❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
▼❖❉❊▲❆●❊▼ ❊ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❊ ❱■❉❊❖ ●❆▼❊❙ ❯❙❆◆❉❖ ❆❙
❲❖❘❑❋▲❖❲ ◆❊❚❙ ❊ ❆ ▲Ó●■❈❆ ▲■◆❊❆❘
●❯■▲❍❊❘▼❊ ❲■▲▲■❆◆ ❉❊ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
●❯■▲❍❊❘▼❊ ❲■▲▲■❆◆ ❉❊ ❖▲■❱❊■❘❆
▼❖❉❊▲❆●❊▼ ❊ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❊ ❱■❉❊❖ ●❆▼❊❙ ❯❙❆◆❉❖ ❆❙
❲❖❘❑❋▲❖❲ ◆❊❚❙ ❊ ❆ ▲Ó●■❈❆ ▲■◆❊❆❘
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥✲ ❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❙té♣❤❛♥❡ ❏✉❧✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❱✐❞❡♦ ●❛♠❡s ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts ❡ ❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r✑ ♣♦r ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♥ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✾ ❞❡ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❙té♣❤❛♥❡ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦s❡ ❘❡✐♥❛❧❞♦ ❙✐❧✈❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛ P♦❧✐té❝♥✐❝❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✷
❆✉t♦r✿ ●✉✐❧❤❡r♠❡ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♥ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❱✐❞❡♦ ●❛♠❡s ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts ❡ ❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✳✳✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts ❡ ♥❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥✉♠❛ q✉❡st ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts✳
❯♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛r ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✏s♦✉♥❞♥❡ss✑ q✉❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ q✉❡st ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❡st✳ ❊❧❛ s❡ ❜❛s❡❛ ♥✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ t✲t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts ❡ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t❛s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s s❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❡st❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❞❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts q✉❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛✳ ❚❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ✐t❡♥s q✉❡ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ♠✐ssõ❡s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳
❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡ ✉s❛r t❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡st q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ q✉❡sts ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳
P❛rt❡s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❚❤❡ ▲❡❣❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❩❡❧❞❛✿ ❖r❛❝❧❡ ♦❢ ❆❣❡s sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✐❧✉str❛r ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡t ❛♥❞ ▲✐♥❡❛r ▲♦❣✐❝ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❞❡❛ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❛t ❛ q✉❡st ❧❡✈❡❧ ❜② ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r t②♣❡ ♦❢ P❡tr✐ ♥❡t ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡t✳ ❆ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦♦❢ tr❡❡s ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❧♦❣✐❝ ❝❛♥ t❤❡♥ ❜❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✉♥❞♥❡ss ♣r♦♣❡rt② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t q✉❡st ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡✳
❚❤❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡♣❧❛② t✐♠❡ ♦❢ ❛ q✉❡st✳ ■t ✐s ❜❛s❡ ♦♥ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✲t✐♠❡ ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts ❛♥❞ s②♠❜♦❧✐❝ ❞❛t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s❡q✉❡♥t ❝❛❧❝✉❧✉s ♦❢ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❧♦❣✐❝✳
❆♥ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐s❝r❡t❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ♣❡r♠✐ts r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ✇❛②✱ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐t❡♠s t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❡r ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ q✉❡sts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡✳
P❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡ ❚❤❡ ▲❡❣❡♥❞ ♦❢ ❩❡❧❞❛✿ ❖r❛❝❧❡ ♦❢ ❆❣❡s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✸
✷ ❏♦❣♦s ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✷✺
✷✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ❏♦❣♦s ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆P■s ❡ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❯s♦ ❞❛s ❘❡❞❡ P❡tr✐ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✸ ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts ❡ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ✸✾
✸✳✶ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❆✉tô♥♦♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❚❡♠♣♦r✐③❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✳✹ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❜♦❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✷ ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ◆❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✷✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✷✳✸ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✸ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♥❡❝t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❚r❛❞✉çã♦ ❞❛s ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❡♠ ❋ór♠✉❧❛s ❞❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✸✳✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ❙❡q✉❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✸✳✺ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ❙❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❡ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✸✳✻ P♦✈❛ ❞❛ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❙♦✉♥❞♥❡ss ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❈❛❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❙❡q✉❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❱✐❞❡♦ ●❛♠❡s ✺✸
✹✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❱í❞❡♦ ●❛♠❡ ❈❧áss✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✳✶ ◆♦çã♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❱✐❞❡♦ ●❛♠❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ q✉❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡sts ♦✉ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❡st ❝♦♠ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ◗✉❡st ♦✉ ◆í✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✷✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❡st t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❏♦❣♦s ✻✸
✺✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ◗✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ◗✉❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✶✳✷ ●r❛❢♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❙♦✉♥❞♥❡ss ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ♥♦s
▼♦❞❡❧♦s s❡♠ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✶✳✹ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❙♦✉♥❞♥❡ss ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ▲✐♥❡❛r ♥♦s
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✶✳✺ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❙♦✉♥❞♥❡ss ♥✉♠❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ◗✉❡st ✉s❛♥❞♦
❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ◗✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ◗✉❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✽✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❧♦♦♣ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✷ ❉✐❣r❛♠❛s st♦r②✲❜❡❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♣❛❝♠❛♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹ st♦r②❜♦❛r❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✼ ♠❛♣❛ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✽ ❏♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❡♠ ●❉▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✾ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛ ❡ ❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✶✵ ❙✐❧❡♥t ❍✐❧❧ ✷ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ◆í✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐s♣❛r♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❇❡♠ ❋♦r♠❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✸ ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡t ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝❧❛♠❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✹ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❡♠
❢ór♠✉❧❛s ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✺ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛
❝❛♥ô♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✻ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ t✲t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡
❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❝❛♥ô♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛t❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❙✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✷ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝✐❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✸ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❖♣❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✺ ◗✉❡st ✼ s♦✉♥❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✻ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡sts✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✼ ◗✉❡st ✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✽ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❡♥tr❡ q✉❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✾ ❊♥✈✐♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❝✉rs♦ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛r ❛ q✉❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✵ ❘❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❛♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ❛ q✉❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
①① ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❉❛t❛s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞♦s át♦♠♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ P❡tr✐ t✲ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t❛s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞♦s át♦♠♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡
❞❡ P❡tr✐ t✲t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✺✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♠❛r❝❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ ❞❛t❛s s✐♠❜ó❧✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡t t✲t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✻ ✳ ✽✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ✭❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❣❛♠❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❡ ♦ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥✮ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❛✐s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞♦ ❣❛♠❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥ é ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s q✉❡sts ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❡ ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r s❡rá ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❣❛♠❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s t❡①t✉❛✐s q✉❡ ✐❧✉str❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ ➱ ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥ q✉❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s✳
P❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s t❡r❡♠✲s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❬❇r✉❡❣❣❡ ❡ ❉✉t♦✐t ✷✵✵✾❪✱ ❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✳ ➱ ❡♥tã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❊♠ ❬❖♥❞❡r ✷✵✵✷❪ ❡ ❬▲❡✇✐♥s❦✐ ✶✾✾✾❪✱ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ st♦r②✲❜♦❛r❞ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r t❡rá q✉❡ s❡❣✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♦✉ ♥í✈❡✐s✳ ❚❛❧ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r ✉♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ t❡①t✉❛❧ s✐♠♣❧❡s ♠❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❞♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✳ ▲❛♠♦t❤❡ ❡♠ ❬▲❆▼❖❚❍❊ ✷✵✵✷❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦✴tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳
❱ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡ ❙✐❛♥❣ ❡ ❘❛♦ ❬❙■❆◆● ❡ ❘❆❖ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ P❡♥t♦♥ ❬P❡♥t♦♥ ✷✵✵✸❪ ❡ ❘✉❝❦❡r ❬❘✉❝❦❡r ✷✵✵✸❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦str❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ✐rã♦ ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛çõ❡s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❯▼▲ sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♠♦str❛♠ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛ ♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳
✷✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❝♦♠♦ ♦ ①❛❞r❡③✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❑❛✐s❡r ❡♠ ❬❑❛✐s❡r ✷✵✵✼❪ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ●❉▲ ✭❣❛♠❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮✳ ❚❛✐s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ sã♦ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st❛s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s✳
❊♠ ❬◆❛t❦✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ P❡tr✐✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❛çã♦ ✭tr❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ♥❡ts✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ♠✐ssõ❡s ❡♠ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡✳ ❊♠ t❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❡ ❛s ❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❧✉❣❛r❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❡st é ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✜❝❤❛s✱ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ✜❝❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛s ♦✉ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞❛s✳
◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ q✉❡st ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡✳ ❆ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r s❡rá ✉s❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❛r ♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡ s♦✉♥❞♥❡ss ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ s❡rá r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❛s q✉❡sts ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❣❛♠❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✭q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❛✐♥❞❛✮✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥t❡①✲ t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❤✐stór✐❝❛✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐ ❡ ❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✸✳✶ ❢❛③ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✸✳✷ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡t✉❞❡ s♦✉♥❞♥❡ss q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✸✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❡ s✉❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ P❡tr✐✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✶ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✷ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ q✉❡sts✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛s ❲♦r❦❋❧♦✇ ♥❡ts✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✶✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✶✳✹ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✱ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s✳ ❏á ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ q✉❡ tr❛t❛ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❛s q✉❡sts✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❏♦❣♦s ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡
❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
✷✳✶ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ❏♦❣♦s ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s
❆ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞♦s ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s✳ ❈♦♠❡ç❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s t✐♣♦ ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡✱ ❧♦❣♦ ❝✉❧♠✐♥♦✉ ♥❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❝❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ❆♥t❡s ❞❡ ♦s ❛r❝❛❞❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ♦s ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ❡❧❡s ❡r❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ t✐✈❡ss❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ♦✉ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ P❖◆● ❡♠ ✶✾✼✷✱ ♦s ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s ♦❜t✐✈❡r❛♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♥♦s ❛r❝❛❞❡s✳ ❈♦♥s♦❧❡s ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❆t❛r✐ ❱❈❙✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦♠❡❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆t❛r✐ ✷✻✵✵✱ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❝♦♥s❛❣r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❙♣❛❝❡ ■♥✈❛❞❡rs✱ P❛❝✲▼❛♥ ❡ ❉❡❢❡♥❞❡r ❬❲♦❧❢ ✷✵✵✼❪✳
◆♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✼✵ s✉r❣✐✉ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ s❡t♦r ❞❡ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❥♦✈❡♥s ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s✳ P♦ré♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣♦✉❝♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❡r❛♠ ❛♣t♦s ❛ ❝r✐á✲❧♦s❀ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st✐❛ ♥❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❧✐✈r♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✽✵ ✈✐❡r❛♠ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✶✻✲❜✐ts ❝♦♠♦ ■❇▼ P❈✱ ▼❛❝✱ ❆♠✐❣❛ ✺✵✵ ❡ ❆t❛r✐ ❙❚✱ ❢♦✐ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ t❡r ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❛♣❛rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♥❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❣rá✜❝♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❥♦❣❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❥♦❣♦s ✸❉✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❲✐♥❣ ❈♦♠♠❛♥❞❡r ❡ ❋❧✐❣❤t ❙✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ❢♦r❛♠ ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳ ◆❛ ♠❡s♠❛ é♣♦❝❛ ♦s P❈s ❢♦r❛♠ ❧❡♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡❧♦s s❡✉s ❜❛✐①♦s ♣r❡ç♦s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥✲ t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡t♦r ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✳ ◆♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✾✵✱ ■❇▼ P❈ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❡r❛♠ ♦s ❧í❞❡r❡s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❛♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❥♦❣♦s ❛tr❛❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✾✸✱ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❉❖❖▼ ❢♦✐ ❧❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ P❈✴❉❖❙ ❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s✱ ♣♦✐s tr♦✉①❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ à ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❡ à ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ P❈✳ ❆ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡ á✉❞✐♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❞♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❡r❛♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐✉ ♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦
✷✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❲✐♥✲● ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ✈í❞❡♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ❞❡ s♦♠✱ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ r❡❞❡ ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✸❉✱ ♥❛s❝❡✉ ♦ ❉✐r❡❝t❳ ❬▲❆▼❖❚❍❊ ✷✵✵✷❪✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❛♦s ✈✐❞❡♦❣❛♠❡s ❥á é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡t❡♥✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ✉❧tr❛♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❢❛t✉r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❞♦ ❝✐♥❡♠❛ ❬❱✳ ●❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✷❪✳ ❖ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ P❈ ❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ✭P❙✷✱ P❙✸✱ ❳❜♦①✱ ❲✐✐✱ ❡t❝✮ ❝♦♠ ❞♦✐s ❝❛s♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s✿ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ♣♦rtát❡✐s ✭●❛♠❡ ❇♦②✱ P❛❧♠✱ ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✱ P❙P✮ ❡ ❥♦❣♦s t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❖♥❧✐♥❡ ✭❊✈❡rq✉❡st✱❚✐❜✐❛✱ ❡t❝✮ ❬●❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✷❪✳
❍á ♥✉♠❡r♦s❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈❛♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❘♦❧❧✐♥s ❬❘♦❧❧✐♥s ❡ ▼♦rr✐s ✷✵✵✹❪✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ♥♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✿
• ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❆çã♦✿ ▲❡✈❛r ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡ss✐♦♥❛r ♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✉♠❛ s❡✲
q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜♦tõ❡s✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ▲✉t❛ ✭❇❡❛t t❤❡♠ ❛❧❧✱ ❙tr❡❡t ❋✐❣❤t❡r✮ sã♦ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡st❡ ❣ê♥❡r♦✳
• ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❆✈❡♥t✉r❛✿ ❙ã♦✱ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♠❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦
❛✉❞✐♦✈✐s✉❛❧ ❝❧áss✐❝♦✳ ❖ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r é ♦ ❤❡ró✐ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✳ ▼❡t❛❧ ●❡❛r ❙♦❧✐❞ ✷ é ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❡♥t✉r❛ tí♣✐❝♦✳
• ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✿ ❚❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❞❡✲
❝✐sõ❡s t♦♠❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ♥✉♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✱ ❢❛♥tást✐❝♦✱ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ♦✉ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✳ ❚❤❡ ❙✐♠s ❡ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡ sã♦ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜❡♠ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦s✳
• ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✿ ▲❡✈❛♠ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❛ ❡①❡r❝✐t❛r ✉♠ ❡s♣♦rt❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦
❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ✭❛✈✐ã♦✱ ❝❛rr♦✱ s❦❛t❡✱ ❡t❝✮✳
• ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ q✉❡❜r❛✲❝❛❜❡ç❛✿ ❚❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝♦✳
❆s ✈❡rsõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s ✭❝♦♠♦ ♦ ①❛❞r❡③✮ sã♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ P✉③③❧❡✳ ❖s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ t✐♣♦ P✉③③❧❡ ❧❡✈❛♠ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❛ s❡r ❡♥❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ♠✐stér✐♦ sã♦ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦✳
• ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛✿ ❚❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ✉♠❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ✭✉♠
❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✮ ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡♥✐❣♠❛s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❱❡rs❛❧❤❡s ❧❡✈❛ ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ r❡✐ ▲♦✉✐s ❳■❱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ q✉❡❜r❛✲❝❛❜❡ç❛✳
✷✳✷✳ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ✷✼
✷✳✷ P❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡❝✐❞✐❞❛✳ ❆ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✲❛❧✈♦ ✭❝♦♠♦ P❧❛②❙t❛t✐♦♥ ♦✉ ♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✮✱ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❡♠ ❡♠ ❜✐♥ár✐♦ ✭❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✲❛❧✈♦✮✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈✰✰ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡✱ ❡♠ r♦t✐♥❛s q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ s❡r ❛s ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✱ ♦✉ ❡①✐❣❡♠ s♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♣❡r✐❢ér✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❈★✱ P②t❤♦♥ ❡ ❆❞❛ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ❡ sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣❡ss♦❛s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ❈★ s❡❥❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❬❉❆❱■❙❖◆ ✷✵✵✺✱P❊◆❚❖◆ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❝r✐♣t ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ sã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ✐♥❝♦r♣♦✲ r❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♦✉ ♠é❞✐♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❈ ❡ ❈✰✰ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ▼✉✐t♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❝r✐❛r❛♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ♣❡rs♦♥✲ ❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡✉s ❥♦❣♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✐❞ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✬s ◗✉❛❦❡❈ ❡ ❊♣✐❝ ●❛♠❡s✬ ❯♥r❡❛❧❙❝r✐♣t✳ ❖✉tr♦s ♦♣t❛r❛♠ ♣♦r ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠♦ ▲✉❛ ❡ P②t❤♦♥ ♥✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦rt❡ ✭s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ❞❡ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✮ ❬❇❊❚❍❑❊ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❆P■s ❡ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s
❯♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦✲❝❤❛✈❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s sã♦ q✉❛✐s ❆P■s ✭❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠✲ ♠✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✮ ❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ✉s❛r✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s q✉❡ ❝✉✐❞❛♠ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦♠ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s✳ ❖✉tr❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✭■❆✮✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛t❤✜♥❞✐♥❣✳ ❍á ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s q✉❡ ❧✐❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♥❞♦ s❡r ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳
◗✉❛✐s ❆P■s ❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✲❛❧✈♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❧❛②❙t❛t✐♦♥ ✷ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❡ ✈✐❝❡✲✈❡rs❛✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s q✉❡ ♣❡r✲ ♠✐t❡♠ ♦✉ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉❧t✐ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳ ❆ss✐♠ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡ t❡r ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❲✐✐✱ P❧❛②❙t❛t✐♦♥ ✸✱ ❳❜♦① ✸✻✵✱ ❳❜♦①✱ P❙P ❡ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✳
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
✶✾✾✵✱ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❛❣♦r❛ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❣rá✜❝♦s ✸❉✳
❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❛✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❡ss♦❛❧ é ♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ♣ré✲✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ❡♠ q✉❛s❡ ♥♦✈❡♥t❛ ♣♦r ❝❡♥t♦ ❞♦s P❈s ✈❡♥❞✐❞♦s✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡✳ ❆s ❞✉❛s ❆P■s ❣rá✜❝❛s ✸❉ ♠❛✐s ♣♦♣✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❲✐♥❞♦✇s sã♦ ❉✐r❡❝t✸❉ ❡ ❖♣❡♥●▲✳ ❉✐r❡❝t❳ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s ♣❛r❛ ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❉✐r❡❝t✸❉ é ❛ ❆P■ ✸❉ ❞♦ ❉✐r❡❝t❳✳ ❉✐r❡❝t✸❉ é ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❧✐✈r❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❛s ❆P■s ❞♦ ❉✐r❡❝t❳✳ ❆ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ♦ ❉✐r❡❝t❳ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛ ❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❆P■✳ ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✐r❡❝t❳ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡♠ ❛❜❡rt❛ ❡ ❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❡stá ❧✐✈r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r✱ r❡♠♦✈❡r ♦✉ ❛❧t❡r❛r ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛✳ ❖ ❉✐r❡❝t✸❉ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦rtá✈❡❧✱ é ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✭❡♠❜♦r❛ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❉✐r❡❝t✸❉ é ✉s❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❳❜♦① ❞❛ ▼✐❝r♦s♦❢t✮✳
❖♣❡♥●▲ é ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆P■ ♣♦rtá✈❡❧✳ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❝♦♠ ❖♣❡♥●▲ é ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦rt❛❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ◗✉❛❦❡ ■■ ❢♦✐ ♣♦rt❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▲✐♥✉① ♣♦r ✉♠ ❢ã ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❖♣❡♥●▲ é ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♠❛♥t✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❖♣❡♥●▲ ❆r❝❤✐✲ t❡❝t✉r❡ ❘❡✈✐❡✇ ❇♦❛r❞ ✭❆❘❇✮✳ ❆ ❆❘❇ s❡ r❡ú♥❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♥♦r♠❛✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✸❉ ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❤á ♠❛✐s t❡♠♣♦✱ ❖♣❡♥●▲ é ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥❛s ❢❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥s♦❧❡s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s ✭❝♦♠♦ ♦ ◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦ ●❛♠❡❈✉❜❡✱ ◆✐♥t❡♥❞♦ ❉❙ ❡ ❞♦ P❙P✮ ✉s❛♠ ❆P■s ❣rá✜❝❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❛ss❡♠❡❧❤❛♠ ❛ ❖♣❡♥●▲✳ ❖♣❡♥●▲ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ trás ♥❛s ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❛♣❡♥❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❡♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ♥♦r♠❛ t❡r s✐❞♦ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞❛✳ ❖s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦♣t❛♠ ♣♦r ✉sá✲❧❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛❝❡ss❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ú❧t✐♠♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✸❉ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❆ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♠✉❞❛r ♥♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ❥á q✉❡ ♦ ❖♣❡♥●▲ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ r❡✈✐❡✇ ❜♦❛r❞ ✭❆❘❇✮ ♣❛ss♦✉ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❑❤r♦♥♦s ●r♦✉♣✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
✷✳✷✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦
✷✳✸✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ✷✾
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❧♦♦♣ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s
✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐✲
❝♦s
❖♥❞❡r ❡♠ ❬❖♥❞❡r ✷✵✵✷❪ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s t✐♣♦ st♦r②✲❜❡❛t ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ❯♠ st♦r②✲❜❡❛t é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ♦✈❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ✢❡❝❤❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ♦ ✢✉①♦ ✭♦✉ ✢✉①♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈♦✮ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s st♦r②✲❜❡❛t ♠♦str❛♠ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ ♠♦✈❡r✲s❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦✳
P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❡♥❛ ♥♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ st♦r②✲❜❡❛t t❡♠✲s❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛✈❛r ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦✱ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ ❡❧❡♥❝♦ ❡♠ ❝❡♥❛✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡✈❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦s ❛❝♦♥t❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ à ❝❡♥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❬❖♥❞❡r ✷✵✵✷❪✳
❘♦❧❧✐♥❣s ❡ ▼♦rr✐s ❡♠ ❬❘♦❧❧✐♥s ❡ ▼♦rr✐s ✷✵✵✹❪ s✉❣❡r❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✳ ❯♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ é ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❯♠ t♦❦❡♥ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❥♦❣♦✳
✸✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❉✐❣r❛♠❛s st♦r②✲❜❡❛t
♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✳ ❖s ✢✉①♦❣r❛♠❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❡♥❛ ♦✉ ♠✐ssã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✭r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❡❧✐♣s❡✮ ✢✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❝❡♥❛ ♦✉ ♠✐ssã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡t❛✳
❘♦✉s❡ ❡♠ ❬❘♦✉s❡ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ s✉❣❡r❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ st♦r②❜♦❛r❞s ✭♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝✐♥❡♠❛t♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❡ t❡❧❡✈✐s✐✈❛✮ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✳ ❊❧❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❥♦❣♦ ✐rá ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❧❡✐t♦r✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ té❝♥✐❝♦ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ♣s❡✉❞♦❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s✳
▲❛▼♦t❤❡ ❡♠ ❬▲❆▼❖❚❍❊ ✷✵✵✷❪ ❞❡❢❡♥❞❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✴❡st❛❞♦s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✳
❙✐❛♥❣ ❡ ❘❛♦ ❡♠ ❬❙■❆◆● ❡ ❘❆❖ ✷✵✵✹❪ ❡ ❇❡t❤❦❡ ❡♠ ❬❇❊❚❍❑❊ ✷✵✵✸❪ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❛ ❯▼▲ ✭❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮✳ P❡♥t♦♥ ❡♠ ❬P❡♥t♦♥ ✷✵✵✸❪ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❛ ❢❛③❡r q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r é ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❧❛ss❡s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❥♦❣♦✳
✷✳✸✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ✸✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❦❡♥ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ♣❛❝♠❛♥
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹✿ st♦r②❜♦❛r❞
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❏♦❣♦s ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✳ ❆s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❡s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♠ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s✳
●♦❧❞ ❡♠ ❬●♦❧❞ ✷✵✵✹❪ ✉s❛ ♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♦s r♦t❡✐r♦s ❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❖s ✈ért✐❝❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❡♥❛s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦ ❡ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❛s tr❛♥s✐çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❡♥❛s✳ ❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✳
✷✳✸✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❣❛♠❡s
▼ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s sã♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✴♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛♣♦✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❢❡r✲ r❛♠❡♥t❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❖ r✐❣♦r ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦s ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❡ss❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✿ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✱ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ t❡st❡✱ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❬❲♦♦❞❝♦❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪✳
✷✳✸✳ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ✸✸
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✻✿ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✼✿ ♠❛♣❛ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s
❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣♦✐❛r ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❬●❤♦s❡ ✷✵✵✵❪✳
❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ss✐♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✐rá r❡❛❧✐③❛r✳ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡st❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❆❙▼ ✭❆❜str❛❝t ❙t❛t❡ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡s✮ ❬❆❜r✐❛❧ ✶✾✾✻✱ ❇♦r❣❡r ❡ ❙t❛r❦ ✷✵✵✸❪ ❡ ❱❉▼ ✭❱✐❡♥♥❛ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ▼❡t❤♦❞✮ ❬❏♦♥❡s ✶✾✾✵❪✳ ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜♦s ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❖ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ✉s❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ✉s❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉✐❛r ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦✳ ❯♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❡♠ s✉❜❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡❧❡❣❛❞❛ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ s✉♣❡r✐♦r s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦ ✭❞❡s✐❣♥ ❜② ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✮ ❬▼❡②❡r ✶✾✾✶❪✳
