i
Adilson Vitor Rodrigues
Formação de Ligas na Superfície de Titânio por
Laser com Adição de Pós de Cobre, Nióbio e
Alumínio
09/2013
CAMPINAS
2013
Ficha catalográfica
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Biblioteca da Área de Engenharia e Arquitetura
Rose Meire da Silva - CRB 8/5974
Rodrigues, Adilson Vitor,
R618f
Rod
Formação de ligas na superfície de titânio por laser com adição de pós de
cobre, nióbio e alumínio / Adilson Vitor Rodrigues. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2013.
Rod
Orientador: João Batista Fogagnolo.
Rod
Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de
Engenharia Mecânica.
Rod
1. Titânio. 2. Materiais laser. 3. Metais - Superfícies. 4. Microestrutura. 5.
Metais - Propriedades mecânicas. I. Fogagnolo, João Batista,1964-. II.
Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica. III.
Título.
Informações para Biblioteca Digital
Título em inglês: Laser surface alloying of titanium with copper, niobium and aluminium
powders
Palavras-chave em inglês:
Titanium
Laser materials
Metal surfaces
Microstructure
Metals - Mechanical properties
Área de concentração: Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Titulação: Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Banca examinadora:
João Batista Fogagnolo [Orientador]
Maria Helena Robert
Vicente Amigó Borrás
Data de defesa: 25-02-2013
Programa de Pós-Graduação: Engenharia Mecânica
! " # ! ! ! " ! $ ! % & $ ' ! ! ! ( ) ) ! % * + ) ! ( " ) ! , - % # $ + # $ . / 0 1 - $ ) 2 ( ) ! $ ' + 3 1 # 4 1# 5 % " - 6 5 ) ( ) ! 2 * # $ . $ / ) " 4 6# 7 ) !8 8 $ 9 , # + + # $ . / 0 1 - $ ) ( ! ) ! $ - 5 : 5 7 !
! $ ) ! $ $ + ; " < = ! ! " ! ! : " ; ! 0 - = ! : ! ! # ! 5 & 5 & 6 5 6) - > ? ! ! $ , % " - " = : ! # 8 + * # @ = ) ' - # A 5 ' : ) # $ # ' - - 5 = - ' $ # ! ! + # $ . / 0 1 - $ ) + # ) # B 4 + # 7 ) ( # / 0 1 - $ ) ( ( ( ! $
7 . 2 ! ! ( a : ! ! " ! ( 7 ! # = " ! ! 2 ; ! ! . ) 2 b
Į
; c bȕ
; 2 c 2 bȕ
; ! c ! . : ! d e e f e e g e e h ( ! . ! ! ! ! i e 6 i e ) ! ! 7 ! ! a : ( !Į
! 2 a ; ; - " ! ! : j a b ! ! c ( 2 0 ! d e e h !ȕ
( 2 ( ! # ; ( ! ! ! . # ( ! ! ; ! ! " ! ! 2 " 2 ! k L lL m S L H n o L m O p . q ' q 5 ! q 1 1& & ( ! ! !! A ! ! A ! ! ! r ! & ! ! A & ! A ! A r & ! A ! & ( ! ! ! & ! ! & ) A ! b
Į
; c bȕ
; c bȕ
; c A ! A ! A ! d e e f e e g e e h A & A ! ! ! A r i e 6 i e & + A ! & A !Į
! ! A ; ; - A & A : j ! r b ! & c ! 0 & A A ! d e e h A !ȕ
( & ! & 1 ! ! ! ! A ! ' ! ( A !! A A ! & ( A & ! ! A ! r s Ot u F S N H p q ' q 5 ! q 1 1. v + d d 4 , ( 9 - w + d f 4 a " 9 -b
Į
c x + d g 4 , ( - - - i i + d y 4 " - - -bȕ
c i i + d z 4 ! ; .ȕ
id + d v 4 ! ; - i y + d w 4 ! ; 0 i z + d x 4 ! ; i w + d i e 4 # ( ! i x + d i i 4 , ( " ' ) 5 d g + f i 4 $ ! 2 0 b c - b c b c $ # d z + f d 4 ) 2 b c ! b c d v + f f 4 # ( ( ! ! " { ' , d e e e 1) | ) | d w + f g 4 ) b c a b c d x + f y 4 , a $ # # 5 f i + f z 4 , , B f i + f v 4 , ( f d + f w 4 | r b c * r b c f f + f x 4 - * r b c 2 b c f g + f i e 4 f y + f i i 4 - f v + g i 4 5 a ! d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c g eb b b g d + g f 4 ! ! d e e f e e g e e h g f + g g 4 $ 2 ! d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c g y + g y 4 ! d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c g z + g z 4 5 a a ! ! ! 2 - 0 d e e f e e g e e h g w + g v 4 ) 2 f e e h y e + g w 4 } # 5 a 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c y i + g x 4 , a ! a 2 d e e h ! y d + g i e 4 $ ! 2 d e e h y g + g i i 4 $ a 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c y z + g id 4 !
Į
2 g e e h y v + g i f 4 ! 2 d e e f e e g e e h y w + g i g 4 } # 5 a 2 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c y x + g i y 4 $ a 2 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c z e + g i z 4 $ # ; + # |Į
~~ !ȕ
2 2 d e e h z i + g i v 4 ! 2 2 d e e f e e g e e h z d; .
Į
~ 2 g e e h z g + g i x 4 } # 5 a 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c z y + g d e 4 $ a 2 d e e b a b c ! b cc f e e b c g e e h b c z v + g d i 4 ! 2 d e e f e e g e e h z w + g d d 4 +Į
Į
2 2 f e e h z x + g d f 4 - 2 f e e h v e + g d g 4 $ 2 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c v g + g d y 4 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c v y + g d z 4 $ 2 2 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c v v + g d v 4 2 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c v w + g d w 4 $ 2 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c w e + g d x 4 2 2 d e e b c f e e b c g e e h b c w id d 4 - x d f 4
ȕ
; i e e !ȕ
; $ i f d g 4ȕ
7Į
ȕ
i f f i 4 | d y f d 4 $ " " 2 d v g i 4 a a ! ! g i g d 4 a a a ! ! ! 2 g x g f 4 - b c # 5 y i g g 4 0 b c # 5 y x g y 4 b c # 5 z y 4 . 4 $ 2 | ) 4 ' !
Į
4 + .ȕ
4 + .ȕ
4ȕ
; ! .ȕ
ȕ
4ȕ
; ! .ȕ
Į
4 # =Į
4 # = 3Ȧ
4 +ș
4 ; B Z 4 # Z Z Z 4 # 4 $ # 3 ¡ ¢ 4 # ; B b£ M O S¤ t ¥ N GHE O SH Gm O ¦ ¥S Lt § E O T QS F H T F E t c ¡ ¨ © 4 ! ; B 4 r bª L S N M O H H « GT ¬ O SH c 4 $ ¢ ® 4 ¯ L H O S § K SR L T O ° llFt GM ¤ ± ¢ ® 4 ¯ L H O S ² L H § K SR L T O ° llFt GM ¤ ³ ¢ ® 4 ¯ L H O S k F ´ N O S § K SR L T O ° llFt GM ¤i
i i - a i i d : = f ¿ ¹ À Á ¶Â ¾ º à ¶Ã Ä ¶º Å ¹ Æ Ç ¶È É y d i . . y d i i * 2 . y d i d : . z d i f ! . v d i g - ! . w d i y 5 ; - ig d i z 5 ; 0 i z d i v 5 ; i v d d ' i x d d i d e d d d ' 7 ! d i Ê Ë É ¸ À ¹ ¶É ¶Â À Ë Ì ¸ º » º  d y f i d y f i i - 2 d y f i d ) d v f i f ) . d w f d " f e f d i $ 3 # 5 f e f d d ! ; B f i f d f 1 f df x
g i , ! ! . f x g d + ! 2 g v g d i + ! 2 y e g d d + ! 2 2 y x g d f + ! 2 z y g f ) . v d g f i ) . a ! ! 2 v d g f d ) . a ! ! 2 2 v z g f f ) . a ! ! 2 v x Ï È º · È Ä ¼ Â Î À Â À Â ¼ Å À Â ¸ Î À Â Ð É ¹ É ¸ ¹ É Ã É Ä Ñ º Â Ç ¼ ¸ ¼ ¹ º Â w f y i - a w f y d 5 a ! w z ¹ Ò ÓÒ ÔÕ Ö × ØÙ Ú w v- 2 6 7 . ! ( = . a b ' # { # 0 5 d e e f c â . ( ! 2 7 ! 2 = ! ! 2 b 0 110 : $ 1 i x x w c i x y g # / ; z ; g . b - / 1 d e i ic . b c ; z ; g . ! b ' # { # 0 5 d e e f c 0 ( ; z ; g 7 : 2 ; 2 a = = 2 ( !" b ' 1 d e i e c - 7 . 2 bã i i e | ) c 2 bã f e | ) c # ! 2 " ! a b H QS O H H H o GO lN GM ¤ c ( " = / ( a ! "
! 2 ( 2 ! b 0 1 10 : $ 1 d e id c a ! 2 2 2 0 2 . $ ; 2 ; " ( !
ȕ
; b 0 1 10 : $ 1 d e e f c .ȕ
. ( 7 2 2 ( 2 b 0 11 0 : $ 1 d e e w c ) 2 . . 2 ( a ! ! b 1 0 d e e y c : ! . ( 0 ; ! ! : " ! ! b ' 1/ d e e g c # " ! ! . ! ; " ! ! 2 # ! ! 2 b c 2 . - ! ! 2 : ! 2 ( ! ! - = ! " 7 7 ! b ' # 10 # 0 * - 9 d e e x c ( " 7 ! ( " ! ! /" ! ! 2 ! ! 2 ( ! a ! ( 7 ! " . ; ! 2 ! ( ! ( ! a 2 ] Y ä å æ Þ çè [ Ü : = " a ! . " ! ! 2 + = < # ! . ! ! . q # ! . ! . q - ! ! ! q 2 a ! q - ! a ! ! ! ! ! a !
Y ] ] ì \ Þ è Þ í Üçî \ [ Ý [ ç é Û [ : . i v x i ( h | " 2 $ 9 ï i v x y 2 = : ï " ! ( ! / | ! i x i e $ A 9 b ' # { # 0 5 d e e f c b ' ð % # , 10 | d e i e c : ! . ! i x f d h % ï b . c ( - ñ 2 5 | | ï ! # / ( - ñ " " # " > ï ? " b ' # { # 0 5 d e e f c b $ # ' 5 9 0 * : : ï c . . a 2 5 | . i x g w ! - ) # = . b w e c b - / 1 d e i ic " ( ( b , - ï d e e z c b 5 - 9 / ò i x x w c b | : , { 0 1 0 i x x x c b 5 - 9 / # , # d e e f c b ' # { # 0 5 d e e f c
. ( " . 2 . ; ! b - / 1 d e i ic Y ] Y ä ç é Û [ . ( b ' # { # 0 5 d e e f c - . 7 7 ! . a 5 g g y 6 ó " z e i v b $ # 1 d e i e c | . ! i z z w @ - 2 i i y | ) " ( 7 " = â " = 2 6 . b - ' ' 1 5 # , d e e v c b $ # 1 d e i e c . b c d i d i 4 ) b ' # { # 0 5 d e e f c ô õ ö Þ \ [ ß ç÷ ö [ d d ³ Þ Ü[ ß ç÷ ö [ øë ùö [ êú g v x e ³ ß \ é ö Þ ç \ [ Ü Ý Þ \ Þ Ý Þ û ü
Į
ý d x y e g þ e e e e g bÿ c ý g z w f d þ e e e e g bÿ c ³ ß \ é ö Þ ç\ [ Ý Þ \ Þ Ý Þ û üȕ
ý f d w þ e e e f bÿ c Z [ Þ ÞÛ ç Þ Ý Þ Þ ß Û Ü [ ç \ ö ß ß Y _ Z XĮ
` ø ] _ ú w f z Z [ Û Ý çè Ý ß Ý Þ ç \ ö ß ø ùö ú ! " # $ % & ' ( ) & * + ,-ȍ
. ! " / 0 1 2 3 2 & 2 2 4Į
5 6 7 ! " 0 1 2 3 2 8 . ( & 4Į
5 6 7 ! ( & 2 7 ( 9 $ $ : ( 2 2 . ; ! " 7 ( & 2 3 < = ! / / >2 . 3 2 H I JI K L JM N O P P Q I R S JQ T U O R Q V S R W R L I Q Q TM IS M V JQ X R Y JL J X Q V M S Z Q TTJWI RS [ # 9 9 ? \ ] M P M Q ] Q V Q ] JX Q X R U O R Q T^ O L W P QI RS JQ JW V M W WO R P X R Q V S R W R L I Q S P Q JW X R O P Q R WIS O IO S Q ] S JWI Q TJL Q V S R _ Q TR ] R L X M Q R WISO IO S Q P Q JW R WI ` _ R T X JQL I R X Q W ] M L X Ja b R W X R I R P V R S Q IO S Q R V S R W W c M d W U O Q JW M P Q I R S JQ T R WI ` W RL X M WO e P RI JX M f g IS Q L W Y M S P Q a c M Q TM IS h V J] Q L M I JI K L JM M ] M S S R Q > > # " i Z [I R P V R S Q IO S Q
ȕ
j IS Q L WO W\ U O Q L X M Q R WISO IO S Q k R l Q ^ M L Q T ] M P V Q ] I Q [m Z \ X RL M P JL Q X Q Y Q W RĮ
IS Q L W Y M S P Q j W R R P R WIS O IO S Q ]n e J ] Q X R ] M SV M ] R L IS Q X M [ Z Z Z \ ] k Q P Q X Q YQ W Rȕ
f Z M L YM S P R S RV S R W R L I Q X M L Q o J^ O S Q # f Q IR P V R S QIO S Qȕ
j IS QL WO W N Qp O WI Q X Q V M S P R JM X Q Q X Ja c M X R R TR P R L I M W X R TJ^ Q U O R W c M Q ^ SO V Q X M W R P L R O IS M WĮ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S R W M Oȕ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S R W [r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ f o J^ O S Q # f w s Y R JI M X Q Q X Ja c M X R R TR P RL I M W X R TJ^ Q W M e S R M W X JQ ^ S Q P Q W X R Y Q W R X Q W TJ^ Q W X R I JI K L JM [r x y z s { | u } # 9 9 \ f s TR P R L I M W ] M P M ~ S R v L W c M X JI M W L R O IS M W V M S Rl R S ] R S R P V M O ] Q M O L R L k O P Q JL Y TO L ] JQ W M e S R Q I R P V R S Q IO S Qȕ
j IS Q L WO W f H WĮ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S R W Q O P R L I Q P Q I R P V R S QIO S Qȕ
j IS Q L WO W R WI Q e JTJq Q L X M Q YQ W RĮ
R P I R P V R S Q IO S Q W P Q JW Q TI Q W f H g T V M S WO Q Q TI Q W M TO e JTJX Q X R e R P ] M P M M W JL I R S WI J] JQ JW H u R Z V M S I R L X R S R P Q Q O P R L I Q S Q X O S R q Q R Q S R W JWI L ] JQ P R S R ] R P X R WI Q U O R R L IS R M WĮ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S R W [ s | # 9 9 \ z ` M Wȕ
j R WI Qe JTJq Q X M S R W X JP JL O R P Q I R P V R S Q IO S Qȕ
j IS Q L WO W Rȕ
X Xȕ
j M u e y Q \ Rȕ
j R O I RI h J X R W [o R L Z S u J Z O v J m \ [r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ [m s u { | s v # 9 9 > \ f @ A* A < 2 2 F & G ( Į
g W TJ^ Q W X M I JV MĮ
W c M ] QS Q ] I RS Jq Q X Q W V M S Q V S R W R L I QS R P Q TI Q S R W JWI L ] JQ P R ] KL J] Q I R L Q ] J X Q X R S R W JWI L ] JQ d YTO L ] JQ R R l ] R TRL I R W M T X Q e JTJ X Q X R f v c M R WV R ] JQ TP R L I R J X R Q JW V Q S Q Q V TJ] Q a b R W Q I R P V R S Q IO S Q W ] S JM ^ L J] Q W V M JW L c M Q V S R W R L I Q P IS Q L W Ja c M X n ] I JT j YS ` ^ JT R L c M W c M IS QI `_ R JW I R S P J ] Q P R L I R [m s u { | s v # 9 9 > \ [ s y g r v m g u H H \ f H y J ] fV f V M W WO J R WISO IO S Q k R l Q ^ M L Q T ] M P V Q ] I Q [ YQ W RĮ
\ S R V S R W R L I Q X Q R W U O R P Q I J] Q P R L I R L Q o J^ O S Q # f# ] M P V Q S K P RIS M W X R S R X R Q 9 # " L P R ] 9 / > L P ] M P X JS R a b R W R V TQ L M W ] M P V Q ] I M W ] M L YM S P R o J^ O S Q # f$ f o J^ O S Q # f# w { R V S R W R L I Q a c M R W U O R P ` I J] Q X Q R WISO IO S Q m Z fĮ
v R ^ O L X M Q [g v y \ Q W TJ^ Q W X R y J ] fV f V M X RP W R S WO e X J_ JX JX Q W RP U O Q IS M ^ S Q O W V S JL ] JV Q JW [y Q e R TQ # f# \ X JY R S RL ] JQ X M W V R TM W I R M S R W X R L JIS M ^ L JM YR SS M R M l J^ L JM f H I JI K L JM X R } S Q O # ] M P L _ R JW X R S R W JWI L ] JQ d IS Q a c M R L IS R $ 9 R " 9 Q N ] M L W JX RS Q X M M P Q JW V M V O TQS X RL IS R R TR W [r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ f y Qe R TQ # f# w Z M P V M W Ja c M X Q W V S JL ] JV Q JW TJ^ Q W X R y J ] fV f [g v y o / ? j # 9 9 / \ f . ( & . < 4 . 5 6 3 * 6 3 @ 6 3 B 6 3 ¡ % ¢ + @ ¢ + ¡ % ¢ + + + ¡ ¢ + ¢ ¢ + ¡ % ¢ + £ + + & ' ( ¤ . E ¥ A 9 9 $ 9 9 $ 9 9 " 9 9 " D ( ¤ . E ¥ A 9 9 > 9 9 > 9 9 > 9 9 > ¦ 2 ' ( ¤ . E ¥ A 9 9 " 9 9 " 9 9 " 9 9 " § ¤ . E ¥ A 9 # 9 9 $ 9 9 $ 9 9 " 9 ¨ ¥ ' ( ¤ . E ¥ A 9 > 9 # " 9 $ " 9 9 F & G ( Q TQ L a M Q TQ L a M Q TQL a M Q TQL a M H M l J^ L JM N L M S P Q TP R L I R M R TR P R L I M JL I R S WI J] JQ T P Q JW JP V M SI Q L I R f JWI M JW W M N ] M P O P R l V S R W W Q S M R YR JI M I M I Q T X M W R TR P R L I M W JL I R S WI J] JQ JW V M S P R JM X M © M l J^ L JM R U O J_ Q TR L I R ª f u Q R U O Q a c M X M M l J^ L JM R U O J_ Q TR L I R [s U O Q a c M # f \ M W R TR P R L IM W JL I R S W IJ] JQ JW W c M ] M S S R TQ ] JM L Q X M W ] M P M QO P R L I M X R S R W JWI L ] JQ R U O R X Q X R X O ] I JTJ X Q X R f H W R YR JI M W e R L N YJ ] M W X M M l J^ L JM W M e S R Q W V S M V S JR X Q X R W X M I JI K L JM W c M ] M P O P R L I R V R S X JX M W Q ] JP Q X R $ 9 9 i Z [ s | # 9 9 \ f « H ¬ « H ® [# « u \ ® [# ¯ $ « Z \ [s U O Q a c M # f \9 X X X X X
Į
j X P Q JW O I JTJq Q X M V Q S Q R WI Q YJL Q TJ X Q X R f u M R L I Q L I M U O Q L I J X Q X R W R l ] R W W J_ Q W X R WI R R TRP RL I M V M X R P ] Q O W Q S YS Q ^ JTJq Q a c M f g Q X Ja c M X R v L V S M X O q R YR JIM W R P R Tk Q L I R L Q S R W JWI L ] JQ P R ] KL J] Q W R P S R X O a c M W J^ L JY J] Q I J_ Q X R X O ] I JTJ X Q X R f g TJ^ Q y J j " g T j # " v L S R WV M L X R V M S ] R S ] Q X R # " « X M ] M L WO P M P O L X JQ T X R TJ^ Q W X R I JI K L JM [ s | # 9 9 \ f ( °Į
g W TJ^ Q W L R Q S jĮ
W c M TJ^ Q W O I JTJq Q X Q W U O Q L X M Q TI Q W I R P V R S Q IO S Q W W c M S R U O R S J X Q W V R TQ Q V TJ] Q a c M V M JW ] M P e JL Q P Q R l ] R TR L I R S R W JWI L ] JQ d YTO L ] JQ X Q W TJ^ Q WĮ
] M P Q Q TI Q S R W JWI L ] JQ P R ] K L J ] Q X Q W TJ^ Q WĮ
®ȕ
f g TJ^ Q y J j > g T j M j Y M J Q V S JP R JS Q TJ^ Q X R I JI K L JM R WV R ] JQ TP RL I R V S M p R I Q X Q V QS Q Q TI Q W I R P V RS Q IO S Q W f M S N P Q W Q TI Q W ] M L ] RL IS Q a b R W X R g T O I JTJq Q X Q W L R W W Q L M _ Q ] TQ W W R X R TJ^ Q W ^ R S Q _ Q P V S M e TR P Q W X R ] M SS M W c M W M e I R L W c M f s P W R ^ O JX Q Y M J X R W R L _ M T_ JX Q Q TJ^ Q y J j / g T j # v L j ~ S j # M d U O Q T R WIO X M W V M WI R S JM S R W S R _ R TQS Q P Q X Ja b R W X R V R U O R L Q W U O Q L I J X Q X R W X R v J [Q I N 9 « R P V R W M \ V M X R S JQ P P R Tk M S QS ] M L W JX R S Q_ R TP R L I R Q S R W JWI L ] JQ d YTO L ] JQ [r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ f s W W Q W TJ^ Q W W c M ] M P O P R L I R Q V TJ] Q X Q W Q ] M P V M L R L I R W S M I Q I J_ M W X R IO Se JL Q W V R SP JI JL X M S R X O a c M X R V R W M X R QI N « R P V Q Tk R I Q W R # 9 « R P X JW ] M W [ s | # 9 9 \ f g YQ Jl Q X R I R P V R S Q IO S Q W Q e S QL ^ JX Q V M S R WI Q W TJ^ Q W _ Q S JQ R L IS R " 9 9 R / 9 9 i Z f Į
±ȕ
v c M TJ^ Q W ] M P V M WIQ W V M S O P Q P JWIO S Q X R YQ W RĮ
R Y Q W Rȕ
[R L IS R 9 R " 9 « \ Q I R P V R S QIO S Q Q P e JRL I R R Q U O Q L I JX Q X R R I JV M X R Y Q W R W V S R W R L I R W V M X R P W R S ] M L IS M TQ X Q W V M S IS Q I Q P R L I M W I N S P J] M W [ s y g r v m g u H H \ f g W TJ^ Q W V R SI R L ] R L I R W Q R WI R ^ SO V M QV S R W R L IQ P Rl ] R TR L I R S R W JWI L ] JQ P R ] K L J] Q R d ] M SS M W c M e Q Jl Q X R L W JX Q X R e M Q ] M L YM SP Qe JTJX Q X R R W M TX Qe JTJX Q X R [m s u { | s v # 9 9 > \ [r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ fj j X X X X X V S JP R JS Q P R L I R QV TJ] Q X Q L Q JL X n WIS JQ Q R S M R WV Q ] JQ T R V M WI R S JM S P R L I R L Q ` S R Q P N X J] Q R RP P O JI Q W M O IS Q W Q V TJ] Q a b R W R WIS O IO S Q JW [ s | # 9 9 \ [r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ f m Mp R R WI Q TJ^ Q N S R WV M L W ` _ R T V M S ? " j > " « X M P R S ] Q X M X R TJ^ Q W X R I JI K L JM [ Z | # 9 \ f
ȕ
¸ .& & E ¹ & E ¹
H y J ] fV f R L IS R > > # " R / / > i Z Rl Je R YQ W R
ȕ
X R R WISO IO S Q ] n e J] Q X R ] M SV M ] R L IS Q X M [ Z Z Z \ o J^ O S Q # f ] M P V Q S K P RIS M X R S R X R 9 $ # > L P R V TQ L M R X JS R a c M ] M P V Q ] I Q ] M L Y M SP R o J^ O S Q # f " f o J^ O S Q # f w { R V S R W R L I Q a c M R W U O R P ` I J] Q X Q R WISO IO S Q Z Z Z f o J^ O S Q # f" w JS R a c M R V TQ L M ] M P V Q ] I M L Q ] N TO TQ O L JI ` S JQ Z Z Z [ȕ
\ [r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ f#
ȕ
X X X I R M S R W X R R TR P R L I M Wȕ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S R W R L IS Rȕ
º Rȕ
