≠
× ≠
≠
≠
′ ′′
Å
⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ′ � ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ �
=
+ (
� �)
+ ⋯
⃗ = ⃗
�
+ (
� �)
⃗ {
[ �
+
]
+
[ �
−
]}
= � ⃗ = ⃗ �α E⃗⃗ cos π t dα
dq � E⃗⃗ cos[ π + v t]
dα
dq � E⃗⃗ cos[ π − v t]
( )
= ∫
�
( )
= ( ) ∫
� +
�∫
�
�
≠
∫
� ≠
=
9�4∑ ∑ |( ) |
=
+ �− �
−
�
=
∴ =
χ � �=
�= � ∴ � =
�=
� �+
∴ =
� �+ �
� = ⁄=
�+ �
∴ =
�−�χ = � χ
= �
=
�−�=
�−�̅ ℎ
̅
̅
=
√ � +��D −X− = √ a = R + R
′ − ′′ ′
=
= ⁄ ′
− ′′ ′
−
′ " +, + ′ "
′ ′′
=
√[
� + �� ′+ ′′ + ��
]
̅
ℎ
−
≠
�� �� ≠
��
� ℎ � �
ℎ � ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕ ⊕
Γ� = ⊕ ⊕ ⊕
Γ� = ⊕
Γ ℎ = ⊕
Γ = ⊕
� � � �
�
�
̅ / / ̅ /
̅ ℎ /
⊕ ⊕
α
ℎ
β
— — — —
� �
ω
=
+ ∆
∆
∆
=
+
−+ [ +
−+
−]
> ∙ ∆ (⃗ ) = [⃗ ∙ ⃗ ] + [⃗ ∙ ⃗ ] + [⃗ ∙ ⃗ ] … ⃗ ⃗
∆
= ∑ [⃗ ∙ ⃗ ]
∆
−= − ∑ ⃗
⃗⃗
⃗
⃗⃗(⃗⃗
)
,= − ∑
,∙
= ∑ ⃗
⃗⃗
, ′⃗
′⃗⃗ , ′
ℎ
=
+ ∆
−∙
∆
=
−
∝
�∆
á
⁄
á
� <
� <
< �
<
∆ á
/
α