❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ P❆❘➪ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆
❙✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛
❯❧tr❛ ▲❛r❣❛ ❡ ❈❧❛ss✐❢✐❝❛çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡
▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦
◆❖▼❊ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘
❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❇❡♥t❡s ❋r❡② ▼ü❧❧❡r
❚❉❴✵✺✴✷✵✶✵
❯❋P❆ ✴ ■❚❊❈ ✴ PP●❊❊ ❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❞♦ ●✉❛♠á
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ P❆❘➪ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆
◆❖▼❊ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘
❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❇❡♥t❡s ❋r❡② ▼ü❧❧❡r
❙✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛
❯❧tr❛ ▲❛r❣❛ ❡ ❈❧❛ss✐❢✐❝❛çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡
▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦
❚❉❴✵✺✴✷✵✶✵
❯❋P❆ ✴ ■❚❊❈ ✴ PP●❊❊ ❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❞♦ ●✉❛♠á
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ P❆❘➪ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆
◆❖▼❊ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘
❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❇❡♥t❡s ❋r❡② ▼ü❧❧❡r
❙✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛
❯❧tr❛ ▲❛r❣❛ ❡ ❈❧❛ss✐❢✐❝❛çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡
▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦
❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ à ❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ P❛rá ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ●r❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❊♥✲ ❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ê♥❢❛s❡ ❡♠ ❚❡❧❡✲ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
❯❋P❆ ✴ ■❚❊❈ ✴ PP●❊❊ ❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❞♦ ●✉❛♠á
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ P❆❘➪ ■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆ ❙✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛ ❯❧tr❛ ▲❛r❣❛ ❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦
❆✉t♦r✿ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❇❡♥t❡s ❋r❡② ▼ü❧❧❡r
❚❊❙❊ ❉❊ ❉❖❯❚❖❘❆❉❖ ❙❯❇▼❊❚■❉❆ ➚ ❆❱❆▲■❆➬➹❖ ❉❆ ❇❆◆❈❆ ❊❳❆▼■◆❆❉❖❘❆ ❆P❘❖❱❆❉❆ P❊▲❖ ❈❖▲❊●■❆❉❖ ❉❖ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆ ❉❆ ❯◆■❱❊❘✲ ❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ P❆❘➪ ❊ ❏❯▲●❆❉❆ ❆P❘❖❱❆❉❆ P❆❘❆ ❖❇❚❊◆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ●❘❆❯ ❉❊ ❉❖❯❚❖❘ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆ ◆❆ ➪❘❊❆ ❉❊ ❚❊▲❊❈❖▼❯◆■❈❆➬Õ❊❙✳
❆P❘❖❱❆❉❆ ❊▼ ✷✵✴✶✷✴✷✵✶✵✳ ❇❆◆❈❆ ❊❳❆▼■◆❆❉❖❘❆✿
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❞❡❜❛r♦ ❇❛rr❡t♦ ❞❛ ❘♦❝❤❛ ❑❧❛✉t❛✉ ❏ú♥✐♦r ✭❯❋P❆✮ ✲ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❧❛✉❞✐♦ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❈✉♥❤❛ ▼♦♥t❡✐r♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ✭❱✐r❣✐♥✐❛ ❚❡❝❤✮ ✲ ❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❊✈❛❧❞♦ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s P❡❧❛❡s ✭❯❋P❆✮ ✲ ❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘♦♥❛❧❞♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡✐t❛s ❩❛♠♣♦❧♦ ✭❯❋P❆✮ ✲ ▼❡♠❜r♦
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✉❜❡♠ ●♦♥ç❛❧✈❡s ❋❛r✐❛s ✭❯❋P❆✮ ✲ ▼❡♠❜r♦
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❤❛r❧❡s ❈❛s✐♠✐r♦ ❈❛✈❛❧❝❛♥t❡ ✭❯❋❈✮ ✲ ▼❡♠❜r♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✐❝✐♥✐✉s ❉♠✐tr✐ ❙á ❞❡ ❆❧❝â♥t❛r❛ ✭❯❋❘❆✮ ✲ ▼❡♠❜r♦ ❡①t❡r♥♦
❱✐st♦✿
✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳✳
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝✉s ❱✐♥✐❝✐✉s ❆❧✈❡s ◆✉♥❡s
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
●♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡✱ s❡❥❛ t✐r❛♥❞♦ ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ♦✉ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♠❡ ♦✉✈✐♥❞♦ ❞❡s❛❜❛❢❛r✳
❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ✐r♠ã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s ❞❡st❛ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❝❛♠✐♥❤❛❞❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❛♠❜é♠ à ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♥♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛✐s ✭▲❛P❙✮✳ ❋♦r❛♠ t❛♥t♦s ♦s ❛♥♦s ♣❛ss❛❞♦s q✉❡ ✈✐ ✈ár✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡♥tr❛♥❞♦ ❡ s❛✐♥❞♦✳ ❙♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡♠ ❛ss✉♥t♦s té❝♥✐❝♦s ❡ ♣❡❧❛s r✐s❛❞❛s ❞❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❡ ❢♦r❛ ❞❡❧❡✳ ▼❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✱ sã♦ ❛♠✐❣♦s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❊r✐❝ss♦♥✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤❡✐ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠❛✳ ◆ã♦ ✈♦✉ ❝✐t❛r t♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ ❡sq✉❡❝❡r ♥✐♥❣✉é♠✱ ♠❛s ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❈❧❛✉❞♦♠✐r ❏ú♥✐♦r ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s✱ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯❋P❆✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭▲P❘❆❉✮ ❡ ❞♦ ▲❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐s♠♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ✭▲❊❆✮ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❡ ❢♦r❛ ❞❛ ❯❋P❆✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ t♦r❝❡r❛♠ ♣♦r ♠✐♠✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ✜③ ❡♠ ❇❧❛❝❦s❜✉r❣ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠❡✉ ❡stá❣✐♦ ♥❛ ❱✐r❣✐♥✐❛ ❚❡❝❤✳ ❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡ss❡s ❛♥♦s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r Pr♦❢✳ ❈❧❛✉❞✐♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ♣♦r t❡r ❛❝❡✐t❛❞♦ ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠❡✉ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♥♦ ♥❛ ❱✐r❣✐♥✐❛ ❚❡❝❤✱ ♦♥❞❡ t✐✈❡ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❜❛st❛♥t❡✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❊✈❛❧❞♦ P❡❧❛❡s✱ q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♥❡st❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛ ❡ ❢♦✐ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡st❛ t❡s❡✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❛ t❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❞✉❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐❜❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭▼❇✲❖❋❉▼✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ▼✉❧t✐✲❇❛♥❞ ❖rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡①✐♥❣✮ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ✜❧tr♦ ♥♦t❝❤ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐t✐❣❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡str❡✐t❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♦♣❡r❛♠ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❢r♦♥t ❡♥❞ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✲ ✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❢r♦♥t ❡♥❞ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❡ ❢❛s❡ ❞♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♠♦str❛r❛♠✲s❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ♣r❡s❡♥ts t✇♦ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ♦❢ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠s✳ ❋✐rst✱ ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ s②st❡♠s ✉s✐♥❣ ▼✉❧t✐✲❇❛♥❞ ❖r✲ t❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡①✐♥❣ ✭▼❇✲❖❋❉▼✮ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♥♦t❝❤ ✜❧t❡r t♦ ♠✐t✐❣❛t❡ ♥❛rr♦✇✲ ❜❛♥❞ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ♦t❤❡r s②st❡♠s ♦♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❜❛♥❞ ❛❧❧♦❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ❯❲❇ s②st❡♠s✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❢r♦♥t ❡♥❞ ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ❢r♦♥t ❡♥❞ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❛♥② ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✲ ✜❡r✳ ■ts ❜❛s✐❝ ✐❞❡❛ ✐s t♦ s♦rt t❤❡ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❤❛s❡ ♦❢ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ s②♠❜♦❧s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡r ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡ ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r ❡①✐st✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✐✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ✈✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛ ❯❧tr❛ ▲❛r❣❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❙✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✸ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❚❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✺ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ P❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✺✳✶ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❉✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✶✳✺✳✷ ❖✉tr❛s P✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ P❡rí♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✶✳✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❚❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❖❋❉▼ ♥❛ Pr❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❇❛♥❞❛
❊str❡✐t❛ ✶✷
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❊q✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❈❛♥❛❧ P❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❈❛♥❛❧ P❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ✶✾
✷✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❈❛♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❉❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ❋❛s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✸✳✷ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❇✐t ❝♦♠ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♠♣❡r❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♥❛❧ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✷ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ◗P❙❑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✸ ❈❛♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✹ ❘✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ◗✉❛♥t✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✻ ❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡✿ ❱❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡Vm,i ❡ Im,i ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸ ❋r♦♥t ❊♥❞ ♣❛r❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❆✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❈❧❛ss✐✜✲
❝❛❞♦r❡s ❉✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦s ✸✷
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞♦ ❙✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✸ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❯♠ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ❙✉♣❡r✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❈♦rr❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❚❡st❡ ❉✐s❝r❡t♦ ❞❛ ❘❛③ã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❱❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✹ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✹✳✶ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛♥❞♦ ❆▲❘❚ ❝♦♠♦ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ●▼▼s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✹✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❇✐♥ár✐❛s ❡ ♦s ❊rr♦s ❞❡ ❇❛②❡s ❈♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ✸✽ ✸✳✺ ❋r♦♥t ❊♥❞ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✺✳✶ ❋r♦♥t ❡♥❞ ❈❙❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✺✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❈❙❙✲❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✹✽
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✷ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ ♥❛ Pr❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ◆❇■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✷✳✶ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈❛♥❛❧ P❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ✹✾ ✹✳✷✳✷ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ■♠♣❡r❢❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ❈❛♥❛❧ ✺✸ ✹✳✸ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❈♦rr❡t❛ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❈❙❙✲❙❱▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✻✹
