❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❯▼❆ ❆❱❆▲■❆➬➹❖ ◗❯❆◆❚■❚❆❚■❱❆ ❉❊ ▼Ó❉❯▲❖❙ ❉❊
❈❆❘❆❈❚❊❘❮❙❚■❈❆❙ ❆❙P❊❈❚❯❆■❙ P❆❘❆ ❊❱❖▲❯➬➹❖ ❉❊
▲■◆❍❆❙ ❉❊ P❘❖❉❯❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊
❋❊▲■P❊ ◆❯◆❊❙ ●❆■❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❋❊▲■P❊ ◆❯◆❊❙ ●❆■❆
❯▼❆ ❆❱❆▲■❆➬➹❖ ◗❯❆◆❚■❚❆❚■❱❆ ❉❊ ▼Ó❉❯▲❖❙ ❉❊
❈❆❘❆❈❚❊❘❮❙❚■❈❆❙ ❆❙P❊❈❚❯❆■❙ P❆❘❆ ❊❱❖▲❯➬➹❖ ❉❊
▲■◆❍❆❙ ❉❊ P❘❖❉❯❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡✲ r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ▼❛❣♥♦ ▲❛❣❡s ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❯♠❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◗✉❛♥t✐✲ t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ▼ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❆s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✑ ♣♦r ❋❡❧✐♣❡ ◆✉♥❡s ●❛✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✷ ❞❡ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ▼❛❣♥♦ ▲❛❣❡s ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❙♦❛r❡s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✳✳✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❡ ❘❡❥❛♥❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦✱ ■s❛❜❡❧❛ ❡ ▲✉❝❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❥✉♥t♦s✳ ❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ▼❛r✐❧é✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❈♦✉t✐♥❤♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡st❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳
➚ ❈❆P❊❙ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳ ➚ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡✉s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣❡❧♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛ ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝❡r ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▼❛✐❛ ❡ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s♣❡❝t♦s sã♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥✲ t♦s ❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s sã♦ ❛ss✉♠✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❜♦♥s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭▲P❙✮✳ ▼ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❆s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s ✭❆❋▼✶✮ é ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝✲
t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❡st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ♠❛s ❡st❡s ❡st✉❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❢♦❝❛r❛♠ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❆❋▼ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▲P❙✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ✐♥✈❡s✲ t✐❣❛r s❡ ♦ ✉s♦ s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❆❋▼ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ▲P❙✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ▲P❙ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✿ ✭✶✮ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡ r❡✜♥❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❞❡ ❆❋▼✱ ✭✷✮ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✭P❖❆✮✱ ✭✸✮ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✭P❖❈✮✱ ❡ ✭✹✮ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥✲ ❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❈❈✮ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ à ♦❜❥❡t♦s ✭P❖❖✮✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s✉♣♦rt❛♠ ♦s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❡♠ ♦♣t❛r ♣♦r ❆❋▼ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡✈♦❧✉✐ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ♦✉ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s✳ P♦ré♠ ✉♠ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é q✉❡ r❡❢❛t♦r❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡①✐❣❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛✉ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ▲P❙✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐✲ ❝❛s✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s✱ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❋❡❛t✉r❡✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✭❋❖P✮ ❛♥❞ ❆s♣❡❝t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✭❆❖P✮ ❛r❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ r❡✜♥❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛s✲ ♣❡❝ts✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❚❤❡s❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛r❡ ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❣♦♦❞ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ❢♦r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ Pr♦❞✉❝t ▲✐♥❡s ✭❙P▲s✮✳ ❆s♣❡❝t✉❛❧ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❡s ✭❆❋▼✮ ✐s ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤❛t ❝♦♠❜✐♥❡s ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❛s♣❡❝ts t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐t②✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❣✉✐❞❡❧✐♥❡s ♦♥ ❤♦✇ t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡ t❤❡s❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ s♦♠❡ st✉❞✐❡s✱ ❜✉t t❤❡s❡ st✉❞✐❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❢♦❝✉s t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ ❤♦✇ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡❧② ❆❋▼ ❝❛♥ ♣r❡s❡r✈❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐t② ❛♥❞ st❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t✐♥❣ ❙P▲ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s ✉s❡ ❛s♣❡❝ts ❛♥❞ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❆❋▼ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡s t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❙P▲s✳ ❚❤❡ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❞❛t❛ ✇❡r❡ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t✇♦ ❙P▲ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❢♦✉r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s✿ ✭✶✮ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♠♦❞✉✲ ❧❡s✱ ❛s♣❡❝ts ❛♥❞ ❛s♣❡❝ts r❡✜♥❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❆❋▼✱ ✭✷✮ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❛s♣❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✭❆❖P✮✱ ✭✸✮ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ♦❢ ❢❡❛t✉r❡✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✭❋❖P✮✱ ❛♥❞ ✭✹✮ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❈❈✮ ✇✐t❤ ♦❜❥❡❝t✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✳ ▼❡tr✐❝s ❢♦r ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐t② st❛❜✐❧✐t② ✇❡r❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s✉♣♣♦rt t❤❡ ❜❡♥❡✜ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❋▼ ♦♣✲ t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ❧✐♥❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❡✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦r ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝r♦ss❝✉tt✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r ❛ ❞r❛✇❜❛❝❦ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s t❤❛t r❡❢❛❝t♦r✐♥❣s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ❞❡s✐❣♥ r❡q✉✐r❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤❡r ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤❡ ❙P▲ str✉❝t✉r❡✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ①✐①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✶
