRAPA) João Batista Zonta (EMBRAPA) José Walter Carneiro (UEM) Letícia Abbade (UFU) Lisete Davide (UFLA) Luciana Aparecida de Souza Abreu (UFLA) Maria Duarte Moraes (USP) Nadia Lângaro (UPF) Narjara Nogueira (UFERSA) Rinaldo de Paula (UNESP) Sonia Cristina Gualtieri (UFSCar) Ubirajara Malavasi (UNIOESTE)
JOURNAL OF SEED SCIENCE v. 36 n. 1 - 2014
CONTENTS
ISSN 2317-1545 ISSN 2317-1537
Emergence and initial growth of Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) as a function of fruit maturation.
Diego de Sousa Pereira, José Edilson Silva Sousa, Magnum de Sousa Pereira, Nayara Roberto Gonçalves, Antonio Marcos Esmeraldo Bezerra.
Foliar fungicide and environments on the physiological quality of oat seeds.
Eliege Aparecida de Paiva Oliveira, Claudemir Zucareli, Inês Cristina de Batista Fonseca, José Carlos de Oliveira, Alberto Sérgio do Rego Barros.
Desiccation sensitivity from different coffee seed phenological stages.
Flávia Carvalho Santos, Sttela Dellyzete Veiga Franco da Rosa, Édila Vilela de Rezende Von Pinho, Marcelo Angelo Cirillo, Aline da Consolação Sampaio Clemente.
Seed quality of rice cultivars stored in different environments.
Elizabeth Rosemeire Marques, Eduardo Fontes Araújo, Roberto Fontes Araújo, Sebastião Martins Filho, Plínio César Soares.
Physiological performance and expression of isozymes in maize seeds subjected to water stress.
Viviane Maria de Abreu, Édila Vilela de Resende Von Pinho, Renzo Garcia Von Pinho,Glória Maria de Freitas
Naves, Izabel Costa Silva Neta, Renato Mendes Guimarães, Marcela Rezende de Carvalho. Internal morphology and germination of sunflower seeds.
Cartiane Rubshirley Macêdo da Rocha, Vanessa Neumann Silva, Silvio Moure Cicero.
Sanitary analysis, transmission and pathogenicity of fungi associated with forage plant seeds in tropical regions of Brazil.
Gil Rodrigues dos Santos, Paulo Henrique Tschoeke, Luciana de Godoi Silva, Marcela Cristina Agustini Carneiro da Silveira, Higor Barbosa Reis, Deyvid Rocha Brito, Dalmarcia de Souza Carlos.
Yield and quality of wheat seeds as a function of desiccation stages and herbicides.
Cristiano Bellé, Stela Maris Kulczynski, Claudir José Basso, Tiago Edu Kaspary, Fabiane Pinto Lamego, Marlo Adriano Bison Pinto.
Cytogenetic analysis of wheat seeds submitted to artificial aging stress.
Vanessa Ocom Menezes, Sidinei Jose Lopes, Solange Bosio Tedesco, Fernando Augusto Henning, Humberto Davi Zen, Liliane Marcia Mertz.
Effects of Stenocarpella maydis in seeds and in the initial development of corn.
Carolina da Silva Siqueira, Ellen Noly Barrocas, José da Cruz Machado, Ursula Abreu da Silva, Iara Eleutéria Dias.
A technological approach to the morphofunctional classification of seedlings of 50 Brazilian forest species. Gabriela Alves Lobo, Denise Garcia de Santana, Antonieta Nassif Salomão, Luciana Salazar Rehbein, Angélica Polenz Wielewicki.
009 015 025 032 040 048 054 063 071 079 087
100 Rafael Fonsêca Zanotti, Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias, Raimundo Santos Barros,
Laércio Junio da Silva, Marcelo Coelho Sekita.
Biochemical and physiological changes of Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith (Bignoniaceae) seeds under storage. Leticia Caravita Abbade, Massanori Takaki.
RESEACH NOTE
Immersion time in toxic solution for vigor evaluation of bean seeds.
Valquíria Aparecida Mendes de Jesus, Alisson Vinicius de Araujo, Paola Andrea Hormaza Martínez, Eveline Mantovani Alvarenga, Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias.
JOURNAL OF SEED SCIENCE v. 36, n. 1 - 2014 SUMÁRIO ISSN 2317-1545 ISSN 2317-1537 009 015 025 032 040 048 054 063 071 079 Emergência e crescimento inicial de Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae) em função da maturação dos frutos.
Diego de Sousa Pereira, José Edilson Silva Sousa, Magnum de Sousa Pereira, Nayara Roberto Gonçalves, Antonio Marcos Esmeraldo Bezerra.
Fungicida foliar e ambientes de cultivo na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de aveia branca granífera. Eliege Aparecida de Paiva Oliveira, Claudemir Zucareli, Inês Cristina de Batista Fonseca,
José Carlos de Oliveira, Alberto Sérgio do Rego Barros.
Sensibilidade à dessecação de sementes de café em diferentes estádios fenológicos.
Flávia Carvalho Santos, Sttela Dellyzete Veiga Franco da Rosa, Édila Vilela de Rezende Von Pinho, Marcelo Angelo Cirillo, Aline da Consolação Sampaio Clemente.
Qualidade de sementes de cultivares de arroz armazenadas em diferentes ambientes.
Elizabeth Rosemeire Marques, Eduardo Fontes Araújo, Roberto Fontes Araújo, Sebastião Martins Filho, Plínio César Soares.
Desempenho fisiológico e expressão de isoenzimas em sementes de milho submetidas ao estresse hídrico.
Viviane Maria de Abreu, Édila Vilela de Resende Von Pinho, Renzo Garcia Von Pinho,Glória Maria de Freitas
Naves, Izabel Costa Silva Neta, Renato Mendes Guimarães, Marcela Rezende de Carvalho. Morfologia interna e germinação de sementes de girassol.
Cartiane Rubshirley Macêdo da Rocha, Vanessa Neumann Silva, Silvio Moure Cicero.
Análise sanitária, transmissão e patogenicidade de fungos associados a sementes de forrageiras de regiões tropicais do Brasil.
Gil Rodrigues dos Santos, Paulo Henrique Tschoeke, Luciana de Godoi Silva, Marcela Cristina Agustini Carneiro da Silveira, Higor Barbosa Reis, Deyvid Rocha Brito, Dalmarcia de Souza Carlos.
Produtividade e qualidade de sementes de trigo em função de estádios de dessecação e herbicidas. Cristiano Bellé, Stela Maris Kulczynski, Claudir José Basso, Tiago Edu Kaspary, Fabiane Pinto Lamego, Marlo Adriano Bison Pinto.
Análise citogenética de sementes de trigo submetidas ao envelhecimento artificial.
Vanessa Ocom Menezes, Sidinei Jose Lopes, Solange Bosio Tedesco, Fernando Augusto Henning, Humberto Davi Zen, Liliane Marcia Mertz.