✺✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✻✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛♥s♠✐ss♦r ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ ✭s❡♠ ❡q✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s✐♥❛❧ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ zˆm,i✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✹ ❈♦♥st❡❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ◗P❙❑ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ ❬❊❈▼✵✺❪✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✶ ❱❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ✹✲◗❆▼✱ ❙◆❘ ❂ ✶✵ ❞❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✷ ❱❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ✽✲◗❆▼✱ ❙◆❘ ❂ ✶✵ ❞❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✸ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥st❡❧❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✹✲◗❆▼ ✈s ✽✲◗❆▼✱ ❙◆❘ ❂ ✶✵ ❞❇✳ ❆ ár❡❛
❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✹✲◗❆▼ ✭❝ír❝✉❧♦s✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❡♠ ❛③✉❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✽✲◗❆▼ ✭❝r✉③❡s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✹ ❱❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ✹✲◗❆▼✱ ❙◆❘ ❂ ✵ ❞❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✺ ❱❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ✽✲◗❆▼✱ ❙◆❘ ❂ ✵ ❞❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✻ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥st❡❧❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✹✲◗❆▼ ✈s ✽✲◗❆▼✱ ❙◆❘ ❂ ✵ ❞❇✳ ❆ ár❡❛
❡♠ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✹✲◗❆▼ ✭❝ír❝✉❧♦s✮✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ár❡❛ ❡♠ ❛③✉❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✽✲◗❆▼ ✭❝r✉③❡s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r ① ❝♦♠ D = 2N = 500 ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ◗❆▼ ✶✻ s❡♠
♥❡♥❤✉♠ r✉í❞♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r❡s ① ❝♦♠D= 2N = 500♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠♦❞✉❧❛çõ❡s ◗❆▼ ✶✻ ❡ P❙❑
✽✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r♠❡♥t❡ s❡♣❛rá✈❡❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❖s
✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡ ✭❝✐r❝✉♥❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝ír❝✉❧♦s tr❛❝❡❥❛❞♦s✮ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ❛ ♠❛r❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✶ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❆❲●◆ ♣❛r❛ ♦
s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ m= 67 ❡ W♥❢ = 1/T✳ ◆❇■ ♥ã♦ é ❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛q✉✐✳ β = 0,5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✷ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❆❲●◆ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ m= 74 ❡ W♥❢ = 1/T✳ ◆❇■ ♥ã♦ é ❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛q✉✐✳ β = 0,5 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✸ ▼❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ■❈■ ♥♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ m = 67 ♣❛r❛ W♥❢ = 1/T,2/T,3/T✳ β = 0,5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✹ ▼❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦s ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ■❈■ ♥♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ m = 74 ♣❛r❛ W♥❢ = 1/T,2/T,3/T✳ β = 0,5✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✺ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤ ♠✉❧t✐♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ m = 67 ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ◆❇■ ❝♦♠ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ WI =W♥❢ = 1/T
♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ r♦❧❧✲♦✛ ✭β✮ ❡ ❙■❘= 0 ❞❇✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ts ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐③❛çã♦ é ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r b ✭♦s ❝❛s♦s s❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ b ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♥ã♦
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ q✉❛♥t✐③❛çã♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✻ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤ ♠✉❧t✐♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠
s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ m = 67 ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ◆❇■ ❝♦♠ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ WI =W♥❢ = 1/T
♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ r♦❧❧✲♦✛ ✭β✮ ❡ ❙■❘=−20❞❇✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❜✐ts ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦
♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐③❛çã♦ é ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r b ✭♦s ❝❛s♦s s❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ b ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦ ♥ã♦
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ q✉❛♥t✐③❛çã♦✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✼ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛
♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❘❛②❧❡✐❣❤ ♠✉❧t✐♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ m = 67 ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ◆❇■
❝♦♠ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ WI =W♥❢= 1/T ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ r♦❧❧✲♦✛ ✭β✮ ❡
♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❙■❘✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✽ ▼❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ ♥♦t❝❤ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✾ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞♦
s✐st❡♠❛ s❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ ♥♦t❝❤ ❡ s❡♠ ◆❇■ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✭❙■❘ ❂ ✵ ❞❇✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✶✵ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ♥♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧m= 15❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ ♥♦t❝❤ ❡ s❡♠ ◆❇■ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✭❙■❘
❂ ✵ ❞❇✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✶ ■♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ♥♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧m= 30❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ ♥♦t❝❤ ❡ s❡♠ ◆❇■ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ✭❙■❘
❂ ✵ ❞❇✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✶✷ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❞♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧m= 15 ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡
❙■❘ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ✜❧tr♦ ♥♦t❝❤ ♥♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ ✸✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✶✸ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❞♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧m= 30 ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡
❙■❘ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ✜❧tr♦ ♥♦t❝❤ ♥♦ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ ✸✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✶✹ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❈❙❙✲❙❱▼ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s
✭❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❙◆❘✮ ✈❡rs✉s ♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❆▲❘❚✱ ❉▲❘❚✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝✉♠✉❧❛♥t❡s [|C20|,|C40|] ❡ |C40| ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ N =
250 sí♠❜♦❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✹✳✶✺ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❞♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❈❙❙✲❙❱▼ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ s❡♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❙◆❘ ✈❡rs✉s ♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝✉♠✉❧❛♥t❡s
[|C20|,|C40|]❡|C40|❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦✛s❡t ❡♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦N = 250sí♠❜♦❧♦s✳ ❙◆❘ ❂ ✽ ❞❇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❊rr♦ ❞❡ ❇❛②❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜✐♥ár✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❝❧❛s✲ s✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♠♦❞✉❧❛çõ❡s ◗❆▼ ❞❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ sí♠❜♦❧♦ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛
SN R= 0✱5 ❡ 10❞❇✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ✺✵✳✵✵✵ s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❉❈ ✲ ❆♥❛❧♦❣ t♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡r ❆▲❘❚ ✲ ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ▲✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ ❘❛t✐♦ ❚❡st ❆▼❈ ✲ ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❆❲●◆ ✲ ❆❞❞✐t✐✈❡ ❲❤✐t❡ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ◆♦✐s❡ ❈❙❙ ✲ ❈♦♥❝❛t❡♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt❡❞ ❙②♠❜♦❧s
❈❙❙✲❙❱▼ ✲ ❈♦♥❝❛t❡♥❛t❡❞ ❙♦rt❡❞ ❙②♠❜♦❧s✲❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❉❈▼ ✲ ❉✉❛❧✲❈❛rr✐❡r ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥
❉▲❘❚ ✲ ❉✐s❝r❡t❡ ▲✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ ❘❛t✐♦ ❚❡st
❊❈❉❋ ✲ ❊♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❈✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❊❈▼❆ ✲ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ▼❛♥✉❢❛❝t✉r❡rs ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥ ❊❈❖❈ ✲ ❊rr♦r✲❈♦rr❡❝t✐♥❣ ❖✉t♣✉t ❈♦❞❡
❋❈❈ ✲ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❈♦♠♠♥✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❋❊◗ ✲ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❊q✉❛❧✐③❡r
❋❍ ✲ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❍♦♣♣✐♥❣
❋■❘ ✲ ❋✐♥✐t❡ ■♠♣✉❧s❡ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡ ●▼▼ ✲ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ▼✐①t✉r❡ ▼♦❞❡❧ ■❈■ ✲ ■♥t❡r❝❛rr✐❡r ■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ■❙■ ✲ ■♥t❡rs②♠❜♦❧ ■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡
■❙✲❖❋❉▼ ✲ ■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❙✉♣♣r❡ss✐♥❣ ❖❋❉▼ ▲▼❙ ✲ ▲❡❛st ▼❡❛♥ ❙q✉❛r❡
▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ ✲ ▼✉❧t✐✲❇❛♥❞ ❖rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡①✐♥❣ ▼▼❙❊ ✲ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ▼❡❛♥ ❙q✉❛r❡ ❊rr♦r
◆❇■ ✲ ◆❛rr♦✇❜❛♥❞ ■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡
❖❋❉▼ ✲ ❖rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥
P❆▼ ✲ P✉❧s❡ ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ P❆P❘ ✲ P❡❛❦✲t♦✲❆✈❡r❛❣❡ P♦✇❡r ❘❛t✐♦ P❉❋ ✲ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❉❡♥s✐t② ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ PP▼ ✲ P✉❧s❡ P♦s✐t✐♦♥ ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ◗P❙❑ ✲ ◗✉❛❞r❛t✉r❡ P❤❛s❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❑❡②✐♥❣ ❙❉❘ ✲ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✲❉❡✜♥❡❞ ❘❛❞✐♦
❙■❘ ✲ ❙✐❣♥❛❧✲t♦✲■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❘❛t✐♦ ❙❱▼ ✲ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❚❋❈ ✲ ❚✐♠❡✲❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❈♦❞❡
❚❍✲❯❲❇ ✲ ❚✐♠❡ ❍♦♣♣✐♥❣ ❯❧tr❛ ❲✐❞❡❜❛♥❞ ❯❙❇ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❙❡r✐❛❧ ❇✉s
❯❲❇ ✲ ❯❧tr❛ ❲✐❞❡❜❛♥❞
❲❯❙❇ ✲ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❙❡r✐❛❧ ❇✉s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s
si(t) ✲ i✲és✐♠♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❖❋❉▼ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦
cn,i ✲ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ♥❛ n✲és✐♠❛ s✉❜♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦
i✲és✐♠♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❖❋❉▼
ci ✲ ❱❡t♦r ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ 1×N p(t) ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❥❛♥❡❧❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r
N ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s✉❜♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s ❞♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❖❋❉▼ T ✲ ❉✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❖❋❉▼ s❡♠ ③❡r♦✲♣❛❞❞✐♥❣ T❩P❙ ✲ ❉✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✉✜①♦
TS ✲ ❉✉r❛çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❖❋❉▼
r′(t) ✲ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦
L ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s r❡s♦❧✈í✈❡✐s ❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ αl ✲ ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦ l✲és✐♠♦ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦
α ✲ ❱❡t♦r ❞❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡s ❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ L×1
Tl ✲ ❆tr❛s♦ ❞♦ l✲és✐♠♦ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦
v(t) ✲ ❘✉í❞♦ tér♠✐❝♦
i(t) ✲ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡str❡✐t❛
SI(f) ✲ P❙❉ ❞❡ i(t)
WI ✲ ▲❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ i(t)
W♥❢ ✲ ▲❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ r❡❥❡✐t❛✲❢❛✐①❛
r(t) ✲ ❙✐♥❛❧ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❛♣ós ♣❛ss❛r ♣❡❧♦ ✜❧tr♦ r❡❥❡✐t❛✲❢❛✐①❛
zm,i ✲ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦ ♥❛ m✲és✐♠❛ s✉❜♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛ ❞♦ i✲és✐♠♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❖❋❉▼
Vm,i ✲ ❘✉í❞♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❛♣ós ❞❡♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦
Im,i ✲ ◆❇■ ❛♣ós ❞❡♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦
Dm,i,i′ ✲ ▼❛tr✐③ N ×L ❝♦♠ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ■❈■✴■❙■
ˆ
zm,i ✲ ❙✐♥❛❧ ❞❡♠♦❞✉❧❛❞♦ ❛♣ós ❡q✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦
ˆ
gm,i ✲ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❡q✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦r
dm,n,i,i′ ✲ ▲✐♥❤❛ n ❞❛ ♠❛tr✐①Dm,i,i′ ˆ
α ✲ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ α
S ✲ zˆm,i s❡♠ r✉í❞♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛
P[E|α,c] ✲ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❡♠ α❡ c
p(r, ϕ) ✲ ❉❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥❛ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡①♣r❡ss❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ♣♦❧❛r❡s
ωm,i ✲ ❘✉í❞♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ♠❛✐s ◆❇■ ❛♣ós ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦
σ2 ✲ ❱❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ω
m,i
γ ✲ ❙◆❘ ✐♥st❛♥tâ♥❡❛
Mγ(s) ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦
¯
γ ✲ ❙◆❘ ♠é❞✐❛
zm ✲ ❱❡t♦r ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ N sí♠❜♦❧♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s
ωm ✲ ❱❡t♦r ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ N ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ r✉í❞♦ ♠❛✐s ◆❇■
µα ✲ ❱❡t♦r ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ L×1 ❝♦♠ ❛s ♠é❞✐❛s ❞❡ α
Cαα ✲ ▼❛tr✐③ L×L ❞❡ ❛✉t♦❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧
Cωm ✲ ▼❛tr✐③ N ×N ❞❡ ❛✉t♦❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ωm bI ✲ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❜✐t ❡♠✲❢❛s❡
bQ ✲ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❜✐t q✉❛❞r❛t✉r❛
PbI ✲ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞♦ ❜✐t ❡♠✲❢❛s❡
PbQ ✲ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❞♦ ❜✐t q✉❛❞r❛t✉r❛
FI(a, cm,i) ✲ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❘❡(ˆzm,i) s❡❥❛ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐❛r a ❞❛❞♦ ❘❡(cm,i)
FQ(a, cm,i) ✲ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ■♠(ˆzm,i) s❡❥❛ ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ✉♠ ❧✐♠✐❛r a ❞❛❞♦ ■♠(cm,i)
rn ✲ n✲és✐♠♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❝❛s❛❞♦
r ✲ ❱❡t♦r ❝♦♠ N sí♠❜♦❧♦srn
α ✲ ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧
s(ny) ✲ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦ ❞♦ y✲és✐♠♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦nT
f0 ✲ ❖✛s❡t ❡♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ θn ✲ ❏✐tt❡r ❞❡ ❢❛s❡
vn ✲ ❘✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❛❞✐t✐✈♦ ❣❛✉ss✐❛♥♦
σ2
v ✲ ❱❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ vn
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❞♦✐s t❡♠❛s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s s❡♠ ✜♦✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ é ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐❜❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ✭▼❇✲❖❋❉▼✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ▼✉❧t✐✲❇❛♥❞ ❖rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲ ❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡①✐♥❣✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✜❧tr♦ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐t✐❣❛r ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡str❡✐t❛✳ ❯♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ é ♦ ♦✉tr♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ●❡r❛❧
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✉s❛♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s é ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❡ ❡①✐st❡ ♠✉✐t❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❛❜r✐r ❡s♣❛ç♦s ♥♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ é r❡q✉❡r✐❞❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣❛ís❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❧♦❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❢❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡❣✐õ❡s✳
❊♥tr❡ ❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡stã♦ s✐st❡♠❛s s❡♠ ✜♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛r ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s s❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❥á ♦♣❡r❛♠ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✉❛s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧♦❝❛❞❛s✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ✉❧tr❛ ❧❛r❣❛ ✭❯❲❇✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❯❧tr❛ ❲✐❞❡❜❛♥❞✮ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❝♦❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s s❡♠ ✜♦ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐♥❛❧ s❡ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ❝♦♠ r✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡str❡✐t❛✳
✷
◆♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❯♥✐❞♦s✱ ♦ ór❣ã♦ q✉❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♦ ❋❈❈ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❈♦♠♠♥✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❈♦♠♠✐ss✐♦♥✮ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t♦✉ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇ ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✸✱✶ ❛ ✶✵✱✻ ●❍③ ❬❋❈❈✵✷❪✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦✱ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ s✐♥❛✐s ❯❲❇ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ s❡rã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼✳
❯♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❜❛✐①❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇ é q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❝❛✉s❛❞❛ ♣♦r s✐st❡♠❛s ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡str❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠♦ ●P❙✱ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✶ ❲▲❆◆s ❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❲✐▼❆❳✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛r s❡r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ r❡❝❡♣çã♦✳
❆ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡str❡✐t❛ ✭◆❇■✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ♥❛rr♦✇❜❛♥❞ ✐♥✲ t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡✮ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✜❧tr♦ ♥♦t❝❤ ❡r❛ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛q✉✐ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✐st❡♠❛ ❖❋❉▼ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❛ ✉♠ ✜❧tr♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❖❋❉▼✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s s✉❜♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s ❡ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s ❖❋❉▼ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ✜❧tr♦✳
❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛s t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s é ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ✭❆▼❈✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❆✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✮✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦✳ ➱ ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❡ ❛ s✉❛ ❞❡♠♦❞✉✲ ❧❛çã♦✱ ❡ é ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ t❛r❡❢❛ ❛ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ r❡❝❡♣t♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✳
❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞✐✈✐❞❡♠✲s❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s✿ ❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✭❢❡❛t✉r❡s✮✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❛✜r♠❛r q✉❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✉♠✉❧❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ♦r❞❡♠✱ ✇❛✈❡❧❡ts✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳
✸ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦✳
◆❡st❛ t❡s❡ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❢r♦♥t ❡♥❞ ♣❛r❛ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐♥❛❧ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞✐s❝r✐♠✐♥❛t✐✈♦ s❡❥❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✳ ❊ss❡ ♣ré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❜❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♥❛r s❡♣❛r❛❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡ ❡ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ sí♠❜♦❧♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✈❡t♦r❡s s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❝♦♥❝❛t❡♥❛r ❡ss❡s ❞♦✐s ✈❡t♦r❡s✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r✳ ❊ss❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛r ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r✳
❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❛s s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐♥❞♦ s✉❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s✱ t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ◆❇■ ♥❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ é ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✲ ✜❝❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ t❡s❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s✱ s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ t❡s❡ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛✳
✶✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇❛♥❞❛ ❯❧tr❛ ▲❛r❣❛
■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ r❛❞❛r❡s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çõ❡s ♠✐❧✐t❛r❡s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡s ❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❯❲❇ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉✲ ♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❱ár✐❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢❛③❡♠ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛tr❛t✐✈♦✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❬❙▲✵✼✱●▼❑✵✼❪✿
• ❛❧t❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s❀
• ❜❛✐①❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛❀ • ✐♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❡r❝✉rs♦❀
• ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✳
✹ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡str❡✐t❛ s❡♠ ❝❛✉s❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛✳ ■ss♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦rtát❡✐s✳
❊♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣✉❧s♦s✱ ❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ♣r♦✈é♠ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞♦s ♣✉❧s♦s s❡r❡♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡str❡✐t♦s✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ♣✉❧s♦s r❡✢❡t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r✳ ■ss♦ é ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣♦✐s ❡ss❛s r❡✢❡①õ❡s ❝♦st✉♠❛♠ s❡r ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ♥❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❛❧t❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞♦s ♣✉❧s♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s s❡❥❛♠ ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳
✶✳✷✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇
❖s ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❯❲❇ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✿ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❜❛♥❞ ❡ ♠✉❧t✐❜❛♥❞❛✳
◆♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❜❛♥❞✱ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ s❡♠✲♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛ ♦✉ rá❞✐♦ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈♦ ❬❙▲✵✼❪✳ ◆❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❞✉r❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡ ♣✐❝♦ss❡❣✉♥❞♦s é tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♣✉❧s♦ ♦❝✉♣❛ ✉♠❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❣✐❣❛❤❡rt③✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❛❞♦s ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣✉❧s♦s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣✉❧s♦s ♥❛ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ✭P❆▼✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ♣✉❧s❡ ❛♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ♠♦❞✲ ✉❧❛t✐♦♥✮ ♦✉ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♣✉❧s♦s ✭PP▼✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ♣✉❧s❡ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥✮✳ ▼ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✉♣♦rt❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ t✐♠❡✲❤♦♣♣✐♥❣ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✲s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ s♣r❡❛❞✐♥❣ ❬❙▲✵✼❪✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♣✉❧s♦ ❝❛rr❡❣❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜✐t✳ ❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♣✉❧s♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ s❡ ♣r♦♣❛✲ ❣❛r ❝♦♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♥❡ss❡ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ♦ s✐♥❛❧ ❡stá ❡♠ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❜❛s❡✳ ❯♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣✉❧s♦s ❡♠ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❜❛s❡ é ❥✉st❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♦❝✉♣❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡ ❛ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❢♦r ♠❡♥♦r q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❋❈❈✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❡♥✲ ❢♦q✉❡ s✐♥❣❧❡✲❜❛♥❞ ❡①✐❣❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ❞❡ r❛❞✐♦❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦ré♠ ❝♦♠ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛r ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣❡r❝✉rs♦s✳
✺ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✉s♦ ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳
❖ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❯❲❇ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ♠✉❧t✐❜❛♥❞❛✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❖❋❉▼ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛s s✉❜✲❜❛♥❞❛s✳ ❊ss❡ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ é ❝♦✲ ♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ ❡ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸ ❬❇❇❉✵✸❪✳ ❖ ❖❋❉▼ ❢❛③ ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ss❛s s✉❜✲❜❛♥❞❛s ❡♠ s✉❜❝❛♥❛✐s ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ tr❛♥s♠✐✲ t✐❞♦✳ ■ss♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s q✉❡ s❡r✐❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝❛s♦ ♥ã♦ ❤♦✉✈❡ss❡ ❡ss❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❡♠ s✉❜❝❛♥❛✐s✳ ❖ ❖❋❉▼ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣❡r❝✉rs♦s ❝❛✉s❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❛♥❛✐s ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐s♣❡rs✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❯❲❇ ❬❇❇❆+✵✹❪✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❖❋❉▼ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♦ ❖❋❉▼ ♠✉❧t✐❜❛♥❞❛ é q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠✉❧t✐❜❛♥❞❛ ♦s s✐♥❛✐s ♥ã♦ sã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖s s✐♥❛✐s sã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛❞❛ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❖ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❤♦♣♣✐♥❣ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ s✉❜♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❝❛❧❛r ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❯❲❇ ♠✉❧t✐❜❛♥❞❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐r ❝♦♠♦ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❛❝❡ss♦✳ ◆❡st❛ t❡s❡✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ é ♦ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❊✉r♦♣❡✐❛ ✭❊❈▼❆✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❈♦♠♣✉t❡r ▼❛♥✉❢❛❝✲ t✉r❡rs ❆ss♦❝✐❛t✐♦♥✮✳ ❆ t❛①❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ❞❡ ✹✽✵ ▼❜♣s ❬❊❈▼✵✺❪✳
