❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱
♣❛r❛ ❆✉①✐❧✐❛r ❆❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦
❛ ❘❡✈✐s❛r❡♠ ❡ ❆♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛r❡♠
❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s
♣♦r
▲✉✐③ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❈♦st❛
▲❯■❩ ❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❖ ❈❖❙❚❆
Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱
♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦
❛ r❡✈✐s❛r❡♠ ❡ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛r❡♠
❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞♦ à ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✱ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❆♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ❡♠✿
❈❖▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❳❆▼■◆❆❉❖❘❆✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✉✐③ ▼❛✉r♦ ❘❛❜❡❧♦ ✲ ❯♥❇ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r❛✳ ❊❧✐s❛❜❡t❡ ❙♦✉s❛ ❋r❡✐t❛s ✲ ❯❋▼❙
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛s ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❜ê♥çã♦s ❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ à ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✐♥✐str❛r ❛✉❧❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛s ♣❛✐①õ❡s❀ às ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❜ê♥çã♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ♠❡✉s ✜❧❤♦s ▲✉✐③❛ ❡ ❋❡❧✐♣❡✱ ✈❡r❞❛✲ ❞❡✐r♦s ♠✐❧❛❣r❡s❀ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ❚❛t✐❛♥❛✱ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛s ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦✲ ♥❛❧✐③❛♥t❡❀ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ q✉❡ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦❀ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ▼❛✉r♦ ❘❛❜❡❧♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❤♦r❛s ❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ✐♥✈❡st✐❞❛s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝✉rs♦ ❡✱ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ ♦❢í❝✐♦✱ ❞♦s ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ❞❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛q✉✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳
“Nossa ignorância pode ser dividida em
problemas e mistérios. Quando estamos diante
de um problema, podemos não saber da
solução, mas temos insights, acumulamos um
conhecimento crescente sobre ele e temos uma
vaga ideia do que buscamos. Porém, quando
nos defrontamos com um mistério, ficamos
entre maravilhados e perplexos, sem ao menos
termos uma ideia de como seria a
explicação.”
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ r❡✈✐s❛r❡♠ ♦✉ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛r❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ t❡r s✐❞♦ ❜❡♠ ❛♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s q✉❡✱ ♣♦r ❞✐✈❡r✲ s❛s r❛③õ❡s✱ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠✳ ❆ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ é ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ❣❡r❛çã♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥❛s❝✐❞♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❡ ❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s✱ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡①t❡r♥❛✱ q✉❡ ❤♦❥❡ ♣❛✐r❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛✳
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛rt❡s✿ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛❀ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❡❧❡trô✲ ♥✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛ às ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦❀ ❛ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ❛♣ós ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦❀ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
■♥✐❝✐❛✲s❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧✐♥❤❛s✱ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ♦✉ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡✱ ▲✐❜â♥❡♦✱ ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ❡ ▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛✱ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✳
❖ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐s✉❦❛♠✐✱ ❝❛✲ r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✐st❛✱ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛ ❡ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ♣♦r t❡r s✐❞♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s❝❧❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ ❞♦s t❡♠❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛✱ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐✲ ♠❡♥t❛✐s q✉❡ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛ ♦ r✐t♠♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ s♦❧✐❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡s ❤✐stór✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❡♠ ♦ ♣❡♥s❛r✱ ❛s ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ❛s t♦♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❉✐❞át✐❝❛s✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛❞❛✳ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✐s t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ❛ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③✐♥❣ ✈✐rt✉❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♦✛❡r s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② s❝❤♦♦❧ st✉❞❡♥ts ❛♥ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ r❡✈✐s❡ ♦r ❞❡❡♣❡♥ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts t❤❛t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❜✉t✱ ❢♦r ❛ ✈❛r✐❡t② ♦❢ r❡❛s♦♥s✱ ✇❡r❡ ♥♦t ❧❡❛r♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ s❝❤♦♦❧✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ ❞✐❞❛❝t✐❝ str❛t❡❣② ✐s ❝❤♦s❡♥ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② ❛s t♦ ♥♦t ❥❡♦♣❛r❞✐③❡ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ♦❢ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t✐♦♥ st❛✛ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝❤♦♦❧✱ t❛❦✐♥❣ ❞✉❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❜♦r♥ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞s ✐♠♣♦s❡❞ ♦♥ t❡❛❝❤❡rs ❛♥❞ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ❛s ❛ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ ❡①t❡r♥❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳
❚❤❡s❡ ✇♦r❦ ❤❛s ❢♦✉r ♣❛rts✿ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❢♦✉♥❞❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❥✉st✐❢② t❤❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❞✐❞❛❝t✐❝ str❛t❡❣②❀ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ♣❛❣❡ t❤❛t ♠❡❡ts t❤❡ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐✲ t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❀ ✐❧❧✉str❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛❢t❡r ❝❤♦♦s✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r✐♠❛r② ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡♠❡ ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ st✉❞❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ❢❛❝❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❞✐✣❝✉❧t✐❡s❀ ❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✣❝❛❝② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✳
■t ❜❡❣✐♥s ✇✐t❤ ❛ s②♥t❤❡s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❧✐♥❡s✱ t❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ♦r ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡✱ ▲✐❜â♥❡♦✱ ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ❛♥❞ ▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♥❣ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② Pr❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❝❤♦s❡♥ t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ s❡❣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐❞❛❝t✐❝ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts✳
❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐✱ t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠ s❤♦✇s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r✐st✱ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ s♦❝✐♦✲❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s s✐♥❝❡ ✐t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ♠✐①t✉r❡ ♦❢ tr❛❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡r♥ ❞✐❞❛❝t✐❝ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡♠❡s ♦r✱ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s✱ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② Pr❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇✐t❤ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❛❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s t❤❛t ♣r✐♦r✐t✐③❡ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✱ ✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❡❞✳ ◆♦♥❡t❤❡❧❡ss✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝♦♥str✉❝t ❛♥❞ s♦❧✐❞✐❢② ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✱ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❧❧❡❝t✉❛❧ ❛✉t♦✲ ♥♦♠② ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥t✱ ✐♥t❡r❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✐t②✱ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❝✉r✐♦s✐t✐❡s ✇❡r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥ s✉❝❤ ❛ ✇❛② ❛s t♦ st✐♠✉❧❛t❡ st✉❞❡♥ts t❤♦✉❣❤t ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s✱ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥✲ ♠❛❦✐♥❣✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❉✐❞❛❝t✐❝ ❙tr❛t❡❣②✳ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ Pr♦❣r❛♠✳ ■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② Pr❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ✺
✶✳✶ ▲✐♥❤❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✷ ▲✐♥❤❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▲✐❜â♥❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✸ ▲✐♥❤❛s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✹ ▲✐♥❤❛s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✹✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✹✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✹✳✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✹✳✹ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✶✳✹✳✺ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷ ❆ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛ ✶✶
✷✳✶ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❛ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷ ❱❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸ ❊t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■P■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❋❛s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❋❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s q✉❛❞r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✸✳✸ ❋❛s❡ ✜♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸ ❖ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✶✽
✹ ❆ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ✷✼
✹✳✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❉❛s ❆✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❉✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✷✳✷ ❉❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❛♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✸✾
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✹✶
❆ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❉✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛ ✹✹
❆✳✶ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ❆✳✷ ❋❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞✐❛❣♥óst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
❇ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦ ✺✵
❇✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ❇✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çã♦ ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ❇✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ❇✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çõ❡s ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ❇✳✺ ❙♦♠❛ ❡ ❙✉❜tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ❇✳✻ ❙♦♠❛ ❡ ❙✉❜tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çõ❡s ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ❇✳✼ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ❇✳✽ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çõ❡s ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ❇✳✾ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ❇✳✶✵ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❋r❛çõ❡s ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