Efeitos de Stenocarpella maydis em sementes e na fase inicial de desenvolvimento do milho. Carolina da Silva Siqueira, Ellen Noly Barrocas, José da Cruz Machado, Ursula Abreu da Silva, Iara Eleutéria Dias.
Abordagem tecnológica da classificação morfofuncional de plântulas de 50 espécies florestais brasileiras. Gabriela Alves Lobo, Denise Garcia de Santana, Antonieta Nassif Salomão, Luciana Salazar Rehbein, Angélica Polenz Wielewicki.
Rafael Fonsêca Zanotti, Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias, Raimundo Santos Barros, Laércio Junio da Silva, Marcelo Coelho Sekita.
Alterações bioquímicas e fisiológicas das sementes de Tabebuia roseoalba (Ridl.) Sandwith (Bignoniaceae) submetidas ao armazenamento.
Leticia Caravita Abbade, Massanori Takaki.
NOTA CIENTÍFICA
Tempo de imersão em solução tóxica na avaliação do vigor de sementes de feijão.
Valquíria Aparecida Mendes de Jesus, Alisson Vinicius de Araujo, Paola Andrea Hormaza Martínez, Eveline Mantovani Alvarenga, Denise Cunha Fernandes dos Santos Dias.
108 100
Emergence and initial growth of Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae)
as a function of fruit maturation
1Diego de Sousa Pereira
2*, José Edilson Silva Sousa
3, Magnum de Sousa Pereira
4,
Nayara Roberto Gonçalves
5, Antonio Marcos Esmeraldo Bezerra
3ABSTRACT – The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of fruit maturation on the physiological quality of seeds and on the initial growth of carnauba palm (Copernicia prunifera). Propagules were collected from specimens of urban tree growth in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. The treatments were set up with four replications in a 2x3+1 factorial arrangement; the factors consisted of two color tones of fruit (yellowish-green and dark colored fruit), three types of propagules (whole fruit, pulped fruit and seeds) and an additional control (pre-germinated seed extracted from dark colored fruits) in a completely randomized design. The variables assessed were: percentage of emergence, plant height, stem diameter, dry weight of the shoots and of the root system, and the Dickson quality index. The yellowish-green fruits may be used in carnauba palm propagation if the pulp and the pellicle around the seed are removed. Plants derived from dark colored fruits exhibit greater values for height, stem diameter, dry weight of the above ground part and of the roots. From the Dickson quality index, plants derived from dark colored fruits have a better standard of quality than those from yellowish-green fruits. Index terms: carnauba, physiological maturation, imbibition.
Emergência e crescimento inicial de Copernicia prunifera (Arecaceae)
em função da maturação dos frutos
RESUMO – Objetivou-se analisar o efeito da maturação dos frutos na qualidade fisiológica das sementes e no crescimento inicial de Copernicia prunifera. Os propágulos foram coletados de exemplares da arborização urbana de Fortaleza, CE, Brasil. Os tratamentos foram arranjados com quatro repetições em um fatorial 2x3+1; os fatores foram constituídos por duas colorações de frutos (verde-amarelados e escuros), três tipos de propágulos (fruto íntegro, fruto despolpado e semente) e uma testemunha adicional (semente pré-germinada extraída de frutos de coloração escura) dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. As variáveis avalidas foram: porcentagem de emergência, altura da planta, diâmetro do coleto, massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. Os frutos verde-amarelados podem ser usados na propagação da carnaúba desde que se proceda à retirada da polpa e da película que envolve a semente. As plantas provenientes dos frutos escuros apresentam maiores valores de altura, diâmetro do coleto, massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. Pelo índice de qualidade de Dickson plantas provenientes de frutos de coloração escura possuem melhor padrão de qualidade do que as dos frutos verde amarelados. Termos para indexação: carnaúba, maturação fisiológica, embebição.
1Submitted on 04/26/2013. Accepted for publication on 01/24/2014.
2Departamento de Agricultura, UFLA, Caixa Postal 3037, 37200-000 –
Lavras, MG, Brasil.
3Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60356-000 -
Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
4Departamento de Ciências do Solo e Nutrição de Plantas, 60440-554-
Fortaleza, CE, Brasil.
5
Departamento de Produção Vegetal, USP/ESALQ, Caixa Postal 9, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.
*Corresponding author <diegobizi@gmail.com>
Introduction
Carnauba palm [Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H.E. Moore] grows in the Northeast of Brazil, more specifically in the states of Ceara, Piaui, and Rio Grande do Norte. It is popularly known as the “tree of life” due to its multiple applications, whether in civil construction, in craftwork or in
industry. Its wax, obtained from wax powder which covers the carnauba leaves, has broad application in the pharmaceutical industry, and the fruit is commonly used for animal feed (D’Alva, 2004; Lorenzi, 2004; Silva et al., 2009; Reis et al., 2011). Because of its multiple uses and the expansion of shrimp farming and of irrigated fruit growing in the Northeast region of Brazil, there has been a reduction in the carnauba palm 9
population, and development of seedling production programs, encouragement of tree planting and preservation of these areas have become important. Nevertheless, there has been no encouragement for utilization of this species nor programs for planting native carnauba in the semiarid Northeast.
One of the reasons for low encouragement of its utilization is the lack of studies related to propagation and breeding of palm species present in the region. According to Broschat (1994), palm propagation is carried out through seeds, which has limitations, such as slow and irregular germination, frequently at a low percentage, for most Arecaceae species.
Physiological maturation of the seed was defined by Hartmann (1997) as a series of morphological, physiological and functional changes that occur from the fertilization period up to the phase at which the seeds become physiologically independent from the mother plant, culminating in maximum dry weight. Modifications in seed germination and vigor during this stage depend on the species, cultivar and environmental conditions. Therefore, the ideal harvest time should be when the seed reaches physiological maturity, but this becomes difficult when the species has indeterminate growth or exhibits dormancy.
In this context, studies on the Arecaceae family are being developed in different lines of research, such as morphology, germination and ecophysiological aspects, highlighting the studies with Archontophoenix cunninghamii H. Wendl. and Drude (Luz et al., 2011), Oenocarpus minor Mart. (Oliveira et al., 2010), Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud (Pimenta et al., 2010), Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. (Neves et al., 2010), Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore (Silva et al., 2009; Reis et al., 2010; Reis et al., 2011), Copernicia hospita Martius (Oliveira et al., 2009), Oenocarpus bacaba MART. (Queiroz and Bianco, 2009), Rhapis excelsa (Thunberg) Henry ex. Rehder (Luz et al., 2008), Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (Bernacci et al., 2008), Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien (Iossi et al., 2007), Euterpe edulis MART. (Martins-Corder and Saldanha, 2006), Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer (Ferreira and Gentil, 2006; Nazário and Ferreira, 2010) and Thrinax parviflora Swartz. (Pivetta et al., 2005).
For seedling production of palm species, complete removal of the parts of the fruit that surround the seeds is recommended, with a view toward accelerating the germination process and making it more uniform. Another procedure adopted is immersion of the seeds in water, as indicated for Copernicia prunifera (Silva et al., 2009; Reis et al., 2011). In light of these considerations, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of fruit maturation on the physiological quality of the seeds and on the initial growth of Copernicia prunifera.