¬ W c M W O e P R I J X Q W Q S R W YS JQ P R L I M S ` V J X M Q V Q SI JS X M ] Q P V Mȕ
[o J^ O S Q # f/ \ f Z M P M V M X R W R S M e W R S_ Q X M TJ^ Q W X R ] M P V M W Ja c M R L IS Rȕ
º Rȕ
¬ RL ] M L IS Q P j W R L M ] QP V MĮ
®ȕ
R V M SI Q L I M O P IS Q I Q P R L I M I N S P J] M X R R L _ R Tk R ] JP R L I M V M X R TR _ Q S ` V S R ] JV JI Q a c M X R Y Q W RĮ
f Z Q W M M I R M S X R R TR P R L I M M O R TR P R L I M Wȕ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S R W W Rp Q WO V RS JM S Q M V M L I M ] S I J] Mȕ
¬ I R P j W R YQ W Rȕ
R WI ` _ R T W R P S JW ] M X R V S R ] JV JI Q a c M X R W R ^ O L X Q Y Q W R X O S Q L I R IS QI QP R L I M W I N S P J] M W V M WI R S JM S R W [r H u } > \ f o J^ O S Q # f / w JQ ^ S Q P Q X R Y Q W R V W R O X M j e JL ` S JM X R O P Q TJ^ Q X R I JI K L JM X M I JV Mȕ
[r H u } > \ f g P Q JM S JQ X Q W TJ^ Q W X JWV M L _ R JW Q IO Q TP RL I R N ] TQ W W JY J] Q X Q ] M P Mȕ
P R I Q R WI `_ R T R WO Q Q V TJ] Q a c M ] M L I JL O Q ] S R W ] R L X M L M P RS ] Q X M Q R S M R WV Q ] JQ T [» | r r |g v # 9 9 $ \ R P Q V TJ] Q a b R W P JTJI Q S R W ] M P V M L R L I R W QO I M P M I J_ M W R JP V TQ L I R W ] JS n S ^ J] M W [r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ f P R l R P V TM X R TJ^ Qȕ
P R I Q R WI ` _ R T X R O I JTJq Q a c M L Q ` S R Q P N X J] Q N Q TJ^ Q y J j $ " u e j " y Q j ? ~ S [y u y ~ \ ] O p Q W V S M V S JR X Q X R W V M X R P QI JL ^ JS L _ R JW h I JP M W V Q S Q I Q T QV TJ] Q a c M ] M P M P h X O TM X R R TQ WI J] J X Q X R X R " " } Q I RL W c M X R R W ] M Q P R L I M X R " $ 9 Q R V M S ] R L I Q ^ R P X R Q TM L ^ Q P R L I M X R # 9 « f g S R W JWI L ] JQ X R WI Q TJ^ Q V M X R W R S P R Tk M S Q X Q V M S P R JM X R _ Q S JQ a b R W X Q W I Q l Q W X R M l J^ L JM R ¯M O IS Q I Q P R L I M X R R L _ R Tk R ] JP R L I M [ g ~ | # 9 9 \ f g S R I R L a c M X Q Y Q W Rȕ
Q I R P V R S Q IO S Q Q P e JRL I R X R V R L X R X JS R IQ P R L I R X M I JV M R X Q U O QL I J X Q X R X Rȕ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S O I JTJq Q X M f O Q L X M ] M L W JX RS Q X M W M W P R I Q JW X R IS Q L W Ja c M [ y \ Y M SP Q L X M TJ^ Q W$ X
ȕ
j X X X Q Y Q W Rȕ
Q I R P V R S QIO S Q QP e JR L I R V M X R P W RS R WI JP Q X Q W [y Q e R TQ # f $ \ [» s | v v > \ f y Qe R TQ # f $ w y R M S R W P L JP M W X Rȕ
j R WI Qe JTJq Q X M S R W V Q S Q S R I R L a c M X R 9 9 « X R YQ W Rȕ
Q I R P V R S Q IO S Q Q P e JRL I R R P TJ^ Q W y J j y [» s | v v > \ f . ( &ȕ
° & D ¼ 2 F . ( . * + + 2ȕ
. & & E ¹ 4 . 5 F 2 2 . 2 M 9ȕ
j JW M P M S Y M "ȕ
j JW M P M S Y M u e $ /ȕ
j JW M P M S Y M y Q "ȕ
j JW M P M S Y M L / "ȕ
j R O I R I M JX R o R $ "ȕ
j R O I R I M J X R Z S / "ȕ
j R O I R I M JX R Z M ?ȕ
j R O I R I M JX R Z O $ȕ
j R O I R I M J X R u Jȕ
j R O I R I M J X R Z M P S R TQ a c M d W V S M V S JR X Q X R W Q W TJ^ Q Wȕ
W c M ] Q S Q ] I R S Jq Q X Q W V M S QV S R W R L I Q S R P O P Q ] M P e JL Q a c M Q IS Q I J_ Q X R S R W JWI L ] JQ P R ] K L J] Q S R W JWI L ] JQ d YQ X J^ Q R e Q Jl M P h X O TM X R R TQ WI J] JX Q X R [r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ f R _ J X M Q P Q JM S X O ] I JTJ X Q X R X Q Y Q W Rȕ
R P ] M P V Q S Q a c M d YQ W RĮ
TJ^ Q W ] M P R WI Q YQ W R Q I R P V R S QIO S Q Q P e JR L I R W c M P Q JW Y` ] R JW X R W R S RP P R ] Q L J ] Q P R L I R ] M L Y M S P Q X Q W [ s | # 9 9 \ f g y Q e R TQ # f R l Je R Q W _ Q L I Q ^ R L W R X R W_ Q L I Q ^ R L W X Q W TJ^ Q W X R y JI K L JM X M I JV Mȕ
U O Q L X M ] M P V Q S Q X Q W ] M P Q W TJ^ Q W X R y JI K L JM X M I JV MĮ
®ȕ
f y Qe R TQ # f w QL I Q ^ R L W R X R W_ Q L I Q ^ RL W X Q W TJ^ Q Wȕ
] M P V Q S Q X Q W d W TJ^ Q WĮ
®ȕ
[r s t s u v # 9 9 $ \ f ½ ( & ( : ¹ ( & (•
g TI Q S Q q c M S R W JWI L ] JQ ¯ X R L W J X Q X R•
g TI Q X R L W J X Q X R•
Q Jl M P h X O TM X R R TQ WI J] JX Q X R•
g e W M S a c M X R JP V O S Rq Q W JL I RS WI J] JQ JW•
g TI Q S R W JWI L ] JQ•
g TI M ] O WI M X R V S M X O a c M•
g TI Q I R L Q ] JX Q X R•
S M e TR P Q W X R W R ^ S R ^ Q a c M•
Q Jl Q I RP V R S Q IO S Q X R Y M Sp Q P R L I M•
g TI M S RI M SL M R T` WI J ] M•
Q Jl M ] O WI M X R V S M ] R W W Q P R L I M ¾•
|L WI Q e JTJX Q X R W P J]S M R WIS O IO S Q JW•
v c M ] M L YM S P ` _ R JW Q YS JM ¾•
Q Jl Q S R W JWI L ] JQ d ] M S S M W c M ¾•
o Q ] JTP R L I R IS Q I` _ R JW I R SP J] Q P R L I R•
s l ] R TR L I R S R W JWI L ] JQ d ] M SS M W c M ¾•
s l ] R TR L I R S R W JWI L ] JQ d ] M P e O WI c M ¾ ¾ Q T^ O P Q W TJ^ Q WX X
ȕ
X X X X X P Q S I R L W I J] Q W ¿•
Į
À R WIS O IO S Q k R l Q ^ M L Q T ] M P V Q ] I Q [m Z \ ] M P V Q S K P RIS M W X R S R X R W R P R Tk Q L I R W Q M W X Q Y Q W RĮ
X M y J ] fV fÁ•
Į
  R WIS O IO S Q M S I M SS à P e J] Q f v R L X MĮ
À YM SP Q X Q R P TJ^ Q W ] M P e Q Jl M W I R M S R W X Rȕ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S R W RĮ
ÂÂ U O Q L X M W c M Q X J] JM L Q X Q W d TJ^ Q ^ S Q L X R W U O Q L I J X Q X R W X Rȕ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S R W f Ä V M W W _ R T I Q P e N P U O R M ] M S S Q Q YM SP Q a c M X R Y Q W RȦ
P Q W R WI Q X R _ R W RS R _ JI Q X Q V M S ] Q O W Q S YS Q ^ JTJq Q a c M Q M P Q I RS JQ Tf @ A* A¢ ¡ & . F ° 3 H ] M e S R N O P R TR P R L I M X R TJ^ Qȕ
j RO I R Ih JX R V RS I R L ] R L I R Q M ^ SO V M X M Wȕ
j R WI Q e JTJq Q X M S R W R Q V S R W R L I Q W M TO e JTJ X Q X R V Q S ] JQ T L Q W Y Q W R WĮ
Rȕ
X M I JI K L JM V O S M [ g u s { z s s # 9 9 ? \ f R Q ] M S X M ] M P M X JQ ^ S Q P Q X R YQ W R W X M W JWI R P Q y J j Z O Q V S R W R L I Q X M L Q o J^ O S Q # f? Q S R Q a c M RO I R I h JX R M ] M SS R Q ? 9 i Z ] M P ? « X R Z O f H Q TI M V M L I M X R YO W c M X M I JI KL JM V O S M [ / / > i Z \ e R P ] M P M WO Q ] M L W JX R S ` _ R T S R Q I J_ JX Q X R Q R TR _ Q X Q W I R P V R S Q IO S Q W X JY J]O TI Q WO Q YO L X Ja c M V Q S Q QV TJ] Q a b R W M X M L I M Th ^ J] Q W [ | Z m | # 9 9 $ \ f O Q L X M Q X J ] JM L Q X M ] M P M R TR P R L I M X R TJ^ Q Q M I JI K L JM M ] M e S R N ] Q V Qq L c M Q V R L Q W X R X JP JL O JS M V M L I M X R YO W c M X Q TJ^ Q P Q W I Q P e N P X R P R Tk M S Q S WO Q S R W JWI L ] JQ Q M X R W ^ Q WI R V M S P R JM X M Q O P R L I M X Q X O S R q Q [ H | s # 9 9 " \ f g T^ O L W X JW V M W JI J_ M W M X M L I M Th ^ J ] M W WO p R JI M W Q Q TI Q W I R L W b R W ] M P M V M L I R W R QS P Q a b R W X R V S h I R