❈ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✾✾
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r é✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛ ♣r❛③❡r♦s❛✳ ❈♦♥st❛t❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ❝❡rt❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♥♦✈❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ♦✉ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r ♥♦✈♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s✱ é✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♠✱ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛ ❞♦ ♦❢í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞♦❝ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥✢✐t✉♦s❛s ♦✉ ❞❡s❝♦♥❢♦rtá✈❡✐s q✉❡ ❛❝❛❜❛♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✳ ❆ ♣♦✉❝❛ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦✜ssã♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♦s s❛❧ár✐♦s ❜❛✐①♦s ❡ ❛ ♣r❡❝❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ sã♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ss❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ P❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s✱ ♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s sã♦ ❞❡s♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♠❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦s✱ t♦r♥❛♠✲s❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦s✳
◆❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐♦✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ✶✼ ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❛♥❣úst✐❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡ ❛✢✐❣❡✿ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♥❛ s❛❧❛ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♥ã♦ t❡r ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦ ❜❛s❡✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♣ré✲r❡q✉✐s✐t♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ t❡r s✐❞♦ ❛♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♥♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✱ ✈✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ q✉❡r s❡❥❛ ♥❛s sér✐❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ q✉❡r s❡❥❛ ♥❛s ✜♥❛✐s✳
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✭❙❆❊❇✮ ❡ ❞❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ tê♠ r❡✈❡❧❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✶✵✪ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s t❡r♠✐♥❛♠ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ à sér✐❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ ✐♥❢❡r❡ ❞❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✱ ❡①tr❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ❘❛❜❡❧♦ ✭✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✾✮✳
❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s r❡✈❡❧❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ t❛♠❜é♠ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❝rít✐❝❛✳ ◆❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛♠ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❛s sér✐❡s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ♣♦ss✉✐ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✹✵✪ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ à sér✐❡✱ s❡❥❛ ❡♠ ❧í♥❣✉❛ ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛✱ s❡❥❛ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✐t❡♥s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ ❘❛❜❡❧♦ ✭✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✲✷✾✮ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣♦♥t❛ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶✷✱✺✪ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ❝♦♥❝❧✉❡♠ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ t❡r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♠❛❣❛❞♦r❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ♥♦ss♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✵✱✷✺ ❡ ✷✴✺ sã♦ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✿ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ à sér✐❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭✶✾✾✾✲✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❡♠ ✪
✶✾✾✾ ✷✵✵✶ ✷✵✵✸ ✷✵✵✺ ✷✵✵✼ ✷✵✵✾ ✷✵✶✶ ✺♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊❋ ▲P ✷✹✱✽ ✷✸✱✼ ✷✺✱✻ ✷✻✱✻ ✷✼✱✾ ✸✹✱✷ ✹✵✱✵
✺♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊❋ ▼❆❚ ✶✹✱✹ ✶✹✱✾ ✶✺✱✶ ✶✽✱✼ ✷✸✱✼ ✸✷✱✺ ✸✻✱✵
✾♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊❋ ▲P ✶✽✱✻ ✷✶✱✽ ✷✵✱✶ ✶✾✱✺ ✷✵✱✺ ✷✻✱✷ ✷✼✱✵
✾♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊❋ ▼❆❚ ✶✸✱✷ ✶✸✱✹ ✶✹✱✼ ✶✸✱✵ ✶✹✱✸ ✶✹✱✼ ✶✻✱✾
✸♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊▼ ▲P ✷✼✱✻ ✷✺✱✽ ✷✻✱✾ ✷✷✱✻ ✷✹✱✺ ✷✽✱✾ ✷✾✱✵
✸♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊▼ ▼❆❚ ✶✶✱✾ ✶✶✱✻ ✶✷✱✽ ✶✵✱✾ ✾✱✽ ✶✶✱✵ ✶✵✱✸
❋♦♥t❡✿ ✭❘❆❇❊▲❖✱ ✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳ ✸✾✮
❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞r❛♠át✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r ♥❛❞❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ❡ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ q✉❛s❡ ✐♠♣r❛t✐❝á✈❡❧ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r♠♦s ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ q✉❡ ❤♦❥❡ ♣❛✐r❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜á✲ s✐❝❛✿ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ❡①t❡♥s♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦s à ❝♦❜r❛♥ç❛ ❞♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♦s ❝✉♠♣r❛♠ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♥♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛♦s ❛♥s❡✐♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ✜❝❛r ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çã♦ r✉✐♠ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s❀ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡①tr❛❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❧❡✈❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ três t✉r♥♦s❀ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❡ ✈✐♦❧ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r❀ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡❞✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s s✉♣❡r❛r❡♠ ❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❞❡❢❛s❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡ ✈ã♦ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❡s sã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦✉❝♦s ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ✐❧✉str❛♠ ❛ ❣r❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛✳
❆♥tó♥✐♦ ◆ó✈♦❛ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❢❛③ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ ❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ tr❛♥s❜♦r❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛ ❤♦❥❡ ✉♠ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s✳ ❙❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ é ✈♦t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❧❡✐ ♦✉ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❧❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉t♦r✱ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❢♦✐ ❝❛rr❡❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s✱ ❛s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r♦s✐❞❛❞❡❀ ♣♦ré♠ ✐ss♦ t❡♠ ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❡①❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦✱ à ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ t✉❞♦ ❢♦ss❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳ ❙✉r❣❡✱ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✿ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r t✉❞♦❄ ❋❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡r ❡ss❡ tr❛♥s❜♦r❞❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊❧❡ s✉❣❡r❡ q✉❡ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ✏❞❛r à ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♦ q✉❡ é ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡ à s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♦ q✉❡ é ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✑ ❡ ✏❛ss❡❣✉r❛r q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s t❡♥❤❛♠ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ s✉❝❡ss♦✑ ✭♣✳ ✸✾✮✳ ◆ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❡sq✉❡❝❡r q✉❡ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s é ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡ ✐♠❜✉✐r ❞❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❛✐r ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❛t❛♠❛r ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s✳
❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s é ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❡ ❧❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❛♥❣úst✐❛s ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛ç♦ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✿ ♦ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦s ♠❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ s✉♣❡r❛r❡♠ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❛♦ ✐♥❣r❡ss❛r❡♠ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦❄
P❛r❛ t❡♥t❛r r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ ❡ss❛ ✐♥❞❛❣❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ r❡s♦❧✈✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ q✉❡✱ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♣❡rs✲ ♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛ s✉♣❡r❛r❡♠ ♦ ❞✐❧❡♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦✱ s❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✉♠❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡t♦♠❛r❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ t❡r s✐❞♦ ❜❡♠ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳
❉❡ss❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❛ s✉♣❡r❛r❡♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✱ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s P❛✲ râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❢♦rt❛❧❡❝❡♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❜❛s❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦ss❡❣✉✐r❡♠✱ ❝♦♠ ê①✐t♦✱ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠❛s ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳
❈♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ♣r❡t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❡♥t❛r ❜r❡✈❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❡❞❛✲ ❣ó❣✐❝❛s ♣r❛t✐❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ♣♦✐s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛çõ❡s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛✱ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢❛r❡✐ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s q✉❡ s❡ s✉❜♠❡t❡r❛♠ ❛ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡ ❞❛ ♦♣✐♥✐ã♦ ❞❡❧❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❛ ✉♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳
P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r❡ss✉♣♦st♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛✱ ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❛s ♣♦r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥✲ t❛❧✱ ❜✉s❝♦✉✲s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ q✉❡ ❛t❡♥❞❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♥❛s s✉❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❡st✉❞❛r✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s r✐t♠♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ q✉❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦ss❡❣✉✐r❡♠ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡♠ ♣r✐♦r✐t❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡s❢♦rç♦s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐ss♦s✳ ❆q✉✐ ♥ã♦ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✈♦❧✈❡r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♠❛s ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r✲❧❤❡ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦r ❜❛rr❡✐r❛s ❡ s✉♣❡r❛r ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✳
✷✺ ❛♥♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❞✐❛ ✶✷ ❞❡ ♠❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✾✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛ ❜r✐tâ♥✐❝♦ ❚✐♠ ❇❡r♥❡rs✲▲❡❡✱ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✸✹ ❛♥♦s✱ ❝♦❧♦❝♦✉ ❞✉❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ✏❝♦♥✈❡rs❛ss❡✑ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦✉tr❛✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♠✉❞♦✉ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r✐❛♠ ❞❛q✉❡❧❡ ❞✐❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❛♥t❡✳ ◆♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡✱ ❡ss❡ ❝❛♥❛❧ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s
❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛
✏❖ q✉❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡❄✑✱
❣❡r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧✐♥❤❛s✱ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ♦✉ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❡❞❛❣ó✲ ❣✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦✳ ❆s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ✏♣♦❞❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s à ❛çã♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❛③ ❞❡❧❛s é ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❡ ✐♥tr❛♥s❢❡rí✈❡❧✑ ✭▼■❩❯❑❆▼■✱ ✶✾✽✻✮✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r❛♠ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥❢♦q✉❡s ❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s✿ ❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡ ✭✶✾✽✹✮✱ ▲✐❜â♥❡♦ ✭✶✾✽✷✮✱ ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ✭✶✾✽✹✮ ❡ ▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐ ✭✶✾✽✻✮✳
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❢❛r❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❡ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ê♥❢❛s❡ à ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡ssê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❛❝✐♠❛✳
◆ã♦ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❞✐s❝♦rr❡r ❛q✉✐ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥❛ ❛çã♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡ ❛❞❡q✉❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❡stá ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛✳ ❙❛❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ à ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ r❡❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✱ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞✐st❛♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡r❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❛♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ♥❡❣r♦ ✖ ✐♠ó✈❡❧✱ ❡stát✐❝♦ ✖ ❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ t✐♥❤❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡r❛✱ tã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛q✉❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❛❀ ♣♦✉❝♦s t✐♥❤❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ❡❧❛ ❡ s❡✉ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡r❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✳ ❍♦❥❡✱ ♦ ❛t♦ ❞❡ ✏❡♥s✐♥❛r✑ ❛ss✉♠❡ ♠❛✐s ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ✏♠❡❞✐❛çã♦✑✱ ❡①✐❣✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❘♦❧❞ã♦ ❛♣✉❞ ▼❛❧❛❝r✐❞❛ ❡ ❇❛rr♦s ✭✷✵✶✶✮✿
❙❛❜❡r ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❡ss❛ ♠❡❞✐❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ❞♦♠✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♦ t❡♥❤❛♠❀ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ té❝✲ ♥✐❝❛✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ r❡q✉❡✐r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥t❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ té❝♥✐❝♦✲❡str❛té❣✐❝❛❀ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ✈♦❝❛çã♦✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡♥t✐r✳ ➱ s❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✱ ❧❡❣✐t✐♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❡①✐❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ✭♣✳ ✺✶✹✮✳
✶✳✶ ▲✐♥❤❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡
❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡ ❛♣✉❞ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛ ❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♦♣çõ❡s ♣❡❞❛✲ ❣ó❣✐❝❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛♠✳
✶✳ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✿ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦s ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s❀
✷✳ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❧❞❛❣❡♠✿ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛s ❝♦♥❞✉t❛s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♥♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦❀
✸✳ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦✿ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ❛ t❡♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✏♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✑ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r✱ é t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③✳
✶✳✷ ▲✐♥❤❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▲✐❜â♥❡♦
▲✐❜â♥❡♦ ❛♣✉❞ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ✭✷✵✵✻✮ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉❡ ❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❛❞♦t❛♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ às ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳
✶✳ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛❧✱ ❡♠ s✉❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s✿
✭❛✮ ❈♦♥s❡r✈❛❞♦r❛✿ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ t❡♠ ♣♦r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣r❡♣❛r❛r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s✳ ❖s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✱ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ♥ã♦ tê♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s❀
✭❜✮ ❘❡♥♦✈❛❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐st❛✿ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛✱ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ Pr✐✈✐❧❡❣✐❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ s♦❜ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ ❞♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛ à ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ sã♦ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦s à ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r❀
✭❝✮ ❘❡♥♦✈❛❞❛ ♥ã♦✲❞✐r❡t✐✈❛✿ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛ ❛✉t♦❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ✕ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❍á ✉♠❛ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✳
✷✳ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐st❛✱ ❡♠ s✉❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s✿
✭❜✮ ▲✐❜❡rt❛❞♦r❛✿ ♣r❡❢❡r❡ ♦s ❝ír❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥t✐③❛çã♦✱ às ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❢♦r♠❛✐s✳ ❖s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ♣rát✐❝❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛ ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦s ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦s❀
✭❝✮ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✿ ❛❞♠✐t❡✲s❡ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❥á s❛❜❡✳ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛ s❡r✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❞✐❛❞♦r❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡ ♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ s❛❜❡r ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦✳
✶✳✸ ▲✐♥❤❛s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐
❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ❛♣✉❞ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ✭✷✵✵✻✮ t♦♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳
✶✳ ❚❡♦r✐❛s ♥ã♦✲❝rít✐❝❛s✿
✭❛✮ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✿ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ s✉r❣❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛♥tí❞♦t♦ à ✐❣♥♦râ♥❝✐❛✱ ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡q✉❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙❡✉ ♣❛♣❡❧ é ❞✐❢✉♥✲ ❞✐r ❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ Pr❡♦❝✉♣❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ é ♠❡❝❛♥✐③❛❞♦❀
✭❜✮ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ♥♦✈❛✿ s✉r❣❡ ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ é ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ é ♠❛✐s só ♦ ✐❣♥♦r❛♥t❡✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ✐♥❛♣t♦✱ ❞❡s❛❥✉st❛❞♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ♣s✐q✉✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s à s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛❣✐r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛✲ ❞♦r ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛❜❡r✐❛ ❛♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❖ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥ã♦ é ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✱ ♠❛s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r❀
✭❝✮ P❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ t❡❝♥✐❝✐st❛✿ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ s❡♠ ✐♥str✉çã♦ é ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✐♠♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣❛ss❛ s❡r ❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ às ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐st❛s✳
✷✳ ❚❡♦r✐❛s ❝rít✐❝♦s✲r❡♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐st❛s✿
✭❛✮ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ✈✐♦❧ê♥❝✐❛ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛✿ ❡♥①❡r❣❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉t♦r❛ ❞❛s ❞❡s✐❣✉❛❧❞❛❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✳ ▼❛r❣✐♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦s sã♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❢♦rç❛ s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛✱ ❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦✱ ❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ sã♦ ❣r✉♣♦s ♦✉ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞♦♠✐♥❛❞♦s❀
✭❝✮ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞✉❛❧✐st❛✿ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❝❛♣✐t❛❧✐st❛ ❡♠ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥t❛❣♦♥✐st❛s✱ ❜✉r❣✉❡s✐❛ ❡ ♣r♦❧❡t❛r✐❛❞♦✳
✶✳✹ ▲✐♥❤❛s P❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐
▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐ ✭✶✾✽✻✱ ♣✳ ✷✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ três ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s✿ ♣r✐♠❛❞♦ ♥♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦✱ ♣r✐♠❛❞♦ ♥♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s✉❥❡✐t♦✲♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐ ✭✶✾✽✻✮✱ ❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ♦✉ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡✉♥✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❣r✉♣♦s✿ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✲ ❧✐st❛✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛ ❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✳
✶✳✹✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧
➱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s sã♦ ♣r❡❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❧❡✈❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛✲s❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ✐♥❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ♦✉ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ q✉❡ ❡stá ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♥❞♦✱ ❞❡✈❡ ♠❡♠♦r✐③❛r ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s✱ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s✱ ❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐✲❧♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛✳
❙❛♥t♦s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐✲ ♦♥❛❧ ♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢❡✐t♦s ♣♦r ❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦✱ ♣♦r ▲✐❜â♥❡♦ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞♦r❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
✶✳✹✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✐st❛
❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ✐♥❞✉t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✈✐❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❡stá ❢♦❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛③❡r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡st✉❞❛r ❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦❞✉③❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❝♦♠♣♦r✲ t❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❧❡✈❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛❥✉st❛r✲s❡ à ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✳ ◆❡ss❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛s ✏♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r✑ sã♦ út❡✐s ❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✱ ❡ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳
✶✳✹✳✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛
❆q✉✐✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ é ❝❡♥tr❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤✉✲ ♠❛♥✐st❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❤♦♠❡♠ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ❛✉t♦rr❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ◆ã♦ é ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r q✉❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛✱ ♠❛s ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡❥♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛t♦✱ q✉❛s❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦✱ ❡ ❡ss❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ é q✉❡ ❣❡r❛ ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♥ã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❡❧❡ é ✉♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛✱ é ♥❡✲ ❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡s♣❡✐t❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ s✉❛s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ q✉❡ s❡ ♦❢❡r❡ç❛♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♣♦ss❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r✲s❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ❝r✐❛r ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❧✐❜❡r❞❛❞❡ ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧ à ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❤✉♠❛♥✐st❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✱ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ▲✐❜â♥❡♦ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛❧ r❡♥♦✈❛❞❛ ♥ã♦✲❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ♥♦✈❛✳
✶✳✹✳✹ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛
❆ ê♥❢❛s❡✱ ♥❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ é ♣r♦❝✉r❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ssá✲❧❛s✳ ❖ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❡stá ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ sã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✱ ♣♦✐s t♦❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣❛t❛♠❛r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s✱ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ➱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡✱ ♥❡ss❛ ✈✐sã♦✱ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♥str✉❛ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡✐♦✱ ❡ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝r✐❛r ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛❞q✉✐r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ é ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♦✉ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦s ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❊①✐st❡ ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ♥❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ❡ ❛s ❡♠♦çõ❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡♠ s✉❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡✈❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦❜s❡r✈❛r q✉❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛çõ❡s ♠❡♥t❛✐s ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐✉✳
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✱ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ▲✐❜â♥❡♦ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❧✐❜❡r❛❧ r❡♥♦✈❛❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐st❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ♥♦✈❛✳
✶✳✹✳✺ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧
③❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❞❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s à ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✈✐✈❡♠✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡✈❡ ❞❛r ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛❥✉stá✲❧♦ à s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡stã♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❝✐❡♥✲ t✐③❛çã♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♥❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ❞❡✈❡rá ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ é s❡♠♣r❡ ✉♠ ❛t♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❛♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ t❡r♠♦✳ ❖s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❞✐st❛♥t❡s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♣♦✐s✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡rá ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✲❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✐①❛ ❞❡ s❡r ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✳
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s à ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ❇♦r❞❡♥❛✈❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt❡✱ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ▲✐❜â♥❡♦ ♥❛ ♣❡❞❛❣♦❣✐❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐st❛ ❧✐❜❡rt❛❞♦r❛ ❡ ♣♦r ❙❛✈✐❛♥✐ ♥❛s t❡♦r✐❛s ❝rít✐❝♦✲r❡♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐st❛s✳
❆s ❝✐♥❝♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ▼✐③✉❦❛♠✐ ❡stã♦ ✐♥t✐♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❡✴♦✉ ❞❡r✐✈❛♠ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐❞❛s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s s✉r❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛ss❛r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❛♣❛r❡❝❡rã♦ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦❞❡rá ❤❛✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❢✉sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❆ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛
❱✐✈❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ r❡✲ ✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧✱ ♣❡❧❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s✱ ❛ s✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛✐s ✖ ♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡✐①❛ ❞❡ s❡r ✏♠étr✐❝♦✑ ❡ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ✏t♦✲ ♣♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✑✳ ◆♦✈❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡rã♦ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❝♦rr❡rá ❢✉sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✲ s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s❝❧❛ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✐st❛✱ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛ ❡ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛❧✐st❛✱ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ às ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ❡ ❛♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❏á✱ ❛ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈✐st❛ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❝♦♥str✉❛ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡✐♦✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ❝❛❜❡ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝r✐❛r ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦♣í❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❡❞✉❝❛♥❞♦ ❛❞q✉✐r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r ❞❛r ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❣✐r❡♠ ❝r✐t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳
❏♦ã♦ P❡❞r♦ ❞❛ P♦♥t❡✱ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▲✐s❜♦❛✱ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ✏❥á ❡rr❛♠♦s ♣♦r t♦r♥❛r ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✱ ♠❛s ❛❣♦r❛ s❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛ t❛♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❡r❞❡ ❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦✑ ✭P❖◆❚❊ ❛♣✉❞ ❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❊❙✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❖ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ✉♠ ❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛✱ ❡✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s✱ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥✲ t❡ú❞♦s✱ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❡s♣ír✐t♦ ✐♥✈❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳
❆ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛ ♥❛s❝❡✉ ❞❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❤á ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❛ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛ ♥♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❙ó❝r❛t❡s✱ P❧❛tã♦✱ ◗✉✐♥t✐❧✐❛♥♦✱ ❉❡s❝❛rt❡s✱ ❘♦✉ss❡❛✉✱ ❙t✉❛rt ▼✐❧❧✱ ❙✐❞♥❡② Pr❡ss❡② ✭❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛✱ ■P■ ✖ ✭■♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧❧② Pr❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✮ ✖ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❘✐♦ ●r❛♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❙✉❧ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣r❡s❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❋■❙✵✶✶✽✷ ✲ ❋ís✐❝❛ ●❡r❛❧ ✲ ❊❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐s♠♦ ✭♣❛r❛ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛✲s❡ ❬✷✼❪✮ ❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ▼❛♥✐t♦❜❛ ♥♦ ❈❛♥❛❞á✱ ♦♥❞❡ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✏❈♦♠♣✉t❡r✲❆✐❞❡❞ P❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❡❞ ❙②st❡♠ ♦❢ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✑ ✖ ✭❈❆P❙■✮✳
✷✳✶ Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞❛ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛
❆❧❣✉♥s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛ ❡✜❝á❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛ ■♥str✉çã♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ✭✶✾✼✸✮ ❡ ▼✉r❛r♦ ✭✶✾✼✶✮✱ sã♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s✿
• Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❛t✐✈❛
❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥str✉❛ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❡♥tr❡ ✈ár✐❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❛❞❛s✳ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ t❡♠ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ r❡❢♦rç❛r r❡s♣♦st❛s ✐♥❝♦rr❡t❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❞❛r ❧✉❣❛r ❛♦ ❛❝❛s♦✳
• Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡t❛♣❛s
❆ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❝✉rt❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s✱ ♠❛✐s ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡rá ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛✳ ❆s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞❛s ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛✈❡s ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ê①✐t♦✳
• Pr✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❡ssã♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧
❆s ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝❛✐①❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡✈❛r ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ ✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❛té q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❛ss✐♠✐❧❛❞♦s✳ ◆ã♦ é s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ s❡❥❛ ❢á❝✐❧ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r❀ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳
