❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❯▼❆ ❆❇❖❘❉❆●❊▼ P❆❘❆ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊
▲■◆❍❆❙ ❉❊ P❘❖❉❯❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ❖❘■❊◆❚❆❉❆ ❆
❈❆❘❆❈❚❊❘❮❙❚■❈❆❙ ❊ ❉■❘■●■❉❆ P❖❘ ▼❖❉❊▲❖❙
❘❖❉❘■●❖ ❘❊■❙ P❊❘❊■❘❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❘❖❉❘■●❖ ❘❊■❙ P❊❘❊■❘❆
❯▼❆ ❆❇❖❘❉❆●❊▼ P❆❘❆ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊
▲■◆❍❆❙ ❉❊ P❘❖❉❯❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊ ❖❘■❊◆❚❆❉❆ ❆
❈❆❘❆❈❚❊❘❮❙❚■❈❆❙ ❊ ❉■❘■●■❉❆ P❖❘ ▼❖❉❊▲❖❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP)
P436a Pereira, Rodrigo Reis, 1981-
Uma abordagem para desenvolvimento de linhas de produtos de
software orientada a características e dirigida por modelos / Rodrigo Reis Pereira. - 2010.
125 f. : il.
Orientador: Marcelo Almeida Maia.
Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Pro-grama de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Inclui bibliografia.
1. 1. Engenharia de software - Teses. 2. Software -
Desenvolvimento - Teses. I. Maia, Marcelo Almeida. II. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação. III. Título.
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛❝✉❧✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❯♠❛ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s✑ ♣♦r ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❘❡✐s P❡r❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✶✺ ❞❡ ▼❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ▼❛❣♥♦ ▲❛❣❡s ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ▼❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵
❆✉t♦r✿ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❘❡✐s P❡r❡✐r❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❯♠❛ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❘❡s✉♠♦
▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ sã♦ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ r❡✉s♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈♦s ♠♦❞✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ❖s ❢♦❝♦s ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡st❡ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ sã♦✿ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r❛③♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛✱ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳ ❖ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❖r✐❡♥✲ t❛❞♦ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✭❋❖▼❉❉ ✲ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✮ é ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ✉♥❡ ❋❖P ✭❋❡❛✲ t✉r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✮ ❡ ▼❉❉ ✭▼♦❞❡❧ ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✲ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s✮✳ ▼❉❉ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉tá✲ ✈❡✐s✳ ❋❖P é ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❋❖▼❉❉ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣♦s✲ t♦s ♣♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ q✉❡ ❡st❡s s❡❥❛♠ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡✐s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❋❖▼❉❉ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❚r✉❥✐❧❧♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ❝✉❥♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s sã♦ ❛♥♦t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡ ❡st❛s ❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡✱ ♣♦r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③❡♠ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧✳ ◆♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♥ã♦ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❧❡❣❛❞♦s ♥✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❞✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ▼❱❈✳ ❊st❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r✲ ♠❛t♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✜♥❛❧✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ Pr♦❞✉❝t ▲✐♥❡s ❛r❡ ❛♥ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠ ❢♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✱ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ r❡✉s❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r ❛ss❡ts✱ ❡♥❤❛♥❝✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦❢ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝✲ t✐✈✐t② ♦❢ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❢♦❝✉s❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛r❡✿ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ♣r♦❞✉❝t q✉❛❧✐t②✱ s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② t✐♠❡s✱ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❝♦sts ♦❢ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥❝❡✱ ✐♥ ❛❞❞✐✲ t✐♦♥ t♦ ♠❛ss ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛✐♠s t♦ ❡①♣❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ ❡①♣❧♦r✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ♠❡♠✲ ❜❡r ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ♦❢ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧②✳ ❚❤❡ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✭❋❖▼❉❉✮ ✐s ❛ ❜❧❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❋❖P ✭❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✮ ❛♥❞ ▼❉❉ ✭▼♦❞❡❧ ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣✲ ♠❡♥t✮✳ ▼❉❉ ✉s❡s ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ s♣❡❝✐❢② ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s t♦ s②♥t❤❡s✐③❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡s✳ ❋❖P ✐s ❛ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠ ❢♦r ♣r♦❞✉❝t ❧✐♥❡s ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ❛r❡ ❜✉✐❧t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳ ❋❖▼❉❉ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ♦❢ ❛ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ❧✐♥❡ ❜② ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦❢ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❜② t❤❡✐r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛✲ t✐♦♥ ✐♥t♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❢♦r ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋❖▼❉❉ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ❚r✉❥✐❧❧♦ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦♠❛✐♥s ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❛r❡ ❛♥♥♦t❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❡❧❡❝✲ t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ❢♦r ♣r♦❞✉❝t ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ s❤♦✇s ❤♦✇ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♠♦❞❡❧s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡s❡ ✐♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❝♦❞❡✱ ✉s✐♥❣ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❞❡t❛✐❧s✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥✳ ❖✉r ✇♦r❦ s❤♦✇s ❤♦✇ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♥♦t ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❢r❛❣♠❡♥✲ t❡❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛s ✐♥♣✉t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❝♦❞❡ ❛rt✐❢❛❝ts✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❣❛❝② ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐♥ ❛ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ❞❡✲ ✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❝❛s❡ st✉❞② ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ s②st❡♠s✱ s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ▼❱❈ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ♣❛tt❡r♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ t❤❛t ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦❞❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠❛t✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s t❤❛t ❛❧❧♦✇ ♦❜t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜♥❛❧ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✶✳✹ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷ ❯♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❞✐✲