✶✳✶ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✷✼
✷✳✶ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ✸✺
✸✳✶ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✶✳✶ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❋❛s❡s ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✷ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ Pr♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❡ss❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✹✳✶ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✹✳✷ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡s ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✺✶
✹✳✶ Pr♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✺ ❆♠❡❛ç❛s ❛ ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✹✳✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
①✐✈ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✼✶
✺✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ▼❛r❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ▼étr✐❝❛ ❈❉❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ▼étr✐❝❛ ❈❉❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❚r♦❝❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ✲ ▼étr✐❝❛ ❈❉▲❖❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞♦ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ▼étr✐❝❛ ▲❖❈❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ▲P❙ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✼ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ▲P❙ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✶ ❆❞✐çõ❡s ♥❛s ▲P❙ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ❡ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✷ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ▲P❙ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ❡ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸ ❘❡♠♦çõ❡s ♥❛s ▲P❙ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ❡ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✹ ▼é❞✐❛s ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▲P❙ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✺ ❇♦①♣❧♦t ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❈❉❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✻ ▼é❞✐❛s ❞❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▲P❙ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✼ ❊❈❉❋ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ❲❡❜st♦r❡ ✭●❛♠♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✸ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✽ ❊❈❉❋ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✭●❛♠♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✸ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✾ ❊❈❉❋ ♣♦r ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ✭●❛♠♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✸ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✶✵ ❊❈❉❋ ♣♦r ✈❡rsõ❡s ❞♦ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✭●❛♠♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✸ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✶ ❊❈❉❋ ♣♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ✭●❛♠♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✸ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✷ ❊❈❉❋ ♣♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✭●❛♠♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✸ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✮ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ●♦❛❧ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ▼❡tr✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▲P❙ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✸ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▲P❙ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✹ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▲P❙ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✺ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▲P❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❈❉❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❈❉❖✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❈❉▲❖❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ▲❖❈❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s✱ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ❡ ❞♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♥♦rt❡✐❛♠ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳
❖ t❡r♠♦ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛tr♦❝✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ◆❆❚❖ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡ ❈♦♠♠✐tt❡❡ ❬◆❛✉r ❡ ❘❛♥❞❡❧❧ ✶✾✻✽❪✳ ◆❡ss❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ ❡r❛ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝✉❧♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ✏❈r✐s❡ ❞♦ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✑✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❛tr❛s❛✈❛♠ ❡ ❡st♦✉r❛✈❛♠ ♦ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❡r❛♠ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐❛♠ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs✳
❉❡s❞❡ ❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✻✵ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❣r❡❞✐✉ ♠✉✐t♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝r✐✲ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❞❡ ❝✉st♦s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ r❡✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ r❡✉s♦ é ❢❡✐t♦✱ ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♠♣❧❡s r❡✉s♦ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐st❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❡r❛♠ r❡❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛❞♦s à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ s❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛✈❛ ❡ss❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛té ✉♠ r❡✉s♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✈✐♦ ❡ ✉♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ r❡❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡❥❛ ❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳
▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭▲P❙✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❡♠❡r✲ ❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ♦ r❡✉s♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❬❈❧❡♠❡♥ts ❡ ◆♦rt❤r♦♣ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ❯♠❛ ▲P❙ ❝♦♥✲ té♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✳ ❆ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ é r❡✉s❛❞♦ ❡ t❡st❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙ é ❛♣♦✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳ ■ss♦ é ❢❡✐t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r✱ ❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ s❡r ❛❧t❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛❞♦ ❬❈❤❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪✳
✷✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❡♥❞❛s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✈❡♥❞❛s ♣♦❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ➱ ❢á❝✐❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❡stã♦ s❡♠✲ ♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛t✉r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝❛❞❛str♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐♠♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛r ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❡❞❛s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳
❖s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❬❇❛t♦r② ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❯♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ s❡r ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✱ ❥á ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡stá ❛ss♦✲ ❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ t❡♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♥❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙ ❬❑äst♥❡r ✷✵✵✼❪✳
❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥ã♦ sã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❡✈✐tá✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s ❬●r✉❜❜ ❡ ❚❛❦❛♥❣ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙✱ ❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ é ❡①✐st✐r ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♥♦✈❛s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs r❡q✉❡r ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ú♥✐❝♦✳ ❆s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ t✐♣♦s✿ ❝♦rr❡t✐✈❛s✱ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛s ✭♦✉ ❛❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛s✮✱ ♣❡r❢❡❝t✐✈❛s ❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛s ❬❙✇❛♥s♦♥ ✶✾✼✻❪ ❬▲❡❤♠❛♥ ❡ ❘❛♠✐❧ ✷✵✵✷❪✳ ❆s ❝♦rr❡t✐✈❛s t❡♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❛s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛s ❡stã♦ ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✭❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✮ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❛s ♣❡r❢❡❝t✐✈❛s sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉✲ ❝✐♦♥❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❛s ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛s t❡♥t❛♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❢✉t✉r♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♣❡r❢❡❝t✐✈❛s ❡ ♣r❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛s sã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛❧t❡✲ r❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙✱ ♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛ ❡st❛s s♦❧✐❝✐t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ é ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳
✶✳✶ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛
✶✳✶✳ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✷✸
P❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❢✉t✉r❛s ♠✉✲ ❞❛♥ç❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙✱ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r q✉❡ ❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s❡❥❛♠ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❡♠ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ✐ss♦ ♦❝♦rr❛✱ ❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♥ã♦✲✐♥tr✉s✐✈❛s ❡ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ❢❛✈♦r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ✐♥s❡rçõ❡s ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s❡♠ r❡q✉❡r❡r ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡①✐s✲ t❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❆❜❡rt♦✲❋❡❝❤❛❞♦ ✭❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ ❖♣❡♥✲❈❧♦s❡❞ Pr✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❧❡✮ ❬▼❡②❡r ✶✾✾✼❪ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ ✏❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❡st❛r ❛❜❡rt❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦✱ ♠❛s ❢❡❝❤❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦✑✳
❆❧❣✉♥s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙✱ ❝❛s♦ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛r ❛s ♥♦✈❛s ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✳ ❊ss❡s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉✲ t♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❝❛s❝❛t❛ ✭❛❢❡t❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥✲ ❝✐❛s✮ ❬●r❡❡♥✇♦♦❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✼❪ ❬❋✐❣✉❡✐r❡❞♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♥ã♦✲♣❧✉❣❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♦✉ r❡♠♦✈❡r ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✮ ❬❑äst♥❡r ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❖ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s é ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛✉s❛ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♥ã♦✲♣❧✉❣❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡✉s♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙✳ ❆♦ s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❡ss❡s ❡❢❡✐t♦s t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ♣✐♦r❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡❧❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❡ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❘❡s✉♠✐♥❞♦✱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ t❡r ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳
❱ár✐❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ▲P❙✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❡❧❛s✿ ✕ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣ré✲ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬❑❡r♥✐❣❤❛♥ ❡ ❘✐t❝❤✐❡ ✶✾✽✽❪✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r❀ ✕ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❆s✲ ♣❡❝t♦s ❬❑✐❝③❛❧❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪ ❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❬Pr❡❤♦❢❡r ✶✾✾✼❪✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡✲ ❧❛s é ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s tr❛♥s✈❡rs❛✐s ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ▼ó❞✉✲ ❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❆s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s ✭❆❋▼✶✮ é ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ❛s
✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❬❆♣❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r❛♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐✲ ❝❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ▼ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❆s♣❡❝t✉❛✐s ✭❆❋▼✮✱ ♣♦ré♠ s❡♠ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❡s✲ t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙ ❬❆♣❡❧ ❡ ❇❛t♦r② ✷✵✵✻❪ ❬❆♣❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪ ❬❆♣❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡s ❡st✉❞♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ♥❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛
✷✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❆❋▼ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡✲ ❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❡✈✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s t❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▲P❙✱ ❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛✲s❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡st❛ ❧❛❝✉♥❛✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛r q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❝♦♠♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r ❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛ss♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❣✉✐❞♦s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛s ▲P❙✿ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❞✉❛s ▲P❙ ✭❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ❡ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛✮✱ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛tr♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✿ ❈♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❬❆❞❛♠s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪ ❬❆❧✈❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❋❖P ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ ❋❡❛t✉r❡✲ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✮ ❬❇❛t♦r② ✷✵✵✹❪✱ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❆❖P ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ ❆s♣❡❝t✲❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣✮ ❬❑✐❝③❛❧❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪ ❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❆❋▼ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ ❆s♣❡❝t✉❛❧ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❡s✮ ❬❆♣❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s ▲P❙✿ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♦✉ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❡✈♦✲ ❧✉çã♦✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ r❡❢❡r✐r às ✐♥s❡rçõ❡s ♦✉ às ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡♠ ▲P❙✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ❝✐♥❝♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ▲P❙ ❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ▲P❙ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛✳
✶✳✸✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✷✺
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ s❡❣✉❡✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s s♦❜r❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭▲P❙✮ ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❛♠ ❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝✐t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡ ❛s ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛♠❡❛ç❛s ❛♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s ❞♦✐s ❡st✉❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❞✉❛s ▲P❙ ✭❲❡❜❙t♦r❡ ❡ ▼♦❜✐❧❡▼❡❞✐❛✮✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❢❡✐t❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s
❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ r❡✈✐s✐t❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ❡♠❜❛s❛r❛♠ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦s✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡çã♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ s❡çã♦ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛✳
✷✳✶ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
❆ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣ró ❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ r❡✉s♦ ❡ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❬P❛r♥❛s ✶✾✼✽❪ ❬❲❡✐ss ❡ ▲❛✐ ✶✾✾✾❪✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✱ ❞✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡st❛❝❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✿ ✭✶✮ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛♥❞♦ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ▲P❙✱ ❡ ✭✷✮ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ r❡✉s♦ ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❬P♦❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪ ❬❈❧❡♠❡♥ts ❡ ◆♦rt❤r♦♣ ✷✵✵✶❪✳
❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♥❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s ❬P♦❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❆ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❢❛s❡s ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ✭❡s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✮✱ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ✭❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✮✱ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ✭❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✮ ❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ✭r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✱ ♣r♦✲ ❥❡t♦ ❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✮ ❬P♦❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❖ t❡r♠♦ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ é ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ t❡r♠♦ é ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦✳ ◆❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s
sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡ ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❬◆❡✐❣❤❜♦rs ✶✾✽✵❪✳ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ss❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ❬P♦❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ é ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❛ ♣❛r✲ t✐r ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦✳ ◆❡st❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❬P♦❤❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
❖ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ❛♣♦✐❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❛♥t❡r✐✲ ♦r❡s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❛ ▲P❙✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s❡✉ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲ t❡s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛✈✐ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣✉❧sã♦✱ ❝♦♠❛♥❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ♣✐❧♦t♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉♦♠í♥✐♦✳ ❆ ❢✉♥✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣✐❧♦t♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ é ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❡ss❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ❡st❛r ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❡ss❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s✐♠✉❧❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛✈✐ã♦✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▲P❙ ❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙ é ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r✱ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❡ r❛str❡❛r ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙ ❬❇❛❜❛r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪✳
✷✳✷ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s
❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❛♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ s❡❣✉❡♠ ❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛❞❛s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛s✳ ❆♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❛❝rés❝✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛✲✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡✱ ❞❡❧✐♠✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❛❧ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡✈❡r s❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✳ ❖ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r é ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛r ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠❡t❛✲ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❛♥t❡s ❞❡❧❡ s❡r r❡♣❛ss❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r✳
✷✳✷✳ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✷✾
❝ó❞✐❣♦ s❡rã♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞❛s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛s✳ ❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ss❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣♦❞❡r s❡r ♠❛r❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❛té ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ✐♥t❡✐r♦✳ ❆ ▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ✷✳✶ ❡①✐❜❡ ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❝❛❞❛str❛r ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣á❣✐♥❛s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✹ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❇❛♥❦s❧✐♣ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛str❛r ♦ r❡❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✈✐❛ ❜♦❧❡t♦ ❜❛♥❝ár✐♦✳ ◆❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✽✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ♦ ❧♦❣ ❝❛s♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡❥❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ à ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ▲♦❣❣✐♥❣✳
▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ✷✳✶✿ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❈❈
✶ public class ControllerServlet extends HttpServlet {
✷ public void init() {
✸ actions.put("goToHome", new GoToAction("home.jsp"));
✹ //#if defined(BankSlip)
✺ actions.put("goToBankSlip",
✻ new GoToAction("bankslip.jsp"));
✼ //#endif
✽ //#if defined(Logging)
✾ Logger.getRootLogger().addAppender(new ConsoleAppender(
✶✵ new PatternLayout("[%C{1}] Method %M
✶✶ executed with success.")));
✶✷ //#endif
✶✸ }
✶✹ }
❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❡ss❡s ✭❡♠ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ ❙❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❈♦♥❝❡r♥s ♦✉ ❙♦❈✮ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ s❡✉ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ✧❉✐✈✐❞✐r ❡ ❈♦♥q✉✐st❛r✧♣♦r ❬❉✐❥❦str❛ ✶✾✽✷❪ ❡ ❬P❛r♥❛s ✶✾✼✻❪ ❬P❛r♥❛s ✶✾✼✾❪ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❊ss❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠♦s ♣❛rt❡s ♠❡♥♦r❡s ❡♠ s❡♣❛✲ r❛❞♦✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s sã♦ s✐♥ô♥✐♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆ss✐♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s sã♦ t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✐❞❡❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛✲ r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ▲P❙✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❡st✉❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❈ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ▲P❙ ❬❆♣❡❧ ❡ ❇❛t♦r② ✷✵✵✻❪ ❬❆♣❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪ ❬❆♣❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳
✸✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s
❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♠✐st✉r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡s ❡ ✐✐✮ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✿ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❖P é ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ q✉❡ ❡♥❝❛♣s✉❧❛ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ q✉❡ ❡st❛r✐❛ ❡♥tr❡❧❛ç❛❞♦ ❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❬❑✐❝③❛❧❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪✳
❆s♣❡❝t❏ é ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❏❛✈❛✱ q✉❡ s✉♣♦rt❛ ♦ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❆❖P ❬❑✐❝③❛❧❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ❊❧❛ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✿ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❡stát✐❝♦s✳ ❖s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ♣ré✲❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❥✉♥çã♦ ✭❥♦✐♥ ♣♦✐♥ts✮✳ ❆ ✉♥✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ❥✉♥çã♦ ❡ s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♣♦✐♥t❝✉t✳ ■♥str✉çõ❡s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❞✈✐❝❡s s❡r✈❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ✭❛♥t❡s✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s ♦✉ ♥♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❥✉♥çã♦✮✳ ❖s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❡stát✐❝♦s sã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛✲ ❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çõ❡s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✲t②♣❡ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛t✐♦♥s✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ t✐♣♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❬❑✐❝③❛❧❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪✳
❖ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❆❖P ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ▲P❙✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❛r✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦s ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❣r♦ss❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❆s♣❡❝t❏ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝r✐❛r ♣♦♥t♦s ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛s❡✳ ❆ ▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ✷✳✷ ❡①✐❜❡ ✉♠ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❆s♣❡❝t❏ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦♥❞❡ é ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇❛♥❦❙❧✐♣✳ ❆ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ pointcut ♥❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ✷ ❡ ✸ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛r ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ init ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ControllerServlet✳ ◆❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ✺ ❡ ✻✱ ❡stá ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞♦ ✉♠ advice q✉❡ ✐♥s❡r❡ ♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛str❛r ♦ r❡❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛bankslip.jsp ❛♣ós ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ pointcut✳
▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ✷✳✷✿ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❆❖P
✶ public privileged aspect BankSlipAspect {
✷ pointcut init(ControllerServlet controller):
✸ execution(public void ControllerServlet.init())&& this(controller) && args();
✹
✺ after(ControllerServlet controller): init(controller) {
✻ controller.actions.put("goToBankSlip", new GoToAction("bankslip.jsp") );
✼ }
✽ }
✷✳✷✳ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✸✶
❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❬Pr❡❤♦❢❡r ✶✾✾✼❪✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❆❍❊❆❉ ❬❇❛t♦r② ✷✵✵✹❪ ❬❇❛t♦r② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❛❪✱ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❋❖P ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥✲ t♦s ❣r❛❞✉❛✐s✳ ❆ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❆❍❊❆❉ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❡❧❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆s ▲✐st❛❣❡♥s ✷✳✸ ❡ ✷✳✹ sã♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❡ ✉♠ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ✷✳✸✿ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❋❖P ✭❝❧❛ss❡ ❜❛s❡✮
✶ public class ControllerServlet extends HttpServlet {
✷ public void init() {
✸ actions.put("goToHome", new GoToAction("home.jsp"));
✹ }
✺ }
▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ✷✳✹✿ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❋❖P ✭r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡✮
✶ layer bankslip;
✷ refines class ControllerServlet {
✸ public void init() {
✹ Super().init();
✺ actions.put("goToBankSlip", new GoToAction("bankslip.jsp"));
✻ }
✼ }
❆ ▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ✷✳✸ ❡①✐❜❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❜❛s❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛çã♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ✐r ♣❛r❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❡ ❛ ▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ✷✳✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❇❛♥❦❙❧✐♣✳ ◆❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✶✱ ❛ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ layer ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❡✱ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✷✱ ❛ ❞✐r❡t✐✈❛ref ines ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ é ✉♠ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡✳ ❖ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦r bankslip ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ✶ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦r ❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ♣ré✲❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ s❝r✐♣t ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❙P▲ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳
▲✐st❛❣❡♠ ✷✳✺✿ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❋❖P ✭r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❧♦❣❣✐♥❣✮
✶ layer logging;
✷ refines class ControllerServlet {
✸ public void init() {
✹ Super().init();
✺ Logger.getRootLogger().addAppender(new ConsoleAppender(
✻ new PatternLayout("[%C{1}] Method %M executed with success.")));
✼ }
✽ }
