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CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE IMAGENS DE PORNOGRAFIA E PORNOGRAFIA INFANTIL UTILIZANDO RECUPERAÇÃO DE IMAGENS BASEADA EM CONTEÚDO ITAMAR ALMEIDA DE CARVALHO

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❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❇❘❆❙❮▲■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❚❊❈◆❖▲❖●■❆

❉❊P❆❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆

❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❉❊ P❖❘◆❖●❘❆❋■❆ ❊

P❖❘◆❖●❘❆❋■❆ ■◆❋❆◆❚■▲ ❯❚■▲■❩❆◆❉❖

❘❊❈❯P❊❘❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❆ ❊▼

❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖

■❚❆▼❆❘ ❆▲▼❊■❉❆ ❉❊ ❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖

❖❘■❊◆❚❆❉❖❘✿ ❉❮❇■❖ ▲❊❆◆❉❘❖ ❇❖❘●❊❙

❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ▼❊❙❚❘❆❉❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆ ➪❘❊❆ ❉❊ ❈❖◆❈❊◆❚❘❆➬➹❖ ■◆❋❖❘▼➪❚■❈❆ ❋❖❘❊◆❙❊ ❊

❙❊●❯❘❆◆➬❆ ❉❆ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆➬➹❖

P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✿ ❊◆❊✴P●✳❉▼ ✕ ✶✵✵✴✷✵✶✷

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❋■❈❍❆ ❈❆❚❆▲❖●❘➪❋■❈❆

❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖✱ ■❚❆▼❆❘ ❆▲▼❊■❉❆ ❉❊

❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❉❊ P❖❘◆❖●❘❆❋■❆ ❊ P❖❘◆❖●❘❆❋■❆ ■◆❋❆◆❚■▲ ❯❚■▲■❩❆◆❉❖ ❘❊❈❯P❊❘❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❆ ❊▼ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖✳ ❬❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧❪ ✷✵✶✷✳

①✈✱ ✺✹♣✳✱ ✷✾✼ ♠♠ ✭❊◆❊✴❋❚✴❯♥❇✱ ▼❡str❡✱ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✳

✶✳ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❢♦r❡♥s❡ ✷✳ ❱✐sã♦ ♣♦r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ✸✳ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✹✳ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s

■✳ ❊◆❊✴❋❚✴❯♥❇ ■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦ ✭sér✐❡✮

❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆

❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖✱ ■✳ ❆✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❉❊ P❖❘◆❖●❘❆❋■❆ ❊ P❖❘◆❖●❘❆❋■❆ ■◆❋❆◆❚■▲ ❯❚■▲■❩❆◆❉❖ ❘❊❈❯P❊❘❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❆ ❊▼ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦✱ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❊◆❊✴P●✳❉▼ ✕ ✶✵✵✴✷✵✶✷✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❉❋✱ ✭✺✹✮♣✳

❈❊❙❙➹❖ ❉❊ ❉■❘❊■❚❖❙

◆❖▼❊ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✿ ■t❛♠❛r ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✳

❚❮❚❯▲❖ ❉❆ ❉■❙❙❊❘❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ▼❊❙❚❘❆❉❖✿ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ P♦r♥♦✲ ❣r❛✜❛ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ■♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❘❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ●❘❆❯ ✴ ❆◆❖✿ ▼❡str❡ ✴ ✷✵✶✷

➱ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡st❛r ♦✉ ✈❡♥❞❡r t❛✐s ❝ó♣✐❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✳ ❉♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ t❡♠ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛r ❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✱ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✈✐❛ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦t❡❣✐❞❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ss❛s ❝ó♣✐❛s ❡ ♣r♦✐❜✐❞♦ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ ♣❛rt❡s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❞❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❖ ❛✉t♦r r❡s❡r✈❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ s❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❡s❝r✐t♦ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r✳

■t❛♠❛r ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✕ ❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❉❛r❝② ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ✕ ❆s❛ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❊P ✼✵✾✶✵✲✾✵✵ ✕ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✕ ❉❋ ✕ ❇r❛s✐❧