r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✶✼
✷✳✶ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✶✳✷ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✷ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷✳✶ P❛ss♦s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ■♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❱✐❛ ❆✿ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❱✐❛ ❇✿ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❙♦❜r❡ ♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸✳✷ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✹ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦✿ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ♣❛r❛ ▲♦❥❛s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ✸✸ ✸✳✶ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✸✳✹ ▲✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦✴❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✺ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✹✾
✹✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✶✳✸ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✶✳✹ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✳✺ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❆s♣❡❝t✉❛❧✲♠✐①✐♥✲❧❛②❡rs ✺✸ ✹✳✶✳✻ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡s ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❙♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐❛♥t❡s ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✶✳✼ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦✲
❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✶✳✽ ◆♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❈❛r❛❝t❡rís✲
t✐❝❛s ❡ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✭❋❖▼❉❉✯✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✶✳✾ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❊❛r❧②✲❆s♣❡❝ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✳✶✵ P▲✲❆s♣❡❝t✉❛❧❆❈▼❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✶✳✶✶ ▼❆❙✲P▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❋✉t✉r❛s ✻✸
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✻✼
❆ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✼✸
❆✳✶ ❚Simplif icarM odeloEstados✭▼❊✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
❆✳✷ ❚Simplif icarM odeloDados✭▼❉✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
❆✳✸ ❚GerarT emplateM apeamentoEstadosCaracteristicas✭▼❊❙✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❆✳✹ ❚GerarT emplateM apeamentoDadosCaracteristicas✭▼❉❙✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❆✳✺ ❚GerarT emplateM apeamentoEstadosLayout✭▼❉❙✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
❆✳✻ Pr❡❡♥❝❤✐♠❡♥t♦s ▼❛♥✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ❆✳✼ ❚M apearCaracteristicasM odeloEstados✭▼❊❙✱❆❈▼❊✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
❆✳✽ ❚M apearCaracteristicasM odeloDados✭▼❉❙✱ ❆❈▼❉✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
❆✳✾ ❚M apearLayoutM odeloEstados✭▼❊❆❈✱ ❆▲▼❊✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
❆✳✶✵ ❚AnaliseP araP rojeto✭▼❊❆❈▲✱ ▼❉❆❈✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
❆✳✶✵✳✶ ❚DadosP araM V CM odelo✭▼❊❆❈▲✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
❆✳✶✵✳✷ ❚EstadosP araV isao✭▼❊❆❈▲✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✐①
❇ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✽✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✸ ▼✐①✐♥✲❧❛②❡rs ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❙♠❛r❛❣❞❛❦✐s ❡ ❇❛t♦r② ✶✾✾✽❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✹ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡tór✐♦s ❡ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ❬❇❛t♦r② ✷✵✵✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✺ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❋❖▼❉❉ ❞❡ ❬❚r✉❥✐❧❧♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✻ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❋❖▼❉❉ ✲ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❡ sí♥t❡s❡ ❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✶✳✼ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♥♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❋❖▼❉❉ ✲ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❡ sí♥t❡s❡ ❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✶ ◆♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❋❖▼❉❉ ✲ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✷ ◆♦ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❋❖▼❉❉ ✲ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✸ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✹ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✺ ▼❡t❛♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✶ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ✶ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s P■▼ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ▲♦❥❛s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ✷ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s P■▼ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ▲♦❥❛s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s P❙▼ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ▲♦❥❛s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✹ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ✶ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s P■▼ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✺ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ✷ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s P■▼ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s P❙▼ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✼ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ▲♦❥❛s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✾ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ▲♦❥❛s ❱✐rt✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛②♦✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶✶ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛❞♦s ① ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶✷ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛❞♦s ① ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✸ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡st❛❞♦s ① ❧❛②♦✉t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✹ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❛❜str❛t❛ ▼❱❈ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✶✺ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❛❜str❛t❛ ▼❱❈ ✲ ❱✐sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✶✻ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❛❜str❛t❛ ▼❱❈ ✲ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✶ ❆s♣❡❝t✉❛❧ ♠✐①✐♥✲❧❛②❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
①①✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✷ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✹ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✺ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❆s♣❡❝t✉❛❧✲
♠✐①✐♥✲❧❛②❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✻ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❙✉♣❡r✐♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐❛♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✼ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦
♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✽ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r
❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✾ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞♦ ♣♦r ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠ ❊❛r❧②✲❆s♣❡❝ts ✺✾ ✹✳✶✵ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ P▲✲❆s♣❡❝t✉❛❧❆❈▼❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✶✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ▼❆❙✲P▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✶✷ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✸ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❋❖▼❉❉ ❡ ❋❖▼❉❉✯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❆❉ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❆❆P ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❞✉t♦ ❆❈❉ ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
❆❈▼❉ ❆♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❆❈▼❊ ❆♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❆❈P ❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❞✉t♦
❆❉P■▼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❆▲▼❊ ❆♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ▲❛②♦✉t ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
❆PP■▼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❉P■▼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❉P❙▼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ▼❆❉ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
▼❆P ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ Pr♦❞✉t♦ ▼❉ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
▼❉❆❈ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❆♥♦t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
▼❉❈ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❉❛❞♦s ① ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ▼❉❙ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦
▼❊ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
▼❊❆❈ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛t♦s ❆♥♦t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
▼❊❆❈▲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❆♥♦t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ▲❛②♦✉t ▼❊❈ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊st❛❞♦s ① ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ▼❊▲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊st❛❞♦s ① ▲❛②♦✉t ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
▼❊❙ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ▼▲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▲❛②♦✉t ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
▼▼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ▼P❉ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
❚▼❉❈ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ① ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❚▼❊❈ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ① ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❚▼❊▲ ❚❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ① ▲❛②♦✉t
P❉❖❈ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
①①✈✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
PP Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❞✉t♦
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s t❛♥t♦ ♥❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❬❇❛t♦r② ✷✵✵✸❪✳
❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ✈❡♠ ♠✉❞❛♥❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦r✐❛s ❡r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ❛rt❡s❛♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ❆♦s ♣♦✉❝♦s✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉✳ ◆♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦♠ó✈❡✐s ✐st♦ ❧❡✈♦✉ à ✐♥✈❡♥çã♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛ss❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛rt❡s❛♥❛❧✳ ❆ ❣r♦ss♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡st❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s✳ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s sã♦ ❝❛r♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❬P♦❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
◆♦s ♣r✐♠ór❞✐♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❡q✉❡✲ ♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✉♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♣♦r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✈❡♠ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ✈❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❖ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✈ár✐♦s s✐st❡✲ ♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ✭♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s✮✱ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ③❡r♦ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s r✉❞✐♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❞❡ r❡✉s♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✏❝♦♣✐❛r ❡ ❝♦❧❛r✑✱ ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ r❡✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡✲ q✉❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡q✉✐♣❡s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛✲ r❛❧❡❧♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡stã♦ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛s ❧♦❝❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥✲ t❡s ❡stã♦ ❝❧❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✱ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧✳
❆s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ r❡✉s♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s t✐✈❡r❛♠ ✐♠♣✉❧s♦ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✽✵✳ ❖ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❡st❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ r❡✉s♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ♥❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ s✉❜♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ❖s ❢♦❝♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ sã♦ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r❛③♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛✱ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛✳
❆ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ✐❞❡✐❛s ❧❡✈♦✉ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛✈❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛r s❡✉s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡✲ t✐✈♦ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❛♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✳
❆rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ sã♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♥s✲ tr✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s t✐✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♥❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉❢❛t✉r❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦✲ ♥❡♥t❡s r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s✳
✶✳✶✳ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✸
❛✉t♦♠♦t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛rr♦❝❡r✐❛✱ ♠♦t♦r✱ ❛❝❛❜❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡t❝✳
❆ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❡♠ t✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ♠❛s q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s✳ ❖s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s q✉❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❡ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❘❡✉s♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❯♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡✉s♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞❛ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐st❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈♦s r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s q✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳ ❉❡ ❢❛t♦✱ ❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❡♠ s❡ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❛ ❝✉st♦s ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❛✐♦r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❬P♦❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
✶✳✶ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉✲
t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❥á é r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❤á t❡♠♣♦s ♥❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ t♦r♥❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡♥✲ t❡♥❞❡r✱ ❡✈♦❧✉✐r✱ ✉s❛r ❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❛♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❬P❛r♥❛s ✶✾✼✷❪✳ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❝✉❥♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇❛t♦r② ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❬❇❛t♦r② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡✲ ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ✭r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦✮ ❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❡❧❛s q✉❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐❞♦s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛s ❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥stâ♥✲ ❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦✳ ❊❧❛s sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❝♦♥❝✐s❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✉❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s ❬❈③❛r♥❡❝❦✐ ❡ ❊✐s❡♥❡❝❦❡r ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ❱ár✐❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲ t❡s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✿ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❬❇❛t♦r② ❡ ❖✬▼❛❧❧❡② ✶✾✾✷❪✱ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❬❑❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✵❪ ❬Pr❡❤♦❢❡r ✶✾✾✼❪ ❬Pr❡❤♦❢❡r ✷✵✵✶❪✱ ♠❡t❛❝❧❛s✲ s❡s ❬❋♦r♠❛♥ ✶✾✾✽❪✱ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çõ❡s ❬❘❡❡♥s❦❛✉❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✷❪ ❬❙♠❛r❛❣❞❛❦✐s ❡ ❇❛t♦r② ✶✾✾✾❪✱ t❡♠❛s✶ ❬❍❛rr✐s♦♥ ❡ ❖ss❤❡r ✶✾✾✸❪✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❬❑✐❝③❛❧❡s ❡ ▼❡③✐♥✐ ✷✵✵✺❪✱ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✷ ❬❚❛rr
✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✾❪✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡stá ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❬❙♦❜r❡✐r❛ ❡ ▼❛✐❛ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ r❡❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ✭❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ ♣❛❝♦t❡✱ ❡t❝✮ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❈✰✰ ❡ ❏❛✈❛✱ sã♦ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❛s sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❛çã♦✱ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛✱ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❆s ♠❡t♦✲ ❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♣✉r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♠❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❬❇❛t♦r② ✷✵✵✵❪✳
❆ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❬❆❧t✉♥❡❧ ❡ ❚♦❧✉♥ ✷✵✵✼❪ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s ❡ ♦ s❡✉ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣❛♣❡❧ é ❡♥❞❡r❡ç❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛rt❡s ✭❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✮✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s ❡ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥✲ çã♦✴❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛✐s ♣❛rt❡s✳ ■st♦ r❡q✉❡r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡t❝ ❬❈r♥❦♦✈✐❝ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
◆ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s❡♥s♦ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ é ✉♠❛ ♣❡ç❛ r❡✉sá✈❡❧ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✳ P♦r ❡st❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡✴♦✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♦✉tr❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✐♠♣õ❡♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❛♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✿ ❡❧❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❛♥tá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ❛❜str❛í❞♦s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❛❜str❛í❞♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✱ ❡t❝ ❬P♦❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪✳
✶✳✶✳ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✺
❡ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❝♦♥✢✐t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡✉s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛❧t❛ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❬❈r♥❦♦✈✐❝ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
❆ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❬❍✉ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵❪ ❬●❛❝❡❦ ❡ ❆♥❛st❛s♦♣♦✉❧❡s ✷✵✵✶❪ ❬❆❧✈❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪ ❬❆❞❛♠s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪ é ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♦ ❈ ❡ ❈✰✰✱ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✱ ❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧
❆ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❛çã♦ ❡ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ s❝r✐♣ts ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✳ ❊st❡s s❝r✐♣ts ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ❞✐❢❡✲ r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦s ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s✳ P♦r ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦✱ ❡st❡ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳
✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ ♦ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ é ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ s✉❜❝❧❛ss❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛✳ ❖ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❡s❝❛❧❛ à ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛✲❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ❛ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s✳
❯♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ é ❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♠✐①✐♥✲❧❛②❡rs ❬❙♠❛r❛❣❞❛❦✐s ❡ ❇❛t♦r② ✶✾✾✾❪✳ ▼✐①✐♥✲ ❧❛②❡rs é ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♠✐①✐♥✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❝❧❛ss❡✳ P❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐①✐♥s q✉❡ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♠✐①✐♥s ✭✐✳❡✳✱♠✐①✐♥✲❧❛②❡rs✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✸✿ ▼✐①✐♥✲❧❛②❡rs ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❙♠❛r❛❣❞❛❦✐s ❡ ❇❛t♦r② ✶✾✾✽❪
▼✐①✐♥✲❧❛②❡rs s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡✜❝❛③ ♥♦ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦r s❡ tr❛t❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s r❡✉sá✈❡✐s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❝❛♠❜✐á✈❡✐s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ é ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡stá ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s tr❡❝❤♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❛❞❛ ♦ q✉❡ r❡✲ s✉❧t❛ ♥❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡s ❈✰✰ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡s ❢♦r❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♦ ❏❛✈❛✳ ❚❛✐s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❡r❛♥ç❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛✳
