❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ ❈❊❆❘➪ ❈❊◆❚❘❖ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❉❊ ❚❊▲❊■◆❋❖❘▼➪❚■❈❆
❆❧②s♦♥ ❇❡③❡rr❛ ◆♦❣✉❡✐r❛ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦
❙❊●▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❖❙ ❱❆❙❖❙ ❙❆◆●❯❮◆❊❖❙
P❯▲▼❖◆❆❘❊❙ ❊▼ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❉❊ ❚❖▼❖●❘❆❋■❆
❈❖▼P❯❚❆❉❖❘■❩❆❉❆ ❉❖ ❚Ó❘❆❳
❆❧②s♦♥ ❇❡③❡rr❛ ◆♦❣✉❡✐r❛ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦
❙❊●▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❖❙ ❱❆❙❖❙ ❙❆◆●❯❮◆❊❖❙
P❯▲▼❖◆❆❘❊❙ ❊▼ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❉❊ ❚❖▼❖●❘❆❋■❆
❈❖▼P❯❚❆❉❖❘■❩❆❉❆ ❉❖ ❚Ó❘❆❳
❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❚❡❧❡✐♥❢♦r♠á✲ t✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❊❙❚❘❊ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊✲ ◆❍❆❘■❆ ❉❊ ❚❊▲❊■◆❋❖❘▼➪❚■❈❆✱ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❈és❛r ❈♦rt❡③
❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❱❛s♦s ❙❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s P✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❡♠ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡
❚♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❚ór❛①
❆❧②s♦♥ ❇❡③❡rr❛ ◆♦❣✉❡✐r❛ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✵✹✴✵✸✴✷✵✶✸✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❈és❛r ❈♦rt❡③ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆✉③✉✐r ❘✐♣❛r❞♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r✐❛
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉❛♥✐❡❧♦ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ●♦♠❡s
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❲❛❣♥❡r ❈♦❡❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❜✉q✉❡rq✉❡ P❡r❡✐r❛
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✈✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ①✐✐
❆❜str❛❝t ①✐✐✐
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ①✐✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✺
✷✳✶ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❚ór❛① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❱❛s♦s ❙❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s P✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✸ ❈❛r❞✐♦♣❛t✐❛s P✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ P✉❧♠ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✹✳✶✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❈♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❆t✐✈♦ ❚r❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✹✳✶✳✷ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❆t✐✈♦ ❈r✐s♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❱❛s♦s ❙❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹✳✷✳✶ ▲✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹✳✷✳✷ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❋✉③③② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹✳✷✳✸ ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✉③③② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✹✳✷✳✹ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ P❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✹✳✷✳✺ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✹✳✷✳✻ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❛❞rõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✹✳✷✳✼ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✹✳✷✳✽ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ P✉❧♠♦♥❛r ✭❆❉P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✺ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✷✼
✸✳✶ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ P✉❧♠ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❱❛s♦s ❙❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✷✳✶ ▲✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✈
✸✳✷✳✷ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s ❡ ❆❉P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷✳✹ ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✉③③② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ▼ét♦❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✸✾
✹✳✶ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✷ ▲✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✸ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉ ✭❈❘✸❉✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✉③③② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✺ ❑✲▼é❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s três ♠ét♦❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s✱ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✼✶
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✼✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❡çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣✉❧♠ã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙▲❯■▼❊❘❀ P❘❖❑❖P❀ ●■◆◆❊❑❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❛✮ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦❀ ❜✮ s❡çã♦ s❛❣✐t❛❧❀ ❝✮ s❡çã♦ ❛①✐❛❧❀ ❡ ❞✮ s❡çã♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣✐①❡❧ ❡ ❞♦ ✈♦①❡❧✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❇❖◆❚❘❆●❊❘✱
✷✵✵✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✸ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡♠ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❍♦✉♥s✜❡❧❞✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙■❊▼❊◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✹ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❚❈ ♠✉❧t✐❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s✱ ✭❛✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❀ ✭❜✮r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠
❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❯❍✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✺ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❋❆❯❈■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✻ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❚❈ ❞♦ tór❛① ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✼ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❈❆ ❝r✐s♣ ✭❛✮ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛✲
çã♦ ❞♦ ♣✉❧♠ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ▼❈❆ ❈r✐s♣ ✭❜✮ r❡♥❞❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ▼❈❆ ❈r✐s♣ ❞♦ ♣✉❧♠ã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✽ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✾ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉✳ ❛✮❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦
✈♦①❡❧ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ❜✮ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐t❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞♦ ✈♦①❡❧ s❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝✮ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✶✵ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭▼❆❘✲
◗❯❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✶✶ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✶✷ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✶ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✲♦✉r♦ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s❀ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❡✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s
♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❞♦ á♣✐❝❡✱ ❤✐❧♦ ❡ ❜❛s❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡❀ ✭❜✮✱ ✭❞✮ ❡ ✭❢✮ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s✲♦✉r♦ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞♦ á♣✐❝❡✱ ❤✐❧♦ ❡ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ✈✐✐
✸✳✷ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛✲ ❜❛❧❤♦s❀ ✭❛✮s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣♦r ❑❛❢t❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮❀ ✭❜✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❩❤✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮❀ ✭❝✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❑♦r✜❛t✐s✱ ❑❛r❛❤❛❧✐♦✉ ❡ ❈♦st❛r✐❞♦✉ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✸ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♦✉r♦ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s❀ ✭❛✮✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛
s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❝♦♠ ✈❛s♦s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❡ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦s❀ ✭❜✮ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♦✉r♦ ❝♦♠ ❡①❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❡❀ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✶ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❚❈❀ ✭❛✮ ♠✉❧t✐❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t♦♠ó❣r❛❢♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ P❤✐✲
❧✐♣s ●❡♠✐♥✐❀ ✭❜✮❚❈❆❘ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ t♦♠ó❣r❛❢♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❚♦s❤✐❜❛ ❆st❡✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈❛s♦s
♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s❀ ✭❛✮ ❡①❛♠❡ ✶❀ ✭❜✮ ❡①❛♠❡ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✶✾ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❑✲▼é❞✐❛s ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✷✵ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛
çã♦ ♣♦r ❑✲▼é❞✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✷✶ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s três ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✷✷ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦ ❤✐❧♦ ♣♦r✱ ✭❛✮ ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡
✭♣❛❞rã♦✲♦✉r♦✮❀ ✭❜✮❑✲▼é❞✐❛s❀ ✭❝✮ ❈❋❀ ✭❞✮ ❈❘✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✷✸ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✷✹ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦ á♣✐❝❡ ♣♦r✱ ✭❛✮ ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡
✭♣❛❞rã♦✲♦✉r♦✮❀ ✭❜✮❑✲▼é❞✐❛s❀ ✭❝✮ ❈❋❀ ✭❞✮ ❈❘✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✷✺ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❢❛❧s♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✷✻ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ❝♦♠ ✈✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s❀ ✭❛✮✱ ✭❡✮✱
✭✐✮✱ ✭♠✮ ❡ ✭q✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ✈✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦❀ ✭❜✮✱✭❢✮✱✭❥✮✱✭♥✮ ❡ ✭r✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ❈❘✸❉❀ ✭❝✮✱ ✭❣✮✱ ✭❦✮✱ ✭♦✮ ❡ ✭s✮ s❡❣♠❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❋❀ ✭❞✮✱ ✭❤✮✱ ✭❧✮✱ ✭t✮ ❡ ✭♣✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❑✲▼é❞✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✷✼ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s❀ ✭❛✮ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡❀ ✭❜✮
❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✷✽ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s✱ ✭❛✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❑✲▼é❞✐❛s❀✭❜✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛✲
çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❋❀ ✭❝✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❘✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✷✾ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ❡♠ ❡①❛♠❡ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ✐♥t❡rst✐❝✐❛❧✱
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ✈✐✐✐
✹✳✸✵ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❡♠ t❡❝✐❞♦ ✜❜r♦s♦ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ✐♥t❡rst✐❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✸ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s❀ ✭❛✮ ❝✐r❝✉✲
❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝♦♠ ✈❛s♦s ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞♦ ♣✉❧♠ã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡①❝❧✉í❞❛ ❡rr♦♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❀ ✭❜✮ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❤á ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s ♥ã♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✹ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣♦r ❈❘✸❉✱ ✭❛✮✱✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❡✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❣✐✲
♥❛✐s❀ ✭❜✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ s❛❞✐♦❀✭❞✮s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ✐♥t❡rst✐❝✐❛❧❀✭❢✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❡♥✜s❡♠❛ ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ✐♥✲ t❡rst✐❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✺ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈❘✸❉❀ ✭❛✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦ ❝♦♠ ✈✐❛ ❛ér❡❛
❥✉st❛♣♦st❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦❀ ✭❜✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈❛s♦ ❝♦♠ ✈✐❛ ❛ér❡❛ ❥✉st❛♣♦st❛ ✭❝✮ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❝♦♠ ✈❛s♦s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❡ ✭❞✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ sã♦ ❛s ♠❛r❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✲♦✉r♦ ❡ ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡ ❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❈❘✸❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✻ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈❛s♦s ♣♦r ❈❘✸❉ ❝♦♠ ✈✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❥✉st❛♣♦st❛s❀
✭❛✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈✐❛ ❛ér❡❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦❀ ✭❜✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛✲ çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✼ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❘✸❉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣r✐✲
♠❡✐r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✽ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❘✸❉ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛❜♦r✲
❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✾ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛
çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❘✸❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✵ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣♦r ❈❋✱✭❛✮✱✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❡✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s❀
✭❜✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ s❛❞✐♦❀✭❞✮s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❞♦✲ ❡♥ç❛ ✐♥t❡rst✐❝✐❛❧❀✭❢✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❡♥✜s❡♠❛ ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ✐♥✲ t❡rst✐❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✶✶ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣♦r ❈❋❀ ✭❛✮✱✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❡✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s
♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ✈✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦❀ ✭❜✮✱✭❞✮ ❡ ✭❢✮ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❛s ✈✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✶✷ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❋ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ✐①
✹✳✶✸ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❋ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✶✹ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❋ ✻✼ ✹✳✶✺ t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡
tr❡✐♥♦❀ ✭❛✮❍✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦❀ ✭❜✮ ❇♦① ♣❧♦t ❞❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✶✻ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣♦r ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s❀
✭❛✮✱✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❡✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s❀ ✭❜✮❡✭❞✮s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧❀ ✭❢✮ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❡♥✜s❡♠❛ ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ✐♥t❡rst✐❝✐❛❧❀ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✶✼ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s❀ ✭❛✮✱✭❝✮ ❡ ✭❡✮
✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ✈✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s ❝✐r❝✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦❀ ✭❜✮✱✭❞✮ ❡ ✭❢✮ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❛s ✈✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s❀ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✶✽ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✶ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ♦s ❧ó❜✉❧♦s ♣✉❧♠♦✲
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❡r❛çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✹✳✶ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✸ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈❘✸❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✹ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛✲
r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❘✸❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✺ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛✲
r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❘✸❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✻ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❋✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✼ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛✲
r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✽ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛✲
r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✾ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶✵ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛✲
r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❑✲▼é❞✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✶✶ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s✐♠✐❧❛✲
r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❑✲▼é❞✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
✸❉ ❚r✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧
❆❉P ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ P✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❈❘✸❉ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉ ❈❋ ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✉③③②
❊P ❊♠❜♦❧✐❛ P✉❧♠♦♥❛r
❊▼ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❍P ❍✐♣❡rt❡♥sã♦ P✉❧♠♦♥❛r ▼❈❆ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t♦r♥♦s ❆t✐✈♦s ❚❈ ❚♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛
❚❈❆❘ ❚♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❆❧t❛ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦
❘❡s✉♠♦
A
❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♠é❞✐❝❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛r ❛ ❛❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳ P♦r ❡ss❛s r❛③ã♦✱ ❛ P♥❡✉♠♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s✳ ❆ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s é ❞❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r✲ ❞✐♦♣❛t✐❛s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ♣♦r ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛s r❛❞✐♦❣r❛✜❛s t♦rá❝✐❝❛s✱ t♦✲ ♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ✭❚❈✮ ❞♦ tór❛①✱ r❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✱ ❝✐♥t✐❧♦❣r❛✜❛ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❡ ❛♥❣✐♦❣r❛✜❛✳ ❆ ❤✐♣❡rt❡♥sã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❡ ♦ ❝â♥❝❡r sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r s✉❜❥❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡ss❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛❧❣♦✲ r✐t♠♦s sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ót✐♠❛ ❞❡st❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦s ❛t✐✈♦s✱ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❋✉③③②✱ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s✱ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐✲❡s❝❛❧❛r ✸❉ ❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭❊▼✮✳ ◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ sã♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❞♦ tór❛① ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ três ♠ét♦❞♦s✿ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛ ❡ ❧✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦❀ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✉③③② ❡ ❧✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦❀ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ s❡❣✲ ♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s três ♠ét♦❞♦s sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡✐s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉✱ ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✉③③②✱ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉❡♥✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ P✉❧♠♦♥❛r✱ ❱❛s♦s ❙❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
M
❡❞✐❝❛❧ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✉s✐♥❣ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡r ✈✐s✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ q✉✐t❡ ♣r♦♠✐✲ s✐♥❣ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ✐ts ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♦❢ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♣❛t❤♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s r❡❛s♦♥✱ ♣✉❧♠♦♥♦❧♦❣② ❜❡❝❛♠❡ ❛♥ ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♦❢ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ■♠❛❣❡ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❜❧♦♦❞ ✈❡ss❡❧s s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✉♥❣ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛✐❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r② ❤❡❛rt ❞✐s❡❛s❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ❛♥❛❧②③✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❞✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣ ❡①❛♠s✱ ❧✐❦❡ ❝❤❡st ❳✲ r❛②s✱ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ t♦♠♦❣r❛♣❤② ✭❈❚✮ s❝❛♥✱ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ r❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✱ s❝✐♥t✐❣r❛♣❤② ❛♥❞ ❛♥❣✐♦❣r❛♣❤②✳ P✉❧♠♦♥❛r② ❤②♣❡rt❡♥s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥❝❡r ❛r❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❞✐s❡❛s❡s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞✐❛❣♥♦s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❧❡ss s✉❜❥❡❝t✐✈✐t② ✐❢ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ✈❡ss❡❧s s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤r❡❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡ ❡①tr❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡✲ ❧♦♣❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ♦❜t❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛♥ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ str✉❝t✉r❡s✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤♦s❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛r❡ ❛❝t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥t♦✉rs✱ ❢✉③③② ❧♦❣✐❝✱ ✸❉ ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ●r♦✇✐♥❣✱ ✸❉ ♠✉❧t✐✲s❝❛❧❡ ✜❧t❡✲ r✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❛♥❞ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✭❊▼✮✳ ■♥ t❤✐s st✉❞②✱ t❤❡ ❜❧♦♦❞ ✈❡ss❡❧s ✇❡r❡ ❡①tr❛❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❧✉♥❣ ❈❚ s❝❛♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❡st ✉s✐♥❣ t❤r❡❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ✐s ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✸❉ ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ●r♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❜② ❛ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ♠❡♠❜❡rs❤✐♣ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐s ❛ ❤②❜r✐❞ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❜② t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❋✉③③② ❈♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞♥❡ss✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ r❡❢❡rs t♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❑✲♠❡❛♥s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡r✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿✸❉ ❘❡❣✐♦♥ ●r♦✇✐♥❣ ✱ ❋✉③③② ❈♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞♥❡ss✱ ▲✉♥❣ ❉❡♥s✐t② ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ❇❧♦♦❞ ❱❡ss❡❧s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❋❛❜í♦❧❛ ❇❡③❡rr❛✱ ❛❧✐❝❡r❝❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá ♣♦r t♦❞❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ❈◆Pq ♣❡❧♦ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❈♦rt❡③ ❡ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❛❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐✲ r♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❚❛r✐q✉❡ ❈❛✈❛❧❝❛♥t❡✱ ❚❤♦♠❛③ ▼❛✐❛✱ P❡❞r♦ P❡❞r♦s❛ ❡ ❱❛❧❜❡rt♦ ❊♥♦❝ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ✐♥q✉❡st✐♦♥á✈❡❧ ♥❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❊✈❡rt♦♥ ❇❡③❡rr❛ ❡ ❮t❛❧♦ ❇❡③❡rr❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥♦✐✈❛ ■s❛❜❡❧❧② ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r❛✱ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❡stá ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✳
①✈
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❱ár✐❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♠ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛r✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ ♦✉ s❡♠✐✲❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ ✭❏❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❊♠ P♥❡✉♠♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠ ❛✉①✐❧✐♦ ❛♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❋é❧✐① ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❘❡❜♦✉ç❛s ❋✐❧❤♦ ✭✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❈❛✈❛❧❝❛♥t❡ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❡ ❑❛❢t❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✳
❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s é ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡✱ ✈✐st♦ ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ✭❘❖❇❇■◆❙❀ ❈❖❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s q✉❡ ❛t✐♥❣❡♠ ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❛ ❤✐♣❡rt❡♥sã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡ s❡♥❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦ ✈❡♥trí❝✉❧♦ ❡sq✉❡r❞♦✱ ❛ ❞r❡♥❛❣❡♠ ✈❡♥♦s❛ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r✱ ❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❛rt❡r✐❛❧ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ t❛♠✲ ❜é♠ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦ ✐♥t❡rstí❝✐♦ ❡ ♣❛rê♥q✉✐♠❛ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ✭▼❖❘❆❊❙❀ ▲❖❙❈❆▲❩❖✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
❖✉tr❛ ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛ s❡r ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛ é ❛ ❡♠❜♦❧✐❛ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ✭❊P✮✳ ❊ss❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥✲ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr♦♠❜♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✈❡♥♦s♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡s♣r❡♥❞❡ ❡✱ ❛tr❛✲ ✈❡ss❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐r❡✐t❛s ❞♦ ❝♦r❛çã♦✱ ♦❜str✉✐ ❛ ❛rtér✐❛ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ♦✉ ✉♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s r❛♠♦s ✭❈❆❘❆▼❊▲▲■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦s ❊❯❆ sã♦ r❡❧❛t❛❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✵✵ ❝❛s♦s ♣❛r❛ ✶✵✵✳✵✵✵ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦r ❛♥♦ ✭❲❍■❚❊✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ♥♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣❛ís❡s ❞❛ ❆♠ér✐❝❛ ▲❛t✐♥❛✱ sã♦ ❡s❝❛ss♦s ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡♣✐❞❡♠✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ tr♦♠❜♦❡♠❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ✭❑▲❊■◆❋❊▲❉❊❘ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
❆ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r t❡♠ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ♥♦ ✈❡♥trí❝✉❧♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦✱ ❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ s❛♥❣✉❡ é ❜♦♠❜❡✲ ❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❝❛♣✐❧❛r ❞♦s ♣✉❧♠õ❡s✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ❤❡♠❛t♦s❡✱ ♦ s❛♥❣✉❡ ♦①✐❣❡♥❛❞♦ r❡t♦r♥❛ ❛♦ átr✐♦ ❡sq✉❡r❞♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦r❛çã♦✲♣✉❧♠ã♦✲❝♦r❛çã♦ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥á✲❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❉➶◆●❊▲❖❀ ❋❆❚❚■◆■✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✿ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
❖ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ s✉❛ s❡❣✲ ♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s t♦r♥♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝â♥❝❡r ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ✭❚❖❩❆❑■ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✱ ❤✐♣❡r✲ t❡♥sã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ✭▲■◆●❯❘❆❘❯ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽✮ ❡ ❡♠❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ✭▼❆❙❯❚❆◆■❀ ▼❆❈▼❆❍❖◆❀ ❉❖■✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳ ❊st❛s ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛s sã♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❡①❛♠❡s ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ♣♦r ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛s r❛❞✐♦❣r❛✜❛s t♦rá❝✐❝❛s✱ t♦♠♦✲ ❣r❛✜❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ✭❚❈✮ ❞♦ tór❛①✱ r❡ss♦♥â♥❝✐❛ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛✱ ❝✐♥t✐❧♦❣r❛✜❛ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❡ ❛♥❣✐♦❣r❛✜❛ ✭❍❖❱◆❆◆■❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝♦ ❡①❛t♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣r❡❝♦❝❡ ❡✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♦s r❡❛✐s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❞❛s ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s✱ ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s é ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❡st❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❱✐sã♦ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ s❡❣✉✐r ❜❛s✐✲ ❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✺ ❡t❛♣❛s✿ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦✱ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ✭●❖◆❩❆▲❊❩❀ ❲❖❖❉❙✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❢♦t♦❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❈❈❉ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐③❛❞❛ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❜r✐❧❤♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❝✉❥♦s í♥❞✐❝❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ✭♣✐①❡❧✮ ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ❡ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝✐♥③❛ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✭●❖◆❩❆▲❊❩❀ ❲❖❖❉❙✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❆ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❛❧t❡r❛r ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s❡❥❛ ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦✱ r❡❛❧❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❖ ❡stá❣✐♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r é ❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡✱ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❣❡r❛✐s✱ ❡①tr❛✐ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳
❆♣ós s❡❣♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛✲ ♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❊ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡①tr❛✐ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❡♠ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♦✉ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❜ás✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✿ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✸
❡t❛♣❛s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡stá❣✐♦s ❜❛s❡✐❛✲ s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✈✐♦ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛ ❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❑❛❢t❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❋✉③③② ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ▲✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ s❡♠✐✲❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚❈✳ ❆tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❋✐❧tr❛❣❡♠ ▼✉❧t✐✲❊s❝❛❧❛r ✸❉✱ ❙❛t♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❡st❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚❈✳ ◆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❩❤✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s sã♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❈♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❆t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❧❡✈❡❧ s❡t✳ ❖✉tr♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ s❡r ❞❡st❛❝❛❞♦ é ♦ ❞❡ ❩❤♦✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ❡ss❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❊①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ▼❛①✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✭❊▼✮✳ ❏á ❋é❧✐① ✭✷✵✵✼✮✱ ❝♦♠ ♠♦r❢♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s✱ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦✉ ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s✳
◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛ s❡✉s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❞♦ tór❛① ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ três ♠ét♦❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♣✉❧♠♦✲ ♥❛r ✭❆❉P✮ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥❛ ❡ ❧✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ é ✉♠ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✉③③② ❡ ❧✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛r ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚❈ ❞♦ tór❛①✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♦✉tr♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s✿
✐✳ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s❀
✐✐✳ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥✲ ❣✉í♥❡♦s❀
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✿ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✹
✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✺ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s s♦❜r❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♠é❞✐❝❛s✱ s♦❜r❡t✉❞♦ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ t♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❝♦♠♣✉✲ t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❝❛r❞✐♦♣❛t✐❛s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛
❆rt❡
◆❡st❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞❛s ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❚❈ ❞♦ tór❛①✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ❡st✉❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❝❛r❞✐♦♣❛t✐❛s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❤✐♣❡rt❡♥sã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❡ ❡♠❜♦❧✐s♠♦✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❆t✐✈♦ ❝r✐s♣ ✭▼❈❆ ❝r✐s♣✮ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♣✉❧♠ã♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❋✉③③②✱ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ✸❉✱ ▲✐♠✐❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❑✲♠é❞✐❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛r ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ é ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦ ♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ❡♠ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚❈ ❞♦ tór❛①✳
✷✳✶ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❚ór❛①
❍á três t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❚♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐③❛❞❛ ✭❚❈✮✿ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❤❡✲ ❧✐❝♦✐❞❛❧ s✐♥❣❧❡s❧✐❝❡ ❡ ❤❡❧✐❝♦✐❞❛❧ ♠✉❧t✐s❧✐❝❡ ✭❲❊❇❇ ❲✳ ❊✳ ❇❘❆◆❚✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ P❛r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s✱ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚❈ ❤❡❧✐❝♦✐❞❛❧ ♠✉❧t✐s❧✐❝❡ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❛①✐❛❧✳ ❆♣ós ❛ s✉❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦✱ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ r❡❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❧❛♥♦s✱ t❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❡st❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s s❡çõ❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ t♦r♥❛ ✈❛♥t❛❥♦s❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚❈ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♣❛t♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦ ♣✉❧♠ã♦✱ ❞❛❞❛ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s✱ ✈✐❛s ❛ér❡❛s✱ ❤✐❧♦✱ ♣❧❡✉r❛ ❡ ♣❛rê♥q✉✐♠❛ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❡♠ três ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ✭❈❆❱❆▲❈❆◆❚❊✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❚❈ sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡ ✐♥tr❛✈❡♥♦s♦✳ ❚r❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❛♦ s❡r ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❥❡çã♦ ✐♥tr❛✈❡♥♦s❛✱ r❡❛❧ç❛ ♦s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✻
✈❛s♦s s❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✭❙❆◆❚❖❙❀ ●❆■❱➹❖❀ ❚❆❱❆❘❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ◆ã♦ ♦❜st❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✈❛s♦s✱ ❡ss❛ s✉❜stâ♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❝❛✉s❛r r❡❛çõ❡s ❛❞✈❡rs❛s ♥♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ r❡♥❛❧✱ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛çõ❡s ❝✉tâ♥❡♦✲ ♠✉❝♦s❛s ✭♣r✉r✐❞♦✮✱ ❡r✐t❡♠❛✱ ♥á✉s❡❛s✱ ✈ô♠✐t♦s✱ ❝❡❢❛❧❡✐❛s✱ ❢❡❜r❡✱ ❞♦r ❛❜❞♦♠✐♥❛❧✱ ♣❛r♦t✐❞✐t❡✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✭❙❆◆❚❖❙❀ ●❆■❱➹❖❀ ❚❆❱❆❘❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳
✭❛✮ ✭❜✮
✭❝✮ ✭❞✮
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❡çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣✉❧♠ã♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙▲❯■▼❊❘❀ P❘❖❑❖P❀ ●■◆✲ ◆❊❑❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❛✮ ♣❧❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦❀ ❜✮ s❡çã♦ s❛❣✐t❛❧❀ ❝✮ s❡çã♦ ❛①✐❛❧❀ ❡ ❞✮ s❡çã♦ ❝♦r♦♥❛❧✳
❆ ♠❡♥♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✷❉ é ♦ ♣✐①❡❧✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ❝♦♥✲ s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚❈✱ ♦ ✈♦①❡❧ é ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♥♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ✭❍❖❯◆❙❋■❊▲❉✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ é ✐❧✉str❛❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❚❈ ❞♦ tór❛①✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✼
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣✐①❡❧ ❡ ❞♦ ✈♦①❡❧✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❇❖◆❚❘❆✲ ●❊❘✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❊st❛ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ s❡ ♦❜té♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ é ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ✭❊P❙❚❊■◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❆ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ t♦♠♦❣r❛✜❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✐✲ ③❛❞❛ é ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ t❡❝✐❞♦ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❢❛t♦r❡s✳ ❆ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦ U Htecido é
❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✭❊P❙❚❊■◆✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
U Htecido= 1000×
(µtecido−µagua)
µagua
✭✷✳✶✮ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ µtecido é ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞♦ t❡❝✐❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈♦①❡❧
❡µagua é ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❛ á❣✉❛✳
❊♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❚❈✱ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦ sã♦ ♠❡❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❍♦✉♥s✜❡❧❞ ✭❯❍✮✳ ❖ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛r ❡ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✲✶✵✵✵ ❯❍ ❡ ✵ ❯❍✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣♦♥t♦s ✜①♦s ♥❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❚❈ ❡ ♠❛♥tê♠✲s❡ ✐♥❛❧t❡r❛❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ t✉❜♦ ✭❇❯❙❍❖◆●✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉♥❞❛♥t❡s✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✐s♦❞❡♥s❛ ✱ ❤✐♣♦❞❡♥s❛ ♦✉ ❤✐♣❡r❞❡♥s❛✳ ❊♠ ór❣ã♦s ♣❛r❡♥❝♠❛t♦s♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦✱ ❢í❣❛❞♦✱ r✐♥s ❡ ♣â♥❝r❡❛s✱ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ❛t❡♥✉❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡❝✐❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉♥❞❛♥t❡s s❛❞✐♦s é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✳ ❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❛ á❣✉❛ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ á❣✉❛✲❞❡♥s♦s✱ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❛ ❣♦r❞✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❣♦r❞✉r❛✲❞❡♥s♦s✱ ❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞♦s ♠ús❝✉❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠ús❝✉❧♦✲❞❡♥s♦s✭❇❯❙❍❖◆●✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡♠ ❯❍ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ t❡❝✐❞♦s ❡ ór❣ã♦s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ♣✉❧♠ã♦ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s s✉❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s✱ ❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡stá ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✲✶✵✵✵ ❯❍ ❡ ✶✵✵ ❯❍ ✭❙▲❯■▼❊❘❀ P❘❖❑❖P❀ ●■◆◆❊❑❊◆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡♠ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❍♦✉♥s✜❡❧❞✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✭❙■❊▼❊◆❙✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳
❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r❛♠ ❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛❡r❛çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❝❧❛ss❡s✿ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❤✐♣❡r✲ ❛❡r❛❞❛✱ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❡r❛❞❛✱ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❛❡r❛❞❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❡r❛❞❛✳
◆❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❡r❛❞❛✱ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❤á ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✈❛s♦s ♥♦ s❡✉ ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❛❡r❛çã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ sã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛♦ s❡ s✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐r ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❡r❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s s✉❜❝❧❛s❡s✿ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❡r❛❞❛α
❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❡r❛❞❛ γ✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛
❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❡r❛çã♦ é ♠♦str❛❞❛ ♥❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❡r❛çã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✳
❍✐♣❡r ❛❡r❛❞❛ ✲✶✵✵✵ ❛ ✲✾✵✵ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❡r❛❞❛ α ✲✾✵✵ ❛ ✲✼✺✵
◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❡r❛❞❛ γ ✲✼✺✵ ❛ ✲✺✵✵
P♦✉❝♦ ❛❡r❛❞❛ ✲✺✵✵ ❛ ✲✶✵✵ ◆ã♦ ❛❡r❛❞❛ ✲✶✵✵ ❛ ✶✵✵
➱ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✱ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❚❈ ❞♦ ❚ór❛①✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❛❡r❛çã♦ ❛tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦✲s❡ t♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❛❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✳ ❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❯❍ ❡stá r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦r❡s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶✭❜✮✳ ❆ ❈♦r ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❍✐♣❡r ❛❡r❛❞❛s✱ ♦ ✈❡r❞❡ ❝❧❛r♦ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❡r❛❞❛sα✱ ♦ ✈❡r❞❡ ❡s❝✉r♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❡r❛❞❛s γ✱ ❛ ❝♦r ❛♠❛r❡❧❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❛❡r❛çã♦ ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❝♦r ❛③✉❧ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡
r❡❣✐õ❡s ♥ã♦ ❛❡r❛❞❛s✳ ❆s ár❡❛s ♥ã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡stã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦r ♣r❡t❛✳
✷✳✷ ❱❛s♦s ❙❛♥❣✉í♥❡♦s P✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✾
✭❛✮ ✭❜✮
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❚❈ ♠✉❧t✐❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s✱ ✭❛✮ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❀ ✭❜✮r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❯❍✳
átr✐♦ ❡sq✉❡r❞♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦r❛çã♦✲♣✉❧♠ã♦✲❝♦r❛çã♦ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥á✲❧❛ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❉➶◆●❊▲❖❀ ❋❆❚❚■◆■✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✳
❆ ❛rtér✐❛ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❛♣ós ♣❛ss❛r ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ á♣✐❝❡ ❞♦ ✈❡♥trí❝✉❧♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡✲s❡ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s r❛♠♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✿ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❡ ❡sq✉❡r❞♦✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s r❛♠♦s é ❧❡✈❛r s❛♥❣✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣✉❧♠õ❡s✳ ❖s ✈❛s♦s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s sã♦ ❝✉rt♦s ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣❛r❡❞❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ✜♥❛s ❡ ❞✐st❡♥sí✈❡✐s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❢❡r❡ à ár✈♦r❡ ❛rt❡r✐❛❧ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧✐â♥❝✐❛ ✭❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳
P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛s ❛rtér✐❛s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛r❡♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s t❡r✲ ç♦s ❞♦ ❞é❜✐t♦ s✐stó❧✐❝♦ ❞♦ ✈❡♥trí❝✉❧♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦✳ ❆ ❛rtér✐❛ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r ❝♦♥té♠ s❛♥❣✉❡ ❡s❝✉r♦✱ s♦❜r❡❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♥✐❞r✐❞♦ ❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦ ✭s❛♥❣✉❡ ✈❡♥♦s♦✮ ✭●❯❨❚❖◆✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
❆s ✈❡✐❛s ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞✐st❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s às ❞❛s ✈❡✐❛s ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ s✐stê♠✐❝❛ ❡✱ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❛rtér✐❛s✱ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛♠ s❛♥❣✉❡ q✉❡ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥♦✉ ♦ ❛♥✐❞r✐❞♦ ❝❛r❜ô♥✐❝♦ ❡ s❡ ❝❛rr❡❣♦✉ ❞❡ ♦①✐❣ê♥✐♦✱ t♦♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦r ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ ✭s❛♥❣✉❡ ❛rt❡r✐❛❧✮ ✭❋❊❘❘❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺ sã♦ ✐❧✉str❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ♣✉❧♠♦♥❛r✳
