ãocumentos 25

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ãocumentos

25

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:

MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY AND

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN BRAZIL

SEL25

CE

Roberto C. Vil/as Bôas

CNPq CETEM

PR~SIDENTE DA REPCJaucA. Fernando HenrIque Ca«IoIo MINISTRO DA ClENCIA E TECNO!.OGIA JoM IIlrMl V8tg8I

PRESIDENTE 00

CNPfr

JoM GelWII Tundisl

DIRETOR DE DESENV ClENr E TECNOlOGICO Marfu

c....n

C/RETOR DE PROGRMlA5" E"'-do Moteor1I di! Com C/RETOR DE IJMDADES DE PESOUISA JoM Ubio . . . Alvas

CETEM -CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA MINERAL

CONsa.HO rtCN/CO-ClENrlF1cO (ÇT"C)

A _ r .. Rober1o C. VCM lI0II.

~ ... ,.. JuIiano " -e.boN

M _ "',.",.,.. JulIano P ....

s.mo....

^L~ GoI'IuoIP Sobral, RDNlkIo L~

CotIlI. dos SIonlDl a FomendQ frt/llll LJnI (1!1pIenIe)

M_~; An101"1i0 Diaa Leite J'-""or, ~ PIn\o CIIav •• ; Oc:t""'-Ellslo Alves de Brito, S.ul B'~IIfI»< Sulkl< aLuir Alberto C Teb:eifa (suplente)

O/RETOR" R_rto C ViH .. lI0II.

DIRETOR ADJUNTO: JuI~no P, .... B.tboH

DEI'T" DE" TRArAMENTO o.MINERIDS (DTAI) AdIo Benvlndo da Lu~

OEPT" DE' METAlURGIA EXTRAnVA (OME): LuIl GoI\ugII S. ~I

Dli'PT" Oli QUlM/CA INSrnu.lENTAl. (001) R<>t>etto RocIrigut. Coelho OEPT" DE liSTlJOOS E' OESENVOCvrMfHTO (OII.SJCarIoI

c._

^Peiler

OEPT" Dl! AOMINlSTRAçAO I~). AtItOnIo Gonça/vft 00 ••

ISSN - 010303319

- . , --

--- -,,--

- --

Roberto

C.

Vil/as

B6as

CéTEM', Rese/itCller.ncI DirecW

c'!'-OOOOtí 2,. t-2

MeT _ . . - "" Cí6nOI;. Tia I ;1

,

⁹

CEtDI.c.o.r ,"'"

^-

_ .

^{- -}

- . ... _ --

.< _{t ..} J. : ooC.b.t5" ''''

c-I'-i..,.~

!.;or.

1iernQ ...

sorw;t.u.

(USP). JoofI Ra...oc ~. Ramos (UFRJ), EG .. "", C Damloo.no (USP). S .... ~_ SLISliQ! (UNlCAMp). _.~om Benz ... .,..." So.

(f<>nd~ Joaq ... N _ ). H61tnl

_1..1_

OIllCT}, -'odo!iermom

REG. N°

(UNICAMp). Ruptn M"",,ln (COPPE/UFRJl

ASéril Estudos. Ooo;umlntos publica trabalhos que buSQuem divulgar estudos

Vi""s B6IoI. Roberto C

EDITORIAL E REVlSÀO I EDITORAÇÃO ELETRONICA

ILUSTRAÇÃO

"

2tp 11. _ (SMIe Estudos e Documentos. 25)

1 ,DesenvoIvIfMnto sultenttllel 2. Te<:noIo!Iie de materiais

• Brasil. 3. Dflse .... oMmento lrIdu,trial_ Brasil. I. Titulo. li. Série 111 Cootro de T lQ>OIogia Mineral

ISBN 65-7227-059---0

ISSN0103-63111 C00338,9

J PRESENTATION

l iús paper oddresscs ro lhe qucstions poscd by dCI'eloping s/lstainablc policies regarding morcrials tcchnology und industrial growth in Brazil.

Thus thc qucs/ions o/ miniming cnergy "soge. nllmmlzing enllironmemol impucts und maximizing social satis/oc/ion in pursuillg lhe SD gools in o No/iona! Malcrials policy arc d,·scusscd.

Rio dc Janeiro. May, /995.

Robcrro C. ViIlll'l Bõu CETEM'. Rn.,.",hu Ind DlrC-Clor

j ^CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ... 1

,. JNTRODUCTlON ...•... 3

2. NATIONAL MATERlALS POLlCY FRAMEWORK ... , 4

3. MATERJALS RESOURCES ANALYSIS ... 6

4. INFRAESTRUCTURE MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ... 8

5. MATER1ALS TECHNOLOGY ANO aUAUTY MANAGEMENT ... ... 9

6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ... 12

7 . FINANCING AND INVESTMENT OPTIONS ... 13

8. ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC POUCY ANO STRATEGIC PLANNTNG FOR MATERIALS ... 15

9. PLANNING IN A SUSTAINABLE OEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT ... ,.17

9.1 Minimization of ener9Y usag8 ... 17

9.2 Minlmization of materiais use ...

18

9.3 Minimizalion 01 the environmental impact ...•.•..•....• 18

9.4 An adequate social satlsfact,on ... ... 19

REFERENCES ... 20

-

ABSTRACT

MarllMls !Nsy • fundalTNHlIll' rola In deWJJopif>g li ~/IcWI

How dHp SlICIt li rola wfI depend

upon

lhe CJIIfKaII

economy,

li.!

expre~ through lfS

own

domeS/x; indus~1 prodUÇfII:Nt 800 InnoV8l/01l capactty, 115 consumef demands, 9nd, 1951 bul nol 1fHlst.

h

WOIIdwide axchllnglng fKJW'f

The

NationlJJ M.I_~ Pobcy CNMP1 ~s to dnet ItseJf lowaros lhe IJspirlfICNIs 01 fhfI society /ti buildmg IIP lhe deve/opment of lhe country f9CI1IfJ aR ar /hll pIOS 800 t'OIIS of sucIt li paf/l /n Ihl$ ~, lhe 8nlZilian NMP. li" anBIysJ.s o( ia mal8na1 ,.SICIUIC8S, . " owtfVMIW o( lhe 1M/eIIeI$ /«hIIoIogy infrastroçtUf8, lhe rola 0/ Qua/ity in lhe COUfllly'$ ma/anais

managemen',

Ih. enVItMmel1/111

impacts

0/

materiais

producliol1, lhe financirlg

.nti

Inveslmenl opIlO11S. lhe .5OCIOICOI!OtI1 pobcy l'nlmelOOflr lUId á conMqtIenl SITa/egIC PfaMlng foi' fI'JIfItIfaIs ¹¹⁽⁸ pnisanr.d

A fin/JI ~19t1ve consx1ere/Joo OI! pia"m"fl in /.I Sus!llinablB 06veJopmenr (SDI anvironment

Js

'/$C p"':senred.

K.y won:fs: lII4l8riaI&, /lII'W tmItena/$. $Ust8lllBb/e

deveJopmenl, Na/lonlll

policieS

1.INTRooucnON

lhe

s.ocaat-econonueal

developmenl

of

a

grvetl

eountry .-eI1 to

be

ellecbve,

10 be based upon

an

infrastructure

rr.tneworIl

that Is capable of giYlIlIiJ nMt. as

weII

as 10 maintatn

aoo

^modlfy. lhe

soaaI -nfulness

of that SOCIIIty Such WIShes al1l mande.tecl in

lhe

poIibcat WID (]f lhe soCiety. Iha! dIrects

lhe routes

10 be ...

ed, lhe lOCIaI«:onomIe

largets aOO

~ 10 be reached in aho(t tind

mac:hum terms

Trad,lIonaIy.

the econOhU

deYeIoprnent li mellsured by II!I

Gross

NabONll Prodl.lCl (GNp), OI"

lhe

equiv3len1

Per

Caplla Income (PCI).lrIdltator lhat 11 weI known iIIOO arx:epIable by

lhe

whoI8 01

lhe

natKlns

Thna

indi:.aIOtl, qu~. II8tISfaclory 10 mNIUIlt

lhe

dtrieIopmIfI! of

the

eeononucal produet>on 01 a glV8ll

eountry. Ire l"Iowever,

~eqUlte 10

measure lhe "social

saUSfactlonl" 01 I gIVen socieIy

and have been

subjecled 10 _/lI1

cntltlSln1!l1

'MIai li lhen, thfs "SOCIal utillaCtlOn" .nd how II ralates

to lhe

maleri8lt teellnology and lhe Industrial

developmenl?

II

1i lhe purpose 01 Ih" paper

10 revlew &Orne

01

l

ne lssues

Ihal

are considere<!

Importanl

nauonw1de 10 Brazil

In

arder lo aSHSS ils

patll

toward

development,

loeUlmg lIs

malenal,

loundatklrlt

,

2. NATlONAl MATERlAlS POLICY FRAMEWORK

Bralil'. ~bonaI matenals poIic:y allowli lhe country 10 supply Intemally lhe vast maJOf1lY

01

sub$tanc:es uWlled In its ndustnal

productton!2

¹

In fac!. Iew

~ems

related to lhe material. 0Hd. Df l he COI,lntry .r.lmported

Braz,r. mineral prodU<:bon

aCCOI.Jntl

today .round 2% 01 lhe

GNP, l i wln as

lhe

crude oi) production 01 lha country

Is

today In

lhe

order of 700,000 barreis

per

da)' (bpd), .I\hoI.IgI'I

lhe

'5~maled d&mand llIaehed 1.300,000 bpcI

1M 1i . . .

reI

producbon is responsiblll

for

lhe basIc materiais founclauon

01 lhe

nabOnal irldustry. allowlng the

WIcome

of IIard eurrerq through expons, For

nst.anoe,

of

lhe

60

mlIJOI'

exportIng industrial ente~ of

lhe

(:()I,If1try 34 . . matena15

bued. I ." ron ore - 5 entefP/'lSlK. ,teel6. non·ferrous metlll6

enlerpot.e.: tran$pOfl material 9; ehel'TllClll wood puIp 3; etc.

lhe

meln purehaslng IICOIIO!T\IC bIoc$ of Braz,han product. are, in decnlallog ordar lhe European Ec:onomic Commumly (9 li uso bllhon); IM U SA (7,7 USO bollion); Asia, excluded Midd!e Easl, (53 USO bilhon. Japan accounhng

for

45% of il), lhe Labn AmerlC11n

AslJOCilltlon for

IntegratiOn (32 USO blllion);

.od

olher

bIocs

{5 4 USO billion)131

These Iacts rellecl. lhe matn body 01 lhe Brazdian Materiais Fral'lllWOfk.I.oown 111 Table 1

•

,

ot" ...

Govemmental organlZabon, and enterpoMI

In

Brazil

nave been prodUClng iludies 8nd document • • n,!yzlnlj lhe materiais sllu.1Ion 01 lhe counuy. ils vulnerablll\y alld self- sul!\elency IU .•. U.ll Today·. poliey

It

to enlarge lhe Brazillan CllpabUity 10 procIuce rwN as

wel

as a.peoaI ateeis, lo enlarg.e

lhe

domestc eompetitiYeness .,

lhe petroehemcal

IeCtor, to mIIIrltam In a compelrtiVe

W'If

its capebobCy m

lhe

alurninum 1IIIdor. lo

promote,

in ^llI'I env~tally accepUIbIe

way,

its

goId .neI

CllSSllente producbon, lo lavor lhe

dWTletl$lOO

s\one$

produetlOn. lo faster lIs compebllveneSl In

lhe

red

ceran.cs

Metor; anel last but no!

leaIl !\s

R & O anel producbotI 01

lI'ICted New Matenals

produets

•

3. MATERlALS RESOURCES ANAL YSIS

Figure 1 presents lhe relam Importance Df lhe se~eral

mineral base<! materiais In lhe Brazilian eoooomy, and Tablo 2 shows lhe dependence Df lhe Brazilian economy related lo some SIr.lleglC metalsJ7J Exlraction industry Includes actiYibes ai mines and quarries, whl!e englneenng Induslry means actIv<ties relate<! to foundry, refining an<! 50 on

- -

_.".

-- -- _-

--- -

= '-

Fllilura 1 . Rel,llva Importonce of Mln ... I. 8 . . . d Material.

In Brullla" Economr{l)

,

Tab'" 2· Bruil1.n Oe~n.d.nc. on

.0101.

Strateglc Metal"

01>0. tll.

,t,,..,.

^lo<

"OII"'n_

From bolh Figure 1 and Table 2 an ovarall view of lhe

Brazilian malerials situalion

<5

'eadily seen.

•

4. INFRAESTRUCTURE MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Tlte nabonal

Intrnewort.

10

promote &nsI1IIMf105I

edueallOn

and

\I1IUlU1g lr1

matenals revea', lhe existenee

of

several

Un~

•. throvghool lhe 26 Statet; oi Bral:il, lhat elrel"

COUI'HI .M degllle$

in ali brancI'>M

01 eng1 neef1nll sdences

Aboul 30% Df \hem offers courses.oo training d,rlCtly linked to

material.

~ well n, 01

lhe

100 restarei! InltlUlIOns Iocaled Ihroughout lhe eountry, eithef govemmenlal anel pliYat., around 45

do

cany 00 re5earch in

lhe

matet!als lield [UI

lhe

BratiIatI k'ldustry. betng Y8I'f active ., deveioplng maleniJls produets: doe$

have

a signlficant partIÇIpMJOn in

promobllg sociat deveIopment through

lhe

applicallon and uses cf malenills 1101

However, ^lhe

Bl'3llllan ef1terprises lhat are .,temallOnally eompehllve are express"'Sl Ihelr concernl towardl a new manlg.ment approach regar~lIng R & O .fIorts anel customer!l

qulacbon

Sueh new man~ement style has been prompt fotwarded by

lhe Japanese steet

Industnes speoally, promotlng

a"

"00 I;ne"

rese~ l'Ij)Iy to

lhe

CUSIO!'nell;,

5. MATERlALS TECHHOl OGY ANO QUAUTY

MANA GEMENT

,

The

Bnlzilian Government laul'lChed In 1990

lhe

Braz;Jaan Program

for

Ouality anel ProdllCt!Vity (P80p).

Mer

lWo years Df ImplMtilllIon lhe pRlpo$als anil impacts of sueli a Program on Industry haVfj belng reviewed by lha

Secretaria!

Df SlfategJc Altaira (SAE) and a group cf Invo/ved en~liet Df which SEBRAE, lhe SUpportUlg Serv1ce to Mlcro and Smell Enterprises, ONEO/USP, Centel for Qualiry Sludm of lhe 560 Paulo Unlvel'$lty, ABIPTI,

lhe

Brauhan Astoelallon Df Ir.dusll'ial Technologocal Research InslllullOnl.

lhe

Minl'tJy ollndustry anIl Commerçe, lhe Ameriean Chamber of

Commetoe

Df sao Paulo

anil lhe

Exame Magalille. among lhe mos! pronunenl

The

reslllts 01 lhe condueted SVNey" ahown beIowI"~

a) Trainng 60% of

lhe

sampling un"" ...

spend. leu

lhan

100 USO

li

y"ar, per employee ThoI8 gntarpnses Ihal

produoes

"lado<

made" HIVICet to

lhe

eIioInts are

lhe

ones tnal mosl ."lVes! In Iralnng The Itxportmg eompames are clalming 10 traln

more

lhan 50% 01 lhelr WQ(king force; lhe non-eKportJng are In lhe range 01 O to 25% ~ wen as, In lhe mosl IIdvanced Industrial .nterpn". !here Is a uend 01 eouphng such trainlng In quallty Wllh lhe overaU plannlnll 01

!he rol11\, derived Irom Its Suategle Ptllnnlng

b) EfIorts to Q & P

obseMng lhe

reIatJonshop enterpnsesl IUpptiefI,

lhe

evaluallons reg.rd!ll[j beIter quality &/li (hatl) divided. haIf feeIs lhat

tnere was.

^quabty improYement aOO hall doeSI1"t, ai lhe same lime, thera 11. ~ lIgleemeUI that no ~fica!Jve reduc\JOll in prI08$ OOCUrfed (probably

due 10 lhe

econorT1IC

uncertaonbel: 01 lhe

periOd)

"

A PI'Iee Wat&rhouM .tudyl!2I, umpbrlg 1000 larga en!erprtSe$ throullllOl.U 6ralll, ,howt lhe loI!owtog deelare!!

obstades to lhe PBOP ImpIantalkln, as presente<! ~ Table 3 T.bIe l. OKI~rwd ot..tlcln to lhe peQp Goal.

"'..,...

^~

'.""""'11

^~

••

^"g

"".-

^So4;fl'~

Unia."' .... ""'00 •• ".

e..m.n

^lnIm IM medun ... ...- L.KII 01 ~ r-..:eo

McIIiv8llonlSupporl from hIgher adrrw!IIIrabon IgIm'lllhe hieaood<*>g, afi' ... ,1ing EqtIIpI'*II

'*'" '" ^{w ...}

rrne

^{~ 10 ~ _I«h} Illgl . . Co.vs-liI ~'" fOI' ~I""",t!ng

T_oI"'fI)Io,H'

... -

PEFlCENTAGE

""

",

~.

27.7 23.S

"'.

'"

'"

^lf1.2

lf1.2

".

^10,8

10.0

•••

An average cosI 01 ImplanMg lhe Ouality program, for an indU51fy emploYl1lg 1200 peO~ 1I oIlhto ardil' 01 uso 50 to 10

thous.nd anti consume.

6

monthsl

1ll; 11

lI'IIIy

{eath USO 100 10 130 thousand

for

Jall~er organll:atlon. Wlth several regional branches ^(I']

lhe e~porttng materiais baHd lndustnes had eondueted !heir trillI'Ilng programs Implemented thelr O & P effeetive pI'OJ8d$

and Qblllined. Qf

.11111'1

\tItI proeeSl 01. lhe 1$0-l1000 eertdicatlon.

A very mteresbng campatgn was launched by MBR - Mmeu.ç6e1 Bresllelflls Reumdas (lhe largest iron ont exporter.

secood to eVAO. Wlth revenues of USO 317 miIIion In 1990).

through lb OIympocs 5"S" program.ll!l

"

Eaeh Opefllbooal Melo.. 01 MBR had 10 Harch for anil ampIement so/I.JbOn. regardlllg lhe worlung 8lWlronmen~ 811T11ng to promote 8n eeollomv m

.iOb

^{lime. redueing lhe el\ergy}

e)rpeod,ture of lhe elTlploy_. lo preveni woôt ilCCidenl$, lo avOld poIIubon, \o .etueve better pIOductlY,ly and COSI reducbons 1I

li

daImed lhal USO 100 tho\Isand pel yllal" has been Kh.eved, or'I/y Ihrough dearung 01 lhe ITWIeI3Is pro<:eSSIng

planl; from lhe 530 Men Hour per Wf!ek (MHPN) !llal 'Nefe 5pent to duo lha! lIldustnal 'rll., )Ull 110 MHPW are

now

lItIIized The 5"S·

,tands for lhe JllparleSe

words SEIRI (arrangemenl).

SEITON (~), SElSOH (eleaMell). Sl::IKETSO (healtt1) and SHITSUKf (."ltO d'sopbne).

"

6. ENVtRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Heavy melais continues to be Itle greates! $Ouree Df polluOOn regarding lhe materiills based Industr\es. together Wlth COxINOxISCh: ernl$$lons

In reléltlve lerms. a 101 has bei!n a<:complished spedally If coe kIoks ai lhe situabOo 01 lhe Cubatao Industnal Complex in sao

Pauto, loday and louI yeal'$ ago

lhe same mighl be true, here and \hera. due \O lhe severa e.wironmenlallaw passed by lhe National Congress

Nevertheless, to enfol'l:e lhe Iaw In an eçonomical unslilble ellVlronmenl is nol 8 trIVial task t

SOCIal

pressures

!ti lhe voeinl!)' Df lhe urban areas do cause lhe Iaw to De obeyed in lhe nearby k:>cated IndustrJes. In remate

areas 01

lhe

country.

main~

In IM Arnazon , whl!le mereury and

sittiog are a problem, lt1ere is !llmosl no way lo enforce lhe law I As for lhe big matenals enterpnses. I,e. steel Industries, petroehemicals, non-rerrous and ferroos loundries, automobile and naval manufaclures, package, etc .• negotiaung approaches towards lhe envlronmenlal law obligabons are being taken between lhe State agencies and lhe Indus\nes

I I

I I

7, FINANCING ANO INVESTMENT opnONS

The astonistnng wor1d sltuation Ihal started Wllh lhe demorishing of Berlin Walls, lOUOwed by lhe falling 01 lhe CommuniSI Party from power In lhe eaSlem coun\neS, culminating with lhe disruption Df lhe Soviel Unlon and lhe $.018 rislng Df U SA as lhe military power, broughl lhe world lo an unique imd very delicate poln! Df equilibnum,

'folha! Is lhe fate of Atr>ca, Soulh America anel vas! portions 0/

poor Asia ? 'lllha! Is IM real partlCipation Df such eccmomies In lhe free wor1d market?

In lhe EEC bkxlt money is ftOWlng Wlthin Europe, westlwest, weslleaSl

Japanese money Is heavily flowing towards U.SA and, in smaller amounls, nearby Asian C(l<Jnlries

American money is being tIown lo Europe, soma eastern Aslan eountries and Japan.

Petrodollars are flowmg to lhe BIg Seven.

'foIha1 about financing money for economieal developmenl?

Regarding lhe Brazilian situabon, besldes lhe laC! Ihat withrn lhe Amencao COnllnent lhe USA is, by far, lhe major mineral and materiais prodveer, Ihere are some niches avaitable for expansions of lhe materiais ba:;ed Induslry.

These niches are related lo lhe energy Inpul needed In sueh induslries (Brazillan eleclncal power prodUCIiOll 1s in lhe arder Df 236,000 G'Ml), to lhe ovarall Infrastruclure 0/ lhe ^econotny (around USD500 BiUionlGNP) and a general sallslactory educatlQn levei Df lhe professlOnals

"

Therefore. indl,l$tnIIl branches in lhe MCtor 01 papel' and pulp mil. lI'on alld lteel, petrochemiaol.. c:ement, fertilizers and general meranurgy show a \rend ror expanSlOI1l, reprlHnbng today around 30% 01 lhe GNP

1\ li e~ lha!

soon

aller lhoI poIibcal I"Isbtubooal IfWlrOl'llTlel'lt n Brazl caIms down. new Ioreign as wel as internai inveslofs wiI pIary lheIr role.

•

8. ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOECONOMIC POLlCY ANO STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR MATERIALS

"

Now ^eotI'IH lhe poiI'It

to drscuu

lhe eonc:ept 01

"social

sabS!aetJOn" as relelTed \O in lhe U\troducton Df Ihs papar. Suc:h might be

,xplalned

^by lhe l\age ruched

ror.

g/lleflIOCi8Iy, In harmooy wrth its eovironment, and In wtúch lhe ~I largais ano:! objectlves ofthe eommurll!y have credibllity .nd feaslbllily 10 be achieved

From 11111 il I!lIght be infemtd lha! "s.ocIII NlllSlaction" is peculiar 10 • 'ilMffi 1OCIeIy: .I'\d rrughl be dilterenba!ed for divefH sooebeS, has to be In ~ WIIIl lhe IlIIISIlIbonng soeie\Ie$, doe. no!

assume

lhe laITlII economIC8I deYeIopment in dl$t!neI aoctebeS

ThUI,

.ny

StrateglC Plannlng

for

materiais has to belr in ~s

foundatiorls lhe defirutlon 01 lhe "social satlsfilctJon" lha! lhe counlry 11 'l/TWlII

al

tf 1uc:h"sociaI saMfaction" " expressei! In tamIs oIGHP, Cf

PCI. dWI

loOIet1

QYerall econorrocal deveIopmenl li belO5l al!Tled for, In lIIelmpliclt assumpllon thallhe growiog 01 lhe economy i$

$ul!lclent

to

promote lhe SOCIal development of lhe people

H _ _ ,

^jf such"SOCIaI

"'lISfKUon"

lias not to be measured by lhe lloremenbOneCl

index .. ,

lhe materiais balal'lCe.

Ir.Irwlated InIO lhe Slr.Ilegle pb!1I/WIg for materiais t:A that partleulat

soeIety.

^{has lo} nclude lhe basie ns.umptions or mlnlmlzln; 'ne<gy conlumplloft. mlnJmttlng mlterlal.

conlumptJon Ind mlnlmlzlng th • • nvlronm.ntal ImPl'''1 cause!!

by malen.ls procluction

These 81" in fact. lhe proposela underlynglhe SuSlall'lable

--, """'"

"

lt "

wontrwhilll

lo

obsefve

lha!

lhe ,lorImentlOned

pn)POSI1JOI'IS are nol Independent Irom lhe WO!1d'a

power

stfuWles. rather, Ihey requife a very

Hrious,

anel synergellC.

~

ofthe natlon$

of IhewOOd, ., lpedaI

lhe

G-7 It loIIows

lha!

such an adopbon

01'

lhe 50 eoneeptS, regam"",

lhe

mon!

Issues

striC:lly relate<! 10

lhe

mate",," scene,

.. """

a) a global pohbCal convanance 0Yef lhe control of

lhe

mat.rials exchange and produClIOn between lha "vel'lll geopohbcal regions;

b) a IlIobaI poIitleal c:onvenance invoMng lhe allocatloos, a.nd ruIIoeabOllt. 01 dilferent "teehnologieallevlIls" wor1cIwIde. 10

lhe

MVefaI geopoIibcal regions.

8. PLANNING IN A SUSTA'NASlE OEVElOPMENT

ENVlRONMENT

"

lhos

Is

811 speculallVfl ehiopler.

wher. lhe

.ulhor Iries 10 forasee _ 01

lhe

critena Ihal h'VI 10 be bofed Iorward if

lhe

SO

eoncepts are to

be u~hzed for planOlng

lhe

^materiais poIicy of a IIrven country

9.1 Mtnlmlz.tlon 01 energy u"g'

In ORlar to reach lhe ^IlIob3I eompromiM, • nfICfl5iIry review Df lha worId'. energy consumpbon

Is •

must. regarding

a)

lhe

er>ergy sourt:es. what are thoIe lha! mostty impact lhe

anwonment 1;

'MIaI are those tl\al ~. huge 1TIMse5 01 matefiaIs 1; 'MIat are Ihose lIIal motI attend

lhe

(:()IMIO,Inrty nNds (Jobs, relocallon

01'

crbH .11;.),

b)

lhe

energy disslpallon: le_.

lhe

anefll8llC el'l'dencles of lhe

demanding

sectora, in • wor1dwide .cale, and lheir redJslribution and dlmenslOOl of lhe problem;

c)

lhe

energy use profite: dlsposable products, Wlth qu~e

epheme!lll life-cycJe,

conlumpllon

enel'llY. Th,s is very slringen! In central economies;

d)

lhe

enef0' errteria: leading to lhe Ç()IlÇIIptoon. de~niIion anil irnpIemenllng

or energetoç management

modeIs lha!

llWWTIizes energy muruse In • WOI1dwde Irend

"

^{Rilbtrto C} VII/III 66<1>

9.2 Mlnlmlutlon 01 materla'l 11"

In

lhe

sequence 01. managerial program lo rnm/ITIIZII ene'llY

COII5umption, th.at

of materiais

ublil.bon mmiml.zation

loIIows a)

lhe

plannll'lg oI

devft)pu'Ig. anil

uprilirlg. 01 extracbon,

proceull'l\l

and

m.nufactllring

induSlne. realigned wOOdwide,

anel ..otiented lha! aean:hes

lhe

targets 01 lhe

,,_.ilozabon

01 ~ eonwmpbOl~ mlnimlzabOrl 01 envlrOMl8fl~ mpad

and

lha! promote

lhe

"social satlshtction";

b)

industnes

tllat

.re technologal

e.pabiI 01 recoveong by- and-<:o-produets

-, anil promote

lhe

produetlon

01 reeydable

t) lhe

design

aitena

h . .

to

~ matenals

lha!

al1l, or

mighl be, lubstrtutn

betwMf'l

themselvfl.

d) tIIa! mmim<l:es lhe de • .gn ,00 produetlon 01 supertluous

malêrials:

e) lha! ar. COrro,1OI1 rflsIstant 1111

9.3 MlnlmlZltlon 01 lha

envlronmenllllmp.el

lhe

envlronmental \mpaet

promoted by

lhe

human being is

quite Inherent to lhe prodUCWe aebvity Thus, when utilizing energy to elC\raCl.

prOCfl'

.,Id manulaeture a material,

lhe 8f1vironment la

be,ng altere<!

To reach. global eomprOl'l'lM regardlog monlmization oI lhe erlVironmental impact, plarmer., 1ICO!\OITIIIIIs, engmeers.

~lIsts

and

pobtIeIans, in

.peoaI,

h.a~ to

pay

allenbOn

a)

to

lhe proc:eues

Ihat .... bom WlIhIn

lhe .ynerglSm between

~.

materiais and en'M)tllTWl1t

"

b)

to lavor.

Ihrough

legl$labon

eM

$den~fIc:

oevelopment,

elean technologle't llavlllg

Iow

energy aOO materiais IIIpUts.

el to lhe

lmpIiat nMd to

atter lhe

8flW'Ol'll'l'l&l'lt alming

" social

sa~·1

.... Ao adequa'. 'ocla'ntlafaetlon

"lhe

adequlbon dllflf&nl

to

dillerenl lOC:Iebes

?

tf $O, which

one

^is

^lhe

^{pnWeged anil}

whICII ..

no!

? How

10

agree

in I global

"-,

From Ih" ~!hor'1 poInl 01

YieW,

R 1& quite obvious tIla! such Is lhe cenlrallssul of

lhe

SO

proposals.

'MII1t bel netessary 10 Iower

dCIwn

tIle living standarns 01

thé central

economle.

Ind lnerlase lho5e Df

lhe

penphery

?

How .~k:t Ih ..

be

60nIlnd whleh ~anlzabOrl body Is !íloing lo be Il!sponSlbie

for its

eor'Ilrot

?

TIlose Inu •• are tet! open, "nu even no spe<:ulative answer rnlgh!

be

altempled In lhe wor\d's scenario of loday I

"

REFERENCES

1 BRUNDTlANO, Gro Ha~em. "Qur commoo Mure", OidordlNew YOIt, Oxford UnrverMy Press. 1981

2DNPM, "AI'Iul!Irio "1"",ral Br.tsllHo° MlOI$térlo das Mana$ e Er.ef'lI18.

1m

3 GABEtRA,G

L.

$ynthesi$ 01 lhe Bravllan Econorrry. CNI.

1991, PP '-77

4 CAMPOS SOARES,Rinaklo. -reel'U'1OIog1CiII Prospects for lhe

Braziiim

lron

anil

^steeI nd~1Iy"" Materiais and 5oeIeIy, (15),

no.

4,1991, W 395-421

5,"DiagnOstico dO COmplexo de Metais Nao-Ferl'O$Ot~

Minist~rIo tIIlndústna e do Comtreio, 1990.

pp

'.112

SINT,

.~

Mlteriais • Oesaofios

¹¹

Oportumdade",

(1),(2),(3),(4).(5), SeetetaI'1ll cIII Co&naa

e

Tecnologia, , 992, pp (1-117),(1-108),(1-48),(1. 72),{1 <64).

1V1LLAS eOAS,R C. "MIOérios EstratégICOS: PerlpecWas·, Série Tecnologill Mineral, 56. CETEM/CNPq, 1992. pp 1- 27

8lASTRES,H Ao! Metal, "NoYos Matena.s capaataçlo li potenC:ialil$adH naaonalS-N

Mal.

MirustêOO da CoéncIIo li

Tecnologia, 1988. pp 1-360

9 VlLLAS BOAS. R C, "Braz

Ir.

NabOnal Polley on New

Materlall~ UNIDO Expen Pape ... , 1967

lQVlLLAS

BOAs,

^{R C} ·StandardlZaIlOn Iof Advanc;ed Matenllt. ExptflenCe$ and SlralegleS for Future 111 Brad', ABIPTl, 1991, pp 1-43

-

lIPBQP ·P'S<fIIIS8.

Qualidade •

ProdutIVidade

no

Meio El'I\pre$anar, SAEIOMEICOTEC, 1992, PP '-23

12Prlce Wattmou$<l "An analyall of PSQP" . . . reponed

In

FoIhII de SAo Paulo, 25 0393, Dinheiro, 1993

13.L080S, J.

"EeonomiI

InaIãveI ab'asa Prognllma5 de Oualidilde", Folha de SAo Paulo, 250393, DInheiro

1993. '

14 CAMPOS, C, IsaN, peraonnal eommunicatlon, 1993, 15AFONSQ, B" "MBR faz OIimpliKIas pela Qualidade e da de

Pr6moo Ufnil VISita. CBMM", Jomaf CBMM, Ano IV,

no.

49, 1993, pp. 21-28

16.VlLLAS BOAS, R. C.,

""Os

Novo, Materiais e a

Corrosao"

S&ri4I Tecnologia Mlnenlll, CETEMlCNPq, 1991, pp, 1-18.'

U6UTAS:

~ROPR)EDADES E USOS INDUSTRIAIS

-_.~

.. ^{, - ..-}

'~("It:ROS rtBUCADOS;O;A StRIE TECSOLOGI" '",'óI:RAI.

I.FIoIoçiodoCorvlcr Eaodoo ... f ... do 11_0<10· AnIonio R. do C - . SoI_ 1..1.1. doAI ... "", .AmiI . . T dos - . 1919 (o-.,.lo)

1.1I<1I<IltiommIo do ToI<o: EotocIoo ... E><.oI. do l:\OrW:Io1I •

N<I_T.~C .. Ioslo.dolphoM BoI ... F...eIao:o W 11oI1MeI, VOioI.. 1919 (C5p!Udo)

J. _ _ 1o do T_: E.oIIOdos em Us'" 1'1I0I0. Nd ....

T Sh~.

c_

Io.doIpI>o M. Rol . . .

r"",is<o

^W

IIOHOIIIl& Vldol, 1979 ( ... 1

a n"' ....

do

c _

do I.J><aIWdo Ik _

EJ_

(MO!·

I .... O do C .... a1 ... M_.ToI .. II ... ". 1.>0<0. 1979

, ... ^,

l.lI<n<r .. _ d e Oiolom .. do COMi ·JootA. C. Sobt'd!o

• AdoIo B, do l.uJ, 1979 (C5p!UdoJ

6 E~ do Z"",,: ""'" R" .... iIIo

v_ ...

InO ... • M"""". C.

vm. a.o..

¹⁹¹⁹ (."""'S01

llledoçlo do Glpoill oom

c.. ..

v'lNl • I ... O. do ComI ... ~ 19fO 1<>tOIMk>l

',_II<_do~do C ... ;. . . do EsIacIodoCClri· f . -

x.. ..

11 l'illol. M_IIoM.do voip. 1910 (<>tOIMk>1

9,M_" "..os-Ik I,""",,.,,," f-><al, Pilolo>· 1 - ' V"""" F ... ,.,.. AI .. , s-p.;o. 1910

{."""S01

10,'-1010.;" do MUk't\o O>idado do Zlt!a> <I< Bwo T _ • c.los Molpl>o M. BoI'" Itob<no C vm .. Il4ol, 191(1 (""""'J

11 EJ_ dos Etci"" li< C ... <I< Puba SoI>ro o Eklrtim:fIno Ik fuu . I.olt. GaBt . . . dos S. SobnI.

RoooI .. I.olt. C. <los S ... o.lf .. cio Cosu '-< ... 191() «>&OtadoJ

\l.U>.I,ioç" O><l<rllt!.o do 5.lf<lO do Cobro do 0.;.0 T_ C _ · Vk<_ l'ouIo li< Soou. 191(1 (u""""")

/J A~ .. <I< Miotrioo 0>1_ li< ZbI<o: ... Rn'iJ.IO li< u..no .... C.Io< "dolpilo M Dal ... 191(1

, ... ^,

1'.F.f<i,., li< " I r -_()po,~

..

8<Ito<r<1InodoO""· M-.uso....o. _ C VllU.

Il4ol, \910. (<>tOIMk>J

I S.AotoçIo <I< C ... '" li< Somo Caorino "" EJcaIa do o-odo. rilolo>· """"'lo ^{11.. do}

C_.

S-oI • ."",.

L. 1.1 li< "Imddo, 1911 (<>c"lOdo)

16.AII ... SeI,H •• li< fIt>os li<

c.. ..

<I< SottI& C"';no, EoIudo< i'tol ... -1.-0 _ N. do

eo....

¹⁹¹¹

17 ariq ... lmpMAtt<i' ~o. 1ndúiIria· \\'01." SII.nu\. Ro,'" CIII. M <lo S~ ... 1911

,-,

11.Io.plkI.;loo <lo ~o no II<",~ ... do C ... pOr fIoIoçIo.1'Iq-II.nlI!tlo P<wp/IIrio. 1911 19

R,,,"_"

<lo Cob« do ~1inttIo<»1<Iodo II<C_ pOr EJ~ pot Sol ... em f.J<olo Sontlp_

·1 ... 0 C M _ .r..IoSkP> M So.a, 1911. {<>piado}

20.1)yrIawItIrlpoo (OWl') ... AplO<oçIO na 1!>d6dtlo MInmI • IIeddo v ... Fõ"",uo. _ "O<)' li<

Aqui"", 1911 I~)

ll.Flolaça>60 R.joiloo , .... <I< Sdl«1~ ... PIor>to Pi'-.Jost

F_.

OIIo0b0.ltonaIdo _ .. 'lona

• J ... AI ... Sompoio. 19111. r..,..".)

ll.Coq .. li< Turf ... Io.pli<oç«s • R'JIfto etli. M, <lo Sil . . . WoIl<t So/Iift<d. 19l2.

ZJ,ll<fo . . ElnoIiIi<o <1<0..0. Pn><aao W.III .. U!.l.lloooi'<f<s _.IlOb<ou>C. VHI .. - . 1911.

1< ... )

la fIoIoçIo li< o.idodos <I< Z...,' E..- "" E><.oI. '1I0I0> • "dolo 11m' Indo do L=t. • C.to. _pilo M DoIIOt. 191.2.

15 Do>so$<mll<o..u ·t.u..Goov"l'S. Sobral. M .... ç - . 1911

16.II<n<II<"""". EJ_ .. do """'. l'nU do MIrtetIoSolf<todo· MIodoT_ M, I'oano. ~I., ....

,,-,m

ll."""~ pot 501 .. _ <lo CoIn <lo 101_ o.idodo do

C._·

^{PouIo Séralo M,}

^s-e..

^I ... O. li<

C .... aIho M - . I9IJ

11.Propom EI<ttoIIti", li< Sohoç" li< 0... '1_

a... ...

^I.g;z Gonup

s..

SoInI. R<Io!oI<lo l..W.t C.

_ . o.mn <IoCootol.oun:_ 1913. I..,..".)

2\l ~ li< P'rtO& li< I'lxodoto< F""'If'/l<CS _ l.oiI: Gonup doo _ SobnI • '1"""

o.-.

19~. (..,..".)

30 ... ,.... "'.,,, ... .,"' .. MI ... ,oI· MJt\o V. _.10.<1>0 D, do I ... 193' 1 ... 1 11.lná_ do B~~.

c ...

^II<~ .. "" T....,1osIa M ... Gcoolm:ioa<lo RJoII<

l_h.,. ^sw.-._

a .... lo;n II<~ .. "" Goodf",I .. • SOOO. 19~

11 .... 1 .. "' .. 1 ... ,...."

_rw-

^{do Mi..ttIo do} Monpttb Ik Unte ... ~s _ Lll<io Maria CoInIlk 06d. Sil ... UIIo r.llo .... fUIIo. 19~

1J Uxi.I ... 11""""""-do Çoho. _ T<o< "'" E><.oI. do o-odo. To ... inINo R. <I< McIn<k.

r .... bu ~ li< F..,ço, 19J.O

~ II<n<fklomrnu>doCoIdrIo da RoJlao li< C""".!o-RJ • V""Uda RocIIo

a ...

11<Uo V ...

l1po:n

• R"fI<" , , _ . 191'

lS.ApIO<oçlO do Simul ... do IIIdrodc1otooo <tO Ctmtiloo do M _ • 1<* Ipkio do Andtado Oomoo.

RoJl" C. C. C...ns.o. 19I1

16,f<u,do do um M/todO 5implifkodo ,.... Dclrnninoç" ela

-1_

do TnboDIo" ... "pll<ai;., I R _ . 11«140

v ...

"1"1to, Lo4 ... 1o Pro-nl,lu" I!«>eno Mo.. VoIl •. 1911

17 ~!eIoI",llo 1::<1nI1o. <lo OUro • M _ 0nn0I0. 19&6.(..,..".1

11 EIIudoi .lloIAçIodo MlftérIoo.._ 1I<:tin<oll< M_G<nio· Ftaa<is<o W 11011_ VldoI. CorIos AdoIpIIo M BoI ... J..c 1,,*10 li< 10., Gomes, u-..do A da SU,.., 1 _ v ... f1&u<1to, "4loo O, <lo

!.ui o Robrno C, ViII .. Il4ol, 1~7,

19 I..\st.o li< T...,. I'"'" 1 " ' _ ... T.""'*'tlo M ... V ... IMIo VIoono do C ... ·allIo. 19'7

~ Oillribuiçlo li< OmnInio em F _

O<noimt_.

^{C . . Ia· I.J.lI.o}

f._

^{<I< c.v.!!to. VoIo/rio}

Conde "I"", ~_ 19&6.

"-"'P«IO> do

a. ..

fI<-...1k ""'" "htri .... •

r_ " .

^{F ... Uas.}

^{1 _}

^A.<Io S;II ... 1917 .l f...,.T~_Io.fitov<_dolo._1JiIo

.a....s.r""'.PI

·10.<1>011 do Luz,SoI_

L. M oi< Io.1 ... HIo •

t.u<_

Todo. Sil,. R _ , 19&1.

'1 T _ li<

rn_

li< C ... A_Is.

f_'_. ^a-1oI·

f....:b<>o W IIoIl...ta VIo!oI.

r .... x....lkn F~ .... IH'

«~.0W0"'''''''' _ _ '~''',·1 A: ·" ... I s A l _

.v _ _ . - . . . r _ A .

f ..

iO.OOu.,lm ( ... 1

.So.o,ouo ... _ "' ... ' _ C .

v_ - .

1919 I ... '

~'~~~

.. I_.,.. ... V_"' __ • ...-

. 1 . 1 . _ . A " - V _ i O r - ..

fIoIoçIo._ ..

O " ' · F . . - A . _ U . .

~-'I"I

.. c. ... : "

^T

na' ..

CooI . . . _ .. '-<I._~foo ' ... .0.400 B • La. 1991

... • li< MWr\oo·MaoIoAli« C

.00<0.."" ^{v _} • .-.- o '"

La. 1991 10 ... 10\0" ' .... T _ . _ C ViIoo-,I9911

a

^t)

SI Elo •• , 1 . . .

o...._.S%ooIIa_ ..

_ C _ . _ C _ - ' 1 9 9 1 U.ToIao _ _

·I'kouçIo_,,-

riIooo·

u._ ...

^{MIo B} • Lu. I ... f -'1991

S l o . _ " , _ ••

eor-. -..c v_-.

¹⁹⁹¹

SO",,-llIvonoocl&(ioo

4. .0...

F_f_U.(_~_~CGIlI:.AoIIoB

"'La.MwocIk;M .... oip. F . . - r .... I"'" Lai& I . . . flrit _ _ ~

_ LIob.C, 0100 - . MotIo '-no _ . . .

c ...

11. _ ... ,..l.t. 1991. I ... '

!!c-....-~ ... _ . ^ApI~ ".., .. loIo· f _ r ...

u..,

^{L-..S. _}

Ccoott, ~ Cuo!lI ... DoIp*>-..".. '" AI ... 00<I0<m. I m S6./II'-aio f....-tJi<oo ~_. R<obuIo C V<lllo - . 1991

S7.0_""GmoIooIo .. _ . IloIocnoC '1111 .. -'/IIori.o DIoobl.C . . S - c VK>cntc""'"

li< §oow., 1991.

SI.C~ T~ <lo /IIiMfIo Aurlfcnl ;lo MI;;mç ..

c ..

^<lo Pcdn;./II*, Gnuo . N<)"

I_li .... """" .... r<tllOftoSo F .. iIoo

u..

¹⁹⁹¹

'9 GoopoIJIIoI of"" NcwM_·llooC ...

cf""

SoNII Sal;; Mi'"" moi No ... ~,_ flc.,c\opocnll

·IloIocnoC. VUIol-, '992

60 1J<&t*IoçIo.

c ... ,..

IUpooIorioo • s.I4io • . . . . -CorIoo " ' _ '" C-. 1992.

ti _ , E>nç ... 11;;0. _ E>,..Ihe .. - . . . ... Go:>Iwp

s.

SolonI, _

u... •

_ _ B ot-oIo. Im

&lO $ I .~.n_Ic_'O"""M-..I,I992

6lS' I õ . . . "'-"'.ToIaoW_SCl>coo .• _ C .... IC.c-.wnoV _ _

'"'

... _ ... _ i o f = . 0 · _ _ .. -..5oI>_I..M ...

_ .. ""'-"'" t' ... 199J

.. ~.T 1.·· ... T ... ·AIdoIio ... '"..

.JT_. __ _,m

^~

... _ .•.

^~

..

^O'O

_._E. ^l_.

iNSTRUMENTAL MULTIELEIo\ENT ANAllSlS IN 'LANT MATEIlIALS

,. _ _ 10

lu . _ , . , ... ^~_

_ ^...

^~-~

-- ---

N( 'IUIO!> rl'ILlCAnos ~ .... st"'l~

,'(C"iOlOGlA ....

\lBIt:. ',. ...

L

6 Al<Toopinl E - - . E m _ $ ... Soootcco'I.Eput~. ~ 1995 1.... ,

cor ....

^{I...,.. _} !'dI ... 00I<I "OorIoop>'.S-Rodriaw> Filloo.'-

~ I... MadoIo<L.

--.-

---

1'I~\lt:II.OS 1'I:IUc.o.llOS 1'1" St.Rlt QtI"UIl"IlE t: rROIH.lTI\·ID.o.DE

IQoooI_ .. r .. I ~~ . 1 o I _ . _ C . ~1IW

_ ,m

l.u~",,_ . . III1. :; I T '''I'''' . _ C v.n.-.I!P9l

,,;";";":,:';',;';";°0

1oI'."O_.ol.';ln c 1.'01'0<10.

L • _ Gcoaoo • 0 1 _ 199J

..

... ..

^{. . - ,}

^{, ... "} --'" --

----... ^{.. -}

-~--

•

Nt\t(ROS rUUc.o.llOS 'iA StRlt

EST~1lOS t: DOCt·\II:.'"TOS

10.-'0.- .. _ _ ....

f _

R.C

r..-., """

^MorIo 8 1oI . •

e-.

J>t.io*

r_

F _

" " ' - ' _ " 1 I ~.~<_Io

L . . _ . (l" ... ....,'1911

! ....

1'01_ 101_ .. c - " _ '"

1')061 • _ • Slh-o _ - . . ... SoIn - . l o ' -

f_

f .... ~_.t.is

__

I_~12"

*",,1911

~:!:.k. ~4,1 ,~f':

^Ô/!_ioo·

~ o...-,,_c-_.oo-.~. _ _ 1-1_ 110 _ • Doio

F_ ^{a - .} _

^Oooy

_ ^~ 1911 1--""

,,,o-uo ...

^_.~

, ", _ _

^~.

r_~.C

r ...

_~.sa.

.. "'_ioo

... _..-- T ... C ... _ C _ . c - . _

...

""'S-_AIowa.~~

_ loIU . . _ ... ~,..

ao..

SoA c M W _

J>t--. 1911 I .. , I I

• _ _ • " " . U - . MotIoClon

C--.

¹⁹¹¹

7

em.

"_l'oIlloo 1-1_ .(loIo;d

a-n. ...

0cü-.-1D EIIoIo.u... . . ,....-GoIo-Io

("--._~c$;I ... _~.,..a--.I!i111 : 1_.Oooy~"""",:9U

,-,

. " QuntIo 1-1_ .. ("_ .... 10 .. '" 1911 . F _ S $I f . -

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