◆♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ ❬❊❈▼✵✺❪✱ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❯❲❇ é ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❛té ✶✹ ❜❛♥❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ✺✷✽ ▼❍③✳ ❊st❛s ❜❛♥❞❛s sã♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✷ ♦✉ ✸ ❜❛♥❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✳ ❯♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✶✵ s✉❜♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s ✭✶✵✵ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✶✵ ❞❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛✮ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❜❛♥❞❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✶✷ s✉❜♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛s ❢❛✐①❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❤♦♣♣✐♥❣ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✲❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ✭❚❋❈✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês t✐♠❡✲❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❝♦❞❡✮✱ ❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛✐①❛ é ♦ ❖❋❉▼✳ ❯♠ s✉✜①♦ ❝♦♠ ③❡r♦s ✭③❡r♦✲♣❛❞❞✐♥❣✮ é ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼✱ ❡♠ ✈❡③ ❞♦ ♣r❡✜①♦ ❝í❝❧✐❝♦ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❖❋❉▼✳ ❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ③❡r♦✲♣❛❞❞✐♥❣ é ❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s s❡❧❡t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛ ✜♥✐t❛ ✭❋■❘✱ ❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ✜♥✐t❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡✮ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡q✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ✉♠ ✜❧tr♦ ❋■❘ ✭♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡q✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦r❡s ③❡r♦✲❢♦r❝✐♥❣✮✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ③❡r♦s ❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧✳ ■ss♦ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦s sí♠❜♦❧♦s t❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s✳ ❆ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ é ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ r❡❝❡♣t♦r ❬▼❲●+✵✷❪✳
✻
❞❡ ❧❛❞♦ ❬▼❡②✵✾❪✳ ❆ ♣r♦♠❡t✐❞❛ t❛①❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✹✽✵ ▼❜♣s ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ ❬❊❈▼✵✺❪ ❢♦✐ s✉❜st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ✷✹ ▼❜♣s ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ rá❞✐♦ ✽✵✷✳✶✶ ❞♦ ■❊❊❊ ❬❇❧✉✵✾✱ ▼❡②✵✾❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✈ár✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛r❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❯❲❇✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ■♥t❡❧ ❡ ❛ ❲✐◗✉❡st ❬▼❡②✵✽❪✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦ ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❯❙❇ ❬●r♦✵✾❪✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ s❡♠ ✜♦ ❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❯❙❇ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❙❡r✐❛❧ ❇✉s✮✳
✶✳✷✳✷ ❙✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ s✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ◆❇■ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇✱ ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ▼❇✲❖❋❉▼✳
❆ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❖❋❉▼ ♥❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❡str❡✐t❛ é ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❬●❙✵✷✱P❨✵✼✱❋❑❙+✵✼✱❙❩❑+✵✼❪✳ ❊♠ ❞♦✐s ❞❡ss❡s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❬●❙✵✷✱ P❨✵✼❪✱ sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♥❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❖❋❉▼ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡r ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ◆❇■✳ ◆♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❬❋❑❙+✵✼✱ ❙❩❑+✵✼❪✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ♦✉ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐t✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛ ◆❇■ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ◆❇■ ❥á ❢♦✐ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❖❋❉▼ ❡♠ ❬❈♦✉✵✻❪✱ ♣♦ré♠ s❡♠ ❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❯❲❇✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ é ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛ ◆❇■ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❖❋❉▼ ❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✜❧tr♦ ❞❡ ❡①❝✐sã♦ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
❊♠ ❬●❙✵✷❪ é s✉❣❡r✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❖❋❉▼ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡r✐❛ ❡♥✈✐❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✉❜❝❛♥❛❧ s❡❥❛ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ t♦❞♦s ♦s s✉❜❝❛♥❛✐s ❞♦ sí♠❜♦❧♦ ❖❋❉▼✳ ■st♦ ♣r♦✈ê r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s s✉❜✲ ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s sã♦ ❛❢❡t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ◆❇■✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦ ◆❇■ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦✲❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ♥ã♦ é ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛✳ ❊ss❡ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡ ■❙✲❖❋❉▼ ✭❞♦ ✐♥❣❧ês ■♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❙✉♣♣r❡ss✐♥❣ ❖❋❉▼ ✮✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ❬●❙✵✷❪✱ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❬P❨✵✼❪ s✉❣❡r❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❛ ◆❇■ q✉❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ♦ ■❙✲❖❋❉▼ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ✭s♣❡❝tr✉♠✲❡♥❝♦❞✐♥❣✮ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❯❲❇ ❡♠ ❬❞❙▼✵✸❪✳ ❆ ✐❞❡✐❛ é r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛t❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ③❡r♦s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ◆❇■ ❡stá ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ■ss♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ◆❇■ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s s✉❜♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥❛s ❢❛✐①❛s ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛❞❛s✱ ♠❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ■❙✲❖❋❉▼✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡stá ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s s✉❜♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s✱ ❛ r❡❝❡♣çã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛✳
