INGLÊS. Prof. ANTONIO DONIZETI PROMILITARES AFA/EFOMM/EN MÓDULO 8 SUMÁRIO

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Prof. ANTONIO DONIZETI PROMILITARES  AFA/EFOMM/EN  MÓDULO 8

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SUMÁRIO

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FORMAÇÃO E USO DOS ADVÉRBIOS - ADVERBS

ADVÉRBIOS - ADVERBS

Como em português, os advérbios modificam o sentido de um verbo, de um adjetivo, ou de um outro advérbio.

Ex:

She carried the heavy box carefully. (mudando verbo)

The policeman got prudently suspicious. (mudando o adjetivo)

You really dance very well. (mudando o advérbio)

FORMAÇÃO DOS ADVÉRBIOS

Formamos a maioria dos advérbios (principalmente de modo e de intensidade), acrescentando –se ly ao adjetivo. Ex: slow slowly general  generally clear  clearly extreme  extremely

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easy  easily

comfortable  comfortably (a terminação able e ible perdem o e final)

marketable  marketably

simple simply

NOTE: good  well

ADJETIVOS E ADVÉRBIOS QUE APRESENTAM A MESMA FORMA:

Ex:

fast  fast – That was a fast train. That train goes fast.

hard  hard – It’s a hard homework. He has worked hard.

high  high ( alto ) That is a high mountain. Some birds fly high.

low  low ( baixo ) She spoke in a low voice. Can you speak low ?

late  late ( atrasado/tarde, tardio ) Don’t come at a late hour. Don’t come late.

early early ( adantado, cedo ) Mary is early today. They got up very early.

enough  enough ( suficiente, suficientemente ) Do you have enough money to lend me?You are smart enough to do it.

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ADVÉRBIOS COM DUAS FORMAS E SIGNIFICADOS DIFERENTES:

Ex:

near  perto – He came near.

nearly  ( almost ) quase – He nearly died.

high  alto – It is flying high.

highly  muito – She was highly admired.

hard  árduo – He works hard.

hardly  ( barely, scarcely ) mas, quase nunca – He hardly works.

wide  totalmente – Our eyes were wide open.

widely  bastante – They differed widely.

late  tarde – He arrived late.

lately  ultimamente – I haven’t seen him lately

TIPOS DE ADVÉRBIOS:

Manner- (modo) fast, carefully, easily etc.

Place- (lugar) here, there, everywhere etc.

Time- (tempo) yesterday, now, today etc.

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Degree- (intensidade) very, too, quite etc.

POSIÇÃO DOS ADVÉRBIOS:

Adverbs of manner (advébio de modo) – são colocados geralmente no fim da oração.

Adverbs of place (advébio de lugar) – os advérbios de lugar, assim como as locuções adverbiais de lugar, são

geralmente colocados no fim da oração

Subject Verb Object Adverb of place

She put it on the table

They are at home

Adverbs of time (advérbio de tempo) – os advérbios, assim como as locuções adverbiais de tempo definido,

podem aparecer no início ou fim da oração, o que é mais comum.

Adverb of time Subject Verb Object Adverb of time

Yesterday I

He

saw died

him yesterday

Subject Verb Object Adverb of manner

She can speak English fluently

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Adverbs of frequency (advébio de frequência) – são colocados:

a) antes do verbo principal;

b) depois do auxiliar.

Subject Auxiliar verb Adverb of frequency Main verb

You never study your lessons

Davi has always lived in Mexico

Sue is seldom at home

Adverbs of degree- (advérbios de intensidade) – geralmente aparecem diante da palavra (adjetivo, advérbio

ou verbo ) que estiverem modificando.

Ex:

She can hardly walk  verb

We are deeply sorry.  adjective

She dances very well.  adverb

POSIÇÕES ESPECIAIS DOS ADVÉRBIOS:

Quando tivermos os três tipos de advérbios – modo, lugar e tempo – numa mesma oração , eles seguirão a seguinte ordem: modo, lugar e tempo.

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Ex:

Paul swam fast across the river this morning. 

modo lugar tempo

NOTA:

Entretanto, com verbos de movimento (go, leave, travel) a posição dos advérbios é a seguinte: lugar, modo e

tempo.

Ex:

They left for Italy by planelast week. 

lugar modo tempo

INVERSÃO NEGATIVA:

Para dar ênfase, alguns advérbios com ideias negativas podem ser usados no início da oração. Nesses casos, faz-se necessário inverter o sujeito e o verbo como se fosse uma interrogativa.

Ex:

He hardly composes music, but he plays brilliantly.

Hardly does he compose music, but he also plays brilliantly.

Outros advérbios que podem iniciar orações causando inversão:

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1. (MACKANZE) The same as 'Mr. Burton hardly talked to me.' is: a) Hardly did Mr. Burton talked to me.

b) Hardly Mr. Burton talked to me. c) Hardly did Mr. Burton talk to me. d) Did Mr. Burton hardly talk to me. e) Mr. Burton talked to me hardly.

2. (ITA) Dadas as sentenças I. He hard works every day.

II. He spoke hardly this morning at the debate. III. Don’t drive so fast!

constamos que está(ão) correta(s): a) apenas a I

b) apenas a II c) apenas a III d) apenas a I e a II e) todas as sentenças

3. (ITA) Dadas as afirmações de que a forma adverbial de

adjetivo advérbio

I. fast (rápido) é fastly (rapidamente)

II. late (atrasado) é lately (atrasado)

III. low (baixo) é low (baixo)

constamos que está (ão ) correta (s). a) apenas a afirmação I

b) apenas a afirmação II c) apenas a afirmação III d) apenas as afirmações II e III e) todas as afirmações

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4. (ITA) Dadas as sentenças

I. They go often to Rio de Janeiro. II. We have not yet bad news from him. III. She seldom is at home.

constamos que está (ão) correta (s): a) apenas a I

b) apenas a II c) apenas a III d) apenas a II e a III e) todas as sentenças

5. (STA. CECÍLIA-SP) Assinale a alternativa em que os advérbios estão na ordem correta: a) She sang in the town hall perfectly last night.

b) She sang perfectly in the town hall last night. c) She sang in the town hall last night perfectly. d) Last night she sang in the town hall perfectly. e) She perfectly sang last night in the town hall.

6. (FUND-G.VARGAS) Cheque a oração que tem um advérbio de intensidade: a) I work as a translator, too.

b) I also work as a translator. c) I'm too stressed.

d) I don't like to work as a translator, either.

7. (MACK-SP) The same as "I have never known a more intolerant person than Sally" is: a) Never have I known a more intolerant person than Sally.

b) Have I never known a more intolerant person than Sally. c) Never I have known a more intolerant person than Sally. d) A more intolerant person than Sally I have never know. e) Never a more intolerant person than Sally have known I.

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8. (MACKNZE) A sentença "MAL SABIA ELE QUE ELA ERA CASADA", em inglês, seria: a) He didn't little know that she married.

b) Did he little know that she was married. c) Badly knew he that she married.

d) Little did he know that she was married. e) Little knew he that she was married.

9. (UNIRIO) Mark the sentence which contains an emphatic element. a) "The sky's the limit."

b) "This too shall pass."

c) "It can even be comforting."

d) "First, sky watching gives you a break."

e) "Sky watching reminds you that you're part of a much larger picture."

10. ( EFOMM) Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence. "Seldom __________ such an intelligent man."

a) talked I to b) have I talked to c) did I talked to d) I have talked to e) had I talk to

11. (METODISTA-SP) Assinale a alternativa correta: a) He played the piano bad extremely.

b) He played the piano extreme bad. c) He played the piano extreme badly. d) He played extremely the piano bad. e) He played the piano extremely badly.

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12. (MACK-SP) The same as 'They hardly ever go to the movies' is: a) Hardly ever they go to the movies.

b) Hardly they ever go to the movies. c) Ever they do hardly go to the movies. d) Hardly ever do they go to the movies. e) They go to the movies hardly ever.

13. (FATEC-SP) In the above text, the word 'nearly' means a) almost.

b) hardly. c) close. d) far. e) over.

14. (FUND.C.CHAGAS-BA) Assinale a alternativa correta: The sun ______ rises in the west.

a) always b) never c) often d) sometimes e) usually

15. (CESESP-PE) The plane landed very ___________, as if it were very light. a) seldom

b) slowly c) only d) lately e) always

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16. (UNB) Common gestures mean __________ different things in different cultures. a) surprisingly

b) very surprise c) often surprise d) fast surprisingly e) soon surprise

17. (UECE) This machine is to be operated very carefully. Operated ____________ may damage it ____________. a) often / serious b) never / serious c) otherwise / seriously d) well / still e) otherwise / yet

18. (FMU/FIAM/FAAM-SP) - Hi, Geraldo! How do you feel ___________? a) never

b) often c) once d) yet e) today

19. He said _____________. "Wait for her, she'll come back ___________. a) kindly / lately

b) gentle / very late c) gently / very soon d) quiet / very late e) quietly / lately

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20. (MACK-SP) - Hasn't he corrected the exercises ____________? - No, not ___________. a) yet / yet b) yet / ready c) already / never d) already / ever e) ever / yet

21. (CESCEM-SP) We believe she's got talent ___________ to win this prize. a) ever

b) hardly c) enough d) possibly e) however

22. (FUVEST) Nora's husband is ___________ mean ___________ he never gives anything to anybody. a) enough / that

b) hardly / so c) perhaps / that d) so / that e) that / so

23. (MACK-SP) You won't convince me of your good intentions __________ hard you try. a) whenever

b) whatever c) whoever d) wherever e) however

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24. (OSEC-SP) I ___________ go jogging. I need to lose weight, because I'm a bit fat. a) never

b) rarely c) seldom d) always e) sometimes

25. (U.F.S.CARLOS-SP) Brazilian people ____________ drink beer, mainly on weekends. a) rarely

b) never c) sometimes d) seldom e) usually

26. (FMU/FIAM/FAAM-SP) In the the text, the word SUDDENLY means a) bravely.

b) slowly.

c) unexpectedly. d) calmly.

e) timely.

27. (PUC-CAMP) In the sentence "He was fast asleep..." (last sentence in the text) a synonym for the word FAST is... a) quick. b) rapidly. c) gradually. d) completely. e) permanently.

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28. (PUC-RS) A palavra "readily" poderia ser substituída sem alteração do sentido por a) hardly.

b) promptly. c) mostly. d) practically. e) wildly.

29. (F.C.M.STA.CASA-SP) The suffix-LY in words like UNCONTROVERSIALLY , SIMPLY , RELIABLY , and TIGHTLY indicates... a) manner. b) frequency. c) emphasis. d) comparison. e) quality.

30. (PUC-SP) Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentence. "Mr. Myers told me he will leave ________."

a) by train ; for Paris ; at 8 o'clock ; next week. b) for Paris ; at 8 o'clock ; next week ; by train. c) next week ; at 8 o'clock ; by train ; for Paris. d) at 8 o'clock ; next week ; for Paris ; by train. e) for Paris ; by train ; at 8 o'clock ; next week.

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TEXT COMPREHENSION

TEXT 17(AFA)

Scenes from the nuclear theater of a long cold war:

In the 1940s and '50s, when the Americans still trusted their doctors and their government, researchers subjected hundreds of ill-informed people to doses of nuclear radiation, in order to study the effects on human beings. Later on, in two experiments on the West Coast, 131 prison inmates, many of them black, had their testicles irradiated.

From 1963 on, the U.S. government conducted hundreds of unannounced nuclear tests. The Russians weren't fooled, but Americans were. Washington's last secret underground blast occurred as recently as April 4, 1990. By the 1990s, America was awash in nuclear waste. Tons of plutonium from arms factories and spent fuel from nuclear reactors were stored haphazardly and unsafely, sometimes threatening workers and nearby residents. The public still has not been told the true dimensions of the toxic mess.

(Slightly adapted from Newsweek)

1. Read the statements below and mark the correct alternative according to the text. l. Handicapped people were subjected to nuclear radiation.

ll. 131 black prisoners had their testicles exposed to nuclear tests.

lll. The public is still unaware of the real dimensions of the nuclear problem. a) All the sentences are incorrect.

b) All the sentences are correct. c) Only one sentence is correct. d) Two sentences are correct.

2. According to their meaning in the text, mark the antonyms of haphazardly and unsafely, respectively. a) carefully / safely

b) carelessly / dangerously c) disorderly / safely d) carefully / in jeopardy

3. According to the text, it’s correct to affirm that

a) In the ‘40s and ‘50s not only the government but also the doctors had already lost their credibility before the American people.

b) In 1963 hundreds of secret nuclear tests, including the last unannounced underground blast, took place in the USA. c) The Americans who were chosen to undergo the tests knew too much about their government and the nuclear experiments.

d) Nuclear tests have been made for more than fifty years and nuclear waste storage has sometimes threatened Americans.

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TEXT 18(AFA)

Paul McCartney eulogized his wife. Linda. Before more than 700 mourners – including Sting, Elton John, and former Beatles George Harrison and Ringo Starr – at a memorial service Montay evening at a West End church. “She was my girlfriend. I lost my girlfriend. I still can’t believe it, but it’s true. I have to believe it.” McCartney said Linda, 56, died of breast cancer in April.

1. Observe the underlined words. The pronoun IT refers to: a) I have to believe.

b) I still can’t believe. c) I lost my girlfriend. d) she was my girlfriend.

2. Choose the WRONG comparison.

a) The more he thinks, the more he smokes. b) The most he has got, the more he wants to get. c) The diamond was worth more than its high price.

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19 EXERCÍCIOS DE COMBATE 1. c 2. c 3. c 4. c 5. b 6. c 7. a 8. d 9. c 10. b 11. e 12. d 13. a 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. c 18. e 19. c 20. a 21. c 22. d 23. e 24. d 25. e 26. c 27. d 28. b 29. a 30. b TEXT COMPREHENSION TEXT 17 (AFA) 1. c 2. a 3. d TEXT 18 (AFA) 1. c 2. b