W R W V QS ] JQ JW S R U O R S R P Q TI M W P h X O TM W X R R TQ WI J] JX Q X R V Q S Q P JL JP Jq Q S Q X R Y M SP Q a c M R T` WI J] Q [ | Z m | # 9 9 / \ f" j O QL I M d S R W JWI L ] JQ d ] M SS M W c M R WIO X M W ] M L X O q J X M W V M S y Q Å Q X Q R H Å O L M [ # 9 9 " \ P M WIS Q P U O R Q W ] O S_ Q W X R V M TQ S Jq Q a c M Q L h X J] Q X M I JI K L JM R X Q W TJ^ Q W y J j Z O W c M W R P R Tk QL I R W f M S N P M e W R S _ Q j W R O P V R U O RL M Q O P RL I M L Q X R L W J X Q X R X R ] M S S R L I R X R _ J X M d V S R ] JV JI Q a c M X R y JÆ Z O f H W h S JM R ] M QO I M S R W [# 9 9 \ Q L Q TJW Q S Q P M ] M P V M SI Q P RL I M R TR IS M U O P J] M X R TJ^ Q W X R y J j Z O f { R WO TI Q X M W R l V RS JP R L I Q JW JL X J] Q P U O R Q S R W JWI L ] JQ d ] M SS M W c M X Q W TJ^ Q W y J j Z O X JP JL O J ] M P M Q O P R L I M X Q U O Q L I JX Q X R X R Z O R U O R Q ] Q P Q X Q X R h l JX M Y M SP Q X Q L Q WO V R S Y] JR X R WI Q W TJ^ Q W N P Q JW k M P M ^ L R Q V Q S Q P R L M S R W ] M L ] R L IS Q a b R W X R Z O f g W QV TJ] Q a b R W X Q W TJ^ Q W y J j Z O L c M W R TJP JI Q P Q M W e JM P Q I R S JQ JW V M JW WO Q e M Q YM S P Q e JTJX Q X R Q TI Q W M T X Q e JTJ X Q X R R S R W JWI L ] JQ P R ] K L J] Q P R Tk M S Q X Q I M S L Q P j L Q W e M Q W M V a b R W I Q P e NP V Q S Q Q YQ e S J] Q a c M X R ] M P V M L R L I R W O I JTJq Q X M W R P P M I M S R W Q p Q I M R IO Se JL Q W Q ^ ` W [t g H # 9 9 \ f
/ ¡ . H u e p O L IQ P R L I R ] M P M R y Q W c M ] M L W J X R S Q X M W L c M j I h l J] M W R L c M j Q TN S ^ J] M W R V M S I Q L I M I JX M ] M P M R TR P R L I M W W R ^ O S M W V Q S Q M X R W RL _ M T_ JP R L I M X R TJ^ Q W X R y J ] M P e Q Jl M P h X O TM X R R TQ WI J] J X Q X R O I JTJq Q X Q W R P Q V TJ] Q a b R W ] M P M e JM P Q I R S JQ JW [u || u H | # 9 9 $ \ [~ m H # 9 \ f r J^ Q W X R y J ] M L I R L X M u e y Q ~ S v L R M ] M P M R TR P R L I M W X R TJ^ Q I J_ R S Q P WO Q e JM ] M P V Q I Je JTJX Q X R ] M P V S M _ Q X Q R P R WIO X M W ] M L X O q J X M W V M S Z S RP Q W ] M R ] M Q O I M S R W [# 9 \ f H X JQ ^ S Q P Q X R YQ W R W X M W JWI R P Q y J j u e N R l Je J X M L Q o J^ O S Q # f > f H e W RS _ Q j W R U O R Q W M TO a c M W h TJX Q [
ȕ
j y J u e \ N Y M SP Q X Q Q ] JP Q X Q I R P V RS Q IO S Q X R IS QL W Y M SP Q a c M Q TM IS h V J] Q X M y J [È > > # " i Z \ U O Q L X M R WI R Q W WO P R R WISO IO S Q Z Z Z [ȕ
j y J \ R U O R Q W M TO e JTJ X Q X R P ` l JP Q X M u e L M y J N S R WIS JI Q Q Q V S M l JP Q X Q P R L I R # « R P V R W M L MĮ
j y Jf u c M Rl JWI R P S R Q a b R W JL _ QS JQ L I R W M O ]S I J] Q W f o J^ O S Q # f> w JQ ^ S Q P Q X R Y Q W R W X M W JWI R P Q e JL ` S JM y J j u e [g v |u y s { u g y | H u g r / \ f Z M P V M W Ja b R W¯ YQ W R W R V S M V S JR X Q X R W P R ] K L J] Q W X R TJ^ Q W y J j u e Y M S Q P S R TQ ] JM L Q X Q W R P V R W U O JW Q X R W R L _ M T_ J X Q V M S m M L [ # 9 9 $ \ f H W W JWI R P Q W R WIO X Q X M W V M W WO Q P I R M S R W X R u e _ Q S JQL X M R L IS R R 9 « R P V R W M f R Q ] M S X M ] M P M W S R WO TI Q X M W M X R ] S N W ] JP M X M P h X O TM X R R TQ WI J] JX Q X R N? X X X X X X X