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❉❊❉■❈❆❚Ó❘■❆

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ❙✉❡❧✐✱ ❏✉r❛❝②✱ ▲✉ís❛ ❡ ❏ú❧✐❛ ✭❛s ♠✉❧❤❡r❡s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✮

❡ ❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ✈ít✐♠❛s ❞❡ ❛❜✉s♦s✳

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❆●❘❆❉❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖❙

❆ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ P❛✉❧♦ ❈és❛r ❡ ❙✉❡❧✐✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❞❛r❡♠ ♦ ❣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡st✉❞♦✳ ➚ ❏✉r❛❝②✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ❡ ▲✉ís❛ ❡ ❏ú❧✐❛✱ ♠✐♥❤❛s ✜❧❤❛s✱ q✉❡ t✐✈❡r❛♠ q✉❡ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳

❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❉í❜✐♦ ❇♦r❣❡s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✱ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✳

❆♦ P❡r✐t♦ ❈r✐♠✐♥❛❧ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❍é❧✈✐♦ P❡r❡✐r❛ P❡✐①♦t♦✱ ♣♦r t❡r ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r❛♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦✳ ❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❋♦r❡♥s❡✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✳ ❆♦s ❉✐r✐❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❊s❝♦t✐st❛s ❡ ❥♦✈❡♥s ❞♦ ✶✶♦ ❉❋ ●r✉♣♦ ❊s❝♦t❡✐r♦ ❏♦sé ❞❡ ❆♥❝❤✐❡t❛✱ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❡♠ ❛ ♣❡rs❡❣✉✐r ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ♣♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛s s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛s ❛♦s sá❜❛❞♦s ❡ ♥❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛s✳

❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠ ❡ ♠❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ❢♦rç❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❆♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❧✐✈r❡✱ s❡♠ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st✐r✐❛♠✳

❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✕ ❉P❋✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❈✐❞❛❞❛♥✐❛ ✕ P❘❖◆❆❙❈■✱ ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❏✉st✐ç❛✳

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❘❊❙❯▼❖

❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❉❊ P❖❘◆❖●❘❆❋■❆ ❊ P❖❘◆❖✲ ●❘❆❋■❆ ■◆❋❆◆❚■▲ ❯❚■▲■❩❆◆❉❖ ❘❊❈❯P❊❘❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ■▼❆●❊◆❙ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❆ ❊▼ ❈❖◆❚❊Ú❉❖

❆✉t♦r✿ ■t❛♠❛r ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉í❜✐♦ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❇♦r❣❡s

Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❢❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ✴ ✷✵✶✷

❆ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❡ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡s é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ✈❡♠ ❝r❡s❝❡♥❞♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❖ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✐♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ❡st❡s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s sã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❛s ❢♦rç❛s ❞❛ ❧❡✐✱ s❡❥❛♠ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ❖◆●s ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❡♠ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳

❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❥á t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜✉s❝❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❧♦❝❛❧ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r q✉❡ ♦❢❡r❡ç❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❥á t❡st❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ t❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s✱ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛✱ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❙■❋❚✱ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ❡ ♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣▲❙❆ ❡ ◆❛✐✈❡ ❇❛②❡s✳

❖ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝♦✉ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛q✉✐ tr❛t❛❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✱ ♦ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ♦❜t❡✈❡ ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s✱ ♦ ❲❙■❋❚ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ t❡✈❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♥❛s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ s❡r ✐❣♥♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳ ❖ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ◆❛✐✈❡ ❇❛②❡s ❢♦✐ ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳

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❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚

■▼❆●❊ ❈▲❆❙❙■❋■❈❆❚■❖◆ ❖❋ P❖❘◆❖●❘❆P❍❨ ❆◆❉ ❈❍■▲❉ P❖❘◆❖✲ ●❘❆P❍❨ ❯❙■◆● ❈❖◆❚❊◆❚✲❇❆❙❊❉ ■▼❆●❊ ❘❊❚❘■❊❱❆▲

❆✉t❤♦r✿ ■t❛♠❛r ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ ❉í❜✐♦ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❇♦r❣❡s

Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❋❡❜r✉❛r②✱ ✷✵✶✷

❚❤❡ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❝❤✐❧❞r❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥ts ✐s ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t❤❛t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥ r❡❝❡♥t ②❡❛rs✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❚❤❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♠❡❛♥s ❜② ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡s❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s ❛r❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ t♦❞❛② ✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❞♦♥❡ ❜② ❧❛✇ ❡♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t ♣r♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧s✱ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ♣♦❧✐❝❡✱ ◆●❖s ♦r ♦t❤❡rs✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥t❡①t✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t♦ ♣r✐♦r✐t✐③❡ t❤❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞✳

❚❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✱ ✇✐t❤ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ♣♦✐♥ts ✐♥ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❤❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❜❡❡♥ st✉❞✐❡❞ ❜♦t❤ ❢♦r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛♣❤② ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❝❤✐❧❞ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛♣❤②✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ❛✐♠s t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ♣♦✐♥ts✱ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t♦r ❛♥❞ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡r t❤❛t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❜❡tt❡r r❡s✉❧ts t❤❛♥ t❤♦s❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② t❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ✇❡ t❡st❡❞ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦rs ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s✱ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❉❡♥s❡ ❙❛♠♣❧✐♥❣✱ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs ❙■❋❚✱ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ❛♥❞ ❲❙■❋❚ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡rs ♣▲❙❆ ❛♥❞ ◆❛✐✈❡ ❇❛②❡s✳

❚❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❉❡♥s❡ ❙❛♠♣❧✐♥❣✱ ✐♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs✱ s❤♦✇❡❞ ❜❡tt❡r r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ tr❡❛t❡❞ ❤❡r❡✱ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥s ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❝❤✐❧❞ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛♣❤②✱ t❤❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❤❛❞ ❣♦♦❞ r❡s✉❧ts✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs✱ ❲❙■❋❚ s❤♦✇❡❞ ❜❡tt❡r r❡s✉❧ts✱ ❜✉t ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ❤❛❞ ❜❡tt❡r r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♠❛② ♥♦t ❜❡ ✐❣♥♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ❢✉t✉r❡ st✉❞✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ◆❛✐✈❡ ❇❛②❡s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❡r ✇❛s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ❜❡st r❡s✉❧ts✳

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❙❯▼➪❘■❖

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶

✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✻

✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✾

✸✳✶ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✷ ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✸ ❉❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✸✳✶ ■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡ à ❊s❝❛❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✸✳✷ ■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡ à ❊s❝❛❧❛ ♥♦ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❈♦r❡s ❖♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✸✳✸ ■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡ à ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❡ ■♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❈♦r❡s ❖♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✷✵ ✸✳✹ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✹✳✶ ◆❛✐✈❡ ❇❛②❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✸✳✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ▲❛t❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✺ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✷✼

✹✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✶✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✷✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✸✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡ ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

(10)

✹✳✹ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✹✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡ ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ✸✷ ✹✳✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✺✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛

❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✻ ❘❡s✉♠♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✸✽

✺✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❇■❇▲■❖●❘➪❋■❈❆❙ ✹✵

❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡s ✹✸

❆ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✹✹

❆✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✶✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ●❡r❛❧ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ❆✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✷✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ●❡r❛❧ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ❆✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✸✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✹ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✹✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✹✽ ❆✳✺ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✺✿ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧

❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

❇ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❋❡✐✲❋❡✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✺✷

❈ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡ s✉❛s ❋❛s❡s ✺✸

❉ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❛s ■♠❛❣❡♥s ♥♦ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ✺✹

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▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❚❆❇❊▲❆❙

✸✳✶ ❈❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸✳✸ ❉❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✹ ▼❛tr✐③ ❝♦♥❢✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✶ ❘❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✷ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❋❛❧s♦s P♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✸ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✹ ❆❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✺ ◗✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠á①✐♠♦s ❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦

✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠á①✐♠♦s ❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦s s✉♣❡r❛ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❤♦✉✈❡ ❡♠♣❛t❡s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ❆✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡

●❡r❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ❆✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡

●❡r❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ❆✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡

●❡r❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ❆✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡

●❡r❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ❆✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡

●❡r❛❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s ❡ ❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ❆✳✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ●❡r❛❧ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧

❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

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❆✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ●❡r❛❧ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ●❡r❛❧ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧

❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ●❡r❛❧ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧

❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✶✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ●❡r❛❧ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧

❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s ❡ ❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ❆✳✶✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✶✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✶✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ❆✳✶✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ❆✳✶✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s ❡ ❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ❆✳✶✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ❆✳✶✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ❆✳✶✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ✳ ✹✾ ❆✳✶✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ❆✳✷✵ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❚r❛❥❡s s✉♠ár✐♦s ❡ P♦r♥♦✲

❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s ❡ ❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ❆✳✷✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡

P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ✳ ✺✵

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❆✳✷✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡ P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ❆✳✷✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡

P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t✲ ❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ❆✳✷✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡

P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ❆✳✷✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ❡

P♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢❡♠✐♥✐♥❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s ❡ ❙■❋❚ ✳ ✺✶

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▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙

✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ✹ ✲ ●❡r❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✷ ■❧✉str❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦

❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❱✐s✉❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✸ ▼á①✐♠♦s ❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♥❛ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s sã♦

❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣✐①❡❧ ✭♠❛r❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❳✮ ❝♦♠ s❡✉s ✷✻ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ✸①✸ ♥❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ❡ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t❡s ✭♠❛r❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝ír❝✉❧♦s✮✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✹ ❉❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s

❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ❞♦ ♣▲❙❆✳ ◆ós ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡

❡❧❡s sã♦ r❡♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈❡③❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❝❛♥t♦ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❡sq✉❡r❞♦✳ ❈ír❝✉❧♦s ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s❀ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤✐❞♦s sã♦ ♥ã♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✻ ◆♦ ♣▲❙❆✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ tó♣✐❝♦s

P(t|ck) ❡ ❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣r♦♣♦rçõ❡s ❞❡ ♠✐st✉r❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ P(c|dj)✱ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ P(t|dj)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✹✳✶ ❘❡✈♦❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✷ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❋❛❧s♦s P♦s✐t✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✸ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✹ ❆❝✉rá❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ❇✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❋❡✐✲❋❡✐✱ ❋❡r❣✉s ❡ ❚♦rr❛❧❜❛ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❝♦♠

♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❙■❋❚✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ s❛í❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣▲❙❆✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

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❈✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❢❛s❡s✱ ♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞♦s s❝r✐♣ts✱ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♦✉ té❝♥✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛✱ ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❡ s❛í❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ◆❛✐✈❡ ❇❛②❡s✱ ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❧♦r ❉❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✈❛♥ ❞❡ ❙❛♥❞❡ ✭❙❆◆❉❊❀ ●❊❱❊❘❙❀ ❙◆❖❊❑✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ❉✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❡ s❡ ❡st❛s ❢♦r❛♠

s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ t❡st❡✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❧♦r ❉❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✈❛♥ ❞❡ ❙❛♥❞❡ ✭❙❆◆❉❊❀ ●❊❱❊❘❙❀ ❙◆❖❊❑✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹

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▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❆❇❘❊❱■❆❚❯❘❆❙ ❊ ❙■●▲❆❙

❙■❋❚ ❙❝❛❧❡ ■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠✱ ♣✳ ✸

♣▲❙❆ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ▲❛t❡♥t ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✱ ♣✳ ✸

❉❈❚ ❉✐s❝r❡t❡ ❈♦s✐♥❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠✱ ♣✳ ✻

❙❱▼ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡✱ ♣✳ ✻

❋■❱❊❙ ❋♦r❡♥s✐❝ ■♠❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❱✐❞❡♦ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❙✉♣♣♦rt✱ ♣✳ ✻

❘●❇ ❘❡❞✱ ●r❡❡♥✱ ❇❧✉❡✱ ♣✳ ✼

❱◗ ❱❡❝t♦r ◗✉❛♥t✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣✳ ✶✸

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✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❆ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ❝r✐♦✉ ✉♠ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③♦✉ ❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❜r✐✉ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♣❛r❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ❣r✉♣♦s q✉❡ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐♠❡s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ❝r✐♠❡s q✉❡ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ❡st❡ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ é ♦ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❡ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡s✳

❉❡✈✐✈♦ ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❡♠ s❡✉s ✈ár✐♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s✱ ❛s ❢♦rç❛s ❞❛ ❧❡✐ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ r❛str❡❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳ P♦r ✐ss♦✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞❡♥ú♥❝✐❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❥á ✈❡♠ ♦❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ s❡❥❛♠ ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ Pú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ❞❛ Pr❡s✐❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❘❡♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çõ❡s ◆ã♦ ●♦✈❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❛✐s✳

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❡st❡s ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❞❡♥ú♥❝✐❛s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛ss❛ ❛ s❡r ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✭❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✮ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❡ tr❛t❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s✱ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❢❛❧s❛s ❞❡♥ú♥❝✐❛s✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❛s ♣á❣✐♥❛s ❞❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ♦✉ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ♣♦r ✜♠ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❝r✐♠❡✳

❆ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛✱ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ sã♦ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ tr✐✈✐❛❧✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛s ❢♦t♦❣r❛✜❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡✳

❊st❡ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈♦✱ ❥á ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s✭❚❍❖▼P❙❖◆✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ❯▲●❊❙❀ ❙❚❆❍▲✱ ✷✵✶✶✮ s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛ ♦✉ ❡♠ t❡♠❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✭P❖▲❆❙❚❘❖❀ ❊▲❊❯❚❊❘■❖✱ ✷✵✶✵❀ ▲❖P❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❀ ▲■❊◆❍❆❘❚❀ ❍❆❯❑❊✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ P♦ré♠✱ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❥á ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s

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❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ s✉❣❡r✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❤á ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ é ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥♦ ❊st❛t✉t♦ ❞❛ ❈r✐❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❆❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✶✾✾✵✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✱ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿

❆rt✳ ✷✹✶✲❊✳ P❛r❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞♦s ❝r✐♠❡s ♣r❡✈✐st♦s ♥❡st❛ ▲❡✐✱ ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ✏❝❡♥❛ ❞❡ s❡①♦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦ ♦✉ ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝❛✑ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s s❡①✉❛✐s ❡①♣❧í❝✐t❛s✱ r❡❛✐s ♦✉ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s✱ ♦✉ ❡①✐❜✐çã♦ ❞♦s ór❣ã♦s ❣❡♥✐t❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✜♥s ♣r✐♠♦r❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡①✉❛✐s✳

❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s✳

❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❜✉s❝❛❞♦s✿

✶✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧❀

✷✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧❀

✸✳ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛✳

❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ❡❢❡t✉❛r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❇❛❣ ❖❢ ❱✐s✉❛❧ ❲♦r❞s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r ❙✐✈✐❝ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ é ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s t❡①t♦ s❡♠ s✉♣❡r✈✐sã♦✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛ ❛♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♠ t❡①t♦s✱ sã♦ ❡①tr❛í❞❛s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ✏♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✑✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡s ❛ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ r♦t❛çã♦✱ ✐❧✉♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛✳

P❛r❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡st❡s ♣♦♥t♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✿

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❖ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❙■❋❚ ✭❙❝❛❧❡ ■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠✮✶✭▲❖❲❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦r❞❛s ❡ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♣♦r s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s s❛❧✐❡♥t❡s ♥❡st❛s ❜♦r❞❛s✱ ♣❡❧❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ●❛✉ss✐❛♥s✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r✱ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rt✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠♦♥♦❝r♦♠át✐❝❛s ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳

❋♦r❛♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❞♦✐s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❙■❋❚✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❞✉❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✳

❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❑✲▼é❞✐❛s ✭▼❆❈◗❯❊❊◆✱ ✶✾✻✼✮ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❝♦♠K ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✳ ❋♦✐ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦K

✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❣❡r✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❙✐✈✐❝ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✐t❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ❝❡♥tró✐❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❣r✉♣♦ ♣ré✲❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r é ✐♥❝❧✉í❞♦ ♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝✉❥❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝❡♥tró✐❞❡ ❢♦r ♠❡♥♦r✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞✐ss♦✱ é r❡✲❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ♦ ❝❡♥tró✐❞❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❞♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ♥♦ ❣r✉♣♦✳ ❆♣ós ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✐t❡r❛çõ❡s✱ ❡ss❡s ❣r✉♣♦s ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♠ ❡ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐③❛♠✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞♦ ❝❡♥tró✐❞❡ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❞✉❛s ✐t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♥s❡❝✉t✐✈❛s✳

❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♦ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧ár✐♦ ✈✐s✉❛❧✱ ♦s ✈❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s sã♦ q✉❛♥t✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✏♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✑ ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✳

P♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ♦s ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛s sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ♥❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❙■❋❚✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣▲❙❆ ✭Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐st✐❝ ▲❛t❡♥t ❙❡♠❛♥t✐❝ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✮✷✭❙■❱■❈ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❏á ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❝♦❧♦r✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ◆❛✐✈❡ ❇❛②❡s✳

❆s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❧❛✉❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r P❡r✐t♦s ❈r✐♠✐♥❛✐s ❋❡❞❡r❛✐s ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ✈❡❞❛çã♦ ❧❡❣❛❧✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✶✾✾✵✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✱ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡st❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛❞❛s ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ✐❧✉str❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭❣r✐❢♦ ♠❡✉✮✿

❉❡s❝r✐t♦r ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ■♥✈❛r✐❛♥t❡ à ❊s❝❛❧❛❆♥á❧✐s❡ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧íst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ▲❛t❡♥t❡

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❆rt✳ ✷✹✶✲❇✳ ❆❞q✉✐r✐r✱ ♣♦ss✉✐r ♦✉ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r✱ ♣♦r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠❡✐♦✱ ❢♦t♦❣r❛✜❛✱ ✈í❞❡♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛ ❝❡♥❛ ❞❡ s❡①♦ ❡①♣❧í❝✐t♦ ♦✉ ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡✿

P❡♥❛ ✕ r❡❝❧✉sã♦✱ ❞❡ ✶ ✭✉♠✮ ❛ ✹ ✭q✉❛tr♦✮ ❛♥♦s✱ ❡ ♠✉❧t❛✳

➓ ✶♦ ❆ ♣❡♥❛ é ❞✐♠✐♥✉í❞❛ ❞❡ ✶ ✭✉♠✮ ❛ ✷✴✸ ✭❞♦✐s t❡rç♦s✮ s❡ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❛ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ♦ ❝❛♣✉t ❞❡st❡ ❛rt✐❣♦✳

➓ ✷♦ ◆ã♦ ❤á ❝r✐♠❡ s❡ ❛ ♣♦ss❡ ♦✉ ♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ t❡♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r às ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣❡t❡♥t❡s ❛ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✉t❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♥♦s ❛rts✳ ✷✹✵✱ ✷✹✶✱ ✷✹✶✲❆ ❡ ✷✹✶✲❈ ❞❡st❛ ▲❡✐✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❢♦r ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r✿

■ ✕ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s❀

■■ ✕ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❧❡❣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ s✉❛s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥st✐t✉❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♦ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦tí❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❝r✐♠❡s r❡❢❡r✐❞♦s ♥❡st❡ ♣❛rá❣r❛❢♦❀

■■■ ✕ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥t❡ ❧❡❣❛❧ ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ♦✉ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣r❡st❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❛té ♦ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐✈♦ à ♥♦tí❝✐❛ ❢❡✐t❛ à ❛✉t♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ Pú❜❧✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❛♦ P♦❞❡r ❏✉❞✐❝✐ár✐♦✳

➓ ✸♦ ❆s ♣❡ss♦❛s r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ♥♦ ➓ ✷❞❡st❡ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡✈❡rã♦ ♠❛♥t❡r s♦❜ s✐❣✐❧♦ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✐❧í❝✐t♦ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦✳

P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❙■❋❚✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❋❡✐✲❋❡✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭❋❊■✲❋❊■❀ P❊❘❖◆❆✱ ✷✵✵✺❀ ❋❊■✲❋❊■❀ ❋❊❘●❯❙❀ ❚❖❘❘❆▲❇❆✱ ✷✵✵✺✮ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠✐♥✐✲❝✉rs♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ♥❛ ■❈❈❱ ✷✵✵✺✳ ❖ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♣❛rt❡s ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r♦❞❛r ♥♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ▼❆❚▲❆❇ ❝✸ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛rt❡s sã♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❡♠

❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈✰✰✱ ❢❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ▲✐♥✉① ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ▼❊❳✱ q✉❡ é ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ▼❆❚▲❆❇✳

❈♦♠♦ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈✐❛♠ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥ç❛ ❞♦ ▼❆❚▲❆❇✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❖❝t❛✈❡ ✭❊❆❚❖◆✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❧✐✈r❡✱ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s✐♥t❛①❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ▼❆❚▲❆❇✳ P❛r❛ t❛❧✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛❥✉st❡s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ▼❆❚▲❆❇✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❖❝t❛✈❡✳

❋♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❞♦ ●◆❯ ❖❝t❛✈❡✱ r♦❞❛♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❯❜✉♥t✉ ▲✐♥✉①✳

▼❆❚▲❆❇ ❝✶✾✾✹✲✷✵✶✶ ❚❤❡ ▼❛t❤❲♦r❦s✱ ■♥❝✳

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P❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❖♣♣♦♥❡♥t❙■❋❚ ❡ ❲❙■❋❚✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦❧♦r ❞❡s❝r✐♣t♦rs ❡ ❞♦s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❍❛rr✐s✲▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣♦r ✈❛♥ ❞❡ ❙❛♥❞❡ ✭❙❆◆❉❊❀ ●❊❱❊❘❙❀ ❙◆❖❊❑✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ✷✵✶✵✮✱ ❡♠ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❑✲▼é❞✐❛s ❡ ◗✉❛♥t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❡t♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣❛❝♦t❡ ❙❝✐P② ✭❏❖◆❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ P❛r❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ◆❛✐✈❡ ❇❛②❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r ▼❛♥♥✐♥❣✱ ❘❛❣❤❛✈❛♥ ❡ ❙❝❤✉t③❡ ✭✷✵✵✽✮✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ P②t❤♦♥ ✈❡rsã♦ ✷✳✻✳

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✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s

❆ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✈ê♠ ❡✈♦❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ▼❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s tê♠ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ❡ ❛❞♦❧❡s❝❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s q✉❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

◆♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❯❧❣❡s ❡ ❙t❛❤❧ ✭✷✵✶✶✮✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛s ✏♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✑✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❝♦❧♦r ❉❈❚ ✭❉✐s❝r❡t❡ ❈♦s✐♥❡ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠✮✶ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s ❨❯❱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❙❱▼ ✭❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡✮✸✳ P❛r❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛✳ ❖ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣❛r❝❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠ ór❣ã♦s ♣♦❧✐❝✐❛✐s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❋■❱❊❙ ✭❋♦r❡♥s✐❝ ■♠❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❱✐❞❡♦ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❙✉♣♣♦rt✮✹ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r ❞❛ ♣❡❧❡✱ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛❞✉❧t❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡✿ 24,0%✳

◆♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❚❤♦♠♣s♦♥ ✭✷✵✵✾✮✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✳ ❊st❡ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r ♣r❡t❡♥❞❡ ❛❞♦t❛r ❡♠ s❡✉ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ❆ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡❧❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ é ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❊❈❆ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✶✾✾✵✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦r s✉❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ ❡st❡❥❛ ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ♦✉ s❡♥❞♦ ✈ít✐♠❛s ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡❛❣✐r✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r✐❛ q✉❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝❡♥❛s ❞❡ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛s ✈❡st✐❞❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✱ ❝♦♥tr❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❧❡❣✐s❧❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✶✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡st❛ é ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❛rt✐❣♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✱

❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❉✐s❝r❡t❛ ❞❡ ❈♦ss❡♥♦

❊s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❨ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❧✉♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❯ ❡ ❱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠

❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s s❡♠ ❛ ❧✉♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛✳

▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❱❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❙✉♣♦rt❡❤tt♣✿✴✴✜✈❡s✳❦❛✉✳s❡✴

(23)

s❡♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡❧❡✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢❛❝❡s✱ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❡ ❝✉r✈❛t✉r❛s ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡❧❡✳

❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ P♦❧❛str♦ ❡ ❊❧❡✉tér✐♦ ✭P❖▲❆❙❚❘❖❀ ❊▲❊❯❚❊❘■❖✱ ✷✵✶✵✮ é r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❞❡③✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r ❞❛ ♣❡❧❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✳ ❊♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❡❧❡s ❜✉s❝❛ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❞❡③ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦r t❡r♠♦s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉s❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✳ ◆❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ✐♥❝✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♦s ♣✐①❡❧s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦r ❞❛ ♣❡❧❡✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s ❘●❇ ✭❘❡❞✱ ●r❡❡♥✱ ❇❧✉❡✮✳ ❙❡ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ♣✐①❡❧s s✉♣❡r❛r ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ❧✐♠✐❛r✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝♦r❡s ❞❛s três ♠❛✐♦r❡s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ t✐✈❡r❡♠ ❝♦r ❞❛ ♣❡❧❡ ❡ ✜❧tr❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐❛r❡s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ q✉❡ ❝❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❞❡③ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡❧❡ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣ró①✐♠❛s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♥✉❞❡③✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ ❢♦❝❛ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ♣r♦✈á✈❡✐s ❝❡♥❛s ❞❡ ♥✉❞❡③ ❡ ❡①✐❜✐♥❞♦ ❛♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❜✉sq✉❡ ♦❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✳

▲♦♣❡s ✭▲❖P❊❙ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❛s ✏♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✑✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❝♦♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❍✉❡✲❙■❋❚✺ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛♣❡♥❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝❛s✱ s❡♠ ❞✐st✐♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❞✉❧t❛ ♦✉ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✳ P❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ ▲♦♣❡s ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ❙❱▼ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❦❡r♥❡❧ ❧✐♥❡❛r✳ ▲♦♣❡s ❝♦♠♣❛r♦✉ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❍✉❡✲ ❙■❋❚ ❡ ❙■❋❚✱ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛♥❞♦ t❛①❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❍✉❡✲❙■❋❚✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝❛s✳

▲✐❡♥❤❛rt ❡ ❍❛✉❦❡ ✭▲■❊◆❍❆❘❚❀ ❍❆❯❑❊✱ ✷✵✵✾✮ tr❛t❛r❛♠ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✲ ✜❛ ❝♦♠ ♣▲❙❆✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❉❡♥s❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❙■❋❚ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❙❡❧❢✲ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r✐t②✭❙❍❊❈❍❚▼❆◆❀ ■❘❆◆■✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s✿ ✉♠ ❝♦♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡♠ ❜✐q✉✐♥✐s ❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✏❜✐q✉✐♥✐✑ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛s✱ ❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ s✉❜st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡♠ ❜✐q✉✐♥✐s ♣♦r ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ♦ r❡st✉❧t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❜✐q✉✐♥✐s s❡ s✉st❡♥t❛ ❛♦ ✉s❛r ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦str♦✉ ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦✳ ❖ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ t❛♠❜é♠

❍✉❡✲❙■❋❚ é ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❙■❋❚✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❛t❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❤✐st♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❛

♠❛t✐③ ✭❤✉❡✮ ❛♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r ❙■❋❚✱ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s ❛♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r✳

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❝♦♠♣❛r♦✉ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❡s♣❛ç♦s ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♠♦♥♦❝r♦♠át✐❝❛s ❡ ❝♦❧♦r✐❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ✈ár✐❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r❡s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ✢✉t✉❛♥t❡ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❜②t❡ s❡♠ s✐♥❛❧ ✭✉♥s✐❣♥❡❞✮✳ ❖ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐✉ ❜♦❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r♥♦❣rá✜❝❛s✳

◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ é t❡st❛❞❛ ❛ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ✐♥❢❛♥t✐❧✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ s✉❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦r♥♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛❞✉❧t❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✈✐s✉❛✐s✱ s❡♥❞♦ t❡st❛❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡✱ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦r❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r q✉❛❧ ❞❛s ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s t❡st❛❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳

Referências

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