Materials and Methods
The carnauba fruits used in this study were collected from specimens of urban tree growth in the city of Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. After homogenization of the collected samples, 400 yellowish-green fruits and 400 dark colored fruits were selected in order to obtain the propagules. The pulp (epicarp and mesocarp) was removed through use of a knife. For removal of the endocarp, a small surface cut was made with a utility knife and then it was easily removed, obtaining the seed.
The treatments were set up in a 2x3+1 factorial arrangement with four replications of 50 propagules; the factors consisted of two fruit colors (yellowish-green and dark colored fruit), three types of propagules (normal or whole fruit, pulped fruit, and seeds) and an additional control represented by seeds of the dark colored fruits pre-soaked in water for 12 days, as proposed by Reis et al. (2010), constituting an additional control.
Sowing was carried out in sandy loam soil (Table 1) in a surface seedbed (1.0 m x 10.0 m) in full sun conditions. A spacing of 20.0 cm was maintained between rows and approximately 3.0 cm between propagules, at a depth of 3.0 cm (Reis et al., 2010; Reis et al., 2011). Water was supplied by daily irrigation, in the morning and in the afternoon, by a microsprinkler system. Garden trowels were used for plant extraction from the soil.
The experiment was carried out from January to April 2011, with a mean temperature of 27.8 ºC and mean humidity of 78.6% (RH). At 120 days after sowing, percentage of emergence (PE) was assessed by counting the number of plants that emerged, with the results expressed in percentage. After removing the soil and washing the plants in running water to clean the roots, the following determinations were made: plant height (HEI) and root length (RL) with a ruler, in mm; stem diameter (SD), measured with the aid of a digital caliper rule with resolution of 0.001 mm; dry weight of the above ground part (DWAG) and dry weight of the roots (DWR), obtained by dividing the weight by the number of plants (g.plant-1) after drying the respective organs in an air circulation laboratory oven at 80 ºC for 24 h; and the Dickson quality index (DQI), according to Fonseca et al. (2002).
The emergence data and the morphological parameters, without transformation, were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the mean values were compared by the Tukey test (p<0.05) when there was interaction between the factors or in an isolated manner. In comparison of the factorial group with the additional control, the Dunnett test was applied at 5% probability, using the computational application ASSISTAT 7.6®.
Table 1. Physicochemical characteristics of the soil used for emergence and initial growth of Copernicia prunifera seedlings.
Particle size composition (g/kg) pH
Sand Silt Clay Water KCl CaCl
667 207.8 126.2 7.8 6.55 6.58
Sorption complex (cmolc/kg)
Ca2+ Mg2+ K+ H+ S T
3.80 4.40 0.53 3.2 9.43 12.83
OC (g/kg) OM (g/kg) V (%) Assimilable P (mg/kg) Textural classification
16.11 27.71 73.49 10.57 Loamy sand
(pH) power of hydrogen, (S) sum of bases, (T) total cation exchange capacity at pH 7.0, (V) base saturation, (OC) organic carbon, (OM) organic matter.
Results and Discussion
From the results of analysis of variance (Table 2), it may be seen that there was an interaction between color and type of propagule only for emergence, while for the other characteristics, only the main effect of fruit color affected them in a significant way. The factorial vs. control contrast was significant only for height and stem diameter.
The mean values of percent of emergence exhibited in Table 3 show that whole fruit exhibited lower values than pulped fruit and seeds, for both dark colored and yellowish-green fruits. The study of fruit color in each type of propagule shows a difference only in the whole fruit, with fruits of dark color presented better quality than those of yellowish-green color. Pulped fruit and seeds showed better quality than whole fruit. Table 2. Summary of analysis of variance and coefficient of variation (CV) of the data of percentage of emergence (PE), height (HEI), stem diameter (SD), dry weight of the above ground part (DWAG), dry weight of the root (DWR) and Dickson quality index (DQI) of carnauba seedlings produced by the combination of two colors of fruits with three types of propagules and one additional control at 120 days after sowing.
Sources of Variation DF Mean squares
PE HEI SD DWAG DWR DQI
Color (C) 1 22.04** 56.00** 13.47** 10.4** 47.68** 26.55** Propagule (P) 2 33.66** 2.28ns 1.13ns 1.4ns 1.12ns 0.18ns CxP Interaction 2 15.60** 0.40ns 0.75ns 0.25ns 0.27ns 1.22ns Fact. vs. Control 1 1.03ns 9.61** 5.34* 0.13ns 3.64ns 1.03ns Residue 21 - - - - - - CV(%) - 14.2 4.38 5.94 13.38 11.15 14.29 *; ** Value significant at 5% and 1% of probability. ns Non-significant value.
Table 3. Mean values of the percentage of emergence of Copernicia prunifera in the combination of the factors of fruit color (yellowish-green and dark colored), type of propagule (whole fruit, pulped fruit, seed) and additional control (AC) represented by the pre-germinated seed.
Color Propagule Mean
Whole Pulped Seed
Yellowish green 22 bB 85 aA 73 aA 60 Dark colored 72 aA 86 aA 78 aA 79
Mean 47 86 76 69
AC 64
Mean values followed by the same upper case letter in the column and lower case letter in the lines do not differ from each other by the Tukey test (5%).
In general, emergence of seedlings derived from dark colored fruits was greater than that observed for those of yellowish-green color. The mean of the treatments and the additional control exhibited the same behavior in regard to emergence at 120 days after sowing.
The emergence data in Table 3 show that for carnauba palm, yellowish-green fruits may be used in propagation as long as the pulp and the pellicle around the seed are removed. Dark colored fruits considered to be mature may be used for propagation without any treatment (whole) or after pulping and removal of the pellicle, producing the same or better results than the result of pre-germinated seeds.
The beneficial effect of pre-soaking for making seedling emergence more uniform was also observed by Silva et al. (2009) 11 Physiological maturation of fruit on emergence of Carnauba palm.
for this species, with mean values ranging from 82 to 91%. In the same way, Ferreira and Gentil (2006) observed that for Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer, removal of the endocarp, followed by imbibition, led to greater germination when compared to seeds with the endocarp, and they characterized this structure as a partial physical barrier to imbibition of the seeds, causing uneven germination and seedling emergence.
These emergence data are compatible with those observed by Oliveira et al. (2009), who observed a variation in the mean values of seedling emergence from 64 to 81% for the species Copernicia hospita when seeds collected in the final stage of maturation were used, i.e., from dark colored fruits. Variability is common among Copernicia species.
The greatest emergence percentages were obtained from seeds extracted from dark colored fruits since they are at the end of the maturation process, which was also observed by Pimenta et al. (2010) in Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaude seeds, and by Iossi et al. (2007) in Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien seeds. These authors observed greater physiological quality when the fruits had a brown and purplish-black color, in the more advanced stage of maturity, associated with physiological maturity of the seeds.
The growth variables showed similar behavioral patterns, differences being detected only for fruit color, except for root length. Growth of the above ground part and the root system of the plants derived from dark colored fruits were greater than the values obtained from the plants derived from yellowish-green fruits (Table 4).
It may be seen that in the period of 120 days, the roots grew around four times more than the above ground part. The same pattern was observed in relation to stem diameter, in which plants derived from seeds of dark colored fruits exhibited greater values than plants from fruits of a yellowish-green color (Table 4).
In relation to biomass concentration in the above ground and root portion of plants at 120 days, represented by the dry weight values (Table 5), it was observed that the use of dark colored fruits results in more vigorous plants in relation to those derived from yellowish-green fruits.
By the Dickson quality index (DQI), it may be seen that the type of propagule does not affect plant quality (Table 6). Nevertheless, it may be observed that plants originated from dark colored fruits exhibited greater numerical values than those obtained for plants derived from fruits of a yellowish-green color. Carnauba palm initially exhibits differentiated growth in comparing the above ground portion and root portion; i.e., the roots grow nearly four times more than the above ground part in the first 120 days. This differentiated growth of plants as a function of fruit color had a direct effect on seedling quality, where the DQI of plants obtained from seeds extracted from dark colored fruits was greater than that of fruits with a yellowish-green color.
Table 4. Mean values of the variables of height, root length and stem diameter in the combination of the factors of fruit color (YG-yellowish-green, DC-dark colored), type of propagule (W-whole fruit, P-pulped fruit, S-seed) and additional control (AC).
Color Propagule Mean
W P S Height (cm) YG 20.11 20.67 21.23 20.67 B DC 22.99 24.06 23.77 23.61 A Mean 21.55 22.36 22.50 22.14 x AC - - - 20.53 Y Root length (cm) YG 87.35 88.65 87.46 87.82 DC 89.06 108.62 104.96 100.88 Mean 88.20 98.63 96.21 94.35 AC - - - 96.35 Stem diameter (mm) YG 5.15 5.37 5.40 5.31 B DC 5.78 5.64 6.00 5.81 A Mean 5.46 5.50 5.7 6.24 x AC - - - 5.97 Y Mean values followed by the same upper case letters (A, B) and (X, Y) in the column do not differ from each other by the Tukey test (5%) and Dunnett test (5%). Table 5. Mean values of the variables of dry weight of the above ground part and of the roots in the combination of the factors of fruit color (YG-yellowish-green, DC-dark colored), type of propagule (W-whole fruit, P-pulped fruit, S-seed) and additional control (AC) represented by the pre-germinated seed.
Color Propagule Mean
W P S Dry weight of the above ground part (g) YG 0.570 0.605 0.645 0.607 B DC 0.675 0.757 0.737 0.723 A Mean 0.622 0.681 0.691 0.665 AC - - - 0.647 Dry weight of the root (g) YG 0.932 0.967 0.902 0.934 B DC 1.225 1.347 1.255 1.276 A Mean 1.078 1.157 1.078 1.087 AC - - - 0.98 Mean values followed by the same upper case letters in the column do not differ from each other by the Tukey test (5%).
Table 6. Dickson quality index of carnauba plants in the combination of types of propagules (W-whole fruit, P-pulped fruit, S-seeds), color of fruits (YG-yellowish-green, DC-dark colored) and of the additional control (AC).
References
BERNACCI, L.C.; MARTINS, F.R.; SANTOS, F.A. Estrutura de estádios ontogenéticos em população nativa da palmeira Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman (Arecaceae). Acta Botanica Brasilica, v.22, n.1, p.119-130, 2008. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abb/v22n1/a14v22n1.pdf
BROSCHAT, T.K. Palm seed propagation. Acta Horticulturae, v.360, p.141-147, 1994. http://www.actahort.org/books/360/360_18.htm
D’ALVA, O.A. O extrativismo da carnaúba no Ceará. Fortaleza: Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, 2004. 172p.
FERREIRA, S.A.N.; GENTIL, D.F.O. Extração, embebição e germinação de sementes de tucumã (Astocaryum aculeatum). Acta Amazonica, v.36, n.2, p.141-146, 2006. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aa/v36n2/v36n2a02.pdf
FONSECA, E.P. VALÉRI, S.V.; MIGLIORANZA, E.; FONSECA, N.A.N.; COUTO, L. Padrão de qualidade de mudas de Trema micrantha (L.) Blume., produzidas sob diferentes períodos de sombreamento. Revista Árvore, v.26, n.4, p.515-523, 2002. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v26n4/a15v26n4.pdf
HARTMANN, H. T. Plant propagation: principles and practices. 6ed. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall International, 1997. 770p.
IOSSI, E.; SADER, R.; MORO, F.V; BARBOSA, J.C. Maturação fisiológica de sementes de Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, v.29, n.1, p.147-154, 2007. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbs/v29n1/20.pdf LORENZI, H. Palmeiras brasileiras e exóticas cultivadas. Nova Odessa, SP: Instituto Plantarum, 2004. 432p.
LUZ, P.B.; TAVARES, A.R.; PAIVA, P.D.O.; AGUIAR, F.A.; KANASHIRO, S. Germinação de sementes de palmeira-ráfia: efeito de tratamentos pré-germinativos. Revista Árvore, v.32, n.5, p.793-798, 2008. http://www.scielo. br/pdf/rarv/v32n5/02.pdf
LUZ, P.B.; PIVETTA, K.F.L.; NEVES, L.G.; PAIVA SOBRINHO, S.; BARELLI, M.A.A. Germinação de sementes de palmeira-real-australiana (Archontophoenix cunninghamii) sob efeito da imersão em água. Revista Agrarian, v.4, n.11, p.27-32, 2011. http://www.periodicos.ufgd.edu.br/index. php/agrarian/article/view/1127/673
MARTINS-CORDER, M.P.; SALDANHA, C.W. Germinação de sementes e crescimento de plântulas de diferentes progênies de Euterpe edulis Mart. Revista Árvore, v.30, n.5, p.693-699, 2006. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/ v30n5/a02v30n5.pdf
NAZÁRIO, P.; FERREIRA, S.A.N. Emergência de plântulas de Astrocaryum aculeatum G. May. em função da temperatura e do período de embebição das sementes. Acta Amazonica, v.40, n.1, p.165-170, 2010. http://www.scielo.br/ pdf/aa/v40n1/v40n1a21.pdf
NEVES, S.C.; RIBEIRA, L.M.; SILVA, P.O.; ANDRADE, I.G. Germinação in vitro de embriões de coquinho-azedo [Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. (Arecaceae)] obtidos de frutos com diferentes graus de maturação. Revista de Biologia Neotropical, v.7, n.1, p.47-54, 2010. http://www.revistas.ufg.br/ index.php/RBN/article/view/13855/8842
OLIVEIRA, A.B.; MEDEIROS FILHO, S.; BEZERRA, A.M.E.; BRUNO, R.L.A. Emergência de plântulas de Copernicia hospita Martius em função do tamanho da semente, do substrato e ambiente. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, v.31, n.1, p.281-287, 2009. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbs/v31n1/ a31v31n1.pdf
Color Propagule Mean
W P S YG 0.33 0.36 0.30 0.33B DC 0.43 0.44 0.47 0.45A Mean 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.39 AC - - - 0.42 Mean values followed by the same letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Tukey test at 5% probability.
Concerning plant vigor, the data are similar to those observed for Copernicia prunifera (Mill.) H.E. Moore (Silva et al., 2009 and Reis et al., 2011), for Copernicia hospita Mart. (Oliveira et al., 2009), for Astrocaryum aculeatum Meyer (Ferreira and Gentil, 2006; Nazário and Ferreira, 2010) and for Archontophoenix cunninghamii H. Wendl. and Drude (Luz et al., 2011). These authors observed that plant vigor was positively affected by the use of seeds coming from fruit in the final maturation stage, corroborating the results obtained in this study.
Although the dark colored fruits obtained at the end of the maturation process lead to greater values for the characteristics assessed than the fruits of yellowish-green color, the latter may be used in production of carnauba seedlings as long as the pulp and the pellicle around the seeds is removed, as was clear from the percentage of emerged seedlings 120 days after sowing.
Pre-soaking of seeds, characterized by the additional control, did not have an effect on the emergence and quality of carnauba seedlings. In contrast, Silva et al. (2009) report that pre-soaking of carnauba seeds accelerated germination, but did not affect final emergence and the quality of the seedlings produced, corroborating the results obtained.
Conclusions
Yellowish-green fruits may be used in propagation of carnauba as long as the pulp and pellicle around the seed are removed.
Plants derived from dark colored fruits exhibit greater height, stem diameter and dry weight of the above ground part and the roots than those derived from fruits of a yellowish-green color.
From the Dickson quality index, it may be seen that plants derived from dark colored fruits have a higher standard of quality than those from yellowish-green fruits.
13 Physiological maturation of fruit on emergence of Carnauba palm.
OLIVEIRA, A.B.; MENDONÇA, M.S.; ARAÚJO, M.G.P. Aspectos anatômicos do embrião e desenvolvimento inicial de Oenocarpus minor Mart.: uma palmeira da Amazônia. Acta Botanica Brasilica, v.24, n.1, p.20-24, 2010. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/abb/v24n1/03.pdf
PIMENTA, R.S.; LUZ, P.B.; PIVETTA, K.F.L.; CASTRO, A.; PIZETTA, P.U.C. Efeito da maturação e temperatura na germinação de sementes de Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud – Arecaceae. Revista Árvore, v.34, n.1, p.31-38, 2010.http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v34n1/v34n1a04.pdf
PIVETTA, K.F.L.; CASALI, L.P.; CINTRA, G.S.; PEDRINHO, D.R.; PIMENTA, R.S.; MATTIUZ, C.F.M. Efeito da temperatura e do armazenamento na germinação de sementes de Thrinax parviflora Swartz. (Arecaceae). Científica, v.33, n.2, p.178-184, 2005.http://www.cientifica.org. br/index.php/cientifica/article/view/51/32
QUEIROZ, M.S.M.; BIANCO, R. Morfologia e desenvolvimento germinativo de Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. (Arecaceae) da Amazônia ocidental. Revista Árvore, v.33, n.6, p.1037-1042, 2009.http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v33n6/a06v33n6.pdf
REIS, R.G.E.; BEZERRA, A.M.E.; GONÇALVES, N.R.; PEREIRA, M.S.; FREITAS, J.B.S. Biometria e efeito da temperatura e tamanho das sementes na protrusão do pecíolo cotiledonar de carnaúba. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v.41, n.1, p.81-86, 2010.http://www.ccarevista.ufc.br/seer/ index.php/ccarevista/article/view/459/410
REIS, R.G.E.; PEREIRA, M.S.; GONÇALVES, N.R.; PEREIRA, D.S.; BEZERRA, A.M.E. Emergência e qualidade de mudas de Copernicia prunifera em função da embebição das sementes e sombreamento. Revista Caatinga, v.24, n.4, p.43-49, 2011.http://periodicos.ufersa.edu.br/revistas/ index.php/sistema/article/view/2012/pdf
SILVA, F.D.B.; MEDEIROS FILHO, S.; BEZERRA, A.M.E.; FREITAS, J.B.S.; ASSUNÇÃO, M.V. Pré-embebição e profundidade de semeadura na emergência de Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H. E. Moore. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v.40, n.2, p.272-278, 2009.http://www.ccarevista.ufc.br/seer/ index.php/ccarevista/article/view/521/339
Foliar fungicide and environments on the physiological quality of oat seeds
1Eliege Aparecida de Paiva Oliveira
2*, Claudemir Zucareli
3, Inês Cristina de
Batista Fonseca
3, José Carlos de Oliveira
4, Alberto Sérgio do Rego Barros
4ABSTRACT – The oat crop is of great economic importance and seed production depends on several factors (biotic and abiotic) that can alter its quality. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of oat seeds produced with and without application of foliar fungicide in contrasting environments. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a factorial 6x2 (cultivar x fungicide) for each site, with four replications. The physiological quality of seeds was evaluated by grain yield, germination, first count, accelerated aging, moisture content after accelerated aging, seedling length, seedling dry weight, electrical conductivity and seedling emergence in field. Data were subjected to joint and individual analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey’s test at 5%. Grain yield in Mauá da Serra is superior to Londrina, Parana State – Brazil, but the seed quality is lower, although all cultivars have shown germination above 90% in the two cultivation sites. Cultivars FAEM 6 DILMASUL and UPFA OURO showed no disease, indicating possible resistance. The application of the product has a beneficial effect on seed germination and vigor, even in the absence of disease.
Index terms: Avena sativa L., cultivars, germination, vigor.
Fungicida foliar e ambientes de cultivo na qualidade fisiológica
de sementes de aveia branca granífera
RESUMO – A aveia branca é uma cultura de grande importância econômica e a produção de sementes depende de diversos fatores (bióticos e abióticos) que podem alterar sua qualidade. Dessa forma, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de aveia branca produzidas com e sem aplicação de fungicida foliar em ambientes contrastantes. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 6x2 (cultivares x fungicida), para cada local, com quatro repetições. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi avaliada pelos testes de rendimento de grãos, teor de água, germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teor de água após o envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento de plântulas, massa de matéria seca de plântulas, condutividade elétrica e emergência de plântulas em escala de campo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância individual e conjunta, as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. O rendimento de grãos em Mauá da Serra é superior a Londrina, estado do Paraná, Brasil, porém a qualidade fisiológica da semente é inferior, embora todas as cultivares tenham apresentado porcentagem de germinação superior a 90% nos dois locais de cultivo. As cultivares FAEM 6 DILMASUL e a UPFA OURO não apresentaram doença, indicando possível resistência. Há efeito benéfico da aplicação do produto na germinação e vigor, mesmo na ausência da doença.
Termos para indexação: Avena sativa L., cultivares, germinação, vigor
1Submitted on 05/27/2013. Accepted for publication on 12/15/2013.
2Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, 86051-990 -
Londrina, PR, Brasil.
3Departamento de Agronomia, UEL, Caixa Postal 6001, 86051-990 -
Londrina, PR, Brasil.
4Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, IAPAR, Caixa Postal 481, 86001-970 -
Londrina, PR, Brasil.
*Corresponding author <paivaeliege@gmail.com>
Introduction
The cultivation of oat has assumed a prominent position due to growth in no-till systems combined with crop rotation. The oat species most commonly cultivated are: common oat (Avena sativa L.), red oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch) and
black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb). Black oat is indicated for the production of forage, and the grains of cultivars of common and red oat, in addition to the production of forage, can be used in industry (Floss, 2007).
The common oat is an annual winter Poaceae economically feasible for grain yield with excellent nutritional quality for 15
human and animal consumption. Still, due to its nutritional characteristics, mainly by the content and quality of dietary fibers, human consumption of oats has increased (Slavin, 2004; Wood, 2007).
This culture is an alternative for the management of crop rotation used in winter, with high growth of the cultivated area in recent years, especially grains for commercialization and industrialization. Still, because it produces excellent quality straw, which provides good ground cover, it favors the deployment of summer crops, mainly in no-till system (Hartwig et al., 2007; Carvalho et al., 2008). The prospect area of oats to be harvested in 2013 is 169 thousand hectares, with a total production of 361 thousand tons. Of these, an area of 62 thousand hectares of cultivated oats are in the state of Paraná, expected to produce 141 thousand tons of grain, while for Rio Grande do Sul, the prospect is 100 thousand hectares, with a production of 212 thousand tons (CONAB, 2013).
The proper development of the culture is directly related to the use of high quality seeds, generating, thus, vigorous plants, uniform population, absence of diseases transmitted via seeds, which are factors that can determine a profitable production (Marcos-Filho, 2005; Scheeren et al., 2010). Now low-quality seeds result in reductions in the rate of emergence and uniformity, yielding suboptimal populations of plants (Hőfs et al., 2004).
The physiological quality of the seed, as well as the chemical composition and nutritional quality of oat, which are relatively higher than other cereals, vary according to the cultivation location and genotype (Silva et al., 2003). Genotypes differ in agronomic characteristics, which, among other factors, determine the choice of a cultivar such as: cycle, plant height, grain/straw ratio, grain/panicle number, yield and quality of grains or seeds (Noro et al., 2003).
The differences in environment are evidenced by the presence of interaction genotype x environment (Benin et al., 2003; Lorencetti et al., 2004); the effects of this interaction may result from factors such as: climatic conditions, soil fertility, disease incidence and techniques involved in the steps of seed production.
The oat crop is affected by some diseases throughout its life cycle, including leaf rust (Puccinia coronata) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis). Another disease observed among leaves, in terms of incidence and severity, is spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus). In good years, such diseases may cause a decrease in forage production and losses exceeding 50% in grain yield (Martinelli et al., 2009), thereby increasing the magnitude of the interaction between genotypes and the environment.
To control these diseases, cultivation of resistant or tolerant genotypes and fungicide application as a way to increase the genotypic stability in environments with high incidence of pathogens, aiming at reducing the interaction
genotype x environment, has been suggested, indicating that oat cultivars express higher yield potential and better quality seeds (Federizzi et al., 1993).
The study aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of common oat seeds produced with and without the application of foliar fungicide in contrasting environments.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted with seeds from trials conducted by the Agronomic Institute of Paraná, crop year 2011 in Londrina and Mauá da Serra - Paraná, Brazil, regions with different soil and climatic characteristics. The climate of the Mauá da Serra region, according to Köppen, is type Cfb: temperate with cool summers with no defined dry season, and Londrina is type Cfa: humid subtropical with hot summer (IAPAR, 2012). Londrina is located at an altitude of 610 m and latitude south 23º 23’, and Mauá da Serra is at 847 m of altitude and is located at latitude south 23º 58’. The soil of the Londrina region is characterized as eutrophic Red Latosol and Mauá da Serra as dystrophic Red Latosol (Embrapa, 2006). The climatic data for the period of the experiment are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Rain precipitation data (columns) and mean temperature (line) observed in the municipalities of Londrina - PR (A) and Mauá da Serra - PR (B) during the crop cycle of common oat, starting on the date of planting for each location.
The experimental design at each location was in randomized blocks, in a 6x2 factorial (cultivars x with and without fungicide) with four replications. Seeds of six oat cultivars of late, early and intermediate cycle, recommended by CBPA (2006), were used (Table 1). Data from periods of full flowering and full maturity of cultivars of common oat
Mean temperature (ºC) Mean temperature (ºC) Precipitation (mm) Precipitation (mm) Period/2011 Period/2011 A B 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
grains of Londrina and Mauá da Serra are shown in Table 2. Seeds were sown on May 11th, 2011 in Mauá da Serra and May 13th, 2011 in Londrina, with a density of 300 seeds/m². The spacing was 0.17 m and each plot consisted of five rows of 5 m length. Three central lines that brought about the floor area of 2.55 m2 were used. Fertilization was conducted with 265 kg.ha-1 of the formula 10-30-10 (NPK) in the two cultivation sites. The data of the chemical characteristics of the sites used in the test of oat cultivars are listed in Table 3. The experiment was conducted under natural rainfall conditions.
Table 1. Common oat cultivars used in this study and their respective breeders.
Cultivar Cycle Release Breeder IAC 7 premature 1992 IAC URS Taura premature 2009 UFRGS IPR Afrodite intermediate 2011 IAPAR FAEM 6 Dilmasul intermediate 2011 UFPel
UPF 18 late 1999 UPF
UPFA ouro late 2011 UFRGS
Source: Adapted from LORENCETTI et al. (2004).
Table 2. Times of full flowering and full maturity of the six cultivars of common oat in the sites 1 and 2 with and without fungicides.
*E-F days from emergence to flowering. *E-M days from emergence to maturity.
Table 3. Chemical characteristics of the soil in the sites used in the tests of common oat cultivars.
Site mg.dm-3 g.dm-3 pH Cmolc.dm-3 of soil %
P C Al H+Al Ca Mg K *S *T *V *Al
Site 1 12.7 15.79 4.50 0.26 6.20 2.76 1.62 0.35 4.73 10.93 43.27 5.21 Site 2 14.4 33.98 4.70 0.10 7.75 4.52 1.47 0.33 6.32 14.07 44.91 1.55
*S = Sum of bases, T = Cation exchange capacity, V = Base saturation, Al = aluminum saturation. (P and K: Mehlich; Ca, Mg and Al: KCl M; pH: CaCl2 0.01 M).
The control of diseases in the tested plots was accomplished by foliar spraying of the fungicide Tebuconazole, with two applications made at 60 days after sowing with the appearance of first pustules and at 90 at reappearance of new pustules at doses suggested by the CBPA (2006). Culture practices were performed as required and recommended for the crop and harvest performed at the stage of full maturity.
The seed quality evaluations were performed immediately after harvest, through the following tests: Grain yield: the three central lines of each plot were collected and subsequently taken to grain weighing, and the estimate of the plot value for kilograms per hectare was adjusted to 13% moisture. Water content: four replicates of 50 grams of seeds were used by oven method at 105 ± 3 °C for 24 hours (Brasil, 2009). Germination: conducted with pre-cooling at a temperature of 10 °C for seven days for breaking dormancy of seeds. Four replications of 50 seeds were distributed in germination paper roll moistened with water at a ratio of 2.5 times the mass of the substrate. After seven days the paper rolls were placed in plastic bags and kept in a germination chamber
at 20 °C. The evaluation consisted of two counts at five (first count) and ten days (second count) after seeding (Brasil, 2009). Accelerated aging: the methodology proposed by AOSA (1983) and described by Marcos-Filho (1999) was used. Four replicates of 70 seeds were distributed on an aluminum mesh, fixed in plastic “gerbox” with 40 mL of water. The boxes containing the seeds were held in the aging chamber at 41 °C for 48 hours. Next, four replicates of 50 seeds were subjected to germination test, according to Brasil (2009) and four replications of 20 seeds were used to determine the seed water content after aging, by oven method at 105 ± 3 ºC, according to RAS (Brasil, 2009). Conductivity test: four replications of 50 shelled seeds, previously weighed, were put to soak in 75 mL of distilled water for a period of 24 hours at 25 °C (Vieira and Krzyzanowski, 1999). After soaking, the electrical conductivity of the solution was determined by conductivity meter DIGIMED, model 21, with the results expressed in μS.cm-1.g-1 of seeds. Seedling emergence in the field: four replicates of 50 seeds that were sown between 2.5 to 3.0 cm deep in 2.0 m rows, spaced 30 cm apart. The evaluation
Cultivar
Full flowering (E-F days)*
Site 1 Site 2
With
fungicide fungicide Without fungicide With fungicide Without
IAC 7 67 67 74 75 URS TAURA 74 70 80 81 IPR AFRODITE 74 77 80 82 FAEM 6 DILMASUL 75 77 87 87 UPF 18 88 88 95 94 UPFA OURO 84 82 87 85 Cultivar Full maturity (E-M days)* Site 1 Site 2 With
fungicide fungicide Without fungicide With fungicide Without
IAC 7 95 95 108 108 URS TAURA 101 100 113 111 IPR AFRODITE 107 106 122 126 FAEM 6 DILMASUL 107 106 124 117 UPF 18 118 116 127 127 UPFA OURO 113 116 126 127 17 Physiological quality of oat seeds
was performed at 14 days after sowing, noting the emerging seedlings, and the result expressed as a percentage of emerged seedlings (Nakagawa, 1994). Seedling length: the method used was moistened paper roll in the ratio of 2.5 times the volume of water in relation to the mass of dry paper, described by Nakagawa (1999), adapted from AOSA (1983). Four replicates of 15 seeds were sown on two sheets of paper, distributed along a line in the upper third of the paper. The paper rolls containing the seeds were placed in plastic bags and taken to the germinator at 20 ºC. After five days, the total length of normal seedlings was assessed with the aid of a millimeter ruler. Dry weight of seedlings: normal seedlings from the seedling length test were placed in paper bags and taken to the forced air circulation oven at 65 ± 5 ºC until constant weight, with results expressed in grams per seedling.
Data were subjected to individual and joint analysis of variance of experiments and means were compared by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The sources of variation considered in the joint analysis were: Site, Block (Site), Cultivar, Fungicide, Interaction Cultivar*Fungicide and Interaction
Site*Treatment. Treatment corresponds to the combination of factors Cultivar and Fungicide, i.e. Site*Cultivar, Site*Fungicide and Site*Cultivar*Fungicide, with 11 degrees of freedom. When the Interaction Site*Treatment was significant, individual analyzes were used.
Results and Discussion
The joint analysis of variance showed a significant effect of site and cultivars for most of the variables tested, highlighting an isolated effect of site and cultivar for grain yield, germination, overall seedling length, except first germination count, which observed only site effect (Table 4). The effect of fungicide application was observed only for the variable water content after accelerated aging and seedling emergence in the field. Moreover, we observed a significant interaction cultivar x fungicide in most tests except for grain yield, water content after accelerated aging, seedling emergence in field and dry matter of seedlings.
Table 4. Summary of joint analysis of variance (Prob.>F) of grain yield (RGD (kg.ha-1), water content (TA), germination (GERM%), first germination count (FGC%), accelerated aging (AA%), water content after accelerated aging (WCAA%), electrical conductivity (EC μS.cm-1.g-1), seedling emergence in the field (SEF%), total seedling length (TSL cm), dry weight of seedlings (DWS g), originated from seeds of common oat in the presence and absence of fungicide application.
Character Site BL (Site) Cultivar Fungicide Cultivar*Fungicide Site*Treatment CV (%)
RGD 11.33** 1.77ns 16.05** 2.70ns 0.19ns 1.78ns 10.64 TA 150.99** 0.99ns 3.23* 14.83** 4.65** 3.17** 2.58 GERM 6.30* 0.30ns 8.19** 0.58ns 3.10* 0.50ns 1.90 FGC 34.46** 0.36ns 1.74ns 0.28ns 3.34** 0.60ns 3.24 AA 88.29** 0.64ns 5.15** 5.98* 2.54* 2.58** 5.96 WCAA 3.42ns 0.76ns 0.43ns 4.75* 1.95ns 1.27ns 7.33 EC 5.48* 0.89ns 33.53** 1.22ns 6.36** 5.07** 11.03 SEF 0.04ns 0.66ns 1.52ns 3.89* 0.19ns 0.63ns 13.21 TSL 467.04** 0.65ns 15.30** 0.14ns 3.43** 0.91ns 7.11 DWS 17.65** 0.97ns 50.74** 0.01ns 1.94ns 2.65** 10.45 * and ** - significant at 5 and 1% probability, respectively. ns - not significant.
In the individual analysis of variance, it was possible to observe effects of cultivars for most variables, both for Londrina (Site 1), and for Mauá da Serra (Site 2), except in the evaluation of water content and accelerated aging of seeds from Londrina (Table 5). The effect of fungicide application was observed in the water content and accelerated aging test of seeds from Mauá da Serra. Furthermore, it was possible to detect a significant interaction cultivar x fungicide for the water content and electrical conductivity test of seeds from Mauá da Serra. In Londrina, in the plots that did not receive a fungicide application, Rust incidence was equal to 50% with
severity equal to or greater than 50% for the cultivars IAC 7 and UPF 18. In Mauá da Serra, Rust incidence was equal to 40%, 10% and 20%, with severity greater than or equal to 70% for cultivars IAC 7, URS TAURA and IPR AFRODITE, respectively. The control was efficient in plots receiving an application of the product.
For grain yield (kg.ha-1) there was a significant effect of the study sites, highlighting higher seed yield in Mauá da Serra (Table 6), in agreement with Benin et al. (2003), which observed a significant difference in the genetic potential of oat between environments. Cultivars responded differently, with higher grain
yield for cultivars IPR APHRODITE and FAEM 6 DILMASUL.
The cultivar UPF 18 showed a lower yield compared to the other cultivars. Regarding the application of fungicide, no significant effect was observed on grain yield in both cultivation sites. Table 5. Summary of individual analysis of variance for water content, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, dry weight of seedlings originated from common oat seeds from Londrina – PR (1) and Mauá da Serra - PR (2) in the presence and absence of fungicide application.
Character Site Block Cultivar Fungicide Cultivar*Fungicide CV (%) Water content (%) 1 2 0.97ns 0.35ns 8.52** 0.13ns 45.62** 0.04ns 5.08** 1.50ns 2.96 2.06 Accelerated aging (%) 1 2 0.88ns 0.59ns 4.86** 1.15ns 0.01ns 7.28* 14.01ns 2.00ns 3.37 8.11 Electrical conductivity (μS.cm-1.g-1) 1 1.19ns 19.94** 0.48ns 1.98ns 8.03 2 0.77ns 21.06** 0.76ns 5.84** 13.59 Dry weight of seedlings (g) 1 2 0.82ns 1.11ns 19.15** 35.45** 0.26ns 0.28ns 1.40ns 1.60ns 10.67 10.24 * and ** - significant at 5 and 1% probability, respectively. ns - not significant.
The initial water content of oat seeds produced in Londrina has not changed in terms of sources of variation and the average was 10.2 to 10.5. For Mauá da Serra, a significant interaction cultivar x fungicide was observed in the water content of the seeds. Such variations of 9.04 to 10.13 in the water content of the seeds are possibly linked to cycle differences among cultivars, which caused maturation to occur in different periods (Table 2), as well as the action of fungicides in regulating the cycle and uniformity of maturation. According to Marcos-Filho (1999) the initial water content is a key factor in standardizing the evaluation of quality and achieve consistent test results. Variations of initial water content observed in the seeds were less than 2%, indicating that this parameter was in the range suitable for performing the oat seeds quality tests. However, large differences may lead to differences in the intensity of seed deterioration (Tunes et al., 2008).
Germination was statistically altered by study sites, however, the difference between sites was only 1%. In the presence of fungicide applications, no significant difference among cultivars was observed. The results corroborate Teló et al. (2012) in rice cultivars, in which the conduction of two fungicide applications provided similar germination among cultivars. Already in the absence of fungicide applications, the cultivar UPFA OURO presented seeds with lower germination compared to the other cultivars, although with value greater than 90%. The cultivar UPFA OURO, when produced with fungicide applications, showed a germination percentage statistically greater than that produced without fungicide.
In the first count of the germination test, common oat seeds originating from Londrina resulted in higher average (96%). With fungicide applications, no significant difference among the cultivars evaluated was observed. In the absence of fungicide use the cultivar IAC 7 had a higher percentage of normal seedlings
(96%) and the UPFA OURO had a smaller percentage compared to the other cultivars, indicating slower germination, therefore, lower seed vigor. According to Menezes and Silveira (1995), the larger amount of normal seedlings obtained in the first count of the germination test does not always determine the highest final germination, because the individual seed vigor can manifest itself variably in lots of low or intermediate quality, as well as the continuity of the germination test after the fifth day favors the expression of the maximum germination potential, even in seeds that have less vigor. It can be seen that the cultivar UPFA OURO, when produced with fungicide applications, showed a germination percentage in normal seedlings statistically greater than that produced without fungicide.
In the accelerated aging test seeds originating from Londrina presented individual average of 95% and from Mauá da Serra, 85%. There was no cultivar and fungicide effect in the experiment performed in Londrina. To Mauá da Serra, there was a cultivar and fungicide effect, especially the cultivar IAC 7 that showed the highest germination percentage (93%) not differing from IPR AFRODITE. Garcia and Menezes (1999), working with seeds of ryegrass, black oats and millet, observed that seed with low vigor have greater reduction of viability when subjected to conditions of high temperature and humidity, while more vigorous seeds usually retain their ability to produce normal seedlings and have high germination after being subjected to aging. According to the results observed by Souza et al. (2009), who used the accelerated aging test to estimate the vigor of lots of black oats seeds, the germination percentage remained high within the commercial standards, ie, above 75%. This fact is extremely important, since one of the objectives of the test is to identify significant differences in the physiological quality of marketable lots, especially among those with similar germination.
19 Physiological quality of oat seeds
Table 6. Mean values and interaction cultivar x fungicide for grain yield, water content, germination, first count of germination, accelerated aging, water content after accelerated aging, electrical conductivity and seedling emergence in the field originated from oat seeds from Londrina – PR (1) and Mauá da Serra - PR (2) in the presence and absence of fungicide application.
Grain yield (kg.ha-1)
Cultivar
Site Mean Fungicide IAC 7 TAURA URS AFRODITE IPR DILMASUL FAEM 6 UPF 18 OURO UPFA Mean 1 4865 B 2 5294 A With 5184 A Without 4975 A Mean 4588 cb 5171 ba 5702 a 5703 a 4125 c 5188 ba Water content (%) 1 10.3 Without With 10.3 A 10.4 A Mean 10.3 a 10.2 a 10.4 a 10.6 a 10.2 a 10.3 a 2 29.6 Without With 9.8 aA 9.6 aB 9.3 bcB 9.7 bA 9.8 abA 10.1 aA 9.0 cB 9.5 abB 10.1 aA 9.8 aB 10.0 abA 9.6 abB
Germination (%)
1 99A
2 98B
With 98 aA 97 aA 100 aA 100 aA 97 aA 97 aA Without 100 aA 98 aA 100 aA 98 aA 98 aA 94 bB
First germination count (%)
1 96A
2 93 B
With 93 aA 93 aA 95 aA 96 aA 92 aA 94 aA
Without 96 aA 96 aA 95 aA 94 abA 95 aA 91 bB Accelerated aging (%)
1 95 Without With 95 A 95 A
Mean 95a 95 a 96 a 93 a 93 a 95 a
2 84 Without With 87 A 82 B
Mean 93 a 80 b 89 ab 82 b 82 b 80 b
Water content after accelerated aging (%) 1 27,8A
2 27,1A
With 27,9 A
Without 26,9 B
Mean 27.6 a 27.0 a 27.9a 27.4 a 27.9 a 27.5 a Electrical conductivity (μS.cm-1.g-1)
1 121.6 Without With 120.6A 122.6A
Mean 104.4 c 119.9 bc 116.4 bc 109.5 bc 134.5 ab 145.0 a 2 115.4 Without With 107,3 bcA 82,7 cB 84.3 cA 82.3 cA 92.7 bcB 123.0 bA 103.3 bcB 148.4 aA 122.3 abA 129.3 abA 149.9 aA 158.9 aA
Seedling emergence in the field (%) 1 77,0 A
2 76,6 A
With 78.8 A
Without 74.7 B
Mean 82.9 a 73.7 a 76.5 a 75.7 a 76.1a 75.7 a
Means followed by the same uppercase letter in the column and lowercase in the line, do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability. With fungicide (With); Without fungicide